1.
Pirates of the Caribbean
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The franchise originated with the Pirates of the Caribbean theme ride attraction, which opened at Disneyland in 1967 and was one of the last Disney theme park attractions overseen by Walt Disney. Disney based the ride on pirate legends and folklore, as of October 2016, Pirates of the Caribbean attractions can be found at five Disney theme parks. Their related films have grossed over US$3.7 billion worldwide as of January 2015, putting the film franchise 10th in the list of all-time highest grossing franchises and film series. Walt Disney World Quest, Magical Racing Tour by Eidos Interactive included a level in which players can race water boats at the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction in Walt Disney World. Pirates of the Caribbean was released in 2003 by Bethesda Softworks to coincide with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean, Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile for mobile phones Pirates of the Caribbean Online a massively multiplayer online role playing game which was released in Autumn 2007. In the first visit, the story is directly copied from the film, the second visit focuses more on Organization XIIIs activities in Port Royal, as well as Sora, Jack, Donald and Goofys first encounter with Luxord. Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl for Game Boy Advance and this game is based on Captain Jack Sparrows misadventures in the pursuit of saving Ria Anasagasti with his shipmate Will Turner. Pirates of the Caribbean, The Legend of Jack Sparrow was released exclusively for the PlayStation 2 console, Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest, was released for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, Game Boy Advance and others. Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End was released on May 22,2007 and was based on the film of the name which was released on May 25,2007. It was the first game in the series to be released for a seventh generation console, Pirates of the Caribbean, Armada of the Damned, an action and role playing video game, was being developed by Propaganda Games but was cancelled in October 2010. Lego Pirates of the Caribbean, The Video Game, released in May 2011, is the most recent Pirates game and it features all four films as well as over 70 characters and over 21 levels. Pirates of the Caribbean, Master of the Seas, an app available on Android. Jack Sparrow, Hector Barbossa, and Davy Jones are playable characters in Disney Infinity, a playset themed after the franchise was included with the starter pack. Crispin Several additional works have been derived from the franchise, In 2000, Pirates of the Caribbean, Battle for Buccaneer Gold, the attraction allows up to five players to board a virtual pirate ship and attempt to sink other ships with water cannons. A Pirates of the Caribbean board game Monopoly is manufactured by USAopoly, a Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game The Game of Life was developed. A Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game Battleship is produced by Hasbro under the title of Battleship Command, Pirates of the Caribbean was the name of a team participating in the 2005–2006 Volvo Ocean Race. Their boat was named the Black Pearl, a Pirates of the Caribbean multiplayer online game was released by Disney on October 31,2007. The British Melodic Hard Rock band Ten have released an album entitled Isla De Muerta, the title of which is about the legendary island of the series
2.
Sea captain
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A sea captain is a high-grade licensed mariner in ultimate command of the merchant vessel. A ships captain commands and manages all ships personnel, and is typically in charge of the accounting, payrolls. The captain is responsible for responding to and reporting in case of accidents and incidents, the captain ensures that the ship complies with local and international laws and complies also with company policies. One of a particularly important duties is to ensure compliance with the vessels security plan. The security plan also covers such as refugees and asylum seekers, smuggling. On ships without a purser, the captain is in charge of the ships accounting and this includes ensuring an adequate amount of cash on board, coordinating the ships payroll, and managing the ships slop chest. On international voyages, the captain is responsible for satisfying requirements of the local immigration, customs requirements can include the master providing a cargo declaration, a ships stores declaration, a declaration of crewmembers personal effects, crew lists and passenger lists. The master acts as a liaison to local investigators and is responsible for providing complete and accurate logbooks, reports, statements, specific examples of the ship causing external damage include collisions with other ships or with fixed objects, grounding the vessel, and dragging anchor. Some common causes of damage include heavy weather, water damage, pilferage. There is a belief that ship captains have historically been. In most countries of ships registry, ship captains are not, the United States Navy defined a captain’s powers in its 1913 Code of Regulations, specifically stating, The commanding officer shall not perform a marriage ceremony on board his ship or aircraft. New Jerseys 1919 Bolmer v. Edsall said a shipboard marriage ceremony is governed by the laws of the nation where ownership of the vessel lies. In the United Kingdom, the captain of a merchant ship has never permitted to perform marriages. In other countries of ships registry, the situation varies. Most do not permit performance of a marriage by the master of a ship at sea, japan allows ship captains to perform a marriage ceremony at sea, but only for Japanese citizens. Malta and Bermuda permit captains of ships registered in their jurisdictions to perform marriages at sea, princess Cruises, whose ships are registered in Bermuda, has used this as a selling point for their cruises since 1998. In 2011, Cunard announced its intention to move the registration of “Queen Mary 2″, “Queen Victoria” and “Queen Elizabeth” from Southampton, in the United Kingdom, to Bermuda. Some captains obtain other credentials, which allow them to perform marriages in jurisdictions where they would otherwise not be permitted to do so
3.
Jack Sparrow
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Captain Jack Sparrow is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. He first appears in the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean and he later appears in the sequels Dead Mans Chest, At Worlds End, On Stranger Tides, and Dead Men Tell No Tales. In the films, Sparrow is one of the nine pirate lords in the Brethren Court and he can be treacherous and survives mostly by using wit and negotiation rather than by force, opting to flee most dangerous situations and to fight only when necessary. Sparrow is introduced seeking to regain his ship, the Black Pearl, from his mutinous first mate, later he attempts to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while battling the East India Trading Company. The characters role expanded as the films progressed, the Pirates of the Caribbean series was inspired by the Disney theme park ride of the same name, and when the ride was revamped in 2006, the character of Captain Jack Sparrow was added to it. Captain Jack Sparrow first appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl when he arrives in Port Royal in Jamaica to commandeer a ship, despite rescuing Elizabeth Swann, the daughter of Governor Weatherby Swann, from drowning, he is jailed for piracy. That night, a pirate ship called the Black Pearl attacks Port Royal. The Black Pearls captain, Hector Barbossa, desperately seeks one last gold coin to break an ancient Aztec curse that he, a blacksmith named Will Turner frees Sparrow to aid him in rescuing Elizabeth. They commandeer the HMS Interceptor and recruit a crew in Tortuga in Haiti before heading to Isla de Muerta. Along the way, Will learns that Sparrow was the Black Pearls captain until Barbossa led a mutiny ten years earlier and took over the ship, Sparrow tells Turner that his father was a pirate known as Bootstrap Bill Turner. The rescue attempt goes awry and Barbossa maroons Jack and Elizabeth on the island he had stranded Sparrow before. Elizabeth creates a fire from rum barrels and they are rescued by the British Royal Navy. Sparrow cuts a deal with Commodore James Norrington to lead Norrington to the Black Pearl, Norrington refuses until Elizabeth, desperate to save Will, spontaneously accepts Norringtons earlier marriage proposal. Right before the climactic battle with the pirates at Isla de Muerta, Sparrow swipes a cursed coin from the treasure chest, making himself immortal. He shoots his rival with the pistol he has carried for ten years just as Will breaks the curse, despite having assisted the Navy, Sparrow is sentenced to hang. At Sparrows execution in Port Royal, Will saves Sparrow, Elizabeth intervenes, declaring her love for Will who is pardoned, while Sparrow escapes by tumbling off a sea wall. The Black Pearl and her new crew arrive in time to retrieve him, impressed by the wily pirate, Norrington allows him one days head start before giving chase. A year following the events of the first film, Sparrow searches for the Dead Mans Chest, Sparrow made a bargain with Jones to raise the sunken Black Pearl and make Sparrow captain for thirteen years
4.
Hector Barbossa
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Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush. Having met his demise in the climax of the film, his character is revealed to have been resurrected at the end of Dead Mans Chest. In the third film At Worlds End, it is shown that Barbossa is also one of the nine pirate lords in the Brethren Court, the Pirate Lords of the Seven Seas. In the fourth film On Stranger Tides, he has become a privateer in the British Royal Navy and is ordered to accompany Sparrow on an expedition for the Fountain of Youth, Barbossa will appear in the fifth film, Dead Men Tell No Tales. Barbossas first name, Hector, was revealed in a commentary on the Curse of the Black Pearl DVD. It was revealed that co-star Johnny Depp played a part in providing the name. In Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl, Barbossa is captain of the pirate ship and he was originally the ships first mate under Captain Jack Sparrow. Barbossa persuaded Jack to reveal the bearings to Isla de Muerta where a chest of Aztec gold was hidden, after Sparrow divulged the location, Barbossa and the crew mutinied and marooned Sparrow on a tiny island, with only a single-shot pistol with which to commit suicide. For the next ten years, Barbossa believed that Jack was dead, Barbossa and the crew found the Aztec treasure, but ran afoul of a curse placed upon the gold by the Aztec gods, which rendered the pirates undead. To lift the curse, the needs to return all 882 coins to the chest. They still need the blood of their former shipmate Bootstrap Bill Turner, Turner was the lone holdout against the mutiny, believing the crew deserved to remain cursed for betraying Jack, he sent one coin to his son, Will. In retaliation, Barbossa tied Bootstrap to a cannon and threw him overboard, for years, Barbossa searched for the last coin, which was now possessed by Elizabeth Swann. Barbossa sets sail for Port Royal after detecting a signal when the coin touched the sea, unknown to him, Jack Sparrow is also in Port Royal. Believing Elizabeth is Bootstraps daughter, Barbossa abducts with her and takes the medallion and he reveals their curse en route to Isla de Muerta. Elizabeths blood is offered, but the ritual fails, will, aided by Sparrow, rescues Elizabeth and escapes with the medallion. Sparrow is taken aboard the Pearl, and Barbossa pursues them. Barbossa learns Wills true identity and tricks Will into believing that Jack, the crew and he instead maroons Jack and Elizabeth on a deserted island while he takes Will to Isla de Muerta to be killed. As Barbossa is about to kill Will, Sparrow makes another unexpected return, Jack reveals to Barbossa that he has led the British Royal Navy to the island, and he convinces Barbossa to capture the HMS Dauntless, leaving Jack the Black Pearl
5.
East Indiaman
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East Indiaman was a general name for any sailing ship operating under charter or licence to any of the East India Companies of the major European trading powers of the 17th through the 19th centuries. The term is used to refer to vessels belonging to the Danish, Dutch, English, French, Portuguese. Some of the East Indiamen chartered by the British East India Company were known as tea clippers, English East Indiamen usually ran between England, the Cape of Good Hope and India, where their primary destinations were the ports of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. The Indiamen often continued on to China before returning to England via the Cape of Good Hope, when the company lost its monopoly, the ships of this design were sold off. A smaller, faster ship known as a Blackwall Frigate was built for the trade as the need to carry heavy armaments declined and these include the Danish, Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Swedish East India companies. East Indiamen carried both passengers and goods, and were armed to defend themselves against pirates, initially, the East Indiamen were built to carry as much cargo as possible, rather than for speed of sailing. The East India company had a monopoly on trade with India and China, East Indiamen were the largest merchant ships regularly built during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, generally measuring between 1100 and 1400 tons burthen. Two of the largest were the Earl of Mansfield and Lascelles being built at Deptford in 1795, the Royal Navy purchased both, converted them to 56-gun fourth rates, and renamed them Weymouth and Madras respectively. They measured 1426 tons on dimensions of approximately 175 feet overall length of hull,144 feet keel,43 feet beam,17 feet draft, in England, Queen Elizabeth I granted an exclusive right to the trade to one company in 1600. The company grew to more than the trade between England and India, but the ships described in this article are the type used in the 17th to the early 19th centuries to carry the trade. The Royal Navy acquired several East Indiamen, turning them into fourth rates, in some cases the East Indiamen successfully fought off attacks by the French. The ships normally had two decks for accommodation within the hull and a raised poop deck. The poop deck and the deck below it were lit with square-windowed galleries at the stern, to support the weight of the galleries, the hull lines towards the stern were full. Later ships built without this feature tended to sail faster, which put the East Indiamen at a disadvantage once the need for heavy armament passed. These ships were used for the China run, until the coming of steamships, these Indian-built ships were relied upon almost exclusively by the British in the eastern seas. None sailed to Europe and they were banned from English ports, many hundreds of Indian-built Indiamen were built for the British, along with other ships, including warships. Notable among them were Surat Castle, a 1, 000-ton ship with a crew of 150, Lowjee Family, of 800 tons and a crew of 125, and Shampinder, of 1,300 tons. Another significant East Indiaman in this period was the 1176-ton Warley that John Perry built at his Blackwall Yard in 1788, and which the Royal Navy bought in 1795 and renamed HMS Calcutta
6.
Galleon
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Another possible origin is the Old French word galie meaning galley, also from Byzantine Greek galea. The galea was a warship of the Byzantine navy, and its name may be related to the Greek word galeos, the term was originally given to certain types of war galleys in the Middle Ages. The Annali Genovesi mentions galleons of 80,64 and 60 oars, used for battle and on missions of exploration and it is very likely that the galleons and galliots mentioned in the accounts of the crusades were the same vessels. In the early 16th century, the Venetian galleoni was a new class of galley used to hunt down pirates in the Mediterranean. In Portugal at least, Portuguese carracks were very large ships for their time, while galleons were mostly under 500 tons. One of the largest and most famous of Portuguese galleons was the São João Baptista, there are disputes about its origins and development but each Atlantic sea power built types suited to its needs, while constantly learning from their rivals. It was the captains of the Spanish navy, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and Álvaro de Bazán, the galleon was powered entirely by wind, using sails carried on three or four masts, with a lateen sail continuing to be used on the last masts. They were used in military and trade applications, most famously in the Spanish treasure fleet, and the Manila Galleons. While carracks played the role in early global explorations, galleons also played a part in the 16th and 17th centuries. In fact, galleons were so versatile that a vessel may have been refitted for wartime and peacetime roles several times during its lifespan. The galleon was the prototype of all square-rigged ships with three or more masts for over two and a half centuries, including the later full-rigged ship, Galleons were constructed from oak, pine and various hardwoods for hull and decking. The expenses involved in construction were enormous. Hundreds of expert tradesmen worked day and night for months before a galleon was seaworthy, to cover the expense, galleons were often funded by groups of wealthy businessmen who pooled resources for a new ship. Therefore, most galleons were originally consigned for trade, although those captured by rival states were usually put into military service, the most common gun used aboard a galleon was the demi-culverin, although gun sizes up to demi-cannon were possible. Galleons were a class of blue water sailing ship that combined the easy-to-maneuver fore-and-aft rig of smaller shipping with the rig of late middle ages cargo vessels. On average with three masts, in larger galleons, a fourth mast was added, usually another lateen-rigged mizzen, the oldest known scale drawings in England are in a manuscript called Fragments of Ancient Shipwrightry made in about 1586 by Mathew Baker, a master-shipwright. This manuscript, held at the Pepysian Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, provides a reference for the size. Based on these plans, the Science Museum, London has built a 1,48 scale model ship that is an exemplar of galleons of this era
7.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
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Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, following The Curse of the Black Pearl. It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Sparrow discovers his debt to Davy Jones is due. Two sequels to Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica and it was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. Dead Mans Chest was released in the United States on July 7,2006, the film received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and won the Academy Award for Visual Effects. Norringtons whereabouts are uncertain, as he resigned after his obsessive pursuit of Sparrow resulted in the Navys flagship, HMS Dauntless, Elizabeth is imprisoned and Jack reunites with Will’s father Bootstrap Bill, on the Black Pearl. Bootstrap reveals he is a crewman on the Flying Dutchman, captained by Davy Jones, Jack must join Jones crew or be dragged to Davy Jones Locker by the monstrous Kraken. Beckett promises to free Elizabeth if Will tracks down Jack and brings Beckett Jacks magic compass which points to whatever the holder wants most, will eventually finds Jacks crew on an island ruled by cannibals, who worship Jack as a god, from which they escape. Shortly after, Governor Swann tries to escape Port Royal with Elizabeth but is captured, Elizabeth negotiates with Beckett to let her escape to find the compass herself, and she hides aboard a Scottish merchant vessel, the Edinburgh Trader. The pirates meet voodoo priestess Tia Dalma, who tells them Jones’ weakness is his heart, locating the Dutchman, Will is shanghaied into service while Jones sends Jack to bring him one-hundred souls so his blood debt can be paid. On the Dutchman, Will meets his father, and learns that the key is in Jones possession. After playing a game of liars dice against Davy Jones, Bootstrap helps Will escape with the key, in Tortuga, Jack hires a new crew, including Elizabeth, and Norrington, now a drunk. In the chaos, Jack obtains Jones heart and hides it in a jar of dirt, Jack manages to break free, but is dragged with the Pearl down to the bottom of the sea by the Kraken. Jones discovers that his heart was stolen and lost. The Pearl’s crew take shelter with Tia Dalma, where they all agree to rescue Jack, Tia Dalma introduces the captain that will guide them, the resurrected Captain Barbossa. In a post-credits scene, the tribe now worships a dog in replacement of Jack. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swanns embrace at the end of the first film and they settled on introducing Davy Jones, the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken. They also introduced the historical East India Trading Company, who for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of freedom represented by pirates
8.
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
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Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film and the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Gore Verbinski and it was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Mans Chest. The film was released in English-speaking countries on May 25,2007, the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. At Worlds End was a box office hit, becoming the most successful film of 2007, with over $960 million worldwide. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass, respectively. A fourth installment, On Stranger Tides, the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released in cinemas on May 20,2011. With a production budget of $300 million, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End was the most expensive ever made at the time of its release. To control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas, condemned prisoners sing Hoist the Colours to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court. Traveling to Singapore, the crew meet Captain Sao Feng, who owns navigational charts to the Locker, Becketts soldiers invade, but the crew escape. Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng, the crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack. They find themselves trapped, encountering dead souls, including Elizabeths father Governor Swann and they learn the Dutchman must always have a captain. Returning to the world, the Pearl is attacked by Sao Feng. Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover and he plans to release her to defeat Beckett. Davy Jones attacks Fengs ship, but Feng appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying, admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman, but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill. The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso, Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearls brig, revealing she is Calypso, and they promise to be together again. Jacks father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code, informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide, to avoid a stalemate, Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth, making her King. The Brethren Court and Becketts fleets emerge for war, Barbossa frees Calypso, but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her, Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom. The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom, Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack
9.
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
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Pirates of the Caribbean, On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the first film in the not to be directed by Gore Verbinski. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer, the film serves as a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20,2011 and it was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats. Pre-production started after the end of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010, with locations in Hawaii, the United Kingdom, Puerto Rico, and California. Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar, following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made. On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release, a sequel, titled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is scheduled to be released on May 26,2017. After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs in London, the king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it. Jacks old nemesis, Captain Hector Barbossa, now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship, the Black Pearl, Jack refuses the offer and escapes. He meets up with his father, Captain Teague, who warns Jack about the Fountains rituals, Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain. While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeards ship, Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jacks map showing the Fountains location, meanwhile, after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain. Blackbeard seeks the Fountains power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a one-legged man, Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de Leóns missing flagship, the Santiago. The Fountains water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices, drinking from one chalice containing a mermaids tear will extend life, the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker. Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeards collection of shrunken ships in bottles. The Queen Annes Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears, a mermaid named Syrena is caught, but Philip Swift, a captive missionary, falls in love with her. Reaching Ponce de Leóns ship on an island, Angelica. Jack locates the grounded, decaying vessel, only to find Barbossa there, both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices, after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel. Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp, Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl, and his leg being amputated
10.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
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Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Men Tell No Tales is an upcoming American fantasy swashbuckler film, and the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally, and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs, and Hector Barbossa, respectively. The film also stars Javier Bardem as Armando Salazar, Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner, the film also features the return of Orlando Bloom as Will Turner, following his absence from the fourth installment, On Stranger Tides. The filmmakers cited the first installment, The Curse of the Black Pearl, as inspiration for the script, pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script, initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, due to script and budget issues. Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million of tax incentives and it is set to be released in conventional, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats on May 26,2017. Captain Jack Sparrow is pursued by an old rival, Armando Salazar, who along with his Spanish Navy ghost crew has escaped from the Devils Triangle, and is determined to kill every pirate at sea. Jack seeks the Trident of Poseidon, an artifact that grants its possessor total control over the seas. Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow, The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon, Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar, A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devils Triangle. After escaping, he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy, Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner, A young man who tries to reconnect with his father. He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so, lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry. Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth, A feisty and altruistic astronomer, Scodelario explained the characters motivation and role saying, she is an academic, shes fighting for the right to study at university, because women couldnt at that time. So shes on her own journey – looking for the trident of Poseidon – and she discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann, believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character. Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs, Captain Jacks loyal friend and First Mate, Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa, The one-legged pirate captain of the Queen Annes Revenge, former captain of the Black Pearl, and Captain Jacks former rival-turned-ally. Orlando Bloom as Captain William Will Turner, Jr, a blacksmith-turned-pirate who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At Worlds End. Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa, a sea-witch, Stephen Graham as Scrum, Barbossas crewmember of the Queen Annes Revenge, former member of Blackbeards crew. However, it was stated that only a fifth film was in the works. On January 11,2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film, rob Marshall, the director of the last film, was believed for return to direct, but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods and The Thin Man
11.
Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)
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Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the film, Dead Mans Chest and returns in the series third installment. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman, the computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, only behind King Kong in 2007. The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Mans Chest, the character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones Locker. In contrast to the legends, the films Jones is a tragic villain. Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen, like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman, Davy Joness physical appearance is completely 3-D computer-generated. Briefly during the film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer-generated characters photorealism, Davy Jones physique was designed by the films producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones most striking feature is his head, with octopus-like tentacles giving the illusion of a thick beard. The major features of the Davy Jones physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H. P. The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean-style claw for his arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand. He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent thats slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the Dutch-man. Nighy however responded, I dont do Dutch, Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent, stating, I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different and we wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative. I have seen Still Game and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area, Davy Jones, a human, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She granted him immortality and entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world, Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task. She swore that after ten years, she would meet him, when Jones returned to shore after ten years, Calypso failed to appear. Believing Calypso had betrayed him, Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her, saying if she were removed from the world
12.
The Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)
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The Flying Dutchman, or simply referred to as the Dutchman, is a fictional ship in Disneys Pirates of the Caribbean. The ship made its first appearance in Dead Mans Chest under the command of the fictional captain, the story and attributes of the ship were inspired by the actual Flying Dutchman of nautical lore. As explained in the movie, the character of Davy Jones was given the Flying Dutchman by Calypso, his lover, when she neglected to meet him after his first ten years of duty, he was both heartbroken and enraged. He abandoned his duties and chose to wander the seas, doing as he pleased and this violation of his duty placed a curse on Jones and his crew, slowly transforming them into monsters. Apparently, the Dutchman is also believed to be nautical lore in the Pirates universe, the fictional Dutchman is also known as a fearful ship to those who are superstitious, and able to destroy any vessel. In Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest, the Dutchman makes its first appearance when it rises from the sea to claim its victims souls following a Kraken attack. The Dutchman, able to sail on the sea and underwater, emits terror, Davy Jones captures from the ship wreckage and demands that Jack Sparrow settle his overdue debt. Sparrow bargains for his life, and Jones finally agrees to accept 100 souls in exchange for Sparrows, will is reunited with his father, Bootstrap Bill Turner, who is an indentured sailor aboard the Flying Dutchman. Shipboard life is harsh, and the crew is often whipped by the cruel boatswain, will is also flogged, although it is his father who delivers the lash to spare his son from the boatswains sadistic hand. Will finds Elizabeth and Sparrow on Isla Cruces, the three escape the island on the Black Pearl, pursued by the Dutchman. Jones unleashes the Kraken, which attacks the Pearl and drags Sparrow to Davy Jones Locker and this irritates Lord Beckett who wants survivors to interrogate. The Dutchman accompanies Becketts flagship, Endeavour in its mission to eradicate piracy, when the Dutchman attacks Sao Fengs ship, the Empress, it takes its crew captive. Elizabeth and her escape the Dutchman with Admiral Norringtons help. The Dutchman leads the East India Trading Company armada in battle against the Brethren Court, the Dutchman and the Black Pearl engage in battle while entering a monstrous maelstrom. Jones is killed when, aided by Sparrow, the mortally wounded Will Turner stabs Jones heart, the Dutchman is also sucked into the maelstrom as Swann and Sparrow escape. The Dutchman s crew carve out the now-dead Will Turners heart, the Dutchman re-emerges from the maelstrom with Captain Will Turner at the helm. Joining forces with the Pearl, the two face off against the Endeavour. Stunned by this alliance, Beckett is unable to respond
13.
Disneyland Park (Anaheim)
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Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17,1955. It is the theme park designed and built under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the attraction on the property, its name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent to his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit, however, after hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a 160-acre site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17,1955. Opened in 2001, Disney California Adventure Park was built on the site of Disneylands original parking lot, Disneyland has a larger cumulative attendance than any other theme park in the world, with over 650 million guests since it opened. In 2013, the park hosted approximately 16.2 million guests, according to a March 2005 Disney report,65,700 jobs are supported by the Disneyland Resort, including about 20,000 direct Disney employees and 3,800 third-party employees. To all who come to this place, Welcome. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy. The concept for Disneyland began when Walt Disney was visiting Griffith Park in Los Angeles with his daughters Diane and Sharon. While watching them ride the merry-go-round, he came up with the idea of a place where adults and their children could go and have fun together and he may have also been influenced by his fathers memories of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. Another likely influence was Benton Harbor, Michigans nationally famous House of Davids Eden Springs Park, Disney visited the park and ultimately bought one of the older miniature trains originally used there, the colony had the largest miniature railway setup in the world at the time. His ideas evolved to a play park with a boat ride. The initial concept, the Mickey Mouse Park, started with an 8-acre plot across Riverside Drive and his designers began working on concepts, though the project grew much larger than the land could hold. Disney hired Harrison Price from Stanford Research Institute to gauge the proper area to locate the theme based on the areas potential growth. Based on Prices analysis, Disney acquired 160 acres of groves and walnut trees in Anaheim
14.
East India Trading Company
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The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the Companys shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control, during its first century of operation the focus of the Company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own armies, exercising military power. Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances, the official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies. Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean, one of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594. In 1596, three ships sailed east, however, these were all lost at sea. Two days later, on 24 September, the Adventurers reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project, the Adventurers convened again a year later. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Anybody who traded in breach of the charter without a licence from the Company was liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo, the governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or committees, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolphs church in Bishopsgate. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601, in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the Companys Ascension, thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–8. Initially, the company struggled in the trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, the factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal
15.
Cutler Beckett
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Lord Cutler Beckett is a fictional character portrayed by Tom Hollander in the second and third Pirates of the Caribbean films. He makes his debut in Dead Mans Chest as a supporting villain and has a more central part in the franchises third installment At Worlds End. A devious, ruthless, manipulative, elegant, sarcastic, and treacherous mastermind, Beckett is the chairman of the East India Trading Company, Becketts backstory was not fully revealed until the release of Ann C. Crispins novel Pirates of the Caribbean, The Price of Freedom, Cutler Beckett was born and raised in England. At a very young age, Beckett took employment in Great Britains East India Trading Co, while on a mission for the Company, he was captured by pirates led by Christophe-Julien de Rapièr. He was tortured for several weeks, an experience which left him with hatred for all maritime outlaws. Over the years, he became the EITC Director for West Africa, on voyage, Sparrow discovered the cargo was slaves and set them free on the island of Kerma off the west coast of Africa. Beckett became enraged upon learning Sparrows deed, Beckett ordered the Wicked Wench sunk and branded Sparrow a pirate. Beckett claims in Dead Mans Chest that Sparrow also left a mark on him, in the first movie, Commodore Norrington reveals a P branded on Jacks arm, saying Jack has had a run-in with the EITC. When William Turner asks Beckett what mark Sparrow left on him, whatever it was, Turner surmised it was serious enough that what Beckett wants most in the world is to see him dead. Most of the dirty work Beckett desires is carried out by his man, Ian Mercer. Cutler Beckett makes no appearance in The Curse of the Black Pearl, the books state that Jacks arm was branded because Jack refused to sin against God by transporting slaves and freed prisoners on his ship called the Wicked Wench. After this disobedience a furious Beckett in response ordered Jacks ship to be sunk and he was then imprisoned but he escaped and left a mysterious mark on Beckett that was so wounding to him that it resulted in him wishing more in the world to see Captain Jack Sparrow dead. Jack repaired his ship, painted it black, bought several black sails to make it the fastest ship in the Caribbean world, Beckett learned from several battles with the Black Pearl that Jack was alive, when Jack vanished he was initially declared dead. Beckett makes his first appearance in Dead Mans Chest as Chairman of the East India Trading Co, Beckett arrives at Port Royal seemingly to set it in order under Company control after the events of The Curse of the Black Pearl. Beckett desires the compass to locate the Dead Mans Chest, whomsoever possesses Davy Joness heart within it, may dominate him by extortion and this would allow Beckett to purge the seas from Pirates en-masse. During the course of the film, Beckett has an artisan working on a painting of the Worlds map over his offices back wall. Throughout different scenes seen, the painting is slowly being completed, the producers of Dead Mans Chest use this symbolically to represent the World getting smaller as Englands East India Trading Co. gains worldwide influence, thus leaving no more freedom in the world
16.
West Africa
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West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost subregion of Africa. Early human settlers from northern Holocene societies arrived in West Africa around 12,000 B. C, sedentary farming began in, or around the fifth millennium B. C, as well as the domestication of cattle. By 1500 B. C, ironworking technology allowed an expansion of productivity. Northern tribes developed walled settlements and non-walled settlements that numbered at 400, in the forest region, Iron Age cultures began to flourish, and an inter-region trade began to appear. The desertification of the Sahara and the change of the coast cause trade with upper Mediterranean peoples to be seen. Local leather, cloth, and gold also contributed to the abundance of prosperity for many of the following empires. Also, based on the archaeology of city of Kumbi Saleh in modern-day Mauritania, three great kingdoms were identified in Bilad al-Sudan by the ninth century. They included Ghana, Gao and Kanem, the Sosso Empire sought to fill the void, but was defeated by the Mandinka forces of Sundiata Keita, founder of the new Mali Empire. In the 15th century, the Songhai would form a new dominant state based on Gao, in the Songhai Empire, under the leadership of Sonni Ali, further east, Oyo arose as the dominant Yoruba state and the Aro Confederacy as a dominant Igbo state in modern-day Nigeria. The Kingdom of Nri was a West African medieval state in the present-day southeastern Nigeria, the Kingdom of Nri was unusual in the history of world government in that its leader exercised no military power over his subjects. The kingdom existed as a sphere of religious and political influence over a third of Igboland, the Eze Nri managed trade and diplomacy on behalf of the Nri people, and possessed divine authority in religious matters. The Oyo Empire was a Yoruba empire of what is today Western, established in the 15th century, the Oyo Empire grew to become one of the largest West African states. It rose through the organizational skills of the Yoruba, wealth gained from trade. The Benin Empire was an empire located in what is now southern Nigeria. Its capital was Edo, now known as Benin City, Edo and it should not be confused with the modern-day country called Benin, formerly called Dahomey. The Benin Empire was one of the oldest and most highly developed states in the hinterland of West Africa. Olfert Dapper, a Dutch writer, describing Benin in his book Description of Africa and its craft was the most adored and treasured bronze casting in the history of Africa. It was annexed by the British Empire in 1897 during the invasion, in the early 19th century, a series of Fulani reformist jihads swept across Western Africa
17.
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom
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Pirates of the Caribbean, The Price of Freedom is a 2011 adventure novel written by Ann C. This is the novel written by Crispin, who died in September 2013. Twenty-five-year-old Jack Sparrow is a merchant seaman pursuing a legitimate career as a first mate for the East India Trading Company. He sometimes thinks back to his boyhood pirating days, but he doesn’t miss Teague’s scrutiny or the constant threat of the noose. Besides, he doesn’t have much choice - he broke the Code when he freed a friend who had accused of rogue piracy. When Jack’s ship is attacked by pirates and his captain dies in the altercation, the wily sailor’s skillful negotiations with the pirate captain—who turns out to be a woman from his past—result in a favorable outcome that puts Jack in line for an official promotion. After making port in Africa, Jack is summoned by Cutler Beckett and he has heard a legend about a magical island named Zerzura whose labyrinthine bowels are said to contain a glorious treasure. Beckett suspects that one of his slaves, a girl named Ayisha, is from Zerzura. He asks Jack to take her along on his voyage and seduce her into divulging the island’s whereabouts, in payment for his services, Beckett promises Jack a share of the treasure. But this task isn’t as easy as Jack initially believes, before she agrees to reveal the location of her home, Ayisha insists that Jack take her to the New World to rescue her brother, who has been sold into slavery in the Bahamas. Their voyage is long and arduous, and as they weather a vicious storm and he knows that Beckett intends to enslave her people after robbing them of their treasure, and Jack’s moral compass revolts at the idea. It might be possible to deliver Ayisha safely to Zerzura, obtain some of the treasure, and convince Beckett that he never found it. But the greedy E. I. T. C. official has eyes everywhere, Jack Sparrow – a former pirate working for the EITC, captain of the Wicked Wench. Cutler Beckett – the EITC director for West Africa, amenirdis/Ayisha – the lost princess from the island of Kerma. Robby Greene – a former pirate, Jacks friend and first mate of the Wicked Wench, Esmeralda – the Pirate Lord of the Caribbean, Jacks love interest. Edward Teague – Jacks father, the Pirate Lord of Madagascar, ian Mercer – Becketts right-hand man. Borya Palachnik – the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea, leader of the rogue pirates, christophe-Julien de Rapièr – Jacks former friend, one of the rogue pirates. Davy Jones – Lord of the underwater realms, Don Rafael – Esmeraldas grandfather, the Pirate Lord of the Caribbean
18.
First mate
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A chief mate or chief officer, usually also synonymous with the first mate or first officer, is a licensed member and head of the deck department of a merchant ship. The chief mate is customarily a watchstander and is in charge of the ships cargo, the actual title used will vary by ships employment, by type of ship, by nationality, and by trade. Informally, the Chief Mate will often simply be called The Mate, the term Chief Mate is not usually used in the Commonwealth, although Chief Officer and First Mate are. The chief mate is responsible to the Captain for the safety and security of the ship, responsibilities include the crews welfare and training in areas such as safety, firefighting, search and rescue. As cargo officer, a chief mate oversees the loading, stowage, moreover, the chief mate is accountable for the care of cargo during the voyage. This includes a responsibility for the ships stability and special care for cargoes that are dangerous, hazardous or harmful. Even under the best of conditions, a ship is balanced precariously upon the water and is subject to a number of forces, such as wind, swells, and storms, which could capsize it. The cargo officer uses tools like ballasting and load balancing to optimize the performance for the expected type of environment. Traditionally, the chief mate stands a 4-8 watch, from 4 AM until 8 AM and 4 PM until 8 PM. in port and at sea, the mate is responsible to the captain for keeping the ship, crew. On watch, the mate must enforce all regulations, such as the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. In port, the focuses on duties such as cargo operations, fire and security watches, monitoring communications. IMO regulations require the officer be fluent in English, at sea, the mate on watch has three fundamental duties, navigate the ship, safely avoid traffic, and respond to any emergencies that may arise. Mates generally stand watch with able seamen who act as helmsman, the helmsman executes turns and the lookout reports dangers such as approaching ships. These roles are combined to a single helmsman/lookout and, under some circumstances, are eliminated completely. The ability to handle a ship is key to safe watchstanding. A ships draught, trim, speed and under-keel clearance all affect its turning radius, other factors include the effects of wind and current, squat, shallow water and similar effects. Shiphandling is key when the need arises to rescue a man overboard, the officer must also be able to transmit and receive signals by Morse light and to use the International Code of Signals. Celestial, terrestrial, electronic, and coastal navigation techniques are used to fix a position on a navigational chart
19.
Mutiny
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Mutiny is a criminal conspiracy among a group of people to openly oppose, change, or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject. The term is used for a rebellion among members of the military against their superior officers. During the Age of Discovery, mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ships captain, until 1689, mutiny was regulated in England by Articles of War instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first Mutiny Act was passed which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to Parliament. The Mutiny Act, altered in 1803, and the Articles of War defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the Army Discipline and this, in turn, was replaced by the Army Act in 1881. The same definition applies in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, the military law of England in early times existed, like the forces to which it applied, in a period of war only. Troops were raised for a service and were disbanded upon the cessation of hostilities. The crown, by prerogative, made known as Articles of War for the government and discipline of the troops while thus embodied. This power of law-making by prerogative was however held to be applicable during a state of war only. Subject to this limitation, it existed for more than a century after the passing of the first Mutiny Act. The Mutiny Act 1873 was passed in this manner, such matters remained until 1879 when the last Mutiny Act was passed and the last Articles of War were promulgated. The act and the articles were not to harmonize in all respects. Their general arrangement was faulty, and their sometimes obscure. In 1869, a commission recommended that both should be recast in a simple and intelligible shape. In 1878, a committee of the House of Commons endorsed this view, in 1879, passed into law a measure consolidating in one act both the Mutiny Act and the Articles of War, and amending their provisions in certain important respects. This measure was called the Army Discipline and Regulation Act 1879, as the punishment of every conceivable offence was provided, any articles made under the act could be no more than an empty formality having no practical effect. These rules, however, must not be inconsistent with the provisions of the Army Act itself, thus in 1879 the government and discipline of the army became for the first time completely subject either to the direct action or the close supervision of parliament. A further notable change took place at the same time, each session therefore the text of the act had to be passed through both Houses clause by clause and line by line
20.
Aztec
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The Aztec people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl and aztecah mean people from Aztlan, a place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time. Often the term Aztec refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan, situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mēxihcah Tenochcah or Cōlhuah Mexihcah. From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization, here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as achieving remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. Subsequently, the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, the term extends to further ethnic groups associated with the Aztec empire such as the Acolhua and Tepanec and others that were incorporated into the empire. In older usage the term was used about modern Nahuatl speaking ethnic groups. In recent usage these ethnic groups are referred to as the Nahua peoples. Linguistically the term Aztecan is still used about the branch of the Uto-Aztecan languages that includes the Nahuatl language and its closest relatives Pochutec, to the Aztecs themselves the word aztec was not an endonym for any particular ethnic group. Rather it was a term used to refer to several ethnic groups, not all of them Nahuatl speaking. In the Nahuatl language aztecatl means person from Aztlan and this usage has been the subject of debate in more recent years, but the term Aztec is still more common. For the same reason the notion of Aztec civilization is best understood as a horizon of a general Mesoamerican civilization. Particular to the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan was the Mexica patron God Huitzilopochtli, twin pyramids, the Aztec Empire was a tribute empire based in Tenochtitlan that extended its power throughout Mesoamerica in the late postclassic period. Soon Texcoco and Tlacopan became junior partners in the alliance, which was de facto led by the Mexica of Tenochtitlan, the empire extended its power by a combination of trade and military conquest. The political clout of the empire reached far south into Mesoamerica conquering cities as far south as Chiapas and Guatemala, the Nahua peoples began to migrate into Mesoamerica from northern Mexico in the 6th century. They populated central Mexico, dislocating speakers of Oto-Manguean languages as they spread their influence south. As the former nomadic hunter-gatherer peoples mixed with the civilizations of Mesoamerica, adopting religious and cultural practices. During the Postclassic period they rose to power at such sites as Tula, in the 12th century the Nahua power center was in Azcapotzalco, from where the Tepanecs dominated the valley of Mexico
21.
Undead
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The undead are beings in mythology, legend, or fiction that are deceased but behave as if alive. A common example of an undead being is a corpse re-animated by supernatural forces, by the application of the deceaseds own life force, the undead may be incorporeal like ghosts, or corporeal like vampires and zombies. The undead are featured in the systems of most cultures. Bram Stoker considered using the title The Un-Dead for his novel Dracula, the word does appear in English before Stoker but with the more literal sense of alive or not dead, for which citations can be found in the Oxford English Dictionary. In one passage, nosferatu is given as an Eastern European synonym for un-dead, Stokers use of the term refers only to vampires, and the extension to other types of supernatural beings arose later. Most commonly, it is now taken to refer to beings which had at one time been alive and continue to display some aspects of life after death. In Bram Stokers novel Dracula, Van Helsing describes the Un-Dead as the following, ‘Before we do any-thing and it is out of the lore and experience of the ancients and of all those who have studied the powers of the UnDead. When they become such, there comes with the change the curse of immortality and they cannot die, but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiply-ing the evils of the world. For all that die from the preying of the Undead become themselves Undead, and so the circle goes on ever widening, like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water. But of the most blessed of all, when this now UnDead be made to rest as true dead, instead of working wickedness by night and growing more debased in the assimilating of it by day, she shall take her place with the other Angels. So that, my friend, it will be a hand for her that shall strike the blow that sets her free. Later notable 19th-century stories about the avenging undead included Ambrose Bierces The Death of Halpin Frayser, in the Harry Potter series, Lord Voldemort uses reanimated dead bodies that are placed under his control by his dark magic powers as his guardians
22.
Moonlight
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Moonlight is the light that reaches Earth from the Moon, consisting mostly of sunlight, with some starlight and earthlight reflected from those portions of its surface which the Suns light strikes. The intensity of moonlight varies greatly depending on the lunar cycle, when the Moon is nearest to Earth and viewed at high altitude at tropical latitudes, the illuminance can reach 0.32 lux. The full Moon is about 1,000,000 times fainter than the Sun, the color of moonlight, particularly near full Moon, appears bluish to the human eye compared to most artificial light sources. This is because of the Purkinje effect - the light is not actually tinted blue, the Moons albedo is 0.136, meaning only 13. 6% of sunlight incident on the Moon is reflected. Moonlight generally hampers astronomical viewing, so astronomers usually avoid making observations near full Moon and it takes approximately 1.26 seconds for the moonlight to hit the Earths surface. In folklore, moonlight sometimes has a harmful influence, for example, sleeping in the light of a full Moon on certain nights was said to transform a person into a werewolf. The light of the Moon was thought to worsen the symptoms of lunatics, nyctalopia was thought to be caused by sleeping in moonlight in the tropics. Moon blindness is a name for equine recurrent uveitis and it is no longer thought to be caused by moonlight. In the 16th century, moonmilk, a white limestone precipitate found in caves, was thought to be caused by the rays of the moon. Airglow Daylight Diffuse reflection Earthlight Scotobiology Starlight Phases of the Moon at USNO Strange Moonlight at Science@NASA Moonlight Brightness at LunarLight Photography
23.
Jolly Roger
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Jolly Roger is the traditional English name for the flags flown to identify a pirate ship about to attack during the early 18th century. Use of the term Jolly Roger in reference to pirate flags goes back to at least Charles Johnsons A General History of the Pyrates, johnson specifically cites two pirates as having named their flag Jolly Roger, Bartholomew Roberts in June 1721 and Francis Spriggs in December 1723. Neither Spriggs nor Roberts Jolly Roger consisted of a skull and crossbones, Richard Hawkins, who was captured by pirates in 1724, reported that the pirates had a black flag bearing the figure of a skeleton stabbing a heart with a spear, which they named Jolly Roger. The origin of the name is unclear, in 1703, a pirate named John Quelch was reported to have been flying the Old Roger off Brazil, Old Roger being a nickname for the devil. It is sometimes claimed that the term derives from Jolie Rouge in reference to a red flag used by French privateers and this hypothesis is considered a false etymology, as the phrase Jolie Rouge in reference to a pirate flag does not appear in any historical sources. Another early reference to Old Roger is found in a report in the Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. This Day,26 of the Pirates taken by his Majesty Ship the Greyhound and their black Flag, under which they had committed abundance of Pyracies and Murders, was affixd to one Corner of the Gallows. It had in it the Portraiture of Death, with an Hour-Glass in one Hand, and a Dart in the other, striking into a Heart and this Flag they called Old Roger, and usd to say, They would live and die under it. The first recorded uses of the symbol on naval flags date to the 17th century. It possibly originated among the Barbary pirates of the period, which would connect the black colour of the Jolly Roger to the Muslim black flag. But an early reference to Muslim corsairs flying a skull symbol, in the context of a 1625 slave raid on Cornwall, there are mentions of Francis Drake flying a black flag as early as 1585, but the historicity of this tradition has been called into question. An early record of the design being used on a flag by pirates is found in a December 6,1687 entry in a log book held by the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The entry describes pirates using the flag, not on a ship, before this time, British privateers such as Sir Henry Morgan sailed under English colours. An early use of a flag with skull, crossbones. Reportedly, these sources are based on the account of Captain John Cranby of HMS Poole and are verified at the London Public Record Office. With the end of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714 and they still used red and black flags, but now they decorated them with their own designs. Just as variations on the Jolly Roger design existed, red flags sometimes incorporated yellow stripes or images symbolic of death, colored pennants and ribbons could also be used alongside flags. Marcus Rediker claims that most pirates active between 1716 and 1726 were part of one of two large interconnected groups sharing many similarities in organisation, by 1730, the diversity of symbols in prior use had been mostly replaced by the standard design
24.
Calico Jack
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John Jack Rackham, commonly known as Calico Jack, was an English pirate captain operating in the Bahamas and in Cuba during the early 18th century. His nickname was derived from the clothing that he wore. Rackham was active towards the end of the Golden Age of Piracy which lasted from 1650 to 1730, Rackham deposed Charles Vane from his position as captain of the sloop Ranger, then cruised the Leeward Islands, Jamaica Channel, and Windward Passage. He accepted a pardon some time in 1719 and moved to New Providence, where he met Anne Bonny and he returned to piracy in 1720 by stealing a British sloop, and Anne joined him. Their new crew included Mary Read, who was disguised as a man at the time, after a short run, Rackham was captured by Royal Navy pirate hunter Jonathan Barnet in 1720, and was hanged in November of that year in Port Royal, Jamaica. Little is known of Rackhams upbringing or early life, except for the fact that he was English, Vane and his crew robbed several ships outside New York City, then encountered a large French man-of-war. The ship was at least twice as large as Vanes sloop, Vane commanded a retreat from battle, claiming caution as his reason. Jack Rackham quickly spoke up and contested the decision, suggesting that they fight the man-of-war because it would have plenty of riches, in addition, he argued, if they captured the ship, it would place a much larger ship at their disposal. Of the approximately ninety men on the ship, only fifteen supported Vane in his decision, Vane declared that the captains decision is considered final, however, despite the overwhelming support for Rackhams cry to fight, and they fled the man-of-war. On 24 November 1718, Rackham called a vote in which the men branded Vane a coward and removed him from the captaincy, Rackham gave Vane and his fifteen supporters the other sloop in the fleet, along with a decent supply of ammunition and goods. Rackham made a career of plundering small vessels close to shore once he became captain and he and his crew captured the Kingston, a small Jamaican vessel, and made it their flagship. They made several conquests in the West Indies, taking a couple of ships off of Bermuda. In 1719, Rackham sailed into Nassau in the Bahamas, taking advantage of an amnesty for pirates to obtain a royal pardon and commission from Governor Woodes Rogers. Rogers had been sent to the Bahamas to address the problem of pirates in the Caribbean who had started to attack, in December, he captured the merchant ship Kingston. The Kingston had a cargo, and promised to be a big score for Rackham. Unfortunately for him, the Kingston had been taken within sight of Port Royal and they caught up with him in February 1719, while his ship and the Kingston were anchored at Isla de los Pinos off of Cuba. Rackham and most of his men were on shore at the time, Captain Charles Johnson describes how Rackham stole a sloop in his seminal 1724 book A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates. The Spanish warship saw the pirates but could not get at them at low tide and that night, Rackham and his men rowed over to the captured English sloop and overpowered the Spanish guards there
25.
List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters
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This is a list of characters appearing in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. Captain Jack Sparrow is the protagonist of the series, portrayed by Johnny Depp. First introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl, he appears in the sequels Dead Mans Chest, At Worlds End, On Stranger Tides. Depp based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and he insists on being introduced as Captain Jack Sparrow. In the first film, Sparrow is the captain of the Black Pearl. After a mutiny by his first mate Hector Barbossa, he is left to die on an island, though Barbossa and his crew are immortal as a result of a curse, Sparrow craves revenge. With the help of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann, he lifts the curse, in Dead Mans Chest, it is revealed that Sparrow once made a deal with Davy Jones. Jones raised the Black Pearl from the sea in exchange for a guarantee of service as a crewman on the Flying Dutchman, when Jones attempts to collect on the bargain, Sparrow flees. He attempts to find the Dead Mans Chest, which contains Joness heart, at the end of the film, Sparrow is betrayed by Elizabeth Swann and dragged to Davy Joness Locker by the Kraken. In the third film, it is revealed that Sparrow is one of the members of the Brethren Court, Calypso, a sea goddess, needs all nine Pirate Lords to free her from a curse laid upon her by the original Brethren Court. She resurrects Barbossa, who is one of the Pirate Lords. Through a complex series of negotiations and betrayals, Jack schemes to kill Davy Jones, after Will Turner is mortally wounded, Sparrow allows him to kill Jones, thus sacrificing his chance at immortality in order to save his friend. At the end of the film, Barbossa once again commandeers the Black Pearl, in the fourth film, Jack seeks out the Fountain of Youth and becomes reacquainted with his love interest Angelica. She takes him aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, captained by Blackbeard, Barbossa, who has lost both his leg and the Pearl to Blackbeard, works with Jack to reach the Fountain. Though the Fountain is destroyed before he can achieve immortality, Jack kills Blackbeard by tricking him into sacrificing his life as part of the Fountains magical ritual. Jack will appear in Dead Men Tell No Tales, where he will be pursued by Armando Salazar, Sparrow is seeking the Trident of Poseidon, which gives its wielder control of the seas. The character has appeared in numerous video games, such as The Legend of Jack Sparrow. Elizabeth Swann appears in the first three films in the series and is the lady of the series, portrayed by Keira Knightley
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Will Turner
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William Will Turner, Jr. is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean films. He appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl, Dead Mans Chest, At Worlds End, and Dead Men Tell No Tales and he is portrayed by Orlando Bloom. William Turner is an apprentice working in Port Royal, Jamaica. He secretly loves the daughter, Elizabeth Swann, although he occupies a lower social class than she does. Will is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner, and he works to free his father from service to Davy Jones and he marries Elizabeth Swann in At Worlds End, and they have a son named Henry. Wills final costume in Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl is reminiscent of Errol Flynns swashbuckler movie roles. There is also a nod to Douglas Fairbanks when Turner uses his knife to glide down the sail in Dead Mans Chest, just as Fairbanks did in the 1926 film. While some felt his tattoo should have been covered for his Pirates role, according to the audio commentary from the first Pirates of the Caribbean DVD, Will Turner is the best swordsman in the Pirates universe. According to the commentary, Barbossas skills are equal to James Norrington, Jack Sparrows skills trail closely behind Barbossas. Will is the child of Bootstrap Bill Turner. According to Jack Sparrow, Will strongly resembles his father, both in appearance and ability, however, his father was absent during his early childhood in England. Will was born in Glasgow, Scotland but his mother moved him to England when he was young, will grew up believing his father to be a merchant seaman. Following his mothers death, Will, then twelve years old. Weatherby Swann and his daughter Elizabeth sail to Port Royal after Weatherby is appointed governor, Elizabeth spots Will clinging to a floating piece of a shipwreck. She discovers a gold medallion around his neck, and hides it to prevent anyone from believing that Will is a pirate, over the next eight years, Will and Elizabeth maintain a respectful friendship, although Will conceals his romantic feelings for her. He is now an apprentice in Port Royal. Will has developed into a master craftsman of fine swords, although his often-drunk master usually claims credit for Wills exquisite workmanship, will is also an exceptional, self-taught swordsman. The DVD commentary states that he is the best among the characters in the film, including Barbossa, Norrington, when Jack Sparrow attempts to flee from British forces, Will engages him in a duel
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Davy Jones' locker
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Davy Jones Locker, also Davy Joness Locker, is an idiom for the bottom of the sea, the state of death among drowned sailors and shipwrecks. It is used as a euphemism for drowning or shipwrecks in which the sailors and/or ships remains are consigned to the bottom of the sea. The origins of the name of Davy Jones, the devil, are unclear. Other explanations of this nautical superstition have been put forth, including an incompetent sailor or a pub owner who kidnapped sailors. The earliest known reference of the connotation of Davy Jones occurs in the Four Years Voyages of Capt. George Roberts, by the author Daniel Defoe. Jones is a corruption of Jonah, the prophet, who was thrown into the sea, Locker, in seaman’s phrase, means any receptacle for private stores, and duppy is a ghost or spirit among the West Indian negroes. So the whole phrase is, He is gone to the place of safe keeping, David Jones, a real pirate, although not a very well-known one, living on the Indian Ocean in the 1630s. Duffer Jones, a notoriously myopic sailor who found himself overboard. A British pub owner who supposedly threw drunken sailors into his ale locker and he may be the pub owner who is referenced in the 1594 song Joness Ale is Newe. Linguists consider it most plausible that Davy was inspired by Saint David of Wales, whose name was invoked by Welsh sailors. Not all traditions dealing with Davy Jones are fearful, the eldest shellback was called King Neptune, and Davy Jones would be re-enacted as his first assistant. In Edgar Allan Poes King Pest of 1835, Davy Jones is referred to dismissively by the anti-hero, Tarpaulin, Tarpaulin responds, Whose name is Davy Jones. He got so frightened about his soul, that he shrinked and sheered away from the whales, for fear of after-claps, in case he got stove. In Charles Dickenss Bleak House, the character Mrs. Badger quotes her former husbands work ethic, portraying Davy Jones in a light, It was a maxim of Captain Swossers. In Robert Louis Stevensons 1883 novel Treasure Island, Davy Jones appears three times, for example in the phrase in the name of Davy Jones. In J. M. Barries 1904 play and 1911 novel Peter and Wendy, Captain Hook sings a song, Yo ho, yo ho, the life, The flag o skull and bones, A merry hour. Roll out the TNT, Anchors Aweigh, sail on to victory And sink their bones to Davy Jones, hooray. Anchors Aweigh, my boys, Anchors Aweigh, farewell to foreign shores, we sail at break of day-ay-ay-ay
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Caribbean
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The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea, in a wider sense, the mainland countries of Belize, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana are often included due to their political and cultural ties with the region. Geopolitically, the Caribbean islands are usually regarded as a subregion of North America and are organized into 30 territories including sovereign states, overseas departments, and dependencies. From December 15,1954, to October 10,2010, there was a known as the Netherlands Antilles composed of five states. The West Indies cricket team continues to represent many of those nations, the region takes its name from that of the Caribs, an ethnic group present in the Lesser Antilles and parts of adjacent South America at the time of the Spanish conquest. The two most prevalent pronunciations of Caribbean are KARR-ə-BEE-ən, with the accent on the third syllable. The former pronunciation is the older of the two, although the variant has been established for over 75 years. It has been suggested that speakers of British English prefer KARR-ə-BEE-ən while North American speakers more typically use kə-RIB-ee-ən, usage is split within Caribbean English itself. The word Caribbean has multiple uses and its principal ones are geographical and political. The Caribbean can also be expanded to include territories with strong cultural and historical connections to slavery, European colonisation, the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas accords the Caribbean as a distinct region within the Americas. Physiographically, the Caribbean region is mainly a chain of islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea, to the north, the region is bordered by the Gulf of Mexico, the Straits of Florida and the Northern Atlantic Ocean, which lies to the east and northeast. To the south lies the coastline of the continent of South America, politically, the Caribbean may be centred on socio-economic groupings found in the region. For example, the known as the Caribbean Community contains the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Bermuda and the Turks and Caicos Islands, which are in the Atlantic Ocean, are members of the Caribbean Community. The Commonwealth of the Bahamas is also in the Atlantic and is a member of the Caribbean Community. According to the ACS, the population of its member states is 227 million people. The geography and climate in the Caribbean region varies, Some islands in the region have relatively flat terrain of non-volcanic origin and these islands include Aruba, Barbados, Bonaire, the Cayman Islands, Saint Croix, the Bahamas, and Antigua
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Elizabeth Swann
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Elizabeth Swann is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl and two of its sequels, Dead Mans Chest and At Worlds End and she is portrayed by Keira Knightley. She is known to use the alias Elizabeth Turner, but this becomes her married name when she weds the character Will Turner. Elizabeth is a spirited, intelligent, and independent-minded character whose beauty attracted Will Turner, James Norrington, Sao Feng, only Will Turners affections were reciprocated, although she struggled with a subtle attraction and kiss with Sparrow, and a compassionate friendship with Norrington. Throughout the three films, she transforms from a girl to a proper lady and finally into a courageous pirate. Elizabeth has always fascinated by piracy, but she is often revolted by pirates aggressive. Even after becoming a pirate, Elizabeth retains her refined ways, as well as her loyalty, Elizabeth adapts easily to piracy, having natural leadership abilities. She learns seamanship quickly, and finds that she has a talent for battle strategy. She learns swordsmanship from Will, and is capable of defending herself against multiple opponents. She later uses a Chinese Jian sword and also carries a multitude of weapons on her person including knives, firearms. She freely speaks her mind if it offends others, for example, she calls a potentially dangerous enemy, Sao Feng. During her reign as Pirate King, Elizabeth proves to be a charismatic leader, Elizabeths darker side is shown when she sacrifices Jack Sparrow to the Kraken so she and the crew can escape. However, she feels so guilty about it that she helps rescue Sparrow from Davy Jones Locker. Following the films prologue, Elizabeth Swann is approximately 19 years old, about 57 tall with a figure, brown eyes. Having been raised in upper-class society as a daughter, Elizabeth is a refined. In The Curse of the Black Pearl, she wears a dress style known as a Robe a LAnglaise. As a young girl, she wears a dress in this style. After being rescued by Commodore Norrington, Elizabeth is loaned a Royal Navy uniform, at Jack Sparrows execution, she is once again fashionably attired, wearing a peach-colored gown and a picture hat
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Port Royal
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Port Royal is a village located at the end of the Palisadoes at the mouth of the Kingston Harbour, in southeastern Jamaica. Founded in 1518 by the Spanish, it was once the largest city in the Caribbean, functioning as the centre of shipping and it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1692, which had an accompanying tsunami. Severe hurricanes have regularly damaged it, another severe earthquake occurred in 1907. Port Royal was once home to privateers encouraged to attack Habsburg Spains vessels when smaller European powers dared not directly make war on Spain, as a port city, it was notorious for its gaudy displays of wealth and loose morals. It was a popular homeport for the English and Dutch-sponsored privateers to spend their treasure during the 17th century and they continued to use the city as their main base during the 17th century. Pirates from around the world congregated at Port Royal, coming from waters as far away as Madagascar, after the 1692 disaster, Port Royals commercial role was steadily taken over by the town of nearby Kingston. Plans were developed in 1999 to redevelop the small fishing town as a tourism destination to serve cruise ships. It could capitalize on its heritage, with archaeological findings from pre-colonial. The Taino Indians occupied this area for centuries before European encounter and they used the area, which they called Caguay or Caguaya, during their fishing expeditions. Although it is not known whether they settled at the spit. The Spanish first landed in Jamaica in 1494 under the leadership of Christopher Columbus, permanent settlement occurred when Juan de Esquivel brought a group of settlers in 1509. They came in search of new lands and valuable resources, like gold, instead they began to cultivate and process the sugar cane. Much like the Taino before them, the Spanish did not appear to have use for the Port Royal area. They did, however, retain its Taino name, Spain kept control of Jamaica mostly so that it could prevent other countries from gaining access to the island, which was strategically sited within the trade routes of the Caribbean. Spain maintained control over the island for 146 years, until the English took control following their invasion of 1655, the town was captured by England in 1655 during the invasion of Jamaica. By 1659 two hundred houses, shops and warehouses had been built around the fort, by 1692 five forts defended the port, the English initially called the place Cagway but soon renamed it as Port Royal. For much of the period between the English conquest and the 1692 earthquake, Port Royal served as the capital of Jamaica, after the earthquake, Spanish Town was designated as the capital. In 1872 the government designated Kingston, the largest city, as the capital, in 1657, as a solution to his defence concerns, Governor Edward DOley invited the Brethren of the Coast to come to Port Royal and make it their home port
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Commodore (rank)
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Commodore is a naval rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain, but below a rear admiral. Non-English-speaking nations often use the rank of flotilla admiral or counter admiral or senior captain as an equivalent, as an official rank, a commodore typically commands a flotilla or squadron of ships as part of a larger task force or naval fleet commanded by an admiral. A commodores ship is typically designated by the flying of a Broad pennant and it is often regarded as a one-star rank with a NATO code of OF-6, but whether it is regarded as a flag rank varies between countries. The rank of commodore derives from the French commandeur, which was one of the highest ranks in orders of knighthood, and in military orders the title of the knight in charge of a commenda. The Dutch Navy also used the rank of commandeur from the end of the 16th century for a variety of temporary positions, the Royal Netherlands Air Force has adopted the English spelling of commodore for an equivalent rank. The rank of commodore was at first a position created as a title to be bestowed upon captains who commanded squadrons of more than one vessel. In many navies, the rank of commodore was merely viewed as a senior captain position, Commodore is the highest rank in the Irish Naval Service held by the Chief of Naval Operations. This is because Ireland, despite having the largest part of EU waters to patrol, has among the smallest navies and thus the rank of admiral for flag officers seemed inappropriate. In the Royal Navy, the position was introduced to combat the cost of appointing more admirals—a costly business with a fleet as large as the Royal Navys at that time. In 1899, the rank of commodore was discontinued in the United States Navy. To correct this inequity, the rank of commodore as a single star flag officer was reinstated by both services in the early 1980s. As a result of confusion, the services soon renamed the new one-star rank as commodore admiral within the first six months following the ranks reintroduction. The title of commodore continues to be used in the U. S, although not flag officers, modern day commodores in the U. S. In the Argentine Navy, the position of commodore was created in the late 1990s, and is usually and it is not a rank but a distinction and, as such, can be issued by the chief of staff without congressional approval. Its equivalents are colonel-major in the Army and commodore-major in the Air Force and it is usually—but incorrectly—referred to as navy commodore, to avoid confusion with the air force commodore, which is equivalent to the navys captain and armys colonel. The sleeve lace is identical to that of the Royal Navy, the following articles deal with the rank of commodore as it is employed OF-6 one-star flag officer rank in various countries. Commodore, in Spanish comodoro, is a rank in the Argentine Air Force and this rank is the equivalent of a colonel in the Argentine Army, and a colonel or group captain in other air forces of the world. The Argentine rank below commodore is the rank of vice-commodore equivalent to a lieutenant-colonel in the Argentine Army, Commodore is a rank in the Royal Netherlands Air Force
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James Norrington
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Admiral James Norrington, CB is a fictional character in Disneys Pirates of the Caribbean film series. He is played by English actor Jack Davenport, davenports casting came in part from his father, Nigel, being a major character in the 1960s pirate film A High Wind in Jamaica, which both Bruckheimer and director Gore Verbinski enjoyed. In Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End, Norrington has a role despite setting the films plot in motion. Early scripts and a scene had him stopping Governor Swann from stabbing the heart of Davy Jones. In At Worlds End Norrington is killed by Bootstrap Bill Turner when caught rescuing Elizabeth, the Essential Guide to Pirates of the Caribbean states that Norrington is feared among pirates for his naval skills and swordsmanship. At the first films climax, Norrington personally fights Koehler, a member of Barbossas pirate crew. Norrington is highly skilled in swordsmanship and firearms. His sword, a smallsword with gold filigree in the handle, is a plot device recurring throughout the films that ties the characters to one another. According to screenplay writer Terry Rossio, it has a bit of destiny about it, the sword was forged by Will Turner, who delivers it to Governor Weatherby Swann in the opening scene of The Curse of the Black Pearl for presentation to Norrington at his promotion to Commodore. At the films conclusion, Norrington uses the sword to express his feelings regarding Elizabeth and Will and he remarks to Will, This is a beautiful sword. I expect the man who made it to show the same care, in Dead Mans Chest, Norrington has resigned his commission in disgrace after losing HMS Dauntless in a hurricane near Tripoli while pursuing Captain Jack Sparrow. The sword now rests in Norringtons old office in Port Royal and it becomes a haunting symbol of Norringtons once-brilliant career before falling to piracy. Norrington is last seen making his way back to Port Royal, finally, in At Worlds End, Lord Cutler Beckett reunites the newly-promoted Admiral Norrington with an old friend when he presents him with his sword. Norringtons sword ultimately becomes the instrument for his redemption, using it to free Elizabeth, tragically, he is mortally wounded by the deranged Bootstrap Bill Turner during the escape. Defying Davy Jones offer of servitude aboard the Flying Dutchman, the dying Norrington spears Jones shoulder with the sword, the immortal Jones merely extracts the weapon and claims it as a prize, exclaiming, Nice sword. The sword eventually returns to Will Turners possession, James Norrington appears in the book, Jack Sparrow,10 - Sins of the Father. When he is five or six years old, he trails after his father, Admiral Lawrence Norrington. When young James falls overboard, the pirate, Captain Teague, jumps in, Admiral Norrington admonishes James for being indebted to a pirate, saying he would rather his son had drowned
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Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
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Tripoli
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Tripoli is the capital city and the largest city of Libya. Tripoli, with its area, has a population of about 1.1 million people. The city is located in the part of Libya on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean. Tripoli includes the Port of Tripoli and the countrys largest commercial and it is also the site of the University of Tripoli. The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks, which includes the family estate of Muammar Gaddafi, is also located in the city. Colonel Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks, Tripoli was founded in the 7th century BC by the Phoenicians, who named it Oea. Due to the long history, there are many sites of archaeological significance in Tripoli. Tripoli may also refer to the shabiyah, the Tripoli District, Tripoli is also known as Tripoli-of-the-West, to distinguish it from its Phoenician sister city Tripoli, Lebanon known in Arabic as Ṭarābulus al-Sham meaning Levantine Tripoli. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean, describing its turquoise waters, Tripoli English pronunciation, /ˈtrɪpəli/ is a Greek name that means Three Cities, introduced in Western European languages through the Italian Tripoli. In Arabic, طرابلس it is called Ṭarābulus, compare Sanskrit, tri meaning the number 3, and pura meaning a fortress, castle, city or town. Hence, in Sanskrit Tripura also means Three Cities, the city then passed into the hands of the rulers of Cyrenaica, although the Carthaginians later wrested it from the Greeks. By the later half of the 2nd century BC it belonged to the Romans, who included it in their province of Africa, and gave it the name of Regio Syrtica. Around the beginning of the 3rd century AD, it known as the Regio Tripolitana. It was probably raised to the rank of a province by Septimius Severus. In spite of centuries of Roman habitation, the only visible Roman remains, apart from scattered columns, the fact that Tripoli has been continuously inhabited, unlike e. g. Following the conquest, Tripoli was ruled by dynasties based in Cairo, Egypt, for some time it was a part of the Berber Almohad empire and of the Hafsids kingdom. It was part of the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries, finding themselves in very hostile territory, the Knights enhanced the citys walls and other defenses. Though built on top of a number of buildings, much of the earliest defensive structures of the Tripoli castle are attributed to the Knights of St John
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Tortuga (Haiti)
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Tortuga is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti, off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. It constitutes the commune of Île de la Tortue in the Port-de-Paix arrondissement of the Nord-Ouest Department of Haiti, Tortuga is 180 square kilometres in size and had a population of 25,936 at the 2003 Census. In the 17th century, Tortuga was a center and haven of Caribbean piracy. Its tourist industry and reference in many works has made it one of the most recognized regions of Haiti, the first Europeans to land on Tortuga were the Spaniards in 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus into the New World. On December 6,1492, three Spanish ships entered the Windward Passage that separates Cuba and Haiti, at sunrise, Columbus noticed an island whose contours emerged from the morning mist. Because the shape reminded him of a shell, he chose the name of Tortuga. Tortuga was originally settled by a few Spanish colonists, in 1625 French and English settlers arrived on the island of Tortuga after initially planning to settle on the island of Hispaniola. The French and English settlers were attacked in 1629 by the Spanish commanded by Don Fadrique de Toledo, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. As most of the Spanish army left for Hispaniola to root out French colonists there, from 1630 onward, the island of Tortuga was divided into French and English colonies, allowing buccaneers to use the island as their main base of operations. In 1633, the first slaves were imported from Africa to aid in the plantations, however, by 1635 the use of slaves had ended. The slaves were said to be out of control on the island, while at the time there had been continuous disagreements. In 1635 Spain recaptured Tortuga from the English and expelled them, quickly, Spain conquered the English and French colonies for a second time, only to leave again because the island was too small to be of major importance. This allowed the return of both French and English pirates, in 1638, the Spanish returned for a third time to take the island and rid it of all French and the newly settled Dutch. By 1640, the buccaneers of Tortuga were calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast, the pirate population was mostly made up of French and Englishmen, along with a small number of Dutchmen. In 1654, the Spanish captured the island for the fourth, in 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman Jeremie Deschamps as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island. By 1670 the buccaneer era was in decline, and many of the pirates turned to log cutting, at this time a Welsh privateer named Henry Morgan started to promote himself and invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates were never controlled and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout for pirate booty
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Black Spot (Treasure Island)
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The Black Spot is a literary device invented by Robert Louis Stevenson for his novel Treasure Island. In the book, pirates are presented with a spot to officially pronounce a verdict of guilt or judgment. It consists of a piece of paper or card, with one side blackened while the other side bears a message. It was a source of fear because it meant the pirate was to be deposed as leader. In Treasure Island, Billy Bones is much frightened by it but remains determined to outwit his enemies, however, he suffers a stroke caused by the overconsumption of liquor and dies. The origin of Stevensons Black Spot might be in the tradition of Caribbean pirates of showing an Ace of Spades to a person condemned as traitor or informer. The card was putting the person dangerously on the spot, as the ace bears a single pip,1938, In the film Algiers Regis draws the ace of spades when forced to cut the deck. Carlos calls this drawing of the black spot very bad luck,1946, In the novel Joy in the Morning by P. G.1948, Shirley Jacksons short story The Lottery describes use of the black spot to select the annual victim of ritual human sacrifice. 1969, In A Pirate Utopia the pirate lord, Olaf, is given the spot by Leonard as he had tortured some people without permission. 1986, In Stephen Kings novel It, the doomed Negro nightclub is named The Black Spot and it is also given to Long John Silver on a leaf from a Bible, but he escapes execution by claiming they have defiled the holy book. 2000, The 2000 video-game Skies of Arcadia presented players with a black spot,2002, Puzzle Pirates, an MMORPG created by Three Rings Design, uses the term Black Spot to refer to a temporary way to silence rude and disruptive players. 2007, In the CBS reality television show Pirate Master, the spot is given by the captain to the three contestants that he nominates to be voted off. 2009, The pirate-themed power/folk metal band Alestorm featured the Black Spot in their song Chronicles of Vengeance on their second album Black Sails at Midnight. A Vagrant, on page 265, has a receive a black spot from another pirate before he is shot for pointing out that the practice was invented by Stevenson. Page 281, strip Davey Jones, I mean, In the drink a man receives a spot from gangsters. 2012, In the TV series 30 Rock, in Season 6 Episode 3, Idiots Are People Three and he later presents Criss with a gold star following his marriage to Liz Lemon. 2016, In the TV series Black Sails, Season 3 Episode 10, Chapter XXVIII, Billy Bones uses a black spot to intimidate traitors in Nassau
37.
Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)
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The Kraken is a fictional sea monster in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. The monster made its first appearance in Pirates of the Caribbean, although a creation of Industrial Light & Magic for Dead Mans Chest and designed by the films producers, this Kraken derives from the eponymous mythical creature. Walt Disney Pictures also became the first studio to produce this creature using CGI, the Kraken makes a small, symbolic appearance in the third film in the series, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. In the films, the Kraken is a sea creature of monstrous proportions, controlled by Davy Jones, various pronunciations are made of the name, Kevin McNally pronounced it /ˈkrækən/ KRAK-ən, so that pronunciation was adopted on the set. In Dead Mans Chest and At Worlds End, Jack refers to the Kraken as beastie, during the filming of the attacks, Keira Knightley divulged that the Kraken, at the moment, is just Gore running around, going, Im a tentacle. Gore Verbinski worked with Industrial Light & Magic to create the scenes for the film involving the Kraken, when filming the attack on the Edinburgh Trader, they used the ship as a set in shallow waters. Many more sailors were added on board the ship. When the time came to film the Edinburgh Trader being broken in half, two massive pipes were filled with 30,000 pounds of cement for a total of 60,000 pounds and crushed down onto the set. To prepare for this event, most metal and the masts were removed, furthermore, the interior middle of the ship was lined with cables of explosives to blast the wood apart in the air. After the shot, other men were filmed on another blue tilting set, john Knoll, Visual Effects Supervisor, confessed that it was extremely complex to add the Krakens tentacles between all the environmental effects of water and wood debris. When the time came to film Jack Sparrow in front of the Krakens maw, Johnny Depps stand-in, the slime was spattered about him with jets of air. For the actual filming, Depp was spattered with the slime and it was afterward digitally added along with sound, tentacles, and other visual effects. Nothing is revealed in the films about the Krakens origins, the Kraken first appears in Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest, brought to life using the most advanced computer-generated imagery from Industrial Light & Magic. Davy Jones, who seeks Jack Sparrows soul to recoup a debt, dispatches Bootstrap Bill Turner to deliver Sparrow the Black Spot, when a Cypriot sailor retrieves Sparrows lost hat from the sea, he unwittingly calls the Kraken, which then destroys his vessel. The Kraken later attacks an English ship, whereof Will Turner boards the wreckage in search of the Dutchman, while momentarily underwater, Will briefly glimpses the monster. Moments later, the Kraken destroys the cannons before attacking the rest of the ship, the Kraken makes its final assault just as Sparrow frees himself, after which the Kraken drags Sparrow and the Black Pearl to Davy Jones Locker. The Kraken is briefly seen in Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End, when reminded of this killing, Jones appears distraught and plays sad music on his pipe organ. This statement implies that the Kraken was the last of its species, the Kraken was designed by the producers of Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest, and brought to life by technicians at Industrial Light & Magic
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Cannibal
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Cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings. A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal, the expression cannibalism has been extended into zoology to mean one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food, including sexual cannibalism. The Island Carib people of the Lesser Antilles, from whom the word cannibalism derives, some controversy exists over the accuracy of these legends and the prevalence of actual cannibalism in the culture. Cannibalism was practiced in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islands, Fiji was once known as the Cannibal Isles. Cannibalism has been documented around the world, from Fiji to the Amazon Basin to the Congo to Māori New Zealand. Neanderthals are believed to have practiced cannibalism, and Neanderthals may have been eaten by anatomically modern humans, Cannibalism has recently been both practiced and fiercely condemned in several wars, especially in Liberia and Congo. It is still practiced in Papua New Guinea as of 2012 for cultic reasons and in ritual, Cannibalism has been said to test the bounds of cultural relativism as it challenges anthropologists to define what is or is not beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior. Cannibalism has been practiced as a last resort by people suffering from famine. Also, some mentally ill people obsess about eating others and actually do so, such as Jeffrey Dahmer, there is resistance to formally labeling cannibalism as a mental disorder. Cannibalism derives from Caníbales, the Spanish name for the Caribs, a West Indies tribe that formerly practiced cannibalism, from Spanish canibal or caribal, in some societies, especially tribal societies, cannibalism is a cultural norm. Exocannibalism is the consumption of a person from outside the community, both types of cannibalism can also be fueled by the belief that eating a persons flesh or internal organs will endow the cannibal with some of the characteristics of the deceased. In most parts of the world, cannibalism is not a societal norm, the survivors of the shipwrecks of the Essex and Méduse in the 19th century are said to have engaged in cannibalism, as did the members of Franklins lost expedition and the Donner Party. Such cases generally involve necro-cannibalism as opposed to homicidal cannibalism, in English law, the latter is always considered a crime, even in the most trying circumstances. There are numerous examples of murderers consuming their victims, often deriving some degree of satisfaction from the act of cannibalism. Notable examples include Albert Fish, Issei Sagawa and Jeffrey Dahmer, cases of autophagia, or self-cannibalism, have also been reported. A well-known case of cannibalism is that of the Fore tribe in New Guinea. Although the Fores mortuary cannibalism was documented, the practice had ceased before the cause of the disease was recognized. However, some argue that although post-mortem dismemberment was the practice during funeral rites
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Tia Dalma
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Tia Dalma, played by Naomie Harris, is a fictional character from the movie Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. It is revealed in At Worlds End that she is the sea goddess Calypso, the name implies several linguistic possibilities stemming from Portuguese to Spanish. Tia is both Portuguese and Spanish for aunt, Dalma could be a reference to the colloquial Caribbean Spanish del mar, of the sea. It could also be a reference to Spanish de Alma, or Portuguese da alma and it could be derived from Hypatia meaning highest, supreme. However, it is an anagram of Dalmatia, a region in modern day Croatia infamous for its pirates who were active during the 9th and 10th century. Prior to the events of the films, Tia Dalma was known as the goddess Calypso, Davy Jones, a human, fell in love with her. Calypso gave him the task of guiding the spirits of the dead lost at sea, Jones was granted immortality on the condition that he could return to shore once every ten years. However, when Jones returned to shore after ten years of service, feeling betrayed, Davy Jones made a secret agreement with the Pirate Lords. He showed them how to bind her to form using Pieces of Eight, and thus, at the first Brethren Court. Her binding tamed the seas and satisfied Joness desire for vengeance and this entrapment could only be reversed if the Brethren Court reassembled, resubmitted the original nine Pieces of Eight they used to bind her, and burned them. Until the events of At Worlds End, she was unaware of the role that her former lover had played in her imprisonment. After she was bound in human form, Tia Dalma began to practice Voodoo and it was thought that Tia Dalma and Sparrow became lovers at some point during the latters adult life, Sparrow confessed to having known her at a time when they had been inseparable. Tia Dalma provided him with his compass, a device that pointed to that which its user truly wanted. When the events of Dead Mans Chest begin, Jack Sparrow returns to see Tia Dalma after many years, pursued across the Caribbean by Davy Joness Kraken, he plans to find the Dead Mans Chest. This chest contains Joness heart, and offers the means to kill him. Jacks crew returns to Tia Dalmas shack after Jack is dragged to Davy Joness Locker by the Kraken, Tia has foreseen this eventuality, and informs the mourning crew that there is a chance to save Jack. She reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa, who will lead the rescue mission. Tia Dalma joins Barbossa, Will, Elizabeth, and the rest of the Black Pearls crew as they travel to Singapore
40.
Queen Anne's Revenge
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Queen Annes Revenge was a frigate, most famously used as a flagship by the pirate Blackbeard. She had been launched in England as a merchant vessel in 1710 and she was used as a slave ship by the French, and was captured by pirates in 1717. Blackbeard used the ship for less than a year, but captured numerous prizes using her as his flagship, in 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, in the present-day Carteret County. After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships, in 1996 Intersal, Inc. a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be Queen Annes Revenge, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places. The 200-ton vessel, originally named Concord, was a merchant vessel built in England in 1710 and she was captured by the French one year later. The ship was modified to hold more cargo, including slaves, sailing as a slave ship, she was captured by the pirate Captain Benjamin Hornigold on November 28,1717, near the island of Martinique. Hornigold turned her over to one of his men, Edward Teach, Blackbeard made La Concorde de Nantes into his flagship, adding cannon and renaming her Queen Annes Revenge. Blackbeard sailed this ship from the west coast of Africa to the Caribbean, attacking British, Dutch, shortly after blockading Charleston harbor in May 1718, and refusing to accept the Governors offer of a pardon, Blackbeard ran Queen Annes Revenge aground while entering Beaufort Inlet. A deposition given by the captain of Adventure, David Herriot. He also states that Adventure run a-ground likewise about Gun-shot from the said Thatch in an attempt to kedge Queen Annes revenge off the bar, Teach then disbanded his flotilla and escaped by transferring supplies onto the smaller sloop, Adventure. He stranded several crew members on an island nearby, where they were later rescued by Captain Stede Bonnet. Some suggest Blackbeard deliberately grounded the ship as an excuse to disperse the crew, shortly afterward, Blackbeard did surrender and accepted a royal pardon for himself and his remaining crewmen from Governor Charles Eden at Bath, North Carolina. However, he returned to piracy and was killed in combat in November 1718. Intersal Inc. a private firm, discovered the wreck believed to be Queen Anne’s Revenge on November 21,1996. It was located by Intersals director of operations, Mike Daniel, the shipwreck lies in 28 feet of water about one mile offshore of Fort Macon State Park, Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Thirty-one cannon have been identified to date and more than 250,000 artifacts have been recovered, the cannon are of different origins such as, Swedish, English and possibly French, and of different sizes as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew. In return, Intersal was granted media, replica, and other related to Blackbeard’s Queen Annes Revenge Shipwreck Project. NCDNCR, Intersal, and Rick Allen of Nautilus Productions signed a settlement agreement on October 24,2013 connected to QAR commercial, replica, the State of North Carolina owns QAR since the wreck lies in state waters
