1.
Adelaide
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Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
2.
South Australia
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South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it
3.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
4.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
5.
Local government areas of South Australia
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The organisations, often called local government areas are constituted and managed in accordance with the Local Government Act 1999. They are grouped below by region, as defined by the Local Government Association of South Australia, district Councils Act 1887 List of cities and towns in South Australia Shires of Australia. Local Government Association of South Australia Local Government Regions of SA – clickable maps
6.
City of Mitcham
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The City of Mitcham is a local government area in the foothills of eastern Adelaide, South Australia. Within its bounds is Flinders University, South Australias third largest, the council was founded on 10 May 1853 as the District Council of Mitcham and was the first local government area formally founded in South Australia after the City of Adelaide. It lost the part of the council west of Goodwood Road to the District Council of Brighton on 19 December 1854, in 1871, Unley and surrounding areas were severed from the Mitcham council to create the Corporate Town of Unley. It lost another area on 25 October 1883, when portions of the council around Stirling were detached to form the new District Council of Stirling and it gained city status in 1947, becoming the City of Mitcham. The City of Mitcham is divided into 6 wards, each of which elect 2 or 3 representatives to the Council and they cover suburbs roughly as follows. Local Government Areas of South Australia List of Adelaide suburbs List of Adelaide parks and gardens City of Mitcham website City of Mitcham community profile Mitcham City Brass band website
7.
Division of Boothby
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The Division of Boothby is an Australian electoral division in South Australia. The redistribution prior to the 1949 election saw Boothby change from a marginal Labor seat on a 1.8 percent two-party margin to a marginal Liberal seat on a two percent two-party margin. However, as part of the massive Liberal victory in the 1949 election, the Liberals have held the seat ever since, and for most of that time it has been fairly safe to safe for that party. There was only one substantial redistribution in the past few decades and this cut the Liberal margin by more than half, from a safe 10.7 two-party margin to a marginal notional 4.5 percent two-party margin. However, the Liberals won the seat on a fairly safe 7.8 percent two-party margin, Labors Nicole Cornes reduced Southcotts margin even further to 2.9 percent at the 2007 election. At the 2010 election Labors Annabel Digance came within 638 votes of ending the long Liberal run in the seat, at 0.75 percent Boothby was the most marginal seat in South Australia. However, Boothby became a fairly safe Liberal seat again at the 2013 election, boothbys most prominent members were Sir John McLeay, who was Speaker 1956-66, his son John, Jr. a minister in the Fraser government, and former state premier Steele Hall. Hall handed the seat to Southcott at the 1996 election, in 2015, Southcott announced his retirement from parliament to take effect at the 2016 federal election. The Liberals preselected doctoral student and newspaper columnist Nicolle Flint, Labor preselected 2015 Davenport state by-election candidate Mark Ward. The Nick Xenophon Team announced Mitcham councillor Karen Hockley as their candidate, ABC psephologist Antony Greens 2016 federal election guide for South Australia stated NXT had a strong chance of winning lower house seats and three or four Senate seats
8.
Belair, South Australia
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Belair is a suburb in the south eastern foothills of Adelaide, South Australia at the base of the Mount Lofty Ranges. Belair was established during the settlement of Adelaide as a source of timber, parts of Belair have views of the city of Adelaide, the Adelaide Plains and the coast. Belair National Park is one of the attractions of the suburb, and Windy Point provides a 230 degree panorama making it one of the best lookouts over the city, the plains. Belair Country Club hosts an 18-hole public golf course adjacent to the National Park, Belair is also a very popular area for mountain bikers. There are bike trails not just in the National Park but throughout Belair, and steep tracks down the face to railway stations on the Belair line. The origin of the name Belair appears uncertain, gustav Ludewigs, who subdivided the area, may have named the suburb after Bel Air, Martinique, being his wife Marias birthplace. Another theory is that it was named in 1849 after Eugene Bellairs, a Belair Post Office opened on 3 April 1859, it was relocated in 1881 to near its present position and the original office renamed Blackwood. Belair is approximately a fifteen-minute drive from the Adelaide city centre, Belair railway station is the terminus of the suburban Belair railway line. Belair schools consist of a junior school and an upper primary school situated on Main Road. The schools have Eco-school status, and follow the International Baccalaureate syllabus, in 1999 the schools twinned with Momoyama Elementary School in Kyoto, Japan. Every two years, during May, a group of students and staff travel to Kyoto, in the alternate year, Momoyama students and staff visit Belair during August. These visits have become an part of the schools Japanese language. St Johns Grammar School also has a campus adjacent to the railway station. Actors Ben Nicholas and Sarah Snook are some of its more famous graduates, there are numerous mountain biking tracks throughout Belair, and the City of Mitcham is expanded and formalised these tracks in the early 21st century. There are other tracks leading down to Lynton Train Station and Mitcham, Belair Schools Links to copyright photographs View of the city from Windy Point
9.
Acacia melanoxylon
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Acacia melanoxylon, commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an Acacia species native in eastern Australia. The species is known as Sally wattle, lightwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood. Acacia melanoxylon is valued for its decorative timber which may be used as a cabinet timber. Sapwood may range in colour from straw to grey-white with clear demarcation from the heartwood, the heartwood is golden to dark brown with chocolate growth rings. The timber is generally straight grained but may be wavy or interlocked, quartersawn surfaces may produce an attractive fiddleback figure. The wood is lustrous and possesses a fine to medium texture, the name of the wood may refer to dark stains on the hands of woodworkers, caused by the high levels of tannin in the timber. Acacia melanoxylon timber has a density of approximately 660 kg/m3 and is strong in compression and it is moderately blunting to work with tools and bends well. It may be nailed or screwed with ease, but gluing may produce rather variable results, the wood may be stained easily and produces a high-quality finish. Australian blackwood seasons easily with some possible cupping when boards are inadequately restrained, the timber produces very little movement once seasoned. The timber may be attacked by furniture beetles, termites and powder-post beetles and it is resistant to effective preservative treatments. It has been introduced to countries for forestry plantings and as an ornamental tree. It now is present in Africa, Asia, Europe, Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, South America and it is a declared noxious weed species in South Africa and is a pest in Portugals Azores Islands. It was also listed by the California Invasive Plant Council as an invasive weed that may cause limited impact. Its use as a tree is being phased out in some locales because of the damage it often causes to pavements. In some regions of Tasmania, blackwood is now considered a pest, indigenous Australians derive an analgesic from the tree. It was also used to make spearthrowers and shields, the wood is very good for many uses including furniture, tools, boats, boxes and wooden kegs. It is of about the quality as walnut and it is well-suited for shaping with steam. The bark has a content of about 20%
10.
Mount Lofty Ranges
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The Mount Lofty Ranges are the range of mountains just to the east of Adelaide in the Australian state of South Australia. The Mount Lofty Ranges stretch from the southernmost point of the Fleurieu Peninsula at Cape Jervis northwards for over 300 kilometres before petering out north of Peterborough. In the vicinity of Adelaide, they separate the Adelaide Plains from the plains that surround the Murray River. The Heysen Trail traverses almost the length of the ranges. The mountains have a Mediterranean climate with moderate rainfall brought by south-westerly winds, hot summers, the southern ranges are wetter than the northern ranges. The part of the south of and including the Barossa Valley are commonly known as the South Mount Lofty Ranges. The part of the ranges nearest Adelaide is also called the Adelaide Hills, several pine plantation forests exist, most significantly around Mount Crawford and Cudlee Creek in the north and Kuitpo Forest and Second Valley in the south. There are many wineries in the ranges, two wine regions in particular are world-renowned, the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale. Grapes are also grown in the Adelaide Hills and the Onkaparinga Valley, although no major mines operate in the southern ranges today, there are several large disused ones, and a myriad of small ones. The runoff from the mine unfortunately proved quite toxic for the local environment, South Australia never experienced a nineteenth-century gold rush like those interstate, but gold was mined near both Echunga and Williamstown. Copper was mined at Kapunda, Truro and Kanmantoo and may be again, only one railway now crosses the ranges, the major Adelaide-Melbourne line, which was first constructed in the 1870s and has had only minor realignments since. Passenger services used to run from the city to Bridgewater in the heart of the hills and ranges, a railway approaches the ranges at Willunga. The Mount Barker to Victor Harbor line largely skirts the edge of the ranges. North of Adelaide, there is a railway to Angaston in the east of the Barossa Valley, Mount Bold, South Para, Kangaroo Creek, and Millbrook reservoirs are the largest. The highest peak in this section is Mount Bryan, other significant peaks include New Campbell Hill and Stein Hill, which overlooks Burra. Mining, although totally absent today, was once an industry in the northern ranges. The mine here operated from 1845 to 1877 with a few minor interruptions, as testament to the volume of copper at Burra, however, the mine re-opened as an open-cut in 1971, before closing again ten years later. The Clare Valley lies in a fold of the northern Mount Lofty Ranges just southwest of Burra
11.
Aldgate, South Australia
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Aldgate is a South Australian town located 21 kilometres south-east of Adelaide, in the Adelaide Hills. The town of Aldgate was supposedly named in 1882 after the hotel the Aldgate Pump, which was named by Richard D. Hawkins. The hotel was named after the pump he had installed outside, and Aldgate in London, England, as the pump became popular to water the horses and bullock teams which passed through the area on their way south to the Echunga goldfields. By 1870, a settlement had been established with many buildings remaining to this day. Hawkins claimed at that time that some 60,000 people a year passed through the hotels doors, for a few months in 1883 it was the end of the railway line from Adelaide. In November of that year, the railway was extended through to Nairne, Aldgate is the site of Stangate House and Garden, a property bequeathed in 1975 to the National Trust of South Australia. The house was built in 1940 and is known for its stunning gardens. In the last decade, Aldgates drainage system has suffered substantial problems and has been the result of flooding through the main street. One of the worst cases of this occurred at around 8,00 AM8 November 2005, a recent ongoing project around Aldgate has been upgrading the drainage system. In 2009 and 2010 the intersection of Mount Barker Road, Strathalbyn Road and Kingsland Road in Aldgate was upgraded, to make way for the roadworks, the pump which was the centrepoint of the town was temporarily removed. It was reinstalled in May 2011 by the Adelaide Hills Council, the new Aldgate Country Fire Service station was completed in August,2009. Aldgate is in the Adelaide Hills Council local government area, the federal Division of Mayo, Aldgate is mentioned in the Redgum song So Goodbye featured on the bands 1978 album If You Dont Fight You Lose. Hawkins in the Kudnarto appendix Placenames Online The Manning Index of South Australian History Floods Hit Hills and Suburbs
12.
Blackwood railway station
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Blackwood railway station is located on the Belair line in Adelaide. Situated 18 kilometres from Adelaide station, it is in the southern suburb of Blackwood. It and Mitcham are the stations between Goodwood and Belair to have more than one platform in use to allow services to pass. Blackwood station opened in 1883 with the opening of the Adelaide to Aldgate section of the Adelaide-Melbourne line, on 18 June 1928, it became the temporary terminus of the double track section from Eden Hills. On 24 June 1928 it was extended through to Belair, in 1940, a footbridge was added. In 1995, as part of the One Nation Adelaide-Melbourne line gauge conversion project, in 2009, the station was given a facelift. Blackwood is one of the busiest stations on the Belair line and it is the only station on the line to have a bus interchange with connections available with many routes. Blackwood is also the station where trains use the right platform as opposed to the left. Media related to Blackwood railway station at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
14.
Anglican Church of Australia
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The Anglican Church of Australia is a Christian church in Australia and an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion. It is the second largest church in Australia, after the Roman Catholic Church, when the First Fleet was sent to New South Wales in 1787, Richard Johnson of the Church of England was licensed as chaplain to the fleet and the settlement. In 1825 Thomas Scott was appointed Archdeacon of Australia under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Calcutta, William Grant Broughton, who succeeded Scott in 1829, was consecrated the first Bishop of Australia in 1836. In early Colonial times, the Church of England clergy worked closely with the governors, Richard Johnson, a chaplain, was charged by the governor, Arthur Phillip, with improving public morality in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. Samuel Marsden had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts and he became known as the flogging parson for the severity of his punishments. The Church of England lost its privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the Church Act of 1836. Drafted by the reformist attorney-general John Plunkett, the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Roman Catholics, in 1842 the Diocese of Tasmania was created. In 1847 the rest of the Diocese of Australia was divided into the four dioceses of Sydney, Adelaide, Newcastle. Over the following 80 years the number of dioceses increased to 25, sectarianism in Australia tended to reflect the political inheritance of Britain and Ireland. Until 1945, the vast majority of Roman Catholics in Australia were of Irish descent, the Australian Constitution of 1901 provided for freedom of religion. Australian society was predominantly Anglo-Celtic, with 40% of the population being Anglican and it remained the largest Christian denomination until the 1986 census. After World War II, the ethnic and cultural mix of Australia diversified, the number of Anglicans attending regular worship began to decline in 1959 and figures for occasional services started to decline after 1966. In recent times, the Anglican and other Christian churches of Australia have been active in ecumenical activity, the Australian Committee for the World Council of Churches was established in 1946 by the Anglican and mainline Protestant churches. Since 1 January 1962 the Australian church has been autocephalous and headed by its own primate, on 24 August 1981 the church officially changed its name from the Church of England in Australia to the Anglican Church of Australia. Although the Book of Common Prayer remains the standard for Anglican belief and worship in Australia. Another alternative service book, A Prayer Book for Australia, was published in 1995, in 1985 the general synod of the Australian church passed a canon to allow the ordination of women as deacons. In 1992 the general synod approved legislation allowing dioceses to ordain women to the priesthood, dioceses could choose to adopt the legislation. In 1992,90 women were ordained in the Anglican Church of Australia, after decades of debate the issue of womens ordination, particularly as bishops, continues to divide traditionalists and reformers within the church
15.
Lutheran Church of Australia
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The Lutheran Church of Australia is the major Lutheran denomination in Australia and New Zealand. It counts 450 congregations and 70,000 members according to official statistics as of 2013, the first Lutherans to come to Australia in any significant number were the immigrants from Prussia, who arrived in 1838 with Pastor August Kavel. This period in Prussia was marked by a persecution of Old Lutherans who refused to join the Prussian Union, in 1841, a second wave of Prussian immigrants started, with the arrival of Pastor Gotthard Fritzsche. He settled with the migrants in his group in Lobethal and Bethanien in South Australia, the Lutheran church of this period is referred to as the Kavel-Fritzsche Synod. A split occurred within the South Australian Lutheran community in 1846, the followers of Kavel founded the Langmeil-Light Pass Synod, and those of Fritzsche the Bethany-Lobethal Synod. These two denominations joined to form the Lutheran Church of Australia in 1966, a significant influx occurred after World War II and migration also brought a number of Lutherans from other European countries. Lutherans set up missions in Aboriginal communities, noel Pearson, for instance, was raised in such an environment. As of 2009, the church had 320 parishes,540 congregations and 70,000 baptised members in Australia and 1,130 baptised members in New Zealand, government censuses indicate that about 250,000 Australians and New Zealanders identify as Lutheran. In practice, though, the Lutheran Church of Australia, which includes the Lutheran Church of New Zealand, is a relatively small Christian denomination, by contrast, the worldwide Lutheran Church, with just over 70 million adherents, is the second largest non-Catholic church in the world. So, while all congregations adhere to the LCA constitution, they are free to exercise their own interpretations of the LCAs mission, every three years representatives of the LCAs congregations meet for a Synod meeting. Pastors provide input regarding theological matters, but in effect it is the people in the pews, rather than church leaders, the churchs tagline is Where Love Comes to Life, which congregants believe reflects the heart and soul of mission. The official hymn book of the Lutheran Church of Australia is the Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement, in comparison to the Lutheran synods in Europe, the Lutheran Church of Australia as of 2012 remains a strongly confessional church. The reason for this is two-fold, firstly, there was the early influence of the Old Lutherans and, secondly, from the 1880s the church sought pastors from the US. The influence of these American Lutherans caused the LCA to deviate from the doctrines of the more mainstream European Lutherans, as the academic Robert Putnam states, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is the most conservative Christian denomination in America. The church is happy to support the Australian Christian Lobby where such an emphasis is supportive of the teachings of the Word of God, as it grapples with the issue of how it should modernise yet stay faithful to Christs teachings, the church is experiencing declining membership across Australia. According to the 2011 Australian census, there are now more Hindus than Lutherans in Australia, the LCA very much believes that the Bible is the primary source of revelation and instruction for Christians. This Lutheran doctrine is known as sola scriptura, according to this doctrine, though revelation through experience is of importance, it does not prevail over sola scriptura. The church adhere to the three creeds of Christians around the world
16.
Pentecostalism
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The term Pentecostal is derived from Pentecost, the Greek name for the Jewish Feast of Weeks. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the followers of Jesus Christ, like other forms of evangelical Protestantism, Pentecostalism adheres to the inerrancy of scripture and the necessity of accepting Christ as personal Lord and Savior. It is distinguished by belief in the baptism in the Holy Spirit that enables a Christian to live a Spirit-filled and empowered life and this empowerment includes the use of spiritual gifts such as speaking in tongues and divine healing—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term Apostolic or Full Gospel to describe their movement, Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century among radical adherents of the Holiness movement who were energized by revivalism and expectation for the imminent Second Coming of Christ. In 1900, Charles Parham, an American evangelist and faith healer, the three-year-long Azusa Street Revival, founded and led by William J. While virtually all Pentecostal denominations trace their origins to Azusa Street, an early dispute centered on challenges to the doctrine of the Trinity. As a result, the Pentecostal Movement is divided between trinitarian and non-trinitarian branches, there are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the global South. Together, Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity numbers over 500 million adherents, Pentecostalism is an evangelical faith, emphasizing the reliability of the Bible and the need for the transformation of an individuals life through faith in Jesus. Like other evangelicals, Pentecostals generally adhere to the Bibles divine inspiration and inerrancy—the belief that the Bible, Pentecostals emphasize the teaching of the full gospel or foursquare gospel. The central belief of Pentecostalism is that through the death, burial and this is the Gospel or good news. The fundamental requirement of Pentecostalism is that one be born again, the new birth is received by the grace of God through faith in Christ as Lord and Savior. In being born again, the believer is regenerated, justified, adopted into the family of God, Pentecostal soteriology is generally Arminian rather than Calvinist. The security of the believer is a doctrine held within Pentecostalism, nevertheless, Pentecostals believe in both a literal heaven and hell, the former for those who have accepted Gods gift of salvation and the latter for those who have rejected it. For most Pentecostals there is no requirement to receive salvation. Baptism with the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues are not generally required, a notable exception is Oneness Pentecostalism, most adherents of which believe both water baptism and Spirit baptism are integral components of salvation. Pentecostals identify three distinct uses of the baptism in the New Testament, Baptism into the body of Christ. Every believer in Christ is made a part of his body, the Holy Spirit is the agent, and the body of Christ is the medium. Baptism with the Holy Spirit, This is an experience distinct from baptism into the body of Christ
17.
Norman Tindale
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Norman Barnett Tindale AO was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. The family returned to Perth, and in 1917 moved to Adelaide where Tindale took up a position as a cadet at the Adelaide Public Library. Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in a gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing. In January 1919 he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologists Assistant to Arthur Mills Lea and he had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale is best remembered for his work mapping the various groupings of Indigenous Australians. This interest began with a trip to Groote Eylandt where an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale very detailed descriptions of which land was his. This led Tindale to question the orthodoxy of the time which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindales methodology and his notion of the tribe have been superseded. Quite a number of now-important record films were made by Tindale, in 1942 Tindale joined the Royal Australian Air Force and was assigned the rank of Wing Commander. He had previously tried to enlist in the Australian army at the outbreak of WWII but was rejected due to his damaged eyesight, in 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with a doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980, during 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia, this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum Boards named a public gallery in his honour, Tindale published extensively, both as sole author and collaborator. Note that the archives contain 2,804 items related to Dr Tindale
18.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
19.
Hilltop Hoods
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Hilltop Hoods is an Australian hip hop group that formed in 1994 in Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia. The group was founded by Suffa and MC Pressure, who were joined by DJ Debris after fellow founder, DJ Next, the group released its first extended play, Back Once Again, in 1997 and have subsequently released seven studio albums, two restrung albums and three DVDs. Their song 1955, featuring Montaigne & Tom Thum, peaked at number 2 in the Australian charts, at the ARIA Music Awards of 2006 they won Best Independent Release and Best Urban Album for The Hard Road. In 2007, they won Best Urban Album for their album, The Hard Road. They won the category in 2009 for State of the Art. In 2009, Debris also won Engineer of the Year for his work on State of the Art, the band received their seventh ARIA award in 2014 when Walking Under Stars won in the Best Urban Album category at the 28th ARIA Awards. Two of Hilltop Hoods founders first met in 1987 when MC Suffa, in 1991 they joined up with DJ Next through a mutual friend and formed an Australian hip hop group. Their name was supplied by fellow local MC Flak – the suburb of Blackwood is known by locals as the Hilltop, the bands influences include American hip hop artists, Notorious B. I. G. KRS-One, Gang Starr, Wu-Tang Clan and Public Enemy, at live shows Next was the groups DJ, for recording he contributed audio engineering and all the scratching/turntablism on their early works. He regularly competed in the local DMC World DJ Championships tournaments, Hilltop Hoods recorded a demo, Highlanders, which was released on cassette tape only. As well as Pressure and Suffa on vocals, the group included MC Summit aka DJ Sum-1, the groups first official release, in 1997, was a vinyl-only, seven-track extended play, Back Once Again. Production was handled by DJ Debris, turntablism and audio engineering by Next, vocals by Pressure, the third track, Shades of Grey, features Debris with a verse, and was co-written by Francis, Hare, Lambert and Smith. Fifth track, Mankind Must Suffa also features a guest verse from Quromystix – a member of Finger Lickin Good, Mankind Must Suffa is credited to Lambert, Smith, Francis and Bradley. Back Once Again is out of print and unavailable for retail purchase, the groups debut studio album, A Matter of Time, was released in 1999 on CD only. As with Back Once Again, it is now unavailable for retail purchase, All scratching/turntablism is performed by Next, a track, Let Me Show You, has no vocals – solely showcasing his turntable skills. American MC Bukue One appears for a guest verse on Deaf Can Hear, the track is credited to Lambert, Smith, Francis, Hare and Torrence. The album was released independently but with assistance from Arts SA – the band were inspired, in 2005, to set up their own Hilltop Hoods Initiative. After the album appeared, Next left the group and moved to Melbourne, in 2004 he moved to London
20.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
21.
Beccy Cole
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Beccy Cole, also known as Beccy Sturzel and Rebecca Diane Albeck, is an Australian country music singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist. She has released eight albums, with three reaching the ARIA Albums Chart top 40, Little Victories, Preloved and Songs & Pictures and her video album, Just a Girl Singer, peaked at No.6 on the ARIA Top 40 DVD Chart in August 2004. Cole has received nine Golden Guitar trophies at the CMAA Country Music Awards of Australia, during December 2005 to January 2006 she performed for Australian Defence Force personnel in Iraq. Her single, Poster Girl, expresses her support for the troops and it won the 2007 Song of the Year at CMAA awards, and its music video was listed at No.1 on Australias Country Music Channel. Beccy Cole was born as Rebecca Diane Thompson on 27 October 1972 and her mother is a country music singer, Carole Sturzel. At the age of 14 years she started performing in her mothers group, Wild Oats and she also performed solo on the South Australian festival circuit. Aside from her mother, Coles inspirations are Dolly Parton and The Eagles, in 1991 Cole joined a country music group, Dead Ringer Band, led by Bill Chambers, she had met his daughter, Kasey Chambers, in Adelaide in mid-1989. Cole and Chambers performed as a duo at the Port Pirie Country Music Festival, as a member of Dead Ringer Band Cole provided rhythm guitar, lead and backing vocals, and occasional drums. Upon the advice of her manager she changed her name to Beccy Cole. In January 1993 at the Country Music Awards of Australia she won the Star Maker award, singing Reba McEntires Just a Little Love, as a result of winning the Star Maker award, she had to perform at a special concert opening for Gina Jeffreys. This was the commencement of a life-long friendship, Cole moved to Sydney in 1993 to pursue her music career and her prize for winning the Star Maker award was record a single. She was advised by studio owner Deniese and Martin Cass that her self-penned singles werent good enough, so she recorded, Fooling Around which was written by Perth song writer, the single spent two weeks at number 2 on the country charts. At the 1994 Country Music Awards of Australia, Cole won the Golden Guitar trophy for Best New Talent. later that year, she spent four months touring remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia. In 1995 Cole toured with Slim Dusty, Cole featured on the ABC-TV documentary Doesnt Everyone Want a Golden Guitar. and her song Take Me Home the Long Way, appeared on the associated soundtrack album of the same name. Cole supplied backing vocals for an album, The Circle Game, by music duo, Rod McCormack and Mick Albeck. In 1996, Cole signed a new deal with Harvestone Records on the Sony label. The album was produced by Rod McCormack, Cole issued two singles, Hearts Changing Hands and Rest in Pieces. The latter singles B-side, Big Girls, was co-written with Chambers, on 11 July 1997 her debut album, Beccy Cole, was released and peaked at number 122 on the ARIA Charts in November
22.
Allday
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Tom Gaynor, better known by his stage name Allday, is an Australian rapper from Adelaide, South Australia. Allday became active in 2011, when Gaynor began uploading his music for free online, following his works becoming increasingly popular, he moved to Melbourne to pursue a serious career although, as of February 2017, he is now based in Los Angeles, California. His works have influenced by bands such as Silverchair, Frank Ocean. Startup Cult achieved success and reached three on the ARIA Charts. Gaynor sometimes raps under the alter ego, MC Disturbance, Gaynor previously played in a punk band at school called sissycunt, which generated his interest in music. He began producing works under the Allday name in January 2011 and he has released an album, an EP and a number of mixtapes to date. These include Soon Ill Be in Cali, A Skateboard Soiree, Euphoria, Noue Yesue, Soon Ill Be in Cali 2 and he went on a national tour of Australia in May/June 2014. Labelled the Right Now National Tour, he held concerts in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. His debut album to be released in-stores nationally was Startup Cult in July 2014 and it was supported by a headlining tour around Australia. In December 2014 he released the single Wolves featuring Sunni Colón and he featured on Tasmanian singer Astas song Dynamite in 2015. Gaynor has also performed stand-up comedy and he was a runner-up for the 2011 Raw Comedy national final. In 2015, he was featured on the Troye Sivan song for him, on his album Blue Neighbourhood, which was released 4 December 2015. On 23 June 2016 after a delay from his new label Wind Up Records, Allday released Monster Truck, on 15 July 2016 he released the lead single from his upcoming second album, the single was premiered on Triple J and is called Sides. Allday later released the single Send Nudes on August 24,2016 which hit the top ten on the iTunes hip-hop charts, Allday released his fourth single of 2016 on December 15, titled Raceway. In March, Allday announced his second album, titled Speeding. Startup Cult Speeding Noue Yesue Soon Ill Be in Cali A Skateboard Soiree Euphoria Soon Ill Be in Cali 2 Soft Grunge Love Rap Loners Are Cool Troye Sivan, for him. Asta, Dynamite Jackie Onassis, Bad Miracle, Learning Bam Bam, Bags Packed Dan Aux, Hunt Me Down Gill Bates, She Knows Tumblr page
23.
Electoral district of Davenport
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Davenport is an electoral district of the House of Assembly in the Australian state of South Australia. It is named after pioneer and politician Sir Samuel Davenport. Davenport is a 49.1 km² electorate covering part of outer suburban Adelaide, Davenport consists mostly of a series of wealthy suburbs and has been a historically safe seat for successive conservative parties since its creation at the 1969 redistribution. It was initially won by Joyce Steele for the Liberal and Country League, Evans old seat of Fisher, previously a comfortably safe Liberal seat, had been made considerably more marginal in the 1983 redistribution. A large slice of Evans old territory was shifted to Davenport, Evans rejoined the parliamentary Liberal Party not long after the election, and was reelected at the 1989 election. He retired at the 1993 election, handing the seat to his son, Iain Evans held Davenport from 1993 until 2014 and was a member of the Olsen and Kerin ministries, and was opposition leader for one year following the Liberal loss at the 2006 election. Evans suffered a 2.8 percent two-party swing against him, on 6 June 2014 he announced he would stand down from the shadow ministry and parliament within a year and prior to the next election. Evans resigned from parliament on 30 October 2014, a 2015 Davenport by-election was held on 31 January 2015. Liberal Sam Duluk won the seat despite a five percent two-party swing, turning the historically safe seat of Davenport in to a two-party marginal seat for the first time. Davenport state by-election,2015 ABC profile for Davenport,2014 ECSA profile for Davenport,2014 Poll Bludger profile for Davenport,2014
24.
South Australian House of Assembly
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The House of Assembly, or lower house, is one of the two chambers of the Parliament of South Australia. The other is the Legislative Council and it sits in Parliament House in the state capital, Adelaide. The fourth-term South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party has been in government since the 2002 election, the 47-seat house consists of 24 Labor,21 Liberal and 2 independents, Geoff Brock and Martin Hamilton-Smith. Following the 2014 election, the house consisted of 23 Labor,22 Liberal and 2 independents, Geoff Brock. Hamilton-Smith became an independent shortly after the election, reducing the Liberals to 21 seats, both Hamilton-Smith and fellow independent Geoff Brock are in cabinet and provide confidence and supply while retaining the right to vote on conscience. Labor went from minority to majority government when Nat Cook won the 2014 Fisher by-election which was triggered by the death of Bob Such, despite this, the Jay Weatherill Labor government kept crossbench MPs Brock and Hamilton-Smith in cabinet, giving the government a 26 to 21 parliamentary majority. As with the rest of the crossbench, Bedford will continue to provide confidence, the House of Assembly was created in 1857, when South Australia attained self-government. In 1895, the House of Assembly granted women the right to vote – the second place in the world to do so after New Zealand in 1893 – and the first to allow women to stand for election. The House of Assembly has had 47 members since the 1970 election, each coming from a single-member constituency and these are commonly known as seats, and are intended to represent approximately the same population in each electorate. Voting is by preferential voting with complete preference allocation, as with the equivalent federal chamber, all members face re-election approximately every four years. The most recent election was held on 15 March 2014, most legislation is initiated in the House of Assembly. The party or coalition with a majority of seats in the house is invited by the Governor to form government. The leader of that party becomes Premier of South Australia, as Australian MPs almost always vote along party lines, almost all legislation introduced by the governing party will pass through the House of Assembly. As with the parliament and Australian other states and territories. Voting in the House of Assembly had originally been voluntary, while South Australias total population is 1.7 million, Adelaides population is 1. At the 2014 election for example, although the state-wide two-party vote was 47. 0% Labor v 53. 0% Liberal,24 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation
25.
Australian House of Representatives
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The Australian House of Representatives is one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Australia. It is referred to as the house, with the Senate being referred to as the upper house. The House is almost always dissolved earlier, usually alone but sometimes in a double dissolution of both Houses, a member of the House may be referred to as a Member of Parliament, while a member of the Senate is usually referred to as a Senator. The government of the day and by extension the Prime Minister must achieve, the House of Representatives currently consists of 150 members, elected by and representing single member districts, known as electoral divisions. The number of members is not fixed, but can vary with boundary changes resulting from electoral redistributions, the most recent overall increase in the size of the House, which came into effect at the 1984 election, increased the number of members from 125 to 148. It reduced to 147 at the 1993 election, returned to 148 at the 1996 election, each division elects one member using full-preference Instant-runoff voting. This was put in place after the 1918 Swan by-election, which Labor unexpectedly won with the largest primary vote, the Nationalist government of the time changed the lower house voting system from first-past-the-post to full-preference preferential voting, effective from the 1919 general election. This system has remained in place since, allowing the Coalition parties to safely contest the same seats, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act of 1900 established the House of Representatives as part of the new system of dominion government in newly federated Australia. The House is presided over by the Speaker, Members of the House are elected from single member electorates. One vote one value legislation requires all electorates to have approximately the number of voters with a maximum 10% variation. However, the quota for the number of voters in an electorate is determined by the number of voters in the state in which that electorate is found. Meanwhile, all the states except Tasmania have electorates approximately within the same 10% tolerance, voting is by the preferential system, also known as instant-runoff voting. A full allocation of preferences is required for a vote to be considered formal and this allows for a calculation of the two-party-preferred vote. Under Section 24 of the Constitution, each state is entitled to members based on a quota determined from the latest statistics of the Commonwealth. These statistics arise from the census conducted under the auspices of section 51, the parliamentary entitlement of a state or territory is established by the Electoral Commissioner dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of Senators. This is known as the Nexus Provision, the reasons for this are twofold, to maintain a constant influence for the smaller states and to maintain a constant balance of the two Houses in case of a joint sitting after a double dissolution. The population of state and territory is then divided by this quota to determine the number of members to which each state. Under the Australian Constitution all original states are guaranteed at least five members, the Federal Parliament itself has decided that the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory should have at least one member each
26.
Australian Greens
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The Australian Greens is an Australian green political party. The party was formed in 1992 and is today a confederation of eight state, in addition to environmentalism the party cites four core values, ecological sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy and peace and non-violence. Co-ordination between environmentalist groups occurred in the 1980s with various significant protests, the Australian Greens are part of the global green politics movement. The charter of the Australian Greens identifies the following as the four pillars of the policy, social justice, sustainability, grassroots democracy. Major policy initiatives of recent years have also included reform, review of the American alliance. The Greens oppose the importation of animals for zoos in Australia and they also seek to ban and phase out respectively the display of wild or domesticated animals in circuses in Australia. The party also opposes the opening of new mines, and has campaigned against the Adani coal mine. The party calls for the out, closure, and rehabilitation of currently operating coal mines. The party is opposed to coal-seam gas mining and regularly participate and have even organised community demonstrations against the practice. The Greens are strongly in favour of expanding public transport, the Greens support the construction of the national broadband network, as initially invisioned by the Rudd Government, which would increase fibre optic home connections. Abolition of the World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank unless they can be democratised, ending Australias Defence Treaty with the United States unless it can be changed to operate within the Greens view on Australias national interest. In 1991, opposition to the Gulf War, and in 2003, the Iraq War, support for independence movements around the world, including in Palestine, Tibet and West Papua In 1999, support for armed intervention in East Timor. Support for human rights in such as China and Myanmar. Support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya, the Greens are in support of voluntary euthanasia for those who are terminally ill. The Greens also support same-sex marriage, and often use the slogan every vote, the party also supports reproductive rights and expanding abortion services and making access to them easier. Estate duties were removed from the Australian Greens policy platform in November 2012,1998 federal election, opposition to the introduction of a Goods & Services Tax. Support the abolition of the 30% private health care rebate, so as to increase funding for health care. The Greens favour establishing a migrant program that prioritises family reunion, review relationship between the exclusive ownership of property and exclusive use of its resources
27.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics is the statistical agency of the Government of Australia. The ABS website provides ABS data free of charge, in 1901, statistics were collected by each state for their individual use. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was established under the Census, sir George Knibbs was appointed as the first Commonwealth Statistician. Initially, the Bureau was located in Melbourne and was attached to the Department of Home Affairs, in 1928, the Bureau was relocated to Canberra and in 1932, it moved to the Treasury portfolio. Initially, the states maintained their own offices and worked together with the CBCS to produce national data. However, some found it difficult to resource a state statistical office to the level required for an adequate statistical service. In 1924, the Tasmanian Statistical Office transferred to the Commonwealth, in 1974, the CBCS was abolished and the Australian Bureau of Statistics was established in its place. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act in 1975, established the ABS as a Statutory Authority headed by the Australian Statistician, the ABS mission is to deliver high quality official statistics and value-added statistical solutions, to inform decisions on important issues. The ABS undertakes the Australian Census of population and housing, the Census is conducted every five years under the authority of the federal Census and Statistics Act 1905. The last Australian Census was held on 9 August 2011 and this was Australias 16th national census, and marked 100 years of national census taking in Australia. The census of population and housing is the largest statistical collection undertaken by the ABS, the census aims to accurately measure the number of people and dwellings in Australia on census night, and a range of their key characteristics. This information is used to public policy as well as electoral boundaries, infrastructure planning. Users of Census data include government, the media, not for profit organisations, researchers and academics, results from the 2011 census are available on the ABS website. The next Census of Population and Housing was scheduled for 9 August 2016, a move was undertaken by the ABS to largely implement the Census on-line through their website and logins rather than through traditional paper forms. The 2016 Census was unsuccessful on August 9 due to multiple website errors which caused a crash where people were unable to fill in their details. The Chief Statistician, David Kalisch, said the website was closed after multiple internet denial-of-service attacks were blamed for the website problems, the online census webpage was back up at 2,30 pm on 11 August. The ABS has a work program covering a vast range of topics. Topics include, Economy Industry People Labour Health Environment Snapshots of Australia, the ABS publishes a suite of monthly and quarterly economic publications that are part of the core of the organisations work program
28.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
