1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
3.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
4.
Dine Alone Records
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Dine Alone Records is a Canadian independent record label, founded in St. Catharines and Toronto by Joel Carriere. The label is now based in Toronto, Nashville and Los Angeles, Dine Alone was born out of founder Joel Carrieres home in St. Catharines, Ontario. After years working various positions in the Canadian music industry and building his own website and promotional company. Dine Alone quickly expanded its roster from the days of City and Colour, Arkells. Dine Alone Records was named the one independent label and the number four label overall in Canada in Nielsen Soundscans 2013 year-end report. In 2013, the label expanded into Nashville and furthermore, to Los Angeles in 2014, in 2015, Dine Alone Records launched a series of events and projects to celebrate their tenth anniversary, including Wax on Wheels – the labels official mobile record shop. Dine Alone Records was named Canadian Independent of the Year at The Canadian Music Industry Awards for the year in a row in May 2015. Dine Alone has founded two sister labels, both based out of the labels Toronto headquarters, in 2013, Dine Alone launched New Damage Records – a developing aggressive rock label. 2014 saw the unveiling of Haven Sounds – a hip-hop/EDM and remix label, Dine Alone Foods was co-founded with Jordan Hastings and features sauces made in Canada. The line features three flavours, including a classic Southern Blues BBQ sauce, a sweet smoky Northern Soul chipotle BBQ sauce and a spicy Rock N Roll hot sauce. The sauces are currently distributed through Whole Foods and featured on menus of Toronto eateries such as Lets Be Frank, Boots and Bourbon, The Dog and Bear, in 2012, Dine Alone partnered with Warner Music Canada to provide marketing services for The Sheepdogs self-titled album. Additionally, Dine Alone has partnered with Sony Music Canada to provide marketing services in Canada for You & Mes debut album, Dine Alone has partnered with Volu. me in order to act as the first to employ iBeacon technology in a concert setting. List of record labels Official website
5.
SideOneDummy Records
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SideOneDummy Records is an independent record label based in Los Angeles. It was founded in 1995 by Bill Armstrong and Joe Sib, the label began as a way for them to release music for their friends bands. Thereafter SideOneDummy launched the careers of bands like The Gaslight Anthem, Flogging Molly, Gogol Bordello, Title Fight, since 1998, SideOneDummy Records has also released the annual Warped Tour compilation album, which features music by bands playing on the current years tour. Official website SideOneDummy Records on Facebook
6.
Jay Malinowski
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Jay Malinowski is a Canadian singer, songwriter, visual artist and writer. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, and grew up in Vancouver and he is best known as the vocalist and guitarist for reggae group Bedouin Soundclash. Born in Montreal, Quebec in 1982, Malinowski’s family moved to Vancouver and he attended St. George’s School where he played his first show at the age of 16 as part of a school talent night. He received the Rigg Scholarship in his last year of high school and he attended Queen’s University where he graduated with a Bachelor Of Fine Arts Degree in 2003. He met Eon Sinclair at Queen’s and after discovering their mutual love of music, decided to form their own band, Bedouin Soundclash, with fellow Queen’s student. By the end of year, they signed to Stomp Records and had toured across Canada. In 2005, Malinowski moved to Toronto to pursue music full-time, in 2009, Malinowski co-founded Pirates Blend Records. Malinowski participated in the 2010 Winter Olympic Games Torch Relay, carrying the torch through part of the downtown Vancouver course, upon moving home to Vancouver in 2012, Malinowski started volunteering at St. James Academy on the lower east side in Vancouver. He taught songwriting to kids in the after-school and summer programs, the students from St. James appear on Jay Malinowski & The Deadcoast’s Indian Summer EP, as well as their 2014 full-length album, Martel. In 2013, he walked the Camino de Santiago, a pilgrimage walk that stretches from the Pyrenees Mountains to Santiago de Compostela on the western coast of Spain. While attending Queen’s University, Malinowski met Eon Sinclair and formed Bedouin Soundclash, in 2001, they released their first album, Root Fire, which was hailed as one of the best debut albums by Exclaim. In 2004, they enlisted Darryl Jenifer of Bad Brains as the producer of their album, the band’s break came when Kevin Lyman invited them to play Warped Tour 2005. That year, they signed to SideOneDummy Records, mike Davies of the BBC championed the hit Sounding A Mosaic single, When The Night Feels My Song, which rocketed to #24 on the charts and was the second most played song in Canada that summer. They toured with Ben Harper and No Doubt in 2006, the band received the JUNO Award for New Group Of The Year at the 2006 JUNOS in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 2007, they released the album Street Gospels, the band released the EP Where Have All The Songs Played Gone To in 2009, before the full-length album Light the Horizon in September 2011. On February 16,2010, Malinowski released his first solo album, the record was said to be like a diary for him. Steve Bays and Paul Hawley of Hot Hot Heat provided backing instrumentation for the record and he toured in support of this album with Michael Rault and Kinnie Starr as opening acts. Malinowski recorded a five song EP with Cœur de pirate and The Bronx at The Bronx’s studio in Van Nuys, the EP was released February 15,2011 and contains the single Mission Bells
7.
Chuck Treece
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Chuck Treece is a session musician and professional skateboarder from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2010, he was awarded a Pew Fellowships in the Arts, I knew I wanted to do music and skate. Between 1982 and 1990, he was a skater with endorsements by several companies, including Santa Cruz Skateboards, Powell-Peralta. Treece released two albums with his band McRad, Absence of Sanity in the 1980s and FDR in 2007 and he also played guitar with New York Hardcore band Underdog and recorded on their 1989 LP Vanishing Point. In 1991, he released a solo album on Caroline Records titled Dreamn. Most recently, Treece joined producer Chris DiBeneditto at Philadelphonic Studios to record the tracks for The Movements 2008 rock/reggae album Set Sail. After recording the album, fellow McRad bandmember Gary Jackson took on the role as drummer for The Movement, Treece continues to skate at FDR Skatepark in Philadelphia and works closely with legendary producer Joe The Butcher Nicolo. In 2010 Treece joined Philly/NYC punk band Plastic Eaters as their resident drummer, McRad on Myspace McRad Discography Chuck Treece at the Internet Movie Database Philadelphia City Paper August 2007 article
8.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
9.
Reggae
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Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
10.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
11.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
12.
Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queens College in 1841 with a charter from Queen Victoria. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students, Queens was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women and to form a student government. In 1883, a college for medical education affiliated with Queens University was established. In 1888, Queens University began offering courses, becoming the first Canadian university to do so. In 1912, Queens secularized and changed to its present legal name, Queens is a co-educational university, with more than 23,000 students, and with over 131,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars, Queens varsity teams, known as the Golden Gaels, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Queens was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s, a draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queens College at Kingston. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small wood-frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location, prior to Canadian Confederation, the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government and private citizens. The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade. They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s, with the additional funds bequeathed from Queens first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queens was given university status on 17 May 1881, in 1883, Womens Medical College was founded at Queens with a class of three. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queens main building throughout the late 19th century, in 1912, Queens separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queens University at Kingston
13.
Kingston, Ontario
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Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
14.
Sounding a Mosaic
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Sounding a Mosaic is the second album from the Canadian rock band Bedouin Soundclash. The album was released on September 7,2004, recorded in Montreal and produced by Darryl Jenifer of Bad Brains, the album spawned the hit single When the Night Feels My Song which reached #1 on the Canadian singles chart. The album had two singles, Shelter and Gyasi Went Home. The album was certified platinum by the CRIA with over 100,000 copies sold across Canada, All songs written by Bedouin Soundclash unless noted otherwise. The song When the Night Feels My Song is featured in a T-Mobile advert in the UK, both songs are found on Bujus 1995 album Til Shiloh Singles All Music Official Site Billboard
15.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
16.
CFNY-FM
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CFNY-FM, branded as 102.1 the Edge, is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 102.1 FM in the Greater Toronto Area. The station rose to prominence in the 1970s and 1980s due to its freestyle DJing format, the station commenced operations on August 8,1960, as an FM rebroadcast of an AM station, CHIC. On September 21,1962 two brothers, Leslie and Harry Allen Jr. agreed to purchase all shares of CHIC Radio Ltd. from S. W. Caldwell, Frank M. Early, F. J. Shouldice, John Fox, W. S. Martin, Frank W. Richardson, Garth H. Ketemer, G. Clare Burt, J. R. Jenkins and Gordon F. Keeble. The sale occurred on October 15 later that year and was subject to Government approval and they began playing album rock music in the evenings while simulcasting the AM programming during the day. The nearby Humber College provided a stream of young employees. Noted Canadian radio and television personality Vicki Gabereau was one of such employees, at this point in the stations existence, it operated under the call letters CHIC-FM, with a transmitter power of 857 watts ERP mono. This was just enough to just service the town of Brampton, until approximately 1975, the CHIC-AM control room operator spun LPs from the third turntable in AM master control. Nonstop full play of each side of the LP was the norm - with just a break by the AM operator for ID, the music was picked by the AM operator prior to their shift. Some of those on air people were Dave Gordon, Mike Lynch, Steve Martak, Rich Elwood, Ted Woloshyn, Scott Cameron, the style of the station was well received by listeners. In 1976, a new FM studio was built just up the road from the old studio in Brampton on a limited budget. Engineers Mike Hargrave Pawson and Steve Martak built the new studio, in 1976, CHIC-FM officially became CFNY-FM. The phrases Canadas First New Youth and Canada Finds New Youth have been cited as backronyms for the call sign, staff employed to that point were fired in favour of hiring a new team and David Pritchard joined the station as CFNYs first program director. He had previously been a DJ at CHUM-FM, and under his guidance the station became more structured and it also began hosting specialty programs of reggae and blues music, and a popular, nationally syndicated Beatles show. David Marsden, who had started as an announcer at the station, was selected as Pritchards successor in 1978. During Marsdens tenure as director, the style of the station evolved into a sound which is perhaps best described as a more professional-sounding version of a campus radio station. During this period, the station began using The Spirit of Radio as a promotional catchphrase, in turn, listeners of the station began to refer to CFNY as The Spirit of Radio. Canadian band Rush was unable to obtain airplay on radio stations other than CFNY early in their career
17.
Street Gospels
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Street Gospels is the third album by Canadian reggae band Bedouin Soundclash. It was released on Dine Alone Records on August 21,2007, in the UK the album was released on August 20 through SideOneDummy Records. The song St. Andrews features guest vocals from Alexisonfires Wade McNeil, the songs Until We Burn in the Sun and Nico on the Night Train are featured on a sampler from Dine Alone Records. The album debuted at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling over 8,000 copies in its first week, the album was certified Gold by the CRIA in 2008 for sales of over 50,000 copies in Canada. All tracks written and composed by Bedouin Soundclash, until We Burn in the Sun –3,54 Walls Fall Down –2,31 St. Andrews 12,59 Lullaby Until We Burn in the Sun Hearts in the Night
18.
Bad Brains
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Bad Brains are an American hardcore punk band formed in Washington, D. C. in 1977. They are widely regarded as among the pioneers of hardcore punk and they are also an adept reggae band, while later recordings featured elements of other genres like funk, heavy metal, hip hop and soul. Bad Brains are followers of the Rastafari movement, the unique factor of the bands music was the fact that they played more complex rhythms than other hardcore punk bands, also adapting non-punk style guitar riffs and solos into their songs. Bad Brains have released nine studio albums, the band broke up and reformed several times over the years, sometimes with different singers or drummers. Since 1994, the lineup of singer H. R. guitarist Dr. Know, bassist Darryl Jenifer. In 1977, their friend Sid McCray introduced the band, who were interested in bands such as Black Sabbath, to punk rock, including the Dickies, the Dead Boys. Mind Power became obsessed with rock and changed their name to Bad Brains, after the Ramones song Bad Brain. Despite their burgeoning punk sound, the early Bad Brains, after seeing Bob Marley in concert, also delved deep into reggae music and the Rastafari movement. Sid McCray became their first singer but left in the days of the groups hardcore punk era. In 1979, Bad Brains found themselves the subject of an unofficial ban among Washington D. C. area clubs, the band subsequently relocated to New York City, where they would serve as a catalyst for that citys burgeoning hardcore scene. At first, the Brains stayed with their NYC friends in the bands The Mad and their self-titled debut album was released on Neil Coopers ROIR Records on cassette only in January 1982, followed in 1983 by Rock for Light, produced by Ric Ocasek of The Cars. In 1986, Bad Brains signed with SST Records and released I Against I, H. R. provided the vocals for Sacred Love over the phone from the Lorton Reformatory while doing a bid for a cannabis charge. The title tracks video was shown on MTVs then-new 120 Minutes program, despite the success of I Against I, H. R. quit the band again, taking his brother Earl with him after spending most of 1987 touring. 1988 dates for the I Against I tour were done with Taj Singleton on vocals, in 1988, Bad Brains signed with Caroline Records, who released their fourth album Quickness the following year. Returned, rewrote the lyrics and overdubbed the vocals for Quickness replacing Taj Singletons recorded lyrics, Bad Brains were plagued by internal tensions nearly from their beginning. After the Quickness tour, H. R. and Earl left once again, soon afterwards, Bad Brains broke up yet again. In 1990, Bad Brains backed longtime friend, fan, the recording appears on the soundtrack to the film Pump Up the Volume. As bands influenced by Bad Brains enjoyed commercial success, Dr. Know was approached by Mundane Records in 1992, the former Cro-Mags drummer Mackie Jayson, and vocalist Israel Joseph I joined at this time
19.
Warped Tour
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The Warped Tour is a traveling rock festival that has toured the United States annually each summer since 1995. It is the largest traveling music festival in the United States, Warped Tour was conceived in 1995 as an eclectic alternative rock festival, but in 1996 began focusing on punk rock music. Although it has continued to be known primarily as a rock festival. The band times and sets are found on an inflatable lineup, every year there is a BBQ Band. In exchange for the privilege of playing on the tour, the BBQ Band prepares the post-show barbecue held for the bands, past BBQ Bands have included Dropkick Murphys, Art of Shock and The Fabulous Rudies. Similarly, one band, Animo, has permitted for the past four years to play on the tour in exchange for working on the setup crew. The BBQ Band for the 2016 tour is the band Reckless Serenade, the tour started as a skate punk and third-wave ska tour, but later began to feature mostly pop punk and metalcore acts. It is set up early in the morning during the set up crews arrival, when heading into Canada, there is a bus that loads the supplies that heads into Canada while the other bus contains the equipment that stays in the U. S. until the next show. In 2013, Kevin Lyman decided to allow free admission to the Warped Tour. Parents have their own day care. It is called Reverse Day Care, grown-ups can spend the day waiting for their children in the Reverse Day Care tent. There is ample seating and often fans or cooling devices to keep the parents occupied during the festival, the Warped Tour was created in 1995 by Kevin Lyman, in production with the short lived Warp Magazine and Creative Artists Agency. The tour began June 21 at the Idaho Center in Boise, Idaho, the tour has always been held at outdoor venues though on a rare occasions that has not always been the case. In 1996, due to problems with the venue where the event was to be held,1996 was the first year for Vans as a sponsor and they have been the main sponsor ever since carrying their name in the title. In 1998, the tour went international, including venues in Australia, Japan, Europe, Canada, in 1999, the tour started off in New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii in the New Year. It then started up again in the United States for the northern hemisphere summer before ending up in Europe, the Vans Warped Tour has turned eco-friendly by using biodiesel for the production buses. In 2009, the two stages were condensed into one and bands were given 40-minute sets, as opposed to the traditional 30 minutes across the previous two stages. Despite this, the decided to bring back the two main stages concept with 35-minute sets instead for the 2012 tour and beyond
20.
BBC 6 Music
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BBC Radio 6 Music is one of the BBCs digital radio stations. It was known officially as BBC6 Music from its launch on 11 March 2002 until April 2011,6 Music was the first national music radio station to be launched by the BBC in 32 years. It is available only on media, DAB radio, the Internet, digital television. BBC6 Music has been described as an alternative music station. Many presenters have argued against the perception that the focus is indie guitar music. The station itself describes its output as the edge music of today. Often referred to as the station of BBC Radio 2, it shares common features. The station also features performances from the BBC music archives, including the Peel Sessions put together by John Peel from the late 1960s to 2004. Since 2014 an annual festival,6 Music Festival, has been held in different cities around the United Kingdom. In July 2010, the BBC Trust announced it had rejected a proposal by the BBC to close 6 Music to provide commercial rivals more room, the Trust commented that the station was well-liked by its listeners, was highly distinctive and made an important contribution. In 2016,6 Music is the most listened-to BBC digital-only radio station, BBC6 Music was proposed in October 2000 as a digital-only radio station and named Network Y. The station opened at 7 am, Monday,11 March 2002, the first record played was Ashs Burn Baby Burn 6 Music attracted criticism for changing daytime schedules during late 2007 and early 2008. In response, Lesley Douglas, Controller of BBC Radio 2 and 6 Music at the time and she claimed that men listened to music in an intellectual way while women were more emotionally attached. This in turn brought on more criticism of perceived sexism on Douglas part, in March 2006, BBC6 Music moved from Broadcasting House to new studios in the adjacent Wogan House to allow the regeneration of Broadcasting House. In 2011, BBC Radio 6 Music started the process of moving some of its presenters, staff, the studios are located in Dock House. Among programmes broadcast there are Radcliffe & Maconie, The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show, in February 2010, in anticipation of a review by the BBC Trust, newspaper reports suggested 6 Music might be axed. The review stopped short of recommending closure but noted that one in five UK residents were aware the station existed. The Times claimed that Mark Thompson, Director General of the BBC, proposed closure as part of a bid to scale back BBC operations, a high-profile campaign to oppose closure of the station attracted media attention and led to #SaveBBC6Music quickly becoming a trending topic on Twitter
21.
Ben Harper
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Benjamin Chase Ben Harper is an American singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. Harper plays a mix of blues, folk, soul, reggae and rock music and is known for his guitar-playing skills, vocals, live performances. He has released twelve studio albums, mostly through Virgin Records and has toured internationally. Harper is a three-time Grammy Award winner, with awards for Best Pop Instrumental Performance and Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album in 2005, Harper was born in Pomona, California. His father, Leonard, was of African-American and possibly Cherokee ancestry and his maternal great-grandmother was a Russian-Lithuanian Jew. His parents divorced when he was five years old, and he grew up with his mothers family, Harper has two brothers, Joel and Peter. Harper began playing guitar as a child, in 1978, at the age of 9, Harper attended Bob Marleys performance in Burbank, California where Marley was joined by former bandmate Peter Tosh for the encore. It was, according to Harper, an important influence, at the age of 12, Harper played his first gig. During the 1980s, in his teen years, Harper began to play the slide guitar, Harper refined his style, taking up the Weissenborn slide guitar. Harper broke out of the Inland Empire after being offered an invitation by Taj Mahal to tour with the artist and they recorded Taj Mahals album Follow the Drinking Gourd, released in November 1990, and toured Hawaii. In 1992, Harper recorded the LP Pleasure and Pain with Folk multi-instrumentalist Tom Freund, after this limited edition record, Harper secured a lifetime record deal with Virgin Records, which released his debut album, Welcome to the Cruel World in 1994. This allowed him to be invited at the Rencontres Trans Musicales of Rennes in France in December 1993 where he went up for the first time on a large stage. The first album was followed by Fight For Your Mind in 1995, with Juan Nelson on bass, which became a college radio favorite and included several songs that Harper still plays live regularly. In 1999, at the Santa Barbara Bowl, Harper met Jack Johnson and sent a tape of Johnsons songs to his producer, J. P. Plunier. Early in Harpers career, his music received attention in Europe and was widely played in Australia. Harper has made comments on a number of occasions that his career was kicked off in Australia, in 2002, Harper was one of the featured singers covering Motown hits by Marvin Gaye in the documentary, Standing in the Shadows of Motown. On April 3,2004, Harper and Jack Johnson performed with Toots and the Maytals on Saturday Night Live, a show hosted by Donald Trump. In October 2004, Harper participated in the Vote for Change concert tour organized to benefit Moveon. org and encourage people in the swing states to vote during the 2004 U. S. presidential election
22.
Damian Marley
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Damian Robert Nesta Jr. Gong Marley is a Jamaican reggae artist. Damian is the youngest son of reggae musician Bob Marley, Damian was 2 years old when his father died, he is the only child born to Marley and Cindy Breakspeare, Miss World 1976. Damians nickname Junior Gong is derived from his fathers nickname of Tuff Gong, Damian has been performing since the age of 13. At age 13, he formed a group by the name of the Shephards. The group opened the 1992 Reggae Sunsplash festival, the band fell apart in the early 1990s and Damian started his solo career. With the backing of his fathers label, Tuff Gong, he released his 1996 debut album Mr. Marley which surprised many who were unaccustomed to hearing a Marley deejaying rather than singing, Marley released his second studio album Halfway Tree. The album was released on 11 September 2001 and received the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album and it was co-produced by Damian Marley and his brother Stephen Marley. Marley released his studio album Welcome to Jamrock which was released on 12 September 2005 in the United States and 13 September 2005 in the United Kingdom. The sold 86,000 copies in its first week of release, other notable singles from the album include The Master Has Come Back, Road to Zion featuring Nas, and Khaki Suit featuring Bounty Killer and Eek-A-Mouse. Damians half-brother, Stephen Marley, was a producer and co-writer of the successful song of the same name. The lyrics to the single Welcome to Jamrock, which was performed over a riddim produced by Sly and Robbie for Ini Kamoze some 20 years earlier, centred around poverty, politics and crime in Jamaica. While the single was controversial at home over its perceived negative viewpoint of the island, and still some of us dont want to hear and to look and say enough is enough. The single reached No.13 on the UK Singles Chart and it was also No.100 on the Top 100 Songs of the Decade listing by Rolling Stone. At the 2006 Grammy Awards, he won Best Reggae Album and he is the only Jamaican reggae artist in history to win two Grammy Awards on the same night. He is also the only reggae artist to win in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance category at the Grammy Awards. At the 2009 Grammy Awards news of an album between Marley and Nas was announced, when Nas told MTV reporters Right now, Ill tell you first. We tryin to build schools in Africa with this one. Were tryin to show love and stuff with this album, all about really the hood and Africa also as well
23.
The Skatalites
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The Skatalites are a ska band from Jamaica. They played initially between 1963 and 1965, and recorded many of their best known songs in the period and they also played on records by Prince Buster and backed many other Jamaican artists who recorded during that period. They reformed in 1983 and have played ever since. The founders of the Skatalites were Tommy McCook, Rolando Alphonso, Lester Sterling, Lloyd Brevett, Lloyd Knibb, Don Drummond, Jah Jerry Haynes, Jackie Mittoo, Johnny Moore and these ten musicians started to play together from 1955, when Kingstons recording studios started to develop. Tommy McCook was the first member of the band to record, though not for commercial release, archie Lindo asked Hitchman to play a few tunes for his pioneer radio station, ZQI, on their new equipment. Soon after that, sound system pioneer Stanley Motta began to operate his studio, Rolando Alphonso was one of the first to record with him, probably in 1954. Though McCook was the first in the band to record, he did not participate in the sessions with the other nine musicians. He left Jamaica in 1954 for a gig at the Zanzibar Club in Nassau. He returned to Jamaica in June 1962, and began playing regular jazz sessions around Kingston, record producer Coxsone Dodd searched for jazz players around Kingston and was impressed by McCooks playing. Tommy McCook heard some ska, but initially resisted Dodds offers to record and to lead a studio group, in 1962 Dodd released I Cover The Waterfront with Roland Alphonso and Don Drummond, who did the solo and brass sections. In 1963 he released Jazz Jamaica From the Workshop, on which McCook played for the first time returning to Jamaica. Don Drummond has two tunes on Jazz Jamaica and McCook has one, The Answer, in spring 1964, The Skatalites recorded their first LP Ska Authentic at Studio One in Kingston and toured Jamaica as the creators of ska. Their producers were Coxsone Dodd, Duke Reid, Prince Buster, Vincent King Edwards, Justin Phillip Yap, Leslie Kong, Lindon Pottinger, Sonia Pottinger and Vincent Randy Chin. The Skatalites led sessions with top artists and worked with young talents such as Delroy Wilson, Desmond Dekker, The Wailers, Lee Perry, etc. They played their first show on 27 June at the Hi-Hat club, on Water Lane in Rae Town, Coxsone Dodd helped initially, At the formation of the band, I supplied the PA system, microphones and what ever it is. Also the guitar amplifier and other amplifier, I helped with transportation and I supplied storage for equipment and instruments. In fall 1964, Don Drummonds composition Man in the Street entered the Top 10 in the UK, trombonist Drummond had at least 200 tunes to his name by 1965. On 1 January 1965, Drummond was arrested for the murder of his girlfriend and he was later convicted and remanded to the Bellevue Asylum
24.
Burning Spear
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Winston Rodney OD, better known by the stage name Burning Spear, is a Jamaican roots reggae singer and musician. Burning Spear is a Rastafarian and one of the most influential, Winston Rodney was born in Saint Anns Bay, Saint Ann, Jamaica. As a young man he listened to the R&B, soul, curtis Mayfield is cited by Rodney as a major US musical influence along with James Brown. Rodney was deeply influenced as a man by the views of the political activist Marcus Garvey, especially with regard to the exploration of the themes of Pan-Africanism. In 1969, Bob Marley, who was also from Saint Ann, Burning Spear was originally Rodneys group, named after a military award given by Jomo Kenyatta, the first President of an independent Kenya, and included bass singer Rupert Willington. The duo auditioned for Dodd in 1969 which led to the release of their debut single Door Peep and they were then joined by tenor Delroy Hinds. The trio recorded several singles for Dodd, and two albums, before they moved on to work with Jack Ruby in 1975. These recordings featured the backing band The Black Disciples, which included Earl Chinna Smith, Valentine Chin, Robbie Shakespeare and Leroy Wallace. The group worked with Ruby on their album, Marcus Garvey. In late 1976, Rodney split from both Ruby and group members Willington and Hinds, and from that point on used the name Burning Spear for himself alone, aswad also provided backing on his next studio album, Social Living, which also featured Sly Dunbar and Rico Rodriguez. A dub version of the album, Living Dub, was mixed by Sylvan Morris and his profile was raised further by an appearance in the film Rockers, performing Jah no Dead. A Sylvan Morris dub version followed in the form of Living Dub Volume Two, in 1982, Rodney signed with Heartbeat Records with a series of well-received albums following, including the 1985 Grammy-nominated Resistance. He returned to Island in the early 1990s, releasing two albums before rejoining Heartbeat and this arrangement in which Burning Music Productions delivered completed albums of music to EMI, Island and Heartbeat Records for worldwide distribution lasted for many years. When Heartbeat ceased releasing new material, Burning Music took matters into their own hands, touring the world time and time again, the band’s live sound matured and grew more sophisticated. While remaining firmly rooted in reggae, accents of free jazz, funk and his 1999 album, Calling Rastafari brought his first Grammy Award in 2000, a feat which he repeated with Jah Is Real in 2009. In 2002, he and his wife, Sonia Rodney who has produced a number of his albums, restarted Burning Music Records, since the mid-1990s, he has been based in Queens in New York City. Burning Spear was awarded the Order of Distinction in the rank of Officer on 15 October 2007, since establishing their own label, Winston and Sonia Rodney have released nearly forty singles, CDs, DVDs and vinyl albums on the Burning Music imprint. Many of these albums have been editions of albums previously available on other labels and often include bonus tracks
25.
Reading and Leeds Festivals
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The Reading and Leeds Festivals are a pair of annual rock music festivals that take place in Reading and Leeds in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend, the Reading Festival is held at Little Johns Farm on Richfield Avenue in central Reading, near the Caversham Bridge. The Leeds event is held in Bramham Park, near Wetherby, campsites are available at both sites and weekend tickets include camping. It has had various musical phases over the years, as detailed below, in the twin-site era, rock, alternative, indie, punk and metal have tended to dominate. The festivals are run by Festival Republic, which was divested from Mean Fiddler Music Group, for promotional purposes during 1998–2007 they were known as the Carling Weekend, Reading and the Carling Weekend, Leeds. These titles were used when not required, although NME were contractually obliged to do so as part of their involvement. In November 2007, the organisers welcomed Reading Festival reclaiming its prestigious name when the title was abolished after 9 years. In 2011, the capacity of the Reading site was 87,000 and this was an increase of several thousand on previous years. The festival typically has the following stages, Main stage – major rock, indie, metal, nME/Radio 1 stage – less well-known acts, building up to an alternative headline act. Dance tent – dance music acts, previously sharing a day with the Lock Up stage, Lock Up Stage – underground punk and hardcore acts. Due to demand, from 2006 this stage took up two days rather than previous years where it was one day. Festival Republic stage – acts with less popular appeal and breakthrough acts, 1Xtra Stage – new stage for 2013 that stages Hip-Hop, RnB and Rap artists. Alternative tent – comedy and cabaret acts plus DJs, BBC Introducing Stage – Typically unsigned/not well known acts. The Reading Festival officially began life as the National Jazz Festival, however, the festivals roots can be traced further back to the Beaulieu Jazz Festivals of the 1950s held on the estate of Lord Montague at Beaulieu in the New Forest, Hampshire. When alcochol-fuelled violence at the start of the 1960s led to the cancellation of the Beaulieu Jazz Festival its mantle was inherited by the new National Jazz Festival and this format continued until 1967 when jazz was relegated to just the Saturday afternoon session and by 1969 had disappeared entirely. 1964 saw a Friday evening session added to the existing weekend format, the following year a second stage was added, but this innovation was not to last and by the time the Festival was relocated to Sunbury in 1968 the single-stage format returned. Plumpton Racecourse then hosted the Festival for a stint from 1969. In 1984, many acts were booked to appear, tickets were on sale with Marillion due to be one of this years headliners
26.
War in Darfur
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The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfurs non-Arabs. The other side is made up of groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim Fur, Zaghawa. The African Union and the United Nations also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, former US Secretary of State Colin Powell described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide. The Sudanese government and the JEM signed an agreement in February 2010. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like South Sudan, however, talks were disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations, Darfur, Arabic for the home of the Fur—was not a traditional part of the states organized along the upper Nile valley but instead organized as an independent sultanate in the 14th century. It was first annexed to the Egyptian Sudan in 1875 and then surrendered by its governor Slatin Pasha to the Mahdia in 1883, subsequently, Darfur remained a province of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the independent Republic of the Sudan. There are several different explanations for the origins of the present conflict, one explanation involves the land disputes between semi-nomadic livestock herders and those who practice sedentary agriculture. Water access has also identified as a major source of the conflict. The Darfur crisis is also related to a second conflict, in southern Sudan, civil war has raged for decades between the northern, Arab-dominated government and Christian and animist black southerners. Yet another origin is conflict between the Islamist, Khartoum-based national government and two groups based in Darfur, the Sudan Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, american University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid. Alan Dershowitz labeled Sudan an example of a government that actually deserve the appellation apartheid, former Canadian Minister of Justice Irwin Cotler echoed the accusation. The rebels first military action was an attack on an army garrison on 25 February 2002. The government had been aware of a rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June 2002
27.
Nickelback
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Nickelback is a Canadian rock band formed in 1995 in Hanna, Alberta, Canada. The band is composed of guitarist and lead vocalist Chad Kroeger, guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist Ryan Peake, bassist Mike Kroeger, and drummer Daniel Adair. The band went through a few drummer changes between 1995 and 2005, achieving its current form when Adair replaced drummer Ryan Vikedal. S. of the 2000s, behind The Beatles. Billboard ranks them the most successful group of the decade, their song How You Remind Me was listed as the best-selling rock song of the decade. They were listed number seven on the Billboard top artist of the decade, the band signed with Roadrunner Records in 1999 and re-released their once-independent album The State. The band achieved success with the release of their 2000 album The State. Following the release of Silver Side Up the band released their biggest and most known hit today, How You Remind Me which peaked number 1 on the American and Canadian charts at the same time. The bands album Dark Horse was a success which produced eight singles, one of which peaked on the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, in 2011, the band released their seventh album Here and Now which again topped the charts. Their eighth studio album No Fixed Address was released on 17 November 2014, the band is based in Vancouver, Canada. The bands original domestic signing was with EMI Canada and they subsequently obtained an American deal with global distribution via Roadrunner Records. For the release of their album, the band parted from EMI Canada. The band was formed in the early 1990s as a band called the Village Idiots by Chad Kroeger, Ryan Peake, Mike Kroeger. The band performed covers of songs from Led Zeppelin and Metallica, Chad Kroeger then asked his step-father to give him $4,000 so that the band could record their first demo, a seven-track EP of original material, called Hesher. In 1996, the recorded and released their first full-length album. Fly was included on both Hesher and Curb and was the first single produced by Nickelback, in 1997, Brandon Kroeger left the band and the band searched for a new drummer. Later that year Mitch Guindon joined the band, but he decided to leave in 1998 because he started working in a car company, in Summer 1998, Ryan Vikedal joined the band. Roadrunner A&R Ron Burman told HitQuarters that one of his West Coast scouts sent him the album and, suitably impressed. Although an unknown property in the industry at the time, the venue was packed out, in Burmans words, I immediately got the chills
28.
Green Day
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Green Day is an American punk rock band formed in 1986 by lead vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist Mike Dirnt. For much of the career, the band has been a trio with drummer Tré Cool. Guitarist Jason White, who has worked with the band as a member since 1999, was an official member from 2012 to 2016. Green Day was originally part of the scene at the DIY924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley. The bands early releases were with the independent record label Lookout, in 1994, its major label debut Dookie became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U. S. The bands rock opera, American Idiot, reignited the bands popularity with a younger generation, the bands eighth studio album, 21st Century Breakdown, was released in 2009 and achieved the bands best chart performance to date. 21st Century Breakdown was followed up by a trilogy of albums called ¡Uno, ¡Dos. and ¡Tré. which were released in September, November and December 2012 respectively. The bands twelfth album, Revolution Radio was released on October 7,2016 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Green Day has sold more than 85 million records worldwide, in 2010, a stage adaptation of American Idiot debuted on Broadway. The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards, Best Musical, Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design, losing only the first, also in 2010, Green Day was ranked no.91 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. On April 18,2015, the band was inducted into the Rock, in 1986, friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt,14 years old at the time, formed a band called Sweet Children. The groups first live performance took place on October 17,1987, at Rods Hickory Pit in Vallejo, in 1988, Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer, also known as Al Sobrante. As said in the film Punks Not Dead, Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy as an influence. In 1988, Larry Livermore, owner of Lookout, Records, saw the band play an early show and signed the group to his label. In 1989, the band recorded its debut extended play,1,000 Hours, before 1,000 Hours was released, the group dropped the name Sweet Children, according to Livermore, this was done to avoid confusion with another local band Sweet Baby. The band adopted the name Green Day, due to the fondness for cannabis. Released Green Days debut studio album, 39/Smooth in early 1990, Records re-released 39/Smooth under the name 1, 039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, and added the songs from the bands first two EPs, Slappy, and 1,000 Hours. In late 1990, shortly after the bands first nationwide tour, Kiffmeyer left the East Bay area to attend Humboldt State University in Arcata, California
29.
T-Mobile
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T-Mobile International AG was a German holding company for Deutsche Telekom AGs mobile communications subsidiaries. From 2003 to 2007 T-Mobile International was one of Deutsche Telekoms segments beside the segments of Broadband/Fixnet, Business Customers and Group HQ and Shared Services. T-Mobile International AG was based in Bonn, Germany and its subsidiaries operated GSM, UMTS and LTE-based cellular networks in Europe, the United States, Puerto Rico, the company had financial stakes in mobile operators in both Central and Eastern Europe. S. Globally, T-Mobile Internationals subsidiaries had a total of approximately 230 million subscribers. Germanys first mobile-communications services were radiotelephone systems that were owned and operated by the postal monopoly. It launched the analog first-generation C-Netz, Germanys first true mobile phone network in 1985, on July 1,1989, West Germany reorganized Deutsche Bundespost and consolidated telecommunications into a new unit, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom. On July 1,1992, it began to operate Germanys first GSM network, along with the C-Netz, the GSM900 MHz frequency band was referred to as the D-Netz, and Telekom named its service D1, the private consortium awarded the second license chose the name D2. Deutsche Bundespost Telekom was renamed Deutsche Telekom AG on January 1,1995 as part of two of the German communications reform. This process of continued in November 1996, when DT was privatized and had the largest European IPO at the time. That same year, DT began to brand its subsidiaries with the T- prefix, in 2002, as DT consolidated its international operations, it anglicized the T-Mobil name to T-Mobile. On July 5,2005 Deutsche Telekom transformed its structure and adopted a regional setup, where available, the local mobile businesses were combined with the respective local wireline businesses to follow the integrated business aproach. In late 2007, it was confirmed that the merger of the high-speed 3G, the merger was completed the following month, the new companys name later being announced as EE. Orange and T-Mobile continued as separate brands in the market until 2015, until 2000, T-Mobile was a shareholder of the former max. mobil. In April 2001, it acquired one hundred percent and subsequently introduced the T-Mobile brand in Austria by rebranding max. mobil. in April 2002 as T-Mobile Austria, in 2005, it acquired former competitor tele. ring from Western Wireless International. It is now used as a discount brand, tele. ring is an Austrian mobile network operator. Since it was bought by T-Mobile in 2006, it is no longer an independent company. Tele. ring is independent and now acts primarily as a discount-offer, similar to Yesss. In the past, tele. ring was known for their aggressive price-politics, T-Mobile entered the Croatian market in October 1999 when DT initially acquired a thirty-five percent interest in Hrvatski telekom, including its cell phone service provider Cronet
30.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
31.
Teton Gravity Research
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Teton Gravity Research is an extreme sports media company based in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. The company was founded in 1996 by brothers Steve and Todd Jones, as well as friends Dirk Collins, the group launched the company to create products that came from the perspective of athletes, showcased youth culture, and fostered the growth of high-risk action sports. TGR has produced 32 award-winning action sports films rooted in skiing, snowboarding and surfing, TGR is known for producing action-sports films with environmental messages, yet it also produces advertising for a wide range of manufacturers. The company is a key partner to organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation, Protect Our Winters, TGR markets to millions of people each year through its online platform, tetongravity. com. In addition to featuring TGRs athletes and films, the website offers advertising and editorial content, as well as extreme sports videos, stories, TGR also creates a line of merchandise rooted in youth culture and the heavily branded, extensively marketed extreme-sports lifestyle. TGR has produced national commercials for brands such as Apple, Nissan, Jeep, Under Armour, Energizer. In April 2013, TGR became the launch partner for the GSS C520, a camera platform which TGR co-founder Todd Jones described as. TGR produced a reel using footage the company shot while first using the GSS C520, dale Talkingtons fellow finalists voted and Talkington was determined to be the winner. Teton Gravity Research is largely known for its Deeper, Further, Higher film trilogy and these three films showcase Jeremy Jones, who is a 10-time Snowboarder magazine Big Mountain Rider of the Year and the younger brother of TGR co-founders Steve and Todd Jones. Jeremy Jones revolutionized backcountry snowboarding with Deeper, his 2010 ode to splitboarding and his 2012 sequel Further took him to the planets most remote mountain ranges and earned him a nod as a 2013 National Geographic Adventurer of the Year. His environmental advocacy work with Protect Our Winters won him recognition as one of President Barack Obamas 2013 Champions of Change, TGR released Higher in September 2014, which was filmed on location in Alaska, Wyoming, California, Massachusetts, and Nepal. On March 5,2014, Jeremy Jones and Teton Gravity Research were featured in an episode of 60 Minutes Sports, the company has also provided stock footage for clients including Red Bull Media House, The Weather Channel, Michelob, Apple, and HBO. Go forth and pillage as an unruly mob, -- Various Summit info can be found here. Sprocket Rockets, Bike junkies check in here, hook up here with your white water bretheren. Surf, Surfers gather here for opinions, stories and news on the greatest breaks, the Slide Zone, Info and discussion on avalanche conditions, incidents, tools, etc. Gimp Central, Injury / Rehab / training discussion Ask TGR, the Padded Room, A place for you to dump stuff that doesnt fit anywhere else. Snow Conditions and Weather, Leave your Snowpack and weather observations here, tech Talk, You asked for it --- Talk techie stuff here. The Hall of Fame, The best of the best Kotler, Steven The Rise of Superman, Decoding the Science of Ultimate Human Performance Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN9781477800836 pg 154 McGrath, John B
32.
Grey's Anatomy
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Greys Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that premiered on American Broadcasting Company as a mid-season replacement on March 27,2005. The series focuses on the lives of surgical interns, residents and attending physicians, as they evolve into seasoned doctors while trying to maintain personal lives. The title is a play on Grays Anatomy, a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray. The shows premise originated with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as a producer, along with Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding. Although it is set in Seattle at the fictional Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital it is filmed in Los Angeles. The show was originally titled Complications, a reference to the complicated medical procedures, the series was created to be racially diverse, utilizing a color-blind casting technique. It revolves around the title character Dr. Meredith Grey played by Ellen Pompeo. The original cast consisted of nine star-billed actors, Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, Justin Chambers, T. R. Knight, Chandra Wilson, James Pickens Jr. Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey. The cast has undergone changes through the shows run, with many members leaving and being replaced by others. In its twelfth season, the show had an ensemble of sixteen actors. On February 10,2017, ABC renewed Greys Anatomy for a fourteenth season,3 drama on all of broadcast. Greys Anatomy has been received by critics throughout much of its run. Since its inception, the show has been described by the media outlets as a television phenomena or a juggernaut, owing to its longevity and dominant ratings. It is considered to have had a significant impact on culture and has received numerous awards. It has received multiple Emmy nominations, including two for Outstanding Drama Series, in 2012, Greys Anatomy was named the fifth-highest revenue earning show, in terms of advertising per half-hour. It is the longest running scripted primetime show airing on ABC. The series follows Meredith Grey, the daughter of a general surgeon named Ellis Grey. The residents are joined by Jackson Avery and April Kepner, former Mercy-West residents who join Seattle Grace following an administrative merger in the sixth season
33.
The Roots
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The Roots is an American hip hop group, formed in 1987 by Tariq Black Thought Trotter and Ahmir Questlove Thompson in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. The Roots are known for a jazzy and eclectic approach to hip-hop featuring live musical instruments, Leonard Hub Hubbard, and Josh Abrams were added to the band. The Roots served as the band on NBCs Late Night with Jimmy Fallon from 2009 to 2014. The Roots work has consistently met with critical acclaim. About. com ranked the band #7 on its list of the 25 Best Hip-Hop Groups of All-Time, the Roots originated in Philadelphia with Ahmir Questlove Thompson and Tariq Black Thought Trotter while they were both attending the Philadelphia High School for the Creative and Performing Arts. They would busk out on the corners with Questlove playing bucket drums. In 1992, they dropped the Square because a local group had claim to the name. Organix was the bands first album, released and sold independently in 1993 and it drew offers from music labels, and the band signed with DGC/Geffen. The Roots first album for DGC, Do You Want More. was released in 1994 and it was a moderate hit among alternative music fans, boosted by the groups appearance at Lollapalooza. The band performed at the Montreux Jazz Festival that year, touring guests, beatboxer Rahzel and producer Scott Storch, joined The Roots. What They Do was also the groups first single to hit the Top 40 of Billboards charts, while continuing on the path of live instrumentation, the albums sound was somewhat darker. The group released Things Fall Apart in 1999 and this was their breakthrough album, peaking at No.4 on the Billboard 200 charts and earning a gold record, signifying U. S. sales of at least 500,000 units. The album was certified platinum in April,2013. Mos Def contributed to the track entitled Double Trouble, the track Act Two features African-Belgian band Zap Mama and Common. The track You Got Me, a duet with R&B singer Erykah Badu and Eve and Jill Scott intended by Black Thought for the unconscious population, peaked at No.39 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. At the 42nd Grammy Awards You Got Me won the award for Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group, steve Huey of the website allmusic. com perceived a strong affinity for the neo-soul movement in the album. First-time cameos on Things Fall Apart for Philadelphia natives Beanie Sigel, after this album, Dice Raw left the collective to record his solo debut album Reclaiming the Dead. In the summer, the performed at the Woodstock 99 concert in New York state
34.
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University is a Canadian public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Laurier has several campuses, including in Toronto, Ontario, Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, the University offers a full range of undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields, with more than 17,000 full-time undergraduate students. The twin cities of Kitchener, Ontario and Waterloo, Ontario have the largest concentration of companies in North America apart from California. In 1910, the Lutheran Synod established a seminary, which opened to students in 1911, in 1914 the seminary developed non-theological courses under the name the Waterloo College School. In 1924, the Waterloo College of Arts was established, Waterloo College of Arts became affiliated with the University of Western Ontario in 1925 and soon began to offer honours degree programs in the arts. In 1960, the Lutheran church relinquished its sponsorship of Waterloo College, the seminary obtained a revised charter changing the name of the institution to Waterloo Lutheran University. On November 1,1973, Wilfrid Laurier University was established with Royal Assent by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Ross Macdonald, while Lauriers colours remain, it ended its affiliation with Western in 1960. Laurier opened a campus, in Brantford, Ontario, in 1999. The Brantford campus is centred on a number of properties in the downtown area which have been restored for university use. They include a former Carnegie library, Brantfords 1880 post office, and 1870 mansion, the Kitchener campus is located in the historic and fully renovated former St. Jeromes high school building. The university has enrollment of about 17,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students,781 full-time and part-time graduate students, Laurier has been transitioning from a primarily undergraduate university to a mid-size research university. In the 2016 Macleans magazine survey of Canadian universities, Laurier was ranked 10th out of 15 comprehensive universities in Canada, among Ontario universities, Laurier was behind Waterloo, Guelph, York, and Ryerson but ahead of Windsor and Brock. In addition, Laurier is home to the Penderecki String Quartet - an internationally recognised group playing largely new compositions, the music faculty boasts two performance spaces, the Theatre Auditorium and the Maureen Forrester Recital Hall. The faculty also attracts a greater percentage of students from outside Ontario than any faculty at Laurier. Lauriers Music program offers the only degree in Music Therapy. Laurier is the headquarters of the Academic Council of the United Nations System which has been hosted by Yale, Brown, the ACUNS goal is to strengthen the study of international organizations and to create strong ties between the academic community and diplomats within international organizations. Laurier is also a prominent partner in the new Balsillie School of International Affairs, the school offers three programs, a masters in arts in global governance, a masters in international public policy and a PhD program in global governance
35.
Insite
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Insite is the first legal supervised drug injection site in North America, located at 139 East Hastings Street, in the Downtown Eastside neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia. The DTES had 4700 chronic drug users in 2000 and has considered to be the centre of an injection drug epidemic. The site provides a safe and health-focused location for drug use. The clinic does not supply any drugs, Medical staff are present to provide addiction treatment, mental health assistance, and first aid in the event of an overdose or wound. In 2009, the site recorded 276,178 visits by 5,447 unique users,484 overdoses occurred with no fatalities, due to intervention by medical staff. Health Canada has provided $500,000 per year to operate the site, Insite also serves as a resource for those seeking to use a harm reduction approach for people who inject drugs around the world. In recent years, delegations from a number of countries are on record touring the facility, including Colombia, Insite is operated in tandem by Vancouver Coastal Health and the Portland Hotel Society. Between September 2003 and July 2008, the site operated under an exemption of Section 56 of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. The site was slated to close on September 12,2006, the Conservative minority government granted a temporary extension, then added another six-month extension that was to end in mid-2008. A constitutional challenge was heard by the Supreme Court of British Columbia to keep Insite open after Federal Health Minister Tony Clement refused to renew the exemption beyond July 2008. The court ruled that laws prohibiting possession and trafficking of drugs were unconstitutional because they denied drug users access to Insites health services. Justice Ian Pitfield gave Ottawa until 30 June 2009 to amend the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the House of Commons did not amend the law meaning Insite currently operates under a constitutional exception to the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. When founded, Insite acquired legal exemption under the condition that its impacts be thoroughly evaluated, consequently, the site has been the focus of more than thirty studies, published in 15 peer-reviewed journals. The research indicates an array of benefits, including reductions in public injecting and syringe sharing and increases in the use of detoxification services, in addition, studies assessing the potential harms of the site have not observed any adverse effects. Preliminary observations published in 2004 in the journal Harm Reduction indicate that the site successfully attracted injecting drug users, however, the researchers cautioned that a full assessment of the site would take several years. Additional research in the Canadian Medical Association Journal suggests that the site has reduced public injections, neighbourhood litter, furthermore, research in The Lancet indicates that the site substantially reduces the sharing of syringes. A study in the journal Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy revealed that local police use of Insite. The researchers concluded that the site provides an opportunity to, resolve some of the existing tensions between public order and health initiatives
36.
M3 (Canadian TV channel)
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M3 was a Canadian English language Category A cable and satellite specialty channel owned by Bell Media. As with its networks, the network was headquartered at 299 Queen Street West in Toronto. Its lineup later expanded to incorporate pop culture programming, reality shows, dramas, under Bell ownership and its final branding as M3, the network began to heavily downplay music programming outside of non-peak hours. On September 1,2016, M3 was shut down and replaced under its license, in June 1993, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission began accepting licence applications for new Canadian specialty channels for the first time since 1987. This followed CHUMs earlier application for a music channel, MuchCountry. Subsequently, the CRTC was criticized for passing only 10 of the 48 total applications, on the same day, CHUM also made pitches for Canadian Learning Television and Computer Access, a later rejected computer education channel. MuchMoreMusic was licensed by the CRTC in 1996, the channel was launched on October 5,1998 under the ownership of CHUM Limited. In January 1999, Globe and Mail critic John Doyle commented on the channels invariant hosting at the time, remarking that it appears to be staffed by one person only, Jana Lynne White. The woman does everything — interviews, running down the video chart, promos, everything except come to your house. The channels early lineup also included the MuchMusic program ClipTrip, which was moved to MuchMoreMusic, along with its host Diego Fuentes, in May 2000, Bill Welychka also transferred from MuchMusic, to host Freshly Pressed and later The Loop. In April 2000, full-time staff and programming was expanded, including daytime information segments, studio space, at 299 Queen Street West, was shared with MuchMusic until May 2000, when it was moved to the fourth floor of the building. In September 2004, MuchMoreMusic launched a digital network, MuchMoreRetro. On June 22,2007, CTVglobemedia gained control of MuchMoreMusic as a result of a takeover of CHUM Limited, on March 31,2009, MuchMoreMusic was relaunched with a new on-air format and subsequently was renamed MuchMore. The changeover took effect at 6,00 a. m, eastern Time, with the first edition of the newly branded morning video flow series Juiced. A high definition feed was also launched, after the relaunch, MuchMoreRetro was rebranded as MuchRetro, aligning the channel with the Much brand. The MuchMore Countdown became the M3 Countdown and was relaunched with a new format on January 18,2014 and it was the last remaining original music-related program on the network. Juiced was cancelled following the rebrand and M3Top20. ca, a countdown show, was removed from the schedule in the spring of 2014. On September 7,2014, M3 debuted a new show called the Retro 30
37.
Juno Award
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The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. New members of the Canadian Music Hall of Fame are also inducted as part of the awards ceremonies, winners are chosen by either members of the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences or a panel of experts depending on the award. 9 out of 42 categories are based solely on sales figures, nominees are determined by CARAS members for Single of the Year, Artist and Group of the Year. Nominees are determined by a vote for the remaining categories who are experts in the relevant genre. The judges are experts in each genre of music. The names of the judges remains confidential and these judges represent all facets of the Canadian music industry, are spread across the country, and a mixture of males and females in both official languages. No person can judge the same two years in a row. Prior to the development of the formal Juno award ceremonies, RPM began polling its readers in 1964 to determine which artists, the results of these polls were announced through RPM each December. Record label owner Stan Klees met with RPM founder Walt Grealis to plan a formal ceremony for the music industry. Instead of merely publishing the results in RPM, presentations would be made at a physical venue. The first such ceremony was the Gold Leaf Awards which took place 23 February 1970 in Toronto, RPM invited its readers later that year to suggest a new name for these awards. The name Juneau was submitted, which represented Pierre Juneau, the first head of the Canadian Radio-Television Commission, Juneau was instrumental in establishing Canadian content regulations for broadcasters, to promote Canadian artists. That name became shortened to Juno and by 1971, the ceremonies would be referred to as the Juno Awards. From 1970 to 1973, winners were announced in RPM prior to the awards night, from 1974, the award winners were not made public until the Juno ceremonies. Music industry representatives formed a committee for the Junos in 1974 which became the Canadian Music Awards Association the following year. This organisation assumed full management and operation of the Juno Awards from 1977 and became the Canadian Academy of Recording Arts, the Junos were first televised throughout Canada in 1975 on CBC Television. Initially, the awards were conducted during the part of each year. In 1984, organisers postponed that years awards until December, a late-year scheduling was maintained until January 1988 when CARAS noted the declining viewership on the Juno broadcasts and reverted to an early-year awards schedule
38.
Anne Murray
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Morna Anne Murray CC ONS, known professionally as Anne Murray, is a Canadian singer in pop, country, and adult contemporary music whose albums have sold over 55 million copies worldwide. Murray was the first Canadian female solo singer to reach No.1 on the U. S. charts and she is often cited as the one who paved the way for other international Canadian success stories such as k. d. lang, Céline Dion and Shania Twain. She is also the first woman and the first Canadian to win Album of the Year at the 1984 Country Music Association Awards for her Gold-plus 1983 album A Little Good News. Murray has received four Grammys, a record 24 Junos, three American Music Awards, three Country Music Association Awards, and three Canadian Country Music Association Awards. She has been inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame, the Juno Hall of Fame, and The Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame, Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame. She is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame Walkway of Stars in Nashville, in 2011, Billboard ranked her 10th on their list of the 50 Biggest Adult Contemporary Artists Ever. Morna Anne Murray was born in the town of Springhill. Her father, James Carson Murray, was the town doctor and her mother, Marion Margaret Murray, was a registered nurse who focused her life on raising her family and community charity work. Murrays father died in 1980 at the age of 72 from complications from leukemia and her mother died April 10,2006, at the age of 92 after suffering a series of strokes during heart surgery. After expressing an early interest in music, she studied piano for six years, by 15 she was taking voice lessons. Every Saturday morning, she took a bus ride from Springhill to Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia, One of her earliest performances was of the song Ave Maria at her high school graduation in 1962. Following high school, Murray attended Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax for one year and she later studied Physical Education at University of New Brunswick in Fredericton. After receiving her degree in 1966 she taught physical education at a school in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. In 1965, Murray appeared on the University of New Brunswick student project record The Groove and she sang two songs on the record – Unchained Melody and Little Bit of Soap. On the label her name was misspelled Anne Murry, while there, she was encouraged to audition for the 1960s CBC musical variety television show Singalong Jubilee, but was not offered a singing position. Two years later she received a call from Singalong Jubilee co-host and associate producer, Bill Langstroth, following that second audition, Murray was cast for the show. After a summer of singing in venues across the Maritimes, Murray began teaching physical education at the high school in Summerside. After one year of teaching, she was offered a spot on the television show Lets Go, and returned to Singalong Jubilee
39.
Feist (singer)
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Leslie Feist, known professionally as Feist, is a Canadian indie pop singer-songwriter, performing both as a solo artist and as a member of the indie rock group Broken Social Scene. Feist launched her music career in 1999 with the release of Monarch. Her subsequent studio albums, Let It Die, released in 2004, the Reminder earned Feist four Grammy nominations, including a nomination for Best New Artist. She was the top winner at the 2008 Juno Awards in Calgary with five awards, including Songwriter of the Year, Artist of the Year, Pop Album of the Year, Album of the Year and her fourth studio album, Metals, was released on 30 September 2011. In 2012, Feist collaborated on a split EP with metal group Mastodon, leslie Feist was born on 13 February 1976 in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada. Her father, Harold Feist, is an American-Canadian abstract expressionist painter who taught at both the Alberta College of Art and Design and Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick and her mother, Lyn Feist, was a student of ceramics from Saskatchewan. After their first child, Ben, was born, the moved to Sackville. Feists parents divorced soon after she was born and Ben, Feist and their mother moved to Regina, Saskatchewan and they later moved to Calgary, Alberta, where she attended Bishop Carroll High School as well as Alternative High School. She aspired to be a writer, and spent much of her singing in choirs. At the age of twelve, Feist performed as one of 1,000 dancers in the ceremonies of the Calgary Winter Olympics. Because her father is American, Feist has dual Canadian-U. S, citizenship, joking later that she was given U. S. citizenship as part of a deal with Apple. In 1991, at age 15, Feist got her start in music when she founded and was the lead vocalist for a Calgary punk band called Placebo. She and her bandmates won a local Battle of the Bands competition and were awarded the opening slot at the festival Infest 1993, featuring the Ramones. At this concert she met Brendan Canning, whose band hHead performed immediately before hers, in 1995, Feist was forced to take time off from music to recover from vocal cord damage. She moved from Calgary to Toronto in 1996 and that year she was asked by Noah Mintz of hHead to play bass in his solo project Noahs Arkweld. She played the guitar in Noahs Arkweld for a year despite never having played bass before. In 1998, she became the rhythm guitarist for the band By Divine Right and toured them throughout 1998,1999. She also played guitar for live performances by Bodega, but was never an official member of the band
