1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Stone, Kent
–
Stone is a village in the Dartford Borough of Kent. It is located east of Dartford, iron Age pottery and artefacts have been found here proving it to be an ancient settlement site. The 13th-century parish church, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin at Stone, was known as the Lantern of Kent from its beacon light known to all sailors on the river. It is one of Kents most dramatic churches and is renowned for its Gothic sculpture made by the masons who built Westminster Abbey, the castle was built almost entirely of flint. The only surviving portion of the medieval castle intact is its large rectangular tower. An adjoining Georgian house was built onto the tower by Sir Richard Wiltshire, in more recent times the property has belonged to the Church of England. Stone Castle is now the office of a large cement manufacturer. The cement works which once stood here have now been demolished, the disused Johns Hole Quarry at Stone was used as a filming location for the mine scenes in the Doctor Who television story The Dalek Invasion of Earth. This was the first of many quarries to be used in the series, Stone Crossing railway station is located on the North Kent Line. Stone has a cricket team that was established in 1888. At the 2001 UK census, the Stone electoral ward had a population of 6,252, the ethnicity was 95. 9% white,0. 9% mixed race,1. 6% Asian,1. 3% black and 0. 3% other. The place of birth of residents was 94. 8% United Kingdom,0. 8% Republic of Ireland,0. 9% other Western European countries, and 3. 5% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 71% Christian,0. 2% Buddhist,0. 4% Hindu,0. 5% Sikh and 0. 3% Muslim. 17. 4% were recorded as having no religion,0. 2% had a religion and 9. 9% did not state their religion. Of the wards residents aged 16–74, 12% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, Stone Crossing station serves the area with services to London Charing Cross both via Sidcup and via Woolwich Arsenal station, Gravesend and Gillingham station. The Thames Europort is situated in Stone and this is a ro-ro facility for sea freight traffic
3.
Greenhithe
–
Greenhithe is a small town in the Dartford Borough of Kent. It is located east of Dartford and this led in turn to the development of the cement industry at nearby Swanscombe. Greenhithe itself enjoyed a period of popularity during Victorian times as a tourist resort. The social history of Greenhithe is bound up in terms of its revenues and manors until the 20th century with its ecclesiastical parish. It owes a great deal to its situation by the river Thames and expansion to the nearby Watling Street, hence not only the City of London, but the adjacent counties, and even those of Suffolk and Norfolk are supplied with this commodity. In the middle of the 19th century, the need was recognised for pre-sea training for officers in the Royal. This led a group of London shipowners to found the Thames Nautical Training College in 1862, the Admiralty was approached for a ship and allocated the two-decker HMS Worcester. At the time the Royal Navy was starting to replace its fleet of wooden walls with iron-clad vessels and there was a surplus of such wooden vessels, which included the 1473-ton, 50-gun Worcester. She had various berths before finally moving in 1871 to what became a base forever associated with the Worcester – the village of Greenhithe, the clipper Cutty Sark was given to the College in 1938, and was used as a boating station moored off the Greenhithe estate. However, during the war years, the College was evacuated to nearby Foots Cray Place. The Worcester was used as a base by the Royal Navy. Happily, after the war, a replacement ship was found in the form of the Exmouth and she was an unusual vessel, since she was built in 1904 of steel and iron especially for nautical training and had many advantages over the converted hulks previously used. After restoration, she was moved to a permanent dry-dock at Greenwich, the College closed in 1968 and the last Worcester was broken up a few years later. The village of Greenhithe has many Worcester memories such as the sign at the pub. The Ingress Estate was a seat in the hamlet of Greenhithe, in 1363 the manor was endowed upon the Prioress and Abbey of the Dominican Sisters in Dartford by Edward III until the Dissolution of the Monasteries under King Henry VIII of England. In 1820, the Ingress Estate was purchased by barrister James Harman and he gave his architect, Charles Moreing, £120,000 to build the Abbey. The current Tudor-gothic-style mansion, Ingress Abbey, was constructed in 1833, stone from the medieval London Bridge, replaced in the 1830s, is said to have been used in the construction. Greenhithes economy no longer depends on trade, this having been replaced by the M25 motorway, the new High Speed 1 Ebbsfleet International station
4.
Kent
–
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales
5.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
6.
Prudential plc
–
Prudential plc is a British multinational life insurance and financial services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in London in May 1848 as The Prudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association to provide loans to professional and its Prudential UK division has around 7 million customers and is a leading provider of life insurance and pensions in the UK. In December 2013 Prudential acquired the Ghanaian life insurance company, Express Life, Prudential subsequently rebranded the business as Prudential Ghana. In September 2014, it purchased Kenyan life insurer Shield Assurance, Prudential has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It had a capitalisation of approximately £41,630 million as of 4 February 2015. Prudential has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange, the company was founded on 30 May 1848 in Hatton Garden in London as The Prudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association providing loans to professional and working people. The army of premium collection agents was for many years identified with the Prudential as the Man from the Pru and it moved to its traditional home at Holborn Bars in 1879 and converted to a limited company in 1881. The Prudential Assurance Company Limited was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1924, in 1986, Prudential acquired the American insurer Jackson National Life. In 1997, Prudential acquired Scottish Amicable, a business founded in 1826 in Glasgow as the West of Scotland Life Insurance Company, in 1998, Prudential set up Egg, an internet bank within the UK. The subsidiary reached 550,000 customers within nine months but had difficulty achieving profitability, in June 2000 an initial public offering of 21% was made to allow for further growth of the internet business but in February 2006 Prudential decided to repurchase the 21% share of Egg. Egg was subsequently sold to Citibank in January 2007, in 1999, M&G, a UK fund management company, was acquired. In June 2000, the Company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange to help focus on the US market, in October 2004 Prudential launched a new subsidiary, PruHealth, a joint venture with Discovery Holdings of South Africa selling private medical insurance to the UK market. In April 2008 Prudential outsourced its back office functions to Capita, on 1 March 2010, Prudential announced that it was in advanced talks to purchase the pan-Asian life insurance company of AIG, American International Assurance for approximately £23 billion. The deal later collapsed and AIA ended up raising money in an IPO, in December 2013, Prudential announced the purchase of Ghana’s Express Life Company. Express Life was subsequently rebranded as Prudential Ghana, in September 2014, Prudential purchased Kenyan life insurer Shield Assurance and rebranded it as Prudential Kenya, further expanding the company’s presence in Africa. On 10 March 2015, it was announced that the CEO, Tidjane Thiam, would leave Prudential to become the next CEO of Credit Suisse. On 1 May 2015, it was announced that Mike Wells, head of the companys US business, would succeed Tidjane Thiam as CEO, the Company has four business units, Prudential UK, Europe & Africa, the business offers pensions, annuities, savings and investments. They are particularly known for the sale of with-profit bonds and pensions, corporate pension schemes, bulk annuities
7.
Eric Kuhne
–
Eric Robert Kuhne was an American-born British architect based in London. Kuhne was born in San Antonio, Texas of Swiss, Czech, and Swedish heritage and grew up in the Air Force as a son to Major Robert David Kuhne and Thelma Parsons Kuhne. He moved with his sister and brother from one Air Force base to another, living in San Antonio, Houston, Biloxi, Tampa, Tucson, Chicago, the family then moved to New Haven, Indiana and into civilian life. During his childhood, his father taught him perspective drawing when he was seven years old and his parents introduced him to architecture and civil engineering through books in their library. His early employment was with an architect in Fort Wayne, Indiana before beginning work as an assistant to Dr Louis G. Petro. With Louis G Petro & Associates, between the ages of 14 and 16, he learned drafting, project management, and the fundamentals to both architecture and engineering and he worked for Cole Matson & Matott Architects in Fort Wayne in his final year of high school. Graduating from New Haven High School in 1969, he entered William Marsh Rice University in the School of Architecture, there, he completed a Bachelor of Arts Degree with majors in both Art and Architecture in 1973. During this time, he completed a new plan for downtown Fort Wayne. In addition, he restored the farmers back to West Berry Street, designed the Courtyards Project at Wayne and Calhoun Streets. While in Fort Wayne, Kuhne was also appointed to the Board of the Public Transportation Corporation by Mayor Lebamoff and he was appointed to the Allen County Soil & Water Conservation District by the Governor of the State of Indiana. Traveling in Europe in 1974 under the William Ward Watkin Traveling Fellowship, awarded from the Rice University School of Architecture in 1973, Kuhne left Fort Wayne in 1981 to work for the famed post-modernist architect, Michael Graves in Princeton, New Jersey. In the autumn of 1981 Kuhne entered Princetons Graduate School of Architecture, for his work there, he won the Henry Adams Medal from the American Institute of Architects. Kuhne worked and lived in London in Clerkenwell, in December 2009, he became a British citizen and held dual citizenship with the United States of America. Kuhne died suddenly in London on July 25,2016 from an attack, aged 64 and leaves behind his beloved wife. Kuhne conceived his later company CivicArts in 1975 and as five divisions of Research, Concept Design, Professional Architectural Services, Industrial Design & Manufacturing, and Investment. While at Princeton, in 1981 he opened Eric R Kuhne & Associates in his apartment on Nassau Street overlooking the entrance to Princeton University, there he hired several colleagues at the School of Architecture and entered design competitions. He won the Columbus Carscape Competition and three Progressive Architecture Design Awards for Courtyards, Headwaters Park, and River Walk, the office was relocated to New York City in 1985 at 50 Walker Street where it remained until 2005 when it was centred in London. All work has been out of the London Office which was opened in 1994
8.
Anchor store
–
In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
9.
Marks & Spencer
–
Marks and Spencer plc is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in the City of Westminster, London. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index and it specialises in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds, the company also began to sell branded goods like Kelloggs Corn Flakes in November 2008. In recent years its clothing sales have fallen whilst food sales have increased after the axing of St. Michaels naming for their own brand. The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks, a Polish Jew from Słonim, and Thomas Spencer, a cashier from the English market town of Skipton in North Yorkshire. On his arrival in England, Marks worked for a company in Leeds, called Barran, in 1884 he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work. Dewhirst lent Marks £5 which he used to establish his Penny Bazaar on Kirkgate Market, Dewhirst also taught him a little English. Dewhirsts cashier was Tom Spencer, a bookkeeper, whose wife, Agnes. In 1894, when Marks acquired a permanent stall in Leeds covered market, in 1901 Marks moved to the Birkenhead open market where he amalgamated with Spencer. The pair were allocated stall numbers 11 &12 in the aisle in 1903. The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923 and it also accepted the return of unwanted items, giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown, no matter how long ago the product was purchased, which was unusual for the time. M&S staff raised £5,000 to pay for a Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft called The Marksman in 1941, by 1950, virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael label. M&S lingerie, womens clothes and girls uniform were branded under the St Margaret label until the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael. Simon Marks, son of Michael Marks, died in 1964, Israel Sieff, the son-in-law of Michael Marks, took over as chairman and in 1968, John Salisse became the company Director. A cautious international expansion began with the introduction of Asian food in 1974, M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later. The company put its emphasis on quality, including a 1957 stocking size measuring system. For most of its history, it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money, when this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. Arguably, M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of British Quality Goods, the uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan, The customer is always and completely right
10.
House of Fraser
–
House of Fraser is a British department store group with over 60 stores across the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was established in Glasgow, Scotland in 1849 as Arthur, by 1891, it was known as Fraser & Sons. The company grew steadily during the early 20th century, but after the Second World War, between 1936 and 1985 over seventy companies, not including their subsidiaries, were acquired. The companys acquisitions have included numerous household names, some of which are no longer used as part of the companys long-term strategy of re-branding its stores under the House of Fraser name. D H Evans Oxford Street store in London was rebranded as House of Fraser in 2001, House of Frasers largest store is located in Birmingham. The Company was founded by Hugh Fraser and James Arthur in 1849 as a drapery shop on the corner of Argyle Street and Buchanan Street in Glasgow, Scotland trading as Arthur. Hugh Fraser had been apprenticed to Stewart & McDonald Ltd, a Glasgow drapery warehouse where he rose to the position of warehouse manager and from where he brought many of initial customers. James Arthur also owned a drapery business in Paisley, near Glasgow. The Company established a trade in adjoining premises in Argyle Street. In 1856 the wholesale business moved to a site in Miller Street, Glasgow. The retail side of the business expanded into the vacant buildings left by the wholesale side, during the late 1850s and early 1860s the retail business was run by a professional manager – first Thomas Kirkpatrick and then Alexander McLaren. In 1865 the partnership between the partners was dissolved and Fraser assumed control of the business leaving Arthur with the wholesale business. In 1865 Alexander McLaren joined the business and the name was changed to Fraser & McLaren. When the first Hugh Fraser died in 1873, his three eldest sons, James, John and Hugh, acquired stakes in the business, James and John Fraser were initially directors in the business and employed Alexander McLaren and later John Towers to manage it for them. In 1891 Hugh also joined the partnership which by then was called Fraser & Sons and he moved to London in 1878 to set up his own business in Westminster Bridge Road. The store traded under the D H Evans name until 2001, by 1900, Hugh Fraser II was in charge, he incorporated the business as Fraser & Sons Ltd in 1909 and introduced the famous stag’s head. After Hugh Fraser II died in 1927, his son Hugh Fraser III and he opened new departments, enlarged the tearoom, opened a restaurant and also began to look at possible acquisitions. In 1936 he purchased Arnott & Co Ltd and its neighbour Robert Simpson & Sons Ltd in nearby Argyle Street, in 1948 the Company, now named House of Fraser, was first listed on the London Stock Exchange
11.
John Lewis (department store)
–
John Lewis is a chain of upmarket department stores operating throughout the United Kingdom. The chain is owned by the John Lewis Partnership, which was created alongside the first store in the mid-1800s, the first John Lewis store was opened in 1864 in Oxford Street, London. The chains slogan is Never Knowingly Undersold which has been in use since 1925, there are 46 stores throughout England, Scotland and Wales, including 12 At Home stores, and flexible format stores in Exeter and York. The first John Lewis concession opened in New South Wales, Australia in November 2016, on 1 January 2008, the Oxford Street store was awarded a Royal Warrant from Her Majesty the Queen as, suppliers of haberdashery and household goods. John Lewis Reading is also the holder of a Royal Warrant from the Queen in 2007 as suppliers of household, the flagship store on Oxford Street began as a drapery shop, opened by John Lewis in 1864. In 1905 Lewis acquired a store, Peter Jones in Sloane Square. His son, John Spedan Lewis, founded the John Lewis Partnership in 1920 after thinking up the idea during his days in charge of Peter Jones, John Spedan Lewis also thought up the idea of the Gazette, the partnerships in-house magazine, first published in 1918. In 1933 the partnership purchased its first store outside London, the long established Jessop & Son in Nottingham, Jessops only rebranded itself as John Lewis on 27 October 2002. In 1940 the partnership bought Selfridge Provincial Stores, caleys, Windsor was also included but closed in 2006. In 1949, it was reported that London branches included Peter Jones, John Barnes, John Pound, the provincial branches were Robert Sayle, of Peterborough and Cambridge, Tyrell & Green, of Southampton and Lance and Lance Ltd. of Weston-super-Mare. They also had silk shops at Hull, Edinburgh and Newcastle, in 1953 the famous Reading Department Store Heelas became part of the John Lewis group and remained named as such under the Heelas name until 2001 when it adopted the John Lewis name. Also in 1953 the partnership bought Herbert Parkinson, a textile manufacturer, the first John Lewis store constructed as part of a shopping centre was Jessops in Nottingham which has been a feature of Victoria Centre since it opened in 1972. The announcement of an anchor tenant such as John Lewis contributes to the certainty of developers proposals, before the relaxation of UK Sunday trading laws in 1994, John Lewis stores closed on Mondays to allow staff a full two-day weekend. The John Lewis Partnership were the first department store group in the UK to adopt central buying, launching the Jonell name for own brand merchandise in 1937 and that brand name has gradually been replaced with the John Lewis name since 2001. Additional own brands include Collection by John Lewis as well as John Lewis & Co. a selection of Waitrose own brand products, such as cleaning materials and party stationery, are also available from John Lewis. All have now been rebranded John Lewis, with the exception of Peter Jones in south west London, investment has been made across the group over recent years. This has included the renovation of Peter Jones at a cost of £107 million, the original Oxford Street shop is still the flagship and largest branch in the partnership. A complete refurbishment of the building was completed in late 2007 at a cost of £60 million and this introduced the new Place To Eat restaurant and a brasserie and bistro in the store
12.
Shopping mall
–
A shopping arcade is a specific form serving the same purpose. Many early shopping arcades such as the Burlington Arcade in London, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, however, many smaller arcades have been demolished, replaced with large centers or malls, often accessible by vehicle. Technical innovations such as lighting and escalators were introduced from the late 19th century. From the late 20th century, entertainment venues such as movie theaters, as a single built structure, early shopping centers were often architecturally significant constructions, enabling wealthier patrons to buy goods in spaces protected from the weather. In places around the world, the shopping centre is used, especially in Europe, Australia. Mall is a term used predominantly in North America, outside of North America, shopping precinct and shopping arcade are also used. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, malls are commonly referred to as shopping centres, the majority of British shopping centres are located in city centres, usually found in old and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open air shopping streets. Large examples include West Quay in Southampton, Manchester Arndale, Bullring Birmingham, Liverpool One, Trinity Leeds, Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow and these centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, but planning regulations prohibit the construction of any more. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening year, there are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of $12.47 billion and this represented a 10% bump in revenues from the prior year. One of the earliest examples of public shopping areas comes from ancient Rome, One of the earliest public shopping centers is Trajans Market in Rome located in Trajans Forum. Trajans Market was probably built around 100-110 CE by Apollodorus of Damascus, the Grand Bazaar of Istanbul was built in the 15th century and is still one of the largest covered shopping centers in the world, with more than 58 streets and 4,000 shops. Numerous other covered shopping arcades, such as the 19th-century Al-Hamidiyah Souq in Damascus, Syria, isfahans Grand Bazaar, which is largely covered, dates from the 10th century. The 10-kilometer-long, covered Tehrans Grand Bazaar also has a lengthy history, the oldest continuously occupied shopping mall in the world is likely to be the Chester Rows. Dating back at least to the 13th century, these covered walkways housed shops, with storage, different rows specialized in different goods, such as Bakers Row or Fleshmongers Row. The Marché des Enfants Rouges in Paris opened in 1628 and still runs today, the Oxford Covered Market in Oxford, England opened in 1774 and still runs today. The Passage du Caire was opened in Paris in 1798, the Burlington Arcade in London was opened in 1819
13.
M25 motorway
–
The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads
14.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
15.
Chalk
–
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. Calcite is a salt called calcium carbonate or CaCO3. It forms under reasonably deep marine conditions from the accumulation of minute calcite shells shed from micro-organisms called coccolithophores. Flint is very common as bands parallel to the bedding or as embedded in chalk. It is probably derived from sponge spicules or other organisms as water is expelled upwards during compaction. Flint is often deposited around larger fossils such as Echinoidea which may be silicified, Chalk as seen in Cretaceous deposits of Western Europe is unusual among sedimentary limestones in the thickness of the beds. Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. This presumably indicates very stable conditions over tens of millions of years, Chalk has greater resistance to weathering and slumping than the clays with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills, known as chalk downland, usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, because chalk is well jointed it can hold a large volume of ground water, providing a natural reservoir that releases water slowly through dry seasons. Chalk is mined from chalk deposits both above ground and underground, Chalk mining boomed during the Industrial Revolution, due to the need for chalk products such as quicklime and bricks. Abandoned chalk mines remain a popular tourist attraction due to their massive expanse, the Chalk Group is a European stratigraphic unit deposited during the late Cretaceous Period. It forms the famous White Cliffs of Dover in Kent, England, the Champagne region of France is mostly underlain by chalk deposits, which contain artificial caves used for wine storage. Some of the highest chalk cliffs in the occur at Jasmund National Park in Germany. Ninety million years ago what is now the chalk downland of Northern Europe was ooze accumulating at the bottom of a great sea. Chalk was one of the earliest rocks made up of particles to be studied under the electron microscope. Their shells were made of calcite extracted from the rich sea-water, as they died, a substantial layer gradually built up over millions of years and, through the weight of overlying sediments, eventually became consolidated into rock. Later earth movements related to the formation of the Alps raised these former sea-floor deposits above sea level, the chemical composition of chalk is calcium carbonate, with minor amounts of silt and clay. It is formed in the sea by plankton, which fall to the sea floor and are then consolidated and compressed during diagenesis into chalk rock
16.
Quarry
–
A quarry is a place from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate has been excavated from the ground. A quarry is the thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted. The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries, the word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster, polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage, generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet below sea level, to reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Ground water entering the pit is pumped up into the moat, as a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal, this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging, many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, BC. A further problem is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries, to control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes, water-filled quarries can be very deep with water, often 50 feet or more, that is often surprisingly cold. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmers muscles to weaken, it can also cause shock. Though quarry water is very clear, submerged quarry stones. Several people drown in quarries each year, however, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites
17.
MetroCentre (shopping centre)
–
Intu Metrocentre, formerly MetroCentre and known on road signs as Metro Centre, is a shopping centre in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. It has more than 340 shops occupying 2,000,000 square feet of floor space, making it the largest shopping. Additional retail space is available in the adjoining Metro Retail Park, the centre was rebranded as intu Metrocentre in 2013 following the renaming of its parent Capital Shopping Centres Group as Intu Properties. Access to the development was facilitated by a development grant from the Department of the Environment. Services are held on occasions such as Mothering Sunday, Remembrance Sunday. The Metrocentre has five main malls, Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, the first phase of the development was opened on 28 April 1986 - the red mall. At the time it featured a large Carrefour supermarket, which later became Gateway, Metrocentre also featured the first out of town Marks & Spencer. In 1997, Asda moved from the Metrocentre to a larger stand-alone store nearby, in 2014, the Metrocentre name was amended to include the owners Intu name as a prefix, becoming Intu Metrocentre. Asdas move out of the centre was planned so that its former store could be demolished to make way for an extension. The new Red Mall, anchored by a new Debenhams department store, the refurbishment programme also included a new Public Transport Interchange at the end of the Blue Mall. It replaced the old bus station and was intended to provide improved bus links to parts of North East England. The new interchange features electronic display boards and a new waiting room at the MetroCentre railway station, the Metrocentre is not directly connected to the Tyne and Wear Metro System though regular bus shuttle services provide connections to Monument, Central Station and Gateshead Metro stations. The rail link also provides access to neighbouring Newcastle upon Tyne city centre. On 30 November 2006, centre owner Capital Shopping Centres announced plans to redevelop the centres Yellow Mall, the Metroland indoor funfair closed in April 2008 and the area has been reconstructed to become the Metrocentre Qube. With the first phase completed, the Qube contains branches of YO, a new Odeon cinema opened in December 2009 and includes 12 digital screens including multiple 3D screens and an IMAX Digital, the first in the north east of England. The Namco Funscape is an entertainment centre dodgems and soft play. The Qube exterior is made from zinc and glass to distinguish it as the entertainment part of the centre. The former central area of the centre has been refurbished and renamed the Platinum Mall and this area focuses on higher end stores and furnishings including improved lighting and decor
18.
Trafford Centre
–
The Trafford Centre is a large indoor shopping centre and leisure complex in Greater Manchester, England. In the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, the centre is close to the Trafford Park industrial estate, the Trafford Centre opened in 1998 and is the second largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom by retail size. It was developed by the Peel Group and is owned by Intu Properties following a £1.65 billion sale in 2011 - the largest single property acquisition in British history, as of 2016, the centre has a market value of £1.9 billion. The site was owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company until 1986, when the company was acquired by John Whittaker of Peel Holdings, ultimately, the matter was decided by the House of Lords in 1996, which voted in favour of the development. Twelve years after the Trafford Centre was first conceptualised by the Peel Group, construction took 27 months at a cost of £600 million - approximately £1 billion in 2016. Two further extensions have since opened, Barton Square and the Great Hall in 2008 and its vivid and quirky rococo/late baroque architectural style pays homage to the history of the area. The Orient food hall is themed as a ship, reflecting the centres proximity to the Manchester Ship Canal. Ten per cent of the UK population lives within a 45-minute drive of the centre which attracts more than 35 million visits annually. It has Europes largest food court in The Orient and the UKs busiest cinema, Manchester City Council retained seats on the board of the Ship Canal Company until the mid-1980s. By then the arrangement had become meaningless, as the majority of the shares were controlled by property developer. Crucially, the council were powerless and Peel held voting rights due to majority shareholding, Manchester City Council opposed the development, believing it would impact negatively on the city centre economy, but accepted it was obviously in the interests of the shareholders. Peel Holdings submitted an application to Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council for a development on approximately 300 acres of land in 1986. The application was called in by the Secretary of State for the Environment, issues involved congestion on the M60 orbital motorway, and some believed the development would have adverse consequences on shopping centres throughout Greater Manchester region and beyond. Planning permission was granted in 1993 before being rejected by the Court of Appeal and it was reinstated in 1995 when the House of Lords gave approval for the development. Construction began in 1996 and the centre opened on 10 September 1998 becoming the UKs last mega mall which combined retail, dining, on opening, the Trafford Centre was the largest shopping centre in the UK but lost the title to Bluewater in Kent in 1999. However, due to numerous expansions since 2006, the Trafford Centre is now larger than Bluewater, the Peel Group sold the centre to Capital Shopping Centres in January 2011 for £1.6 billion and John Whittaker, chairman of Peel Group, became deputy chairman of CSC. The Trafford Centre is valued at £1.7 billion by its owners, Capital Shopping Centres, and has an income of £85.3 million. The Trafford Centres unorthodox style of architecture was prompted by the wish to offer a unique shopping experience, John Whittaker, chairman of Peel Holdings, had to convince architects that a lavish design would not alienate shoppers
19.
Westfield Stratford City
–
Westfield Stratford City is a shopping centre in Stratford, London. The centre opened on 13 September 2011, with a total retail floor area of 1,905,542 square feet, it is one of the largest urban shopping centres in Europe. It is the third-largest shopping centre in the United Kingdom by retail space behind the MetroCentre, taking the surrounding shopping area into account, it is the largest urban shopping centre in the European Union in terms of size. Originally fully owned by the Westfield Group, in November 2010 ABP Pension Fund, Westfield Stratford City is adjacent to the London Olympic Park, East Village, Stratford Regional and Stratford International stations. The shopping centre is part of a large development project called Stratford City. It is promoted as contributing significantly to the economy, with the creation of up to 10,000 permanent jobs. However, there are counter-reports of the centre having a negative impact on local businesses due to the preponderance of chain stores. Westfield Stratford City has been reported to be the first large-scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy, the site was formerly occupied by Stratford Works and Locomotive Depot. The shopping centre also has a 267-room Premier Inn hotel, the shopping centre has approximately 280 stores and 70 restaurants. The Elizabeth line is scheduled to serve the station from 2017, to the north lies Stratford International station which is served by Southeastern and Docklands Light Railway services. Stratford bus station and Stratford City bus station are served by numerous London Buses routes and National Express, according to Westfield, while the site supports a 5,000 space car park, 80% of the shoppers arrive at the centre on public transport. In January 2012, X-Factor singer Olly Murs filmed a video for his single Oh My Goodness. Official Website Stratford City on The Retail Database The Golden Temple Featured Documentary on Westfield, Stratford and the Olympic Games,2012
20.
Istanbul
–
Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
21.
Istanbul Cevahir
–
Istanbul Cevahir Shopping and Entertainment Centre, also known as Şişli Kültür ve Ticaret Merkezi is a modern shopping mall located on the Büyükdere Avenue in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. Opened on 15 October 2005, Istanbul Cevahir was the largest shopping mall in Europe in terms of leasable area between 2005 and 2011, and is one of the largest in the world. Istanbul Cevahir was built on a 62,475 m2 land plot at a cost of US$250 million and it has a total floor area of 420,000 m2 and a gross leasable area of 110,000 m2 for shops and restaurants. The six retail floors of the centre house 343 shops,34 fast food restaurants and 14 exclusive restaurants. Other facilities include, a stage for shows and other events,12 cinemas, a bowling hall. The buildings 2,500 m2 glass roof carries the second biggest clock in the world, the car park has an area of 71,000 m2 and a capacity of 2,500 cars, spread on four floors. List of shopping malls in Istanbul Official Cevahir Mall website
22.
Vienna
–
Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
23.
Lakeside Shopping Centre
–
It was constructed on the site of a former chalk quarry. The community of Chafford Hundred has grown to the east of the centre since its opening and its main rival is the Bluewater Shopping Centre in Greenhithe, Kent, just across the River Thames. The centre was rebranded as intu Lakeside in 2013 following the renaming of parent Capital Shopping Centres Group plc as intu properties plc. The shopping centre is the eleventh largest in Britain with 1,434,000 sq ft available as retail floorspace - the MetroCentre in Gateshead, after its expansion in 2004, is the largest. There are over 250 shops,50 cafes and restaurants, intu Lakeside has on average 500,000 visitors per week. It is currently open on weekdays from 10,00 am to 10,00 pm, and on Saturday from 9,00 am to 9,00 pm, the centres car parks have capacity for 13,000 cars. The Centre is connected to the M25 motorway which is Londons outermost ring road running south towards Dartford and Gatwick and North towards Enfield, Watford, as well as the M25 the centre is connected to the A13 road which connects central and east London to Basildon and Southend-on-Sea. Route X80 operated by Ensignbus provides a link to Bluewater across the Dartford Crossing and this included new Italian porcelain flooring, new lighting, a new ceiling and new glass roofs which allow much more natural light into the shopping centre. There are now also new, faster lifts, and four more escalators, the refurbishment has also encouraged refitting of many shops so that they complement the new surroundings. In September 2005, Next opened an 18,600 sq ft. extension to its store, the Lakeside Pavilion, a market area adjoining the main shopping centre via a covered bridge, was closed in 2006 for refurbishment, re-opening in June 2007 as The Boardwalk. The Old Orleans bar and restaurant boat was refurbished and re-opened on the same day. Vue cinema formed part of the old Lakeside Pavilion, with a seven screen cinema and this closed on 11 January 2007 to be refurbished, and was re-opened on Friday 15 June 2007, the refurbishment resulted in nine state-of-the-art screens with stadium seating. Gold Class, a screen that housed luxury seating, has since been abandoned in favour of VIP seating sections in every screen. The Evolution Screen, with a combination of giant bean bag chairs amongst VIP seating, was the first of its kind in the UK, apple opened its tenth UK store at Lakeside Shopping Centre. The application was approved at the end of October 2008 although no construction has taken place as of July 2011, supergroup, owners of the Cult and Superdry brands opened its largest-ever store at the centre in July 2010, in the unit previously occupied by Woolworths. Eds Easy Diner also opened their restaurant in the centres food court in July 2010. Taco Bell re-entered the UK market in June 2010 with the opening of its first stores at intu Lakeside, in 2011 US fashion giant Forever 21 opened a 35,000 sq ft flagship store at intu Lakeside, in a three-floor unit. In July 2016 this store closed down, there are also two retail parks nearby called the Lakeside Retail Park and The Junction
24.
West Thurrock
–
West Thurrock is a traditional Church of England parish and town in Thurrock, Essex, England, located 17.5 miles east south-east of Charing Cross, London. West Thurrock is part of the authority of Thurrock located on the north bank of the River Thames about 17 miles from Charing Cross. A Procter & Gamble plant manufactures detergents and soaps, the large coal-burning West Thurrock Power Station closed in 1993, and was replaced by a plant making industrial chemicals, particularly the raw materials for detergent manufacture. The 190 metre tall electricity pylons of 400 kV Thames Crossing, just upstream of the pylons the tunnel of High Speed 1 passes under the Thames. West Thurrock was formerly the site of a large chalk quarrying and cement making industry, a new plant for the production of aluminous cement was completed in 2003. West Thurrock is the location of the Lakeside Shopping Centre, the parish church was used for the funeral in the film Four Weddings and a Funeral. Belmont Castle, England, a mansion, was built in West Thurrock in 1795 but was demolished in 1943 to make way for a chalk quarry. Thurrock is a Saxon name meaning the bottom of a ship, West Thurrock is one of three Thurrocks, the others being Little Thurrock and Grays Thurrock. Photo of St Clements church and Procter & Gamble on flickr
25.
Essex
–
Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
26.
River Thames
–
The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
27.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
28.
M&G Real Estate
–
M&G Real Estate is a global real estate investment manager, providing integrated services for fund management, asset management and property management. M&G Real Estate, part of M&G Investments, is the real estate investment arm of Prudential plc in the UK, M&G Real Estate is headquartered in the United Kingdom. M&G Real Estate began its real estate investment activities in 1848, there are over 200 employees, Alex Jeffrey was appointed chief executive in July 2012. 1848, Prudential Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association established,1879, Prudential moved into Holborn Bars, a purpose built office complex designed by Sir Alfred Waterhouse, now a popular architectural landmark. 1920s / 1930s, Since equities collapsed in the Great Depression, during these years, Prudential made major real estate investments. 2013, M&G Investments changes the name of PRUPIM to M&G Real Estate M&G Real Estate has been active in the sustainability movement and it achieved full ISO14001 accreditation for its entire property portfolio. Many other property investment companies such as Morley Fund Management, Hermes Real Estate, M&G Real Estate Home Page Prudential plc on Yahoo
29.
Blue Circle Industries
–
Blue Circle Industries was a British public company manufacturing cement. In 1911 the British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd. was formed by the addition of a further 35 companies, subsequently, the company expanded overseas, predominately into commonwealth countries and South and Central America. The energy crisis of the 1970 caused the contraction of the company, in 1978 the company officially changed its name to Blue Circle. In 2001 the company was bought by Lafarge and these included the two cement plants that first manufactured Portland cement in the 1840s. The initial prospectus of the merger was to unify the entire British cement industry, eliminating competition, nonetheless, the company held 70% of the British cement manufacturing capacity. The company had acquired, at considerable cost, patents related to the use of rotary kilns, armed with these, and its critical mass, the company expected to sweep all competition away. However, the cement kiln patents proved valueless, since rotary kilns were already in place or being installed by their competitors, in the ensuing decade, the majority of the rotary kilns installed in Britain were installed by the competition, including several newly launched companies. Because of the circumstances of the company launch, it was short of cash. By 1910 its capacity remained 1.25 million tons per annum, although a few favored plants had been uprated, the majority of the original 35 had been shut down. In 1911, an attempt was made to unify the industry. 33 companies, including all the original drop-outs, were merged to form the British Portland Cement Manufacturers Ltd and this time, a substantial number of plants outside the London area were involved. Again, a small but significant number of companies refused to join, the combined APCM and BPCM companies now controlled 80% of national capacity, in 58 plants. In 1912 Blue Circles overseas activities began, the Tolteca plant near Mexico city had been established by the American Louisville Cement Company. The Americans, rattled by Mexican political instability in 1912, wanted to sell out, a Blue Circle director travelling in Mexico wrote them a check, and on returning to London, announced to the Board that they were now operating in Mexico. According to eye-witness accounts of British infantry men in World War 1, Blue Circle cement bags were used by the German army, similar deals were made for plants in Vancouver Island, Canada and the Orange Free State, South Africa in the same year. In later years, its geographical spread became the savior of the company, the cement industry, although extremely capital-intensive, is subject to exaggerated economic cycles. Geographical spread allowed financing of investment in areas experiencing down-turns using revenue from more buoyant areas, during the 1970s Blue Circle became, briefly, the largest cement manufacturer in the world. In the 1920s the companys brand name - Blue Circle - began to be used informally for the company itself
30.
Lend Lease Group
–
Lendlease Group is a multinational property and infrastructure company headquartered in Sydney, Australia. The company was established by Dick Dusseldorp to provide finance for building contracts being undertaken by Civil, in 1961 the company acquired Civil and Civic from Brederos Bouwbedrijf. Also in 1999 the Company acquired Bovis from P&O, which now forms Lend Lease Project Management & Construction, then in 2000 it bought AMRESCOs commercial mortgage business In 2001, Lend Lease acquired Delfin Property Group for $172 million. It went on to buy Crosby Homes for circa £240 million in 2005, in 2005 the company moved its headquarters from Australia Square in Sydney to The Bond on Hickson Road. In 2009, Lend Lease Corporation acquired Babcock and Brown Communities, at the time, this acquisition made Lend Lease Australias largest provider of retirement villages. In 2010, Lend Lease announced their first foray into the market with Lend Lease Solar. The subsidiary was wound up in early 2011, with no explanation as to why the division had closed, as of 17 Feb 2011 Lend Lease announced wider ranging changes to its group of brands. This announcement means the retirement of the Bovis, Delfin, Vivas, Catalyst, in late February 2011, Lend Lease acquired DASCO in order to position itself to take advantage of the impending Obama administration Health sector boom. The company was rebranded as Lend Lease DASCO, and operates independently of the Lend Lease Americas business. In March 2011, Lend Lease completed the acquisition of Valemus Group from Bilfinger Berger Group, subsidiaries of Valemus include, Abigroup, Baulderstone, the Valemus brand was retired and replaced with Lend Lease in 2011. In late 2012, the Victorian Government instituted a ban on Lend Lease to tender for Government work, soaring Heights is one of Lend Lease’s Public Partnerships business in the US. The company operates in more than 40 countries around the world, in all of these, the Lend Lease Project Management & Construction division constructs and manages large building projects. Some operation projects are these, Lend Lease Investment Management is the largest developer of public-private defence housing in the United States, the company also owns retail assets throughout the US. Lend Lease Project Management & Construction was the contractor for the Ground Zero Memorial in New York. Lend Lease Dasco is a United States leader in the development, financing, leasing and management of office buildings. Post Construction, Lend Leases Retail Business manage the operations of retail assets. In Asia, Lend Lease operations throughout Singapore, Malaysia, China, projects and assets include the construction of the Petronas Towers. Lend Lease Development – Concentrates on large scale urban regeneration in key areas, Lend Lease Communities falls within Lend Lease Development, and is Australias largest developer of Master Planned Communities
31.
Barclays
–
Barclays /ˈbɑːrkliz/ is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London. It is a bank with operations in retail, wholesale and investment banking, as well as wealth management, mortgage lending. It has operations in over 50 countries and territories and has around 48 million customers, Barclays is organised into four core businesses, Personal & Corporate, Barclaycard, Investment Banking and Africa. Barclays traces its origins to a banking business established in the City of London in 1690. James Barclay became a partner in the business in 1736, in 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, including Backhouses Bank and Gurneys Bank, united as a joint-stock bank under the name Barclays and Co. Over the following decades Barclays expanded to become a nationwide bank, in 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash dispenser. Barclays has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. According to a 2011 paper by Vitali et al, Barclays traces its origins back to 1690 when John Freame, a Quaker, and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name Barclays became associated with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, in 1728 the bank moved to 54 Lombard Street, identified by the Sign of the Black Spread Eagle, which in subsequent years would become a core part of the banks visual identity. In 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, notably Backhouses Bank of Darlington and Gurneys Bank of Norwich, united under the banner of Barclays, between 1905 and 1916 Barclays extended its branch network by making acquisitions of small English banks. In 1925 the Colonial Bank, National Bank of South Africa, in 1938 Barclays acquired the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which had opened in London in 1936 with the sponsorship of Central Bank of India. In May 1958, Barclays was the first UK bank to appoint a female bank manager, hilda Harding managed Barclays Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco, Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash machine, the British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Also that year, the British Linen Bank subsidiary was sold to the Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 25% stake, Barclays DCO changed its name to Barclays Bank International in 1971. In August 1975, following the secondary banking crash, Barclays acquired Mercantile Credit Company, in 1980, Barclays Bank International expanded its business to include commercial credit and took over American Credit Corporation, renaming it Barclays American Corporation
32.
Lloyds Bank
–
Lloyds Bank plc is a British retail and commercial bank with branches across England and Wales. It has traditionally been considered one of the Big Four clearing banks, the bank was founded in Birmingham in 1765. It expanded during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and took over a number of smaller banking companies, in 1995 it merged with the Trustee Savings Bank and traded as Lloyds TSB Bank plc between 1999 and 2013. The bank is the subsidiary of Lloyds Banking Group, which was formed in January 2009 by the acquisition of HBOS by the then-Lloyds TSB Group. That year, following the UK bank rescue package, the British Government took a 43. 4% stake in Lloyds Banking Group, the new business began operations on 9 September 2013 under the TSB brand. Lloyds TSB was subsequently renamed Lloyds Bank on 23 September 2013, Lloyds Bank is the largest retail bank in Britain, and has an extensive network of branches and ATM in England and Wales and offers 24-hour telephone and online banking services. As of 2012 it has 16 million personal customers and small business accounts, Lloyds Bank came 10th out of 12 in the British Bank Awards 2016. It has its operational Headquarters in London and other offices in Wales and it also operates a number of office complex, brand headquarters and data centres in Yorkshire including Leeds, Sheffield and Halifax. The origins of Lloyds Bank date from 1765, when button maker John Taylor and Quaker iron producer and dealer Sampson Lloyd II set up a banking business in Dale End. The first branch opened in Oldbury, some six miles west of Birmingham. The symbol adopted by Taylors and Lloyds was the beehive, representing industry, the black horse regardant device dates from 1677, when Humphrey Stokes adopted it as sign for his shop. Stokes was a goldsmith and keeper of the running cashes and the became part of Barnett. When Lloyds took over that bank in 1884, it continued to trade at the sign of the black horse, the association with the Taylor family ended in 1852 and, in 1865, Lloyds & Co. converted into a joint-stock company known as Lloyds Banking Company Ltd. The first report of the company in 1865 stated, LLOYDS BANKING COMPANY LIMITED – Authorized Capital £2,000,000, FOUNDED ON The Private Banks of Messrs. Moilliet and Sons, with-which have subsequently been amalgamated the Banks of Messrs. P. H. Williams, Wednesbury and your Directors have the satisfaction to report that they have concluded an agreement with the well-known and old-established firm of Messrs. It will be submitted to you for final confirmation after the close of the Ordinary General Meeting. Eventually, this became absorbed into the original Lloyds Banking Company, and, finally, Lloyds Bank Limited in 1889. By 1923, Lloyds Bank had made some 50 takeovers, one of which was the last private firm to issue its own banknotes—Fox, Fowler and Company of Wellington, today, the Bank of England has a monopoly of banknote issue in England and Wales
33.
Royal Bank of Scotland
–
Royal Bank of Scotland, commonly abbreviated as RBS, is one of the retail banking subsidiaries of The Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc, together with NatWest and Ulster Bank. The Royal Bank of Scotland has around 700 branches, mainly in Scotland though there are branches in many towns and cities throughout England. The Equivalent Society became the Equivalent Company in 1724, and the new company wished to move into banking, the British government received the request favourably as the Old Bank, the Bank of Scotland, was suspected of having Jacobite sympathies. Accordingly, the New Bank was chartered in 1727 as the Royal Bank of Scotland, with Archibald Campbell, Lord Ilay, on 31 May 1728, the Royal Bank of Scotland invented the overdraft, which was later considered an innovation in modern banking. It allowed William Hogg, a merchant in the High Street of Edinburgh, competition between the Old and New Banks was fierce and centred on the issue of banknotes. The policy of the Royal Bank was to drive the Bank of Scotland out of business. The Royal Bank built up large holdings of the Bank of Scotlands notes, to pay these notes, the Bank of Scotland was forced to call in its loans and, in March 1728, to suspend payments. Despite talk of a merger with the Bank of Scotland, the Royal Bank did not possess the wherewithal to complete the deal. By September 1728, the Bank of Scotland was able to start redeeming its notes again, with interest, the bank opened its first branch office outside Edinburgh in 1783 when it opened one in Glasgow, in part of a drapers shop in the High Street. Further branches were opened in Dundee, Rothesay, Dalkeith, Greenock, Port Glasgow, in 1821, the bank moved from its original head office in Edinburghs Old Town to Dundas House, on St. Andrew Square in the New Town. The building as seen along George Street forms the end of the central vista in New Town. It was designed for Sir Lawrence Dundas by Sir William Chambers as a Palladian mansion, an axial banking hall behind the building, designed by John Dick Peddie, was added in 1857, it features a domed roof, painted blue internally, with gold star-shaped coffers. The banking hall continues in use as a branch of the bank, the rest of the nineteenth century saw the bank pursue mergers with other Scottish banks, chiefly as a response to failing institutions. The assets and liabilities of the Western Bank were acquired following its collapse in 1857, by 1910, the Royal Bank of Scotland had 158 branches and around 900 staff. In 1969, the merged with the National Commercial Bank of Scotland to become the largest clearing bank in Scotland. The first London branch of the Royal Bank of Scotland opened in 1874, an agreement was reached, under which English banks would not open branches in Scotland and Scottish banks would not open branches in England outside London. This agreement remained in place until the 1960s, although various cross-border acquisitions were permitted, the latter two were merged in 1970 to form Williams and Glyns Bank, but not rebranded as the Royal Bank of Scotland until 1985. Also in 2011, Royal Bank of Scotland prevented Basic Account holders from using the ATMs of most rival banks, in June 2012, computer problems prevented customers accessing accounts
34.
John Lewis Partnership
–
The John Lewis Partnership is an employee-owned UK company which operates John Lewis department stores, Waitrose supermarkets, its banking and financial services, and other retail-related activities. The JLP group is the third largest UK private company by sales in the Sunday Times Top Track 100 for 2016, the chains image is upmarket, and it appeals strongly to middle- and upper-class shoppers. The Partnership also supplies the Ocado web supermarket with Waitrose own-brand foods, John Lewis opened a drapery shop at 132 Oxford Street, London in 1864. Born in Shepton Mallet in Somerset in 1836, he had been apprenticed at 14 to a draper in Wells. He came to London in 1856 and worked as a salesman for Peter Robinson, there he sold silk and woollen cloth and haberdashery. His retailing philosophy was to buy good quality merchandise and sell it at a modest mark up, although he carried a wide range of merchandise, he didn’t bother much about displaying it, and never advertised. His skill lay in sourcing the goods he sold, and most mornings he would go to the City, later he would make trips to Paris to buy silks. Lewis spurned holidays and games, and devoted entirely to the business. He invested the money he made from it in residential and small retail properties and he never held sales, saying that he was intent on building a sound, permanent business. In 1884, aged 48, Lewis married Eliza Baker, a schoolmistress with a university education, a second son, Oswald Lewis, was born in 1887. After Westminster School, both sons joined Lewis in the business, and he gave each of them a share of it on their twenty-first birthdays. There was constant quarrelling between Lewis and his sons, by 1909, Oswald wanted to leave the business, and Lewis senior reluctantly agreed to buy back Oswald’s quarter share of the firm for £50,000. Lewis had several run-ins with Lord Howard de Walden, his Oxford Street landlord, in 1911, de Walden sued him for libel, Lewis was found guilty, but the jury awarded damages of just a farthing. In 1906, Lewis bought a controlling interest in the Sloane Square-based business Peter Jones Limited, Lewis walked from Oxford Street with the £20,000 purchase price in bank notes. He shortened their working day and instituted a system of commission for each department and he held regular meetings at which staff could air any grievances directly with him. In 1916, after a disagreement with his father, Spedan Lewis exchanged his 25 per cent interest in the Oxford Street business for Lewiss shares in Peter Jones Limited and he made improvements in staff conditions, including granting a third weeks paid holiday each year. He had hot and cold running water installed in the staff bedrooms over the shop, in 1918, he started publishing a fortnightly newspaper telling staff how the business was faring. In 1919, he instituted a council, the first decision of which was that staff should be paid weekly instead of four-weekly
35.
Lend Lease Project Management & Construction
–
Lend Lease Project Management & Construction is the international project management and construction division of Lend Lease Group. The origins of Lend Lease Project Management & Construction date back to the establishment of C. W. Bovis & Co by Charles William Bovis in London in 1885 and it changed hands in 1908 when it was acquired by Samuel Joseph and his cousin, Sidney Gluckstein. The client receives any savings during construction instead of the contractor. ”During World War II, Bovis built the factory at Swynnerton. At the end of hostilities, Bovis resumed work for the sector and in the early 1950s. Following the acquisition of Frank Sandersons business in 1967, Bovis Homes expanded rapidly, Frank Sanderson was to change radically the future of Bovis. He was appointed Managing Director of Bovis Holdings in January 1970, after a number of housing acquisitions, Sanderson attempted to obtain control of P&O by means of a reverse takeover. An initial agreement was followed by a boardroom and shareholder revolt at P&O, there was boardroom dissension, too, at Bovis and Sanderson was forced out in September 1973. One of Sanderson’s acquisitions, in 1971, had been Twentieth Century Banking, the crisis came to a head in December 1973 when National Westminster Bank refused to provide the necessary funds. A rescue of Bovis was inevitable and, ironically, the proved to be P&O. From 1985 the company was led by Sir Frank Lampl, who changed it from a British concern into an international contractor, Bovis Homes was demerged in 1997, and floated on the London Stock Exchange. The company was bought by Lend Lease Corporation in 1999, at time it became Bovis Lend Lease. The firemen consulted the check list, thought they had a good system, only when they reached the dangerous area that was on fire, did they realize the system did not have any water pressure, and they died trying to retreat amid the confusion. As of June 2011, two out of the three individuals charged in the manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide case have been acquitted. On 17 February 2011 Lend Lease announced wider ranging changes to its group of brands, for a ten-year time span ending in 2009, the company along with others devised a scheme to defraud federal, state and local government contracting agencies as well as private clients. The fine is the largest in the citys history, on 29 October 2012 the long boom of a Lend Lease construction crane atop the 1,004 foot high One57 snapped during Hurricane Sandy forcing the evacuation of several buildings in Midtown Manhattan. The company has managed construction projects worldwide, including retail developments, Lend Leases Project Management & Construction Business has a significant presence in Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States. Key sector expertise includes commercial, retail, residential, government, as a major contractor in the UK, Lend Lease Project Management & Construction is a contractor member of Build UK. the International Convention Centre Sydney due to be completed in 2016. Building Relationships, The History of Bovis 1885-2000, Peter Cooper, Cassell & Co ISBN 978-0-297-82533-3
36.
Pound sterling
–
It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
37.
Hoodie
–
A hoodie is a sweatshirt with a hood. Hoodies often include a muff sewn onto the front. Hooded garments have been a part of mens and womens wear for centuries. The word hood derives from the Anglo-Saxon word hōd, ultimately of the root as English hat. Its appearance was known in England at least as early as the 12th century, possibly an import with the Norman conquest of England, the hooded sweatshirt was first produced in the United States starting in the 1930s. The modern clothing style was first produced by Champion in the 1930s, the term hoodie entered popular usage in the 1990s. The hoodie took off in the 1970s, with several factors contributing to its success, most critical to the hoodies popularity during this time was its iconic appearance in the blockbuster Rocky film. The rise of hoodies with university logos began around this time, by the 1990s, the hoodie had evolved into a symbol of isolation, a statement of academic spirit, and several fashion collections. The association with chavs or neds in the UK developed around this time, young men, often skateboarders or surfers, sported the hoodie and spread the trend across the western United States, most significantly in California. Tommy Hilfiger, Giorgio Armani, and Ralph Lauren, for example, a crystal-studded hoodie made by rapper Sean Diddy Combs was acquired by the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. In June 2011, police in Wynnum, Brisbane, launched a Hoodie Free Zone initiative, the zone is part of an initiative to educate businesses on how they can avoid armed robberies, in which the clothing is often worn. Across Canada, hoodies are a popular clothing item in which are worn under a coat or jacket to provide an extra layer of clothing during the winter. In the province of Saskatchewan, hoodies without zippers are bunny hugs, Archbishop David Moxon, Archbishop of the Anglican Dioceses, and Brian Turner President of the Methodist Church of NZ also participated in the campaign. Support and criticism were raised by politicians, who were divided over the 2008 event, liz Baxendine, president of Age Concern at the time, said to the media, Older people and young people have a lot in common. We both face stereotypes based on our age rather than our real achievements and outlook on life, weve got to destigmatise the hoodie and see it for what it is. We need to take the hoodie back, in the UK, hoodies have been the subject of much criticism, some shoplifters have used the hood to conceal their identities from CCTV cameras in shopping centres. The hoodie became a clothing item by the 1990s. During the 21st century, it had gained an image, being associated with trouble making teens
38.
Baseball cap
–
A baseball cap is a type of soft cap with a rounded crown and a stiff peak projecting in front. The front of the cap typically contains designs or logos of sports teams, the back of the cap may be fitted to the wearers head size or it may have a plastic, Velcro, or elastic adjuster so that it can be quickly adjusted to fit different wearers. The baseball cap is a part of the traditional uniform worn by players. The cap is seen in everyday casual wear. In 1860, the Brooklyn Excelsiors wore the ancestor of the modern baseball cap, which featured a long peak and a button on top, and by 1900. During the 1940s, latex rubber became the material inside the hat. The peak, also known in areas as the bill or brim, was designed to protect a players eyes from the sun. Typically, the peak was much shorter in the days of the baseball hat. Also, the hat has become more structured, versus the overall cap of the 19th. The baseball cap was and still is an important means by which to identify a team, often the logo, mascot, or teams initial was placed on the cap. Usually, the cap was also fashioned in the colors of a particular team. The basic shape, including curved peak, is similar to styles of 19th century sun bonnets. Fitted baseball caps, those without an adjuster, are sewn in six sections. Metal grommets or fabric eyelets are often sewn or attached near the top of each of the six sections of fabric to provide ventilation, in some cases, the rear sections of the crown are made of net-like mesh material for extra ventilation. The peak is typically stiffened by a piece of paperboard or stiff plastic. Baseball caps are made of many types of material and shaped in various styles for different purposes, major and minor league baseball players wear classic-style caps made of wool with their teams simple logo and colors, the logo is usually embroidered into the fabric. Formerly, baseball caps only came in standard hat sizes, since 1980, they have also been available in a one-size-fits-all form, with an adjustment strap in the back. The style, commonly called snapback, has become popular as fashion accessories
39.
Tony Blair
–
Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
40.
Westfield London
–
Westfield London is a shopping centre in White City, London, United Kingdom, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. The centre was developed by the Westfield Group at a cost of £1. 6bn, on a site bounded by the West Cross Route and it opened on 30 October 2008 and became the largest covered shopping development in the capital, dethroning the Whitgift Centre in Croydon. The site is part of the White City district, where other large scale development projects are under way or in the planning stages. Much of the site was in use as a railway depot excavated to a lower level, the centre is noted for its size, it has a retail floor area of 150,000 m², the equivalent of about 30 football pitches. At the time of its opening it was reported to be the second largest commercial centre in the UK, the nearest London Underground stations are Wood Lane, White City, Shepherds Bush and Shepherds Bush Market. The nearest rail station is Shepherds Bush, served by suburban London Overground services, the initial plan for a shopping centre at this location was developed by a consortium, the largest company involved being the UK division of Australian property company Multiplex. However, due to financial losses in other ventures, including the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, Multiplex was forced to sell its stake to another Australian company. The development was built by Westfield Construction, the developers own construction arm and was delivered on schedule, robert Bird Group were the structural engineers for the job. The roof was designed by Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering, the project took five years to build, employing 8,000 people. The Project Director was John Roberts, there was a structural/organisational challenge relating to the White City depot of the Central line railway. There were also considerable precautions needed due to the expectation of finding unexploded bombs from raids on a munitions factory during the World War II blitz. The centre opened to the public on 30 October 2008 by Bethan Garratt and it has a retail floor area of 150,000 m². The development also includes a retail area called The Village. The area includes brands Burberry, De Beers, Georg Jensen, Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Miu Miu, Mulberry, Myla, Tiffany & Co and Versace. Vue opened a cinema on 12 February 2010, including five 3-D-enabled screens. There are also three other close by, White City, Shepherds Bush Market and Holland Park. London Overground/Southern, Shepherds Bush railway station is a constructed station on the West London Line. The station, which opened on 28 September 2008, is located on the side of the Westfield centre
41.
BBC
–
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
42.
Showcase Cinemas
–
Showcase Cinemas is a movie theater chain owned and operated by National Amusements. It operates more than 950 indoor screens, with 32 theater locations in the United States and a number of theaters across the United Kingdom, Brazil. Several new theaters and recently renovated theaters feature in-theater dining, plush leather seats and its facilities outside the theater include restaurants, cocktail lounges, food courts, and concession stands. All locations are handicapped accessible and offer assistance devices for the hearing, outside the United States, Showcase Cinemas operates movie theater locations in the United Kingdom, Brazil, and Argentina. Showcase Cinemas works exclusively with MovieTickets. com, allowing the purchase of tickets online. The Starpass movie rewards program is a loyalty program used by many Showcase theaters in the United States, participants earn points for nearly everything purchased, including tickets, concessions, and purchases at restaurants available at select theatres. When a certain point amount is reached, members receive a free popcorn, movie ticket. The voucher will print when your card is swiped at an ATM, box office, members also receive a free popcorn as a special birthday gift. Movie-goers who purchase tickets online at MovieTickets. com can also use their Starpass rewards to claim points for online purchases, convenience fees are waived for purchases made on MovieTickets. com. There are three of these new cinemas that have opened in the UK and across the USA including the Showcase Superlux in Chestnut Hill and these movie theater locations provide in-theater dining options as well as a full bar with service directly to your seat. Additionally, many theaters offers theatre rentals for meetings, sales conferences, product launches and these events can be catered with food and beverages as needed. There are four of these new cinemas that have opened in the UK, the integrated digital signage network for the Showcase Cinema de Lux brand was awarded Digital Signage Project of the Year 2008, from the AV Awards. This digital signage was completed in partnership with Beaver Group, Showcase Cinemas US Showcase Cinemas UK Showcase Argentina
43.
McDonald's
–
McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
44.
Pizza Hut
–
Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise, known for its Italian-American cuisine menu including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts. The company has over 15,000 locations worldwide as of 2015, Brands, Inc. one of the worlds largest restaurant companies. Pizza Hut was founded in June 1958 by two Wichita State University students, brothers Dan and Frank Carney, as a location in Wichita. PepsiCo acquired Pizza Hut in 1977, before closing in 2015, the oldest continuously operating Pizza Hut was in Manhattan, Kansas, in a shopping and tavern district known as Aggieville near Kansas State University. The first Pizza Hut restaurant east of the Mississippi was opened in Athens, Ohio in 1966 by Lawrence Berberick, Pizza Hut was one of the first American franchises to open in Iraq. The company announced a rebrand that began on November 19,2014, the rebrand was an effort to increase sales, which dropped in the previous two years. The menu was expanded to various items such as crust flavors. Work uniforms for employees were also refreshed, in 2017, Pizza Hut was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 24 in the list of 200 Most Influential Brands in the World. Some full-size Pizza Hut locations have a buffet, with all-you-can-eat pizza, salad, bread sticks. Pizza Hut has other business concepts different from the type, Pizza Hut Bistro locations are Red Roofs which have an expanded menu. An upscale concept was unveiled in 2004, called Pizza Hut Italian Bistro, at 50 U. S. locations, the Bistro is similar to a traditional Pizza Hut, except the menu features new, Italian-themed dishes such as penne pasta, chicken pomodoro, and toasted sandwiches. Instead of black, white, and red, Bistro locations feature a burgundy, Pizza Hut Bistros still serve the chains traditional pizzas and sides. In some cases, Pizza Hut has replaced a Red Roof location with the new concept, Pizza Hut Express and The Hut locations are fast food restaurants. They offer a menu with many products not seen at a traditional Pizza Hut. Vintage Red Roof locations, designed by architect Richard D. Burke, can be found in the United States and Canada, several exist in the UK, Australia, and Mexico. These buildings rarely show up in architectural journals, yet they have some of the most numerous and conspicuous in the United States today. This building style was common in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the name Red Roof is somewhat anachronistic now, since many locations have brown roofs. Dozens of Red Roofs have closed or been relocated or rebuilt, many Red Roof branches have beer if not a full bar, music from a jukebox, and sometimes an arcade
45.
Nando's
–
Nandos is an international casual dining restaurant chain originating in South Africa, with a Mozambican/Portuguese theme. Founded in 1987, Nandos operates about 1,000 outlets in 30 countries, Nandos specialises in grilled chicken dishes with various peri-peri marinades. After trying the chicken, cooked in piri piri, a sauce originating in Mozambique. They renamed the restaurant Nandos after Fernando, after two years, the restaurant had four outlets, three in Johannesburg and one in Portugal. By 2013, around 1,000 Nandos branches were in 35 countries, in 2010, Advertising Age magazine named Nandos as one of the worlds top 30 hottest marketing brands. As of July 2014, the Nandos restaurant group is owned by South African businessman Dick Enthoven. Enthovens son, Robby Enthoven, was responsible for expanding the Nandos chain in the United Kingdom, Nandos specialises in flame-grilled peri peri chicken. The chicken is served in quarters, halves, wholes, and it also serves burgers, pitas, salads, wings and wraps. Nandos has locations in five continents worldwide, the first Nandos restaurant was opened in South Africa in 1987 by Fernando Duarte. By 1997, there were 105 Nandos restaurants in the country, Nandos has been operating in Botswana since 1993. There are three Nandos restaurants in Mauritius, Nandos launched in Namibia in 1995. There are two outlets in Swaziland, in Mbabane and Manzini, Nandos began operating in Zambia in 2002. In Zimbabwe, there are a total of 11 restaurants, Nandos has been running in Bangladesh since 2007. The first restaurant was opened in Dhanmondi area and it is running there as a franchised business. All four of the outlets in Bangladesh sell halal foods, Nandos opened restaurants in India in late 2010. As of February 2013, Nandos has restaurants in five cities, Nandos plans additional expansion in India. Nandos has been established in Malaysia since 1998, as of May 2015, there were 69 restaurants operating throughout the country. Nandos has been established since 2001, It has currently eight restaurants nationwide, in Qatar, Nandos has been established since 2001, with the first restaurant located on Salwa Road
46.
KFC
–
Kentucky Fried Chicken, more commonly known by its initials KFC, is an American fast food restaurant chain that specializes in fried chicken. Headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, it is the worlds second-largest restaurant chain after McDonalds, the chain is a subsidiary of Yum. Brands, a restaurant company that owns the Pizza Hut. KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Sanders, an entrepreneur who began selling fried chicken from his restaurant in Corbin. Sanders identified the potential of the restaurant franchising concept, and the first Kentucky Fried Chicken franchise opened in Utah in 1952, KFC popularized chicken in the fast food industry, diversifying the market by challenging the established dominance of the hamburger. By branding himself as Colonel Sanders, Harland became a prominent figure of American cultural history, however, the companys rapid expansion overwhelmed the aging Sanders and he sold it to a group of investors led by John Y. Brown Jr. and Jack C. KFC was one of the first American fast food chains to expand internationally, opening outlets in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Jamaica by the mid-1960s. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, it experienced mixed fortunes domestically, in the early-1970s, KFC was sold to the spirits distributor Heublein, which was taken over by the R. J. Reynolds food and tobacco conglomerate, that sold the chain to PepsiCo. The chain continued to expand overseas, however, and in 1987 and it has since expanded rapidly in China, which is now the companys single largest market. PepsiCo spun off its restaurants division as Tricon Global Restaurants, which changed its name to Yum. KFCs original product is fried chicken pieces, seasoned with Sanders recipe of 11 herbs. The constituents of the recipe represent a notable trade secret, larger portions of fried chicken are served in a cardboard bucket, which has become a well known feature of the chain since it was first introduced by franchisee Pete Harman in 1957. KFC is known for its former and current slogan Finger Lickin Good, Harland Sanders was born in 1890 and raised on a farm outside Henryville, Indiana. When Sanders was five years old, his father died, forcing his mother to work at a canning plant and this left Sanders, as the eldest son, to care for his two younger siblings. After he reached seven years of age, his mother taught him how to cook, after leaving the family home at the age of 13, Sanders passed through several professions, with mixed success. In 1930, he took over a Shell filling station on US Route 25 just outside North Corbin, Kentucky and it was here that he first served to travelers the recipes that he had learned as a child, fried chicken and other dishes such as steaks and country ham. After four years of serving from his own dining table, Sanders purchased the larger filling station on the other side of the road
47.
Giraffe World Kitchen
–
Giraffe Restaurants is a United Kingdom restaurant and cafe chain, founded in Hampstead in 1998 by Juliette Joffe, Russel Joffe and Andrew Jacobs. Giraffe was owned by its founders, with financial backing from private shareholders, 3i investment group. 3i invested £10 million in the company in 2006, in a deal valued the chain at £24 million. On 13 March 2013, it was announced that the chain was to be acquired by Tesco for £48. 6m, as part of the acquisition, 3i and Risk Capital Partners sold their shares in the company. In June 2016, Tesco reached an agreement to sell the company to Boparan Holdings, the company has 48 outlets across the UK, including fifteen in London. The companys first outlet in Scotland is in Aberdeens shopping development, a second opened at Siverburn shopping centre in Glasgow on 30 June 2014. In Autumn 2014, branches opened at Tesco stores in Bournemouth, Inverness and it was announced in January 2016 that four restaurants will be closing or moving over to the Tesco Family Dining cafe brand. The four that closed were Silverburn, Newcastle, Poole and Swindon and it was further announced in March 2016 another seven restaurants would close, including those in York, Martlesham, Bournemouth and Sutton. After selling Giraffe, Tesco announced the closure of all branches located within their stores, in September 2016, the company introduced a new brand, Giraffe World Kitchen, beginning with its Basingstoke branch. Junior awards, best restaurant commendation Best family restaurant, Hardens Best in Social Media, caterer web awards Best corporate twitter, goldentwits
