1.
Quarterback
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A quarterback is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the team and line up directly behind the offensive line. In modern American football, the quarterback is considered the leader of the offensive team. In modern American football, the quarterback is usually the leader of the offense, the quarterback touches the ball on almost every offensive play, and his successes and failures can have a significant impact on the fortunes of his team. Accordingly, the quarterback is among the most glorified and scrutinized positions in team sports, prior to each play, the quarterback will usually tell the rest of his team which play the team will run. After the team is lined up, the center will pass the ball back to the quarterback, usually on a running play, the quarterback will then hand or pitch the ball backwards to a half back or full back. On a passing play, the quarterback is almost always the responsible for trying to throw the ball downfield to an eligible receiver downfield. Depending on the scheme by his team, the quarterbacks role can vary. While quarterbacks in Canadian football need to be able to throw the ball often, in the NFL, quarterbacks are required to wear a uniform number between 1 and 19. In the CFL, the quarterback can wear any number from 0 to 49 and 70 to 99. Because of their numbering, quarterbacks are eligible receivers in the NCAA, NFHS, after a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is chosen for the Im going to Disney World. Campaign, whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not, examples include Joe Montana, Trent Dilfer, Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis murder trial the prior year. In addition to their role, quarterbacks are occasionally used in other roles. Most teams utilize a backup quarterback as their holder on placekicks, in the Wildcat, a formation where a halfback lines up behind the center and the quarterback lines up out wide, the quarterback can be used as a receiving target or a blocker. A more rare use for a quarterback is to punt the ball himself, Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway was known to perform quick kicks occasionally, typically when the Broncos were facing a third-and-long situation. As Roger Staubachs back-up, Dallas Cowboys quarterback Danny White was also the teams punter, ascending the starting role upon Staubachs retirement, White held his position as the teams punter for several seasons—a double duty he performed to All-American standard at Arizona State University. White also had two touchdown receptions as a Dallas Cowboy, both from the halfback option, if quarterbacks are uncomfortable with the formation the defense is using, they may call an audible change to their play
2.
Halfback (American football)
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A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i. e. a running back. The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field, sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking. Before the emergence of the T-formation in the 1940s, all members of the backfield were legitimate threats to run or pass the ball. Most teams used four offensive backs on every play, a quarterback, the quarterback began each play a quarter of the way back, the halfbacks began each play side by side and halfway back, and the fullback began each play the farthest back. Historically, from the 1870s through the 1950s, the position was both an offensive and defensive position. There has also been a shift in most offense’s dependence on halfbacks, however, the average output of the halfback has not changed. Older systems require the halfback be proficient at throwing the ball downfield as well, many of the “scat backs” in the modern era produce more total yards and touchdowns than their ancestor “power backs” by breaking off big plays on outside runs and receptions. The spread offense and the hurry-up offense change the halfback’s role, the spread, the hurry-up, and the pro-style offenses dominate American football but the “smash-mouth” style of play is far from extinct. A power-running scheme is often utilized to counter an effective Spread attack, as it allows a team to control the clock and this strategy is utilized in NFL, college, and all other forms of American football. The need for “power backs is very prevalent, alongside the need for “scat backs”, in the past few decades the role of the halfback has gone through a great shift as most offensive game plans are now fueled by creativity and finesse instead of raw force. Stamina and durability is more important than ever in the hurry-up offense, on the other hand, speed is often valued over strength, and pass-catching ability is sometimes valued over blocking proficiency. Power was once the most desired trait in a halfback, but has been taken by the need for a diverse skill set. In the last few decades the running back’s individual share of output has declined as quarterbacks are generally treated as the cornerstone of the offense. The demands of an up-tempo offense also favor a multiple running back system, from the dawn of American football through the 1880s most offensive schemes focused on the running game. In a running based game plan the halfback was typically the cornerstone of the offense and this system focused on a physical run attack concentrated in the inside of the field, and therefore depended on a skilled “power back”. There were no forward passes, and pure speed took a backseat to tackle-breaking and bucking ability, there was a focus on physicality over finesse, as this type of playing style earned the moniker of “smash mouth” football
3.
Placekicker
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Placekicker, or simply kicker, is the player in American and Canadian football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points. In many cases, the placekicker also serves as the kickoff specialist or punter as well. The kicker initially was not a specialized role, george Blanda, Frank Gifford and Paul Hornung are prominent examples of players who were stars at other positions as well as being known for their kicking abilities. When the one-platoon system was abolished in the 1940s, the era of players gave way to increased specialization. Ben Agajanian, who started his career in 1945, was the first confirmed place-kicking specialist in the NFL. Because of the difference in techniques needed, to avoid leg fatigue, the placekicker usually will only punt when the punter is injured, and vice versa. A professional team will occasionally even have a kickoff specialist who handles only the kickoffs and serves as a backup to the kicker who handles field goals and extra points. This is typically done to protect a premier point-scoring kicker from injury or if he, while accurate. Amateur teams often do not differentiate between placekickers and punters, have different players assume different placekicking duties, or have regular position players handle kicking duties, the last option is quite common on high school teams, when the best athletes are often the best kickers. Before the modern era of pro football, this was also the case for professional teams, placekickers and punters are often the lowest paid starters on professional teams, although proven placekickers sometimes earn over $1 million per year in salary. It is not uncommon for placekickers to be some of the smallest members of their team, however, The New York Times in 2011 wrote that NFL kickers had adopted year-round weight training and strict diets. Sebastian Janikowski that year was a 6-foot-2-inch and 250-pound kicker, kicker Rob Bironas, who was 6 feet and 205 pounds, noted, I might be bigger than some wide receivers and cornerbacks. The presence of foreign born-and-raised players in the highest levels of football has largely been limited to placekickers. Notably Tom Landry recruited several players from Latin America, such as Efren Herrera and Raphael Septien. These anecdotes increase the perception of the placekicker as an outsider, the top 25 players in NFL history in career scoring are all placekickers. Stephen Gostkowski, of the New England Patriots, is the NFLs highest paid kicker, in the NFL, placekickers, along with punters and quarterbacks, are among the only players allowed to wear single-digit uniform numbers, kickers can also wear numbers between 10 and 19. In college and high school football, kickers can wear any number, the two players in documented football history to have worn the uniform number 100, Chuck Kinder and Bill Bell, were both placekickers. Previously, most placekickers used a straight on style, which required the use of a shoe that is extremely rigid and has a flattened
4.
Fremont, Ohio
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Fremont is a city in and the county seat of Sandusky County, Ohio, United States, located about 40 miles from Toledo. The population was 16,734 at the 2010 census and it was the home of Rutherford B. Hayes, who served as President of the United States from 1877 to 1881, the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center remains one of the focal points of Fremont, OH. The National Arbor Day Foundation designated Fremont as a Tree City USA, the area which is now Fremont was originally a Wyandot village. In the 1750s a French trading post was established there, in 1787 the United States established the Northwest Territory, and in 1803 the southeastern portion of the Territory was admitted to the Union as part of the new state of Ohio. During the early and mid 1800s a few Europeans and African Americans, predominantly runaway slaves, settled in the area, Fort Stephenson was built there during the War of 1812, and the Battle of Fort Stephenson was fought there in August 1813. In 1821 Lower Sandusky became the county seat of Sandusky County, the town gradually expanded, with primary occupations being shipbuilding, fishing, and agricultural processing. In 1849 the residents changed the name of Lower Sandusky to Fremont, in 1873 future president Rutherford B. Hayes moved into a family home in Fremont called Spiegel Grove. The home is now part of the Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont is located at 41°20′56″N 83°7′2″W, along the Sandusky River. The city has an area of 8.57 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 16,734 people,6,745 households, the population density was 2,004.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,541 housing units at a density of 903.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 80. 7% White,8. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 3% Asian,5. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 1% of the population. 32. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 27. 2% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 7% were from 25 to 44,24. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 8% male and 52. 2% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 17,375 people,6,856 households, and 4,374 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,313.1 people per square mile, there were 7,368 housing units at an average density of 980.9 per square mile
5.
Sylvania, Ohio
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Sylvania is a city in Lucas County, Ohio, United States. The population was 18,965 at the 2010 census, Sylvania is a suburb of Toledo. Its northern border is the border of the State of Michigan. A post office called Sylvania has been in operation since 1859, Sylvania is located at 41°42′41″N 83°42′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.53 square miles. Sylvania is approximately 10 miles west-northwest of Toledo, Ohio, as of the census of 2010, there were 18,965 people,7,642 households, and 5,092 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,926.7 inhabitants per square mile, there were 8,165 housing units at an average density of 1,260.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 4% White,2. 7% African American,0. 1% Native American,2. 3% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 9% of the population,28. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 3.02. The median age in the city was 42.7 years. 23. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 5% were from 25 to 44,29. 9% were from 45 to 64, and 17. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 3% male and 52. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 18,670 people,7,151 households, and 5,070 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,223.2 people per square mile, there were 7,392 housing units at an average density of 1,276.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 20% White,1. 00% African American,0. 10% Native American,2. 10% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 64% from other races, and 0. 96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 63% of the population, the city has a significant Jewish community. 25. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.16. In the city, the population was out with 28. 2% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,26. 7% from 25 to 44,25. 0% from 45 to 64
6.
Ohio Bobcats football
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The Ohio Bobcats football team is an intercollegiate varsity sports program of Ohio University. The team represents the university as a member of the Mid-American Conference, the Bobcats have played their home games in Peden Stadium in Athens, Ohio since 1929. Ohio Bobcats football began in 1894 with an 8–0 loss to Marietta College, since then, the Bobcats have posted a 532–535–48 record over their 120-year existence and a 215–248–11 record over their 68 years in MAC games. The Bobcats have won five MAC championships, in 1953,1960,1963,1967, and 1968, prior to joining the MAC, the Bobcats won six Buckeye Athletic Association championships, in 1929,1930,1931,1935,1936, and 1938. In 1960, the Bobcats were crowned National Small College Champions after compiling a 10–0 record under Bill Hess, Ohio won their first bowl game on December 17,2011 with a 24–23 victory over the Utah State Aggies in the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl. Ohio followed up that win with another in 2012 over Louisiana–Monroe in the 2012 Independence Bowl. In 2013, Ohio played in their fifth consecutive bowl game, in 1892, Ohio University became a member of a four-school conference—the Athletic League of Ohio Colleges—which included Otterbein College, Wittenberg University, and Marietta College. A schedule never materialized, however, and the league dissolved before even a game was played. In preparation, though, a team was formed on Ohios campus and he soon began coaching the team, according to the student newspaper, the Panorama. For the first time, the team was given space in the Athena yearbook in 1892. The entire team was listed by position and name, the first intercollegiate football game involving an Ohio University team was played in Athens in 1894 against Marietta College. It was the only contest played that year by Ohio, with Marietta winning by a score of 8–0, the next year the Bobcats faced a five-game schedule, under the leadership of coach Harvey Deme. The 1895 squad was 2-3, with wins against Parkersburg High School and Lancaster High School, from 1896 to 1905, the football program was in a state of flux, with a new coach taking over the reins every year. The best records of time period were forged in 1897 and 1901 under Warwick Ford and Art Jones. The Cats were 7–2 in their 1897 campaign, and posted a 6–1–2 record in 1901, the 1897 season, which produced the best record of any of the 19th Century campaigns, started with two straight losses—to Marietta College and Cincinnati. The team then reeled off seven straight victories over Muskingum College, Dennison College, Ohio Medical University, West Virginia University, Otterbein College. The 1906 squad exploded for a 7–1 record, with wins over respected programs such as West Virginia University, the program tailed off considerably in 1907, however, and would not post a.500 record until 1911 under coach Arthur Hinaman. The 1911 squad outscored all opponents 88–44, but only managed to post a 3–3–2 record, arguably the greatest Ohio team of the early era was Mark Banks 1915 squad
7.
Pittsburgh Americans
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The Pittsburgh Americans or Pittsburgh Amerks were a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 1936 until 1937. The team was a member of the major-league American Football League, when plans for the league were announced on November 15,1935, fifteen cities bid for charter franchises for the new league. On April 11,1936, Pittsburgh and seven cities were awarded franchises. The Americans were organized by Dick Guy, a sports editor, rudy Comstock who played for five teams in the NFL, was then named the teams coach. The Amerks played all of their games at Pittsburghs Forbes Field. The team was to have played at Duquesne University, however, the Amerks were able to purchase a lighting system from a circus. The Amerks first-ever league game was played on October 4,1936 against the Syracuse Braves at MacArthur Stadium, Pittsburgh rallied to win the game 27-16. The teams first season resulted in a record and a fourth-place finish for the Americans with a record of 3-2-1. The Americans were also not without stars, they signed former Pittsburgh Pirates Ben Smith, however, the teams performance on the field didnt mirror that of ticket sales and attendance. The Americans finished last in the league for attendance, averaging only 2500 spectators in attendance for games at Forbes Field. However, the team drew large crowds on the road against the New York Yankees, Rochester Tigers, while the Americans survived their first season, the team was folded after the third game of the 1937 season. The team played its first game at Forbes Field against the Los Angeles Bulldogs, jess Quatse, a former stand-out for the Pitt Panthers, served as the teams coach. The rest of the league would cease operations at the end of season,1936 Pittsburgh Americans season 1937 Pittsburgh Americans season
8.
History of the Cleveland Rams
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The professional American football team now known as the Los Angeles Rams was established in Cleveland, and played there from 1936 to 1945. This article chronicles the history during their time as the Cleveland Rams. The move of the team to Los Angeles helped to jump-start the reintegration of pro football by African-American players, after being based in Los Angeles for 49 years, the Rams franchise moved again after the 1994 NFL season to St. Louis. In 2016, the team moved back to Los Angeles after 21 seasons in St. Louis. Coached by Wetzel, and featuring future Hall-of-Fame coach Sid Gillman as a receiver, the team might have hosted an AFL championship game at Clevelands League Park, however, the Boston team canceled because its unpaid players refused to participate. The Rams then moved from the poorly managed AFL to the National Football League in February 1937, marshman and the other Rams stockholders paid $10,000 for an NFL franchise, then put up $55,000 to capitalize the new club, and Wetzel became general manager. After the team dropped its first three games of 1938, Wetzel was fired, then Bezdek, art Lewis became coach, and guided the team to four victories in its last eight games and a 4-7 record. The franchise began to rebound in 1944 under the direction of general manager Chile Walsh and head coach Aldo Donelli, Donelli was drafted into the Navy, but Chile Walshs brother Adam Walsh quickly took over as head coach. Waterfield-to-Benton became a threat to opposing teams, with Benton becoming the NFLs first 300-yard receiver by hauling in 10 passes for 303 yards against the Lions on Thanksgiving Day 1945. Benton’s performance shattered the mark set by Green Bay Packers legend Don Hutson two years earlier in a game against the Brooklyn Dodgers, the record stood for a remarkable 40 years, until it was broken by the Kansas City Chiefs Stephone Paige in 1985. It still stands as the fourth-most receiving yards in a single game, the only loss on the Rams 9-1 regular-season record came to the Philadelphia Eagles. The Rams, led by Waterfield, who was married to Hollywood star Jane Russell, were described as sport’s first spectacular postwar team. Only one month after winning the championship, Reeves overcame initial objections of his fellow NFL owners and he cited financial losses and poor attendance in Cleveland, but just as likely he had had his eye on the booming L. A. market since buying the team in 1941. The Rams move opened up the Cleveland market to the new Browns, who would meet with a degree of initial success in the AAFC. Once in L. A. the Rams were forced to integrate their team with African-American players as a condition for renting the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
9.
Chicago Bears
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The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bears compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. The Bears have won nine NFL Championships and one Super Bowl and hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the Bears have also recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise. The franchise was founded in Decatur, Illinois, in 1919 and it is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFLs founding. The team played games at Wrigley Field on Chicagos North Side through the 1970 season, they now play at Soldier Field on the Near South Side. The Bears have a rivalry with the Green Bay Packers. The team headquarters, Halas Hall, is in the Chicago suburb of Lake Forest, the Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season. They hold their training camp from late July to mid-August at Ward Field on the campus of Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois. Originally named the Decatur Staleys, the club was established by the A. E. Staley food starch company of Decatur and this was the typical start for several early professional football franchises. The company hired George Halas and Edward Dutch Sternaman in 1920 to run the team, the 1920 Decatur Staleys season was their inaugural regular season completed in the newly formed American Professional Football Association. Full control of the team was turned over to Halas and Sternaman in 1921, official team and league records cite Halas as the founder as he took over the team in 1920 when it became a charter member of the NFL. The team relocated to Chicago in 1921, where the club was renamed the Chicago Staleys, under an agreement reached by Halas and Sternaman with Staley, Halas purchased the rights to the club from Staley for US$100. In 1922, Halas changed the name from the Staleys to the Bears. The team moved into Wrigley Field, which was home to the Chicago Cubs baseball franchise, as with several early NFL franchises, the Bears derived their nickname from their citys baseball team. Halas liked the bright colors of his alma mater, the University of Illinois. The Staleys/Bears dominated the league in the early years and their rivalry with the Chicago Cardinals, the oldest in the NFL, was key in four out of the first six league titles. During that span, the Bears posted 34 shutouts, the Bears rivalry with the Green Bay Packers is one of the oldest and most storied in American professional sports, dating back to 1921. The franchise was a success under Halas, capturing the NFL Championship in 1921
10.
Los Angeles Rams
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The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team that play in the National Football League. The Rams franchise was founded in 1936 as the Cleveland Rams in the short-lived second American Football League before joining the NFL the next year, in 1946, the franchise moved to Los Angeles. The Rams franchise remained in the area until 1994, when they moved to St. Louis. The Rams franchise returned to Los Angeles in 2016, Reeves threatened to end his relationship with the NFL and get out of the professional football business altogether unless the Rams transfer to Los Angeles was permitted. A settlement was reached and, as a result, Reeves was allowed to move his team to Los Angeles, consequently, the NFL became the first professional coast-to-coast sports entertainment industry. From 1933, when Joe Lillard left the Chicago Cardinals, through 1946, after the Rams had received approval to move to Los Angeles, the Rams entered into negotiations to lease the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Rams were advised that a precondition to them getting a lease was that they would have to integrate the team with at least one African-American, subsequently, the Rams signed Kenny Washington on March 21,1946. The signing of Washington caused all hell to break loose among the owners of the NFL franchises, the Rams added a second black player, Woody Strode, on May 7,1946, giving them two black players going into the 1946 season. The Rams were the first team in the NFL to play in Los Angeles, the upstart All-America Football Conference had the Los Angeles Dons compete there as well. Reeves was taking a gamble that Los Angeles was ready for its own football team –. Reeves was proved to be correct when the Rams played their first pre-season game against the Washington Redskins in front of a crowd of 95,000 fans, the team finished their first season in L. A. with a 6–4–1 record, second place behind the Chicago Bears. At the end of the season Walsh was fired as head coach, the Coliseum would be the home of the Rams for more than 30 years, but the facility was already over 20 years old on the day of the first kickoff. In 1948, halfback Fred Gehrke painted horns on the Rams helmets, Kelley had an early evening talk show on L. A. radio station KMPC, that was considered by most sports enthusiasts as highly entertaining. Kelley was generally considered a Legend and a professional, one of the great radio. At the beginning of the 1951 World Championship game after the kickoff, Kelley was able to cite every player on the prior to the first snap from scrimmage. The Rams first heyday in Southern California was from 1949 to 1955, during this period, they had the best offense in the NFL, even though there was a quarterback change from Bob Waterfield to Norm Van Brocklin in 1951. The defining Offensive players of this period were wide receiver Elroy Hirsch, Van Brocklin, teamed with fellow Hall of Famer Tom Fears, Hirsch helped create the style of Rams football as one of the first big play receivers. During the 1951 Championship season, Hirsch posted a then stunning 1,495 receiving yards with 17 touchdowns, the popularity of this wide-open offense enabled the Los Angeles Rams to become the first pro football team to have all their games televised in 1950
11.
USC Trojans football
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The USC Trojans football program, established in 1888, represents the University of Southern California in college football. USC is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I FBS, the Trojans throughout NCAA history have claimed 11 national championships. USC has the most Pro Football Hall of Famers, USC has the highest all-time post-season winning percentage of schools with 25 or more bowl appearances. The team is coached by Clay Helton, USC first fielded a football team in 1888. Playing its first game on November 14 of that year against the Alliance Athletic Club, USC faced its first collegiate opponent the following year in fall 1889, playing St. Vincents College to a 40–0 victory. In 1893, USC joined the Intercollegiate Football Association of Southern California, which was composed of USC, Occidental College, Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pomona College was invited to enter, but declined to do so. An invitation was extended to Los Angeles High School. Before they were named Trojans in 1912, USC athletic teams were called the Methodists, during the early years, limitations in travel and the scarcity of major football-playing colleges on the West Coast limited its rivalries to local Southern Californian colleges and universities. During this period USC played regular series against Occidental, Caltech, Whittier, Pomona, the first USC team to play outside of Southern California went to Stanford University on November 4,1905, where they were trampled 16–0 by the traditional West Coast powerhouse. While the teams would not meet again until 1918, this was also USCs first game against a future Pac-12 conference opponent, during this period USC also played its first games against other future Pac-12 rivals, including Oregon State, California, Oregon and Arizona. Between 1911–1913, USC followed the example of California and Stanford, the results were disastrous, as USC was soundly defeated by more experienced programs while the school itself experienced financial reverses, it was during this period that Owen R. After several decades of competition, USC first achieved prominence under head coach Gloomy Gus Henderson in the early 1920s. Another milestone came under Henderson in 1922, when USC joined the Pacific Coast Conference, success continued under coach Howard Jones from 1925 to 1940, when the Trojans were just one of a few nationally dominant teams. It was during this era that the achieved renown as the Thundering Herd. USC achieved intermittent success in the years following Jones tenure, jeff Cravath, who coached from 1942–1950, won the Rose Bowl in 1943 and 1945. Jess Hill, who coached from 1951 to 1956, won the Rose Bowl in 1953, from 1957 to 1959, the Trojans were coached by Don Clark. The Pacific Coast Conference dissolved in 1959, USC joined the conferences other three California schools and Washington to form a new conference, the Athletic Association of Western Universities, under a new charter. The program entered a new golden age upon the arrival of head coach John McKay, during this period the Trojans produced two Heisman Trophy winners and won four national championships
12.
Green Bay Packers
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The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. They are also the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, organized and it is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games are played at Lambeau Field, the Packers are the last vestige of small town teams common in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest. They joined the American Professional Football Association, the forerunner of todays NFL, the Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories. They won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers head coach of the same name and their two further Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions, the Bears–Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history, dating back to 1921. The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11,1919 by former high-school football rivals Earl Curly Lambeau, Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company. He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor, the Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL. On August 27,1921, the Packers were granted a franchise in the new pro football league that had been formed the previous year. Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year, before Lambeau found new financial backers and these backers, known as the Hungry Five, formed the Green Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeaus squad claimed the Packers first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau, credited with inventing pass patterns, Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936,1939 and 1944. An iron man, Hutson played both ways, leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940, Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945, many of which still stand. In 1951, his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers, after Hutsons retirement, Lambeau could not stop the Packers slide. He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members, rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946-1949 Packers, though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12-10-1, and 1949 was even worse at 3-9
13.
Toledo Rockets football
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The Toledo Rockets football team is a college football program in Division I FBS, representing the University of Toledo. The Rockets compete in the Mid-American Conference, Toledo began playing football in 1917, although it did not field teams in 1931, and 1943-1945. Since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 Toledo has finished in the Top 25 four times and its highest finish came in 1970 when it ranked #12 after finishing 12–0–0. The University of Toledo has a 10-6 record in bowl games, the Rockets were the 2015 Boca Roton Bowl champions over #24 ranked Temple. The teams current head coach is Jason Candle, Toledo first fielded a football team in 1917, under the leadership of John Brandeberry. Brandeberry stepped in to coach the team, which promptly lost the game 145–0, for the first few years Toledo played without a nickname, but was dubbed the Rockets after two long touchdown runs in a 1923 loss to Carnegie Tech. That season also saw Toledo win its first conference title, clarence Spears served as the Rockets head coach and athletics director for seven seasons, from 1936-1942. Under his tutelage, the Rockets compiled a record of 38-26-2, which included five consecutive winning seasons. In two seasons, the Rockets compiled a record of 11-10 under head coach Skip Stahley, forrest England served as Toledos head coach for two seasons in 1954 and 1955, compiling a record of 9–7–2. From 1969 through 1971, Toledo won 35 consecutive games, which ranks as the fifth-longest winning streak in major college football. Under head coach Frank Lauterbur, the Rockets won 3 Mid-American Conference Championships, Mel Long, a member of the team for all three years, was named to The AP All-America First Team after the 1971 season. Charles Chuck Ealey led the Rockets to all 35 victories as starting quarterback, John Murphy came to Toledo from NCAA Division III Heidelberg and led the Rockets to an undefeated 12-0 record, a Tangerine Bowl win, and a #14 ranking in the years final AP poll. From there, the Rockets posted yearly records of 6-5, 3-8, 6-5, 5-6 and 3-8, Murphy was not retained past the 1976 season. Michigan assistant coach and Bo Schembechler disciple Chuck Stobart took over for Murphy as the Rockets head coach in 1977, under Stobart, the Rockets posted records of 2-9, 2-9, 8-2-1, 4-7 and 9-3 for a total of 25-30-1. The 1981 season culminated in California Bowl win, Stobarts success led to Utah offering Stobart their head coaching position, which he accepted. Rockets alum Dan Simrell was hired to take over the Rockets football program after Stobarts departure, Simrell had the same mediocre, up ad down success of his predecessors, compiling a total record of 49-38-2 in his tenure at his alma mater. The 1984 Rockets reached the California Bowl, which they lost, Simrell posted four winning seasons in eight as the teams head coach. He resigned after the 1989 season, a young, energetic, ambitious coach named Nick Saban was hired as head coach of the Toledo Rockets on December 22,1989
14.
Calgary Stampeders
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The Calgary Stampeders are a professional Canadian football team based in Calgary, Alberta, competing in the West Division of the Canadian Football League. The Stampeders play their games at McMahon Stadium and are the third-oldest active franchise in the CFL. The Stampeders were officially founded in 1945, although there were clubs in Calgary as early as 1909, the Stampeders have won seven Grey Cups, most recently in 2014, from their appearances in 15 Grey Cup Championship games. They have won 19 Western Division Championships and one Northern Division Championship in the franchises history, the team has a provincial rivalry with the Edmonton Eskimos, as well as fierce divisional rivalries with the Saskatchewan Roughriders and the BC Lions. Helmet design, red background with a white, running horse and this design has been in place, with slight variations, since the 1967 season. These teams were a dominant force in football in Alberta winning championships 15 times over the next 30 years, world War II brought a halt to football in Calgary for a few years. 1940 was the year for the Bronks. The WIFU returned to Calgary on September 29,1945 with the formation of the Calgary Stampeders, in their very first game played on October 22 at Mewata Stadium they beat the Regina Roughriders 12–0 before 4,000 fans in attendance. They returned to the Grey Cup the following year, with a 13–1 record and it was 19 years until Calgary once again reached the Grey Cup, losing 24–21 to Ottawa in the 1968 final and not until 1971 when they were crowned champions, defeating the Toronto Argonauts 14–11. The year 1960 brought the Stampeders a new home, McMahon Stadium and their first game in their new stadium was on August 15,1960, a 23-38 loss to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. From 1968 to 1971 the Stampeders made it to the Grey Cup 3 out of the 4 years, after having some great years at the end of the 1960s,1972 started a long period of struggles for the Stampeders. In the 14 seasons from 1972 to 1985 the Stampeders only made the playoffs 4 times, the Stampeders nearly folded after the 1985 season due to years of declining attendance, financial woes and a poor 3–13 record. Wally Buono took over the coaching duties in 1990. The next 13 years would be some of the most successful years in Stampeders history and they reached the Grey Cup six times, winning in 1992,1998, and 2001, losing in 1991,1995, and 1999. Nevertheless, they did not win a game for several years. In 2008, the Stampeders ended their playoff drought en route to winning the teams sixth Grey Cup 22–14 against the Montreal Alouettes, Burris was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player with DeAngelis being the top Canadian for their efforts. John Hufnagel has been interviewed by several NFL and College football teams, Hufnagel was also the teams head coach until the end of the 2015 season, when he turned over the head coaching duties to former Stampeder and BC Lions star Dave Dickenson. Between 2009 and 2014, the Stampeders have reached the Western Final every year except 2011 and they were able to reach the Grey Cup game the following year only to come up short against the Argonauts, falling by a score of 35–22
15.
Villanova Wildcats football
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The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. The Wildcats currently compete in the Colonial Athletic Association for football only and they play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000, with some games at PPL Park in Chester with capacity of 18,000. Andy Talley has been coach of the program since it was reinstated in 1985. The Wildcats football team played their first game 122 years ago in November 1894 coached by Mike Murphy, on April 14,1981, the program was officially disbanded due to weak attendance and monetary reasons cited by the university board of directors. Athletic Director Ted Aceto had stated they had sold only 750 season tickets for the 1980 season with 95 scholarship players, the Wildcats 1980 season record was 6–5. Under heavy pressure from alumni and students, the program was reinstated by the Board of Trustees in April 1984, led by current head coach Andy Talley, they began playing a couple of regulation NCAA games in September 1985. The reborn program had instant success, beginning with an undefeated five-game schedule against Division III competition, the program moved up to Division I-AA and joined the Yankee Conference in 1987, beginning official competition in 1988. Led by quarterback Kirk Schulz and wide receiver Robert Brady, the Wildcats reached the I-AA playoffs in 1989, bowing to eventual champion Georgia Southern in a spirited, high scoring game. With All-American linebacker Curtis Eller, the Cats returned to the I-AA playoffs in 1991 and 1992, All-American wide receiver Brian Finneran led the Wildcats to the I-AA playoffs in 1996 before bowing to East Tennessee State. The 1997 season marked Villanovas first undefeated, untied regular season, the 1997 Cats featured two future Payton Award winners- Finneran and freshman running back Brian Westbrook. The Cats defeated Colgate in the I-AA playoffs before falling a 3rd time to nemesis Youngstown State, in 2002, led by All-American QB Brett Gordon, Villanova advanced to the NCAA I-AA semifinals, defeating Fordham and Furman before falling to McNeese State. In 2008, a squad led by all-purpose back Matt Szczur. Ijalana was drafted the 2nd highest in history, behind Hall-of-famer Howie Long. Linebacker Darrell Young was a talented player, who ended up signing onto the Washington Redskins. Young made the switch from linebacker in college, to fullback in the NFL which is almost unheard of in this day. Other players that contributed were Brandyn Harvey, Norman White, Phil Atkinson, Aaron Ball, Angelo Babbaro, Tony Canci, Ross Ventrone, Ramin Mobasseri, Fred Maldonado, and many others. Harvey ended up signing with the Atlanta Falcons, and Ventrone was on the New England Patriots in 2012, appearing in the Super Bowl, the 4th Wildcat to do so. Ventrone became wildly popular in the NFL locker rooms for his off the field comedic antics, Tony Canci and Ramin Mobasseri were walk-ons who earned scholarships through their play
16.
Pittsburgh Steelers
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The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steelers compete in the National Football League, as a club of the leagues American Football Conference North division. Founded in 1933, the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC, Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles and hosted more conference championship games than any other NFL team. The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships, tied with the Denver Broncos and they share the record for most conference championship games played in with the San Francisco 49ers. The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys, the Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6,2011. The Steelers were founded as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8,1933, by Art Rooney, taking its name from the baseball team of the same name. The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding, the current owner is Arts son, Dan Rooney, who has given much control of the franchise to his son Art Rooney II. The Steelers enjoy a large, widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation, the Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburghs North Side in the North Shore neighborhood, which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers. Built in 2001, the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons, prior to Three Rivers, the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field. The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20,1933, through the 1930s, the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division, or with a record better than.500. Prior to the 1940 season, the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers, during World War II, the Steelers experienced player shortages. They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team, during the 1943 season, they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the Phil-Pitt Eagles and were known as the Steagles. In 1944, they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card-Pitt and this team finished 0–10, marking the only winless team in franchise history. The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947 and this forced a tie-breaking playoff game at Forbes Field, which the Steelers lost 21–0. The Steelers also received a $3 million relocation fee, which was a windfall for them, the Steelers history of bad luck changed with the hiring of coach Chuck Noll for the 1969 season. The Pittsburgh Steelers 1974 draft was their best ever, no team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year. They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins against teams that would finish with a record that year. The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season, the 1981 season was no better, with an 8–8 showing
17.
West Virginia Mountaineers football
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The West Virginia Mountaineers football team represents West Virginia University in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision of college football. Dana Holgorsen is WVUs current head coach, the 33rd in the programs history, West Virginia plays its home games on Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium on the campus of West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. The Mountaineers compete in the Big 12 Conference, West Virginia was originally classified as a College Division school in the 1937 season, and joined the University Division, forerunner of Division I, in 1939. It has been a member of Division I FBS since 1978, the Mountaineers have registered 82 winning seasons in their history, including one unbeaten season and nine seasons with at least ten wins. The Mountaineers have won or shared a total of 15 conference championships, including eight Southern Conference titles, the West Virginia University football program traces its origin back to November 28,1891 when its first team fell to Washington & Jefferson 72–0 on a converted cow pasture. Despite its humble beginning, West Virginia enjoyed a 25–23–3 overall record prior to 1900, the early 1900s brought about early successes for the program, namely during the 1903 and 1905 seasons when WVU posted records of 7–1 and 8–1 respectively. WVU produced a 6–3 record in the 1904 season, despite losing to Penn State, Pitt, the 1908–20 period produced the four-year head coaching tenures of C. A. Lueder and Mont McIntire, representing the longest coaching tenures during this period of Mountaineer football. Lueders Mountaineers produced a 17–13–3 record, while McIntires teams produced the most success of any Mountaineer team prior to 1921 and that same Mountaineer team also produced West Virginias first ever Consensus All-American and potential College Football Hall of Fame inductee, Ira Errett Rodgers. Rodgers scored 19 touchdowns and kicked 33 extra points for WVU in 1919 season, Rodgers also threw 11 touchdown passes that season, an unheard of feat at the time and a Mountaineer record until 1949. The Mountaineers enjoyed their first period of success during the 1920s, coinciding with the successful coaching tenures of Clarence Spears, under the tutelage of Spears, West Virginia compiled a 30–6–3 record with its best performance coming in the 1922 season. The 1922 edition of the Mountaineers remains the team in West Virginia history to produce an unbeaten season. Spearss Mountaineers surrendered only 34 total points in 1922, posting six consecutive shutouts to finish the regular season, the 1922 season also produced notable victories against rival Pitt and against Gonzaga in the East-West Bowl, the programs first bowl game appearance. Offensive tackle Russell Meredith garnered First-Team All-American honors, in homage to the successes of the 1922 season, West Virginia University undertook construction of what became the first incarnation of Mountaineer Field. The Mountaineers continued their success under Spears in posting subsequent one-loss seasons in 1923 and in 1924, Ira Errett Rodgers replaced Spears and the Mountaineers posted an 8–1 record in 1925. After a 6–4 finish in 1926 and a 2–4–3 record in 1927, rodgerss first tenure as West Virginia coach ended with records of 4–3–3 in 1929 and 5–5 in 1930. Although West Virginia posted a 3–4–2 record in 1935, the program produced an All-American in Joe Stydahar, jumbo Joe later became both a College Football Hall of Fame and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee. Despite his winning record, Tallman resigned after the 1936 season to pursue his career in law enforcement as Superintendent of the West Virginia State Police, Marshall Glenn picked up right where Tallman left off, leading West Virginia to an 8–1–1 record in 1937
18.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
19.
National Football League
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The National Football League is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference and the American Football Conference. The NFL is one of the four professional sports leagues in North America. The NFLs 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games, the NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season, the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. S. The NFLs executive officer is the commissioner, who has authority in governing the league. The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen, the current NFL champions are the New England Patriots, who defeated the Atlanta Falcons 34–28 in Super Bowl LI. Another meeting held on September 17,1920 resulted in the renaming of the league to the American Professional Football Association, the league hired Jim Thorpe as its first president, and consisted of 14 teams. Only two of these teams, the Decatur Staleys and the Chicago Cardinals, remain, the first event occurred on September 26,1920 when the Rock Island Independents defeated the non-league St. Paul Ideals 48–0 at Douglas Park. On October 3,1920, the first full week of league play occurred, the following season resulted in the Chicago Staleys controversially winning the title over the Buffalo All-Americans. In 1922, the APFA changed its name to the National Football League, in 1932, the season ended with the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans tied for first in the league standings. This method had used since the leagues creation in 1920. The league quickly determined that a game between Chicago and Portsmouth was needed to decide the leagues champion. Playing with altered rules to accommodate the playing field, the Bears won the game 9–0. Fan interest in the de facto championship game led the NFL, beginning in 1933, the 1934 season also marked the first of 12 seasons in which African Americans were absent from the league. The de facto ban was rescinded in 1946, following public pressure, the NFL was always the foremost professional football league in the United States, it nevertheless faced a large number of rival professional leagues through the 1930s and 1940s. Rival leagues included at least three separate American Football Leagues and the All-America Football Conference, on top of regional leagues of varying caliber. Three NFL teams trace their histories to these leagues, including the Los Angeles Rams
20.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River
21.
Ohio University
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Ohio University is a large, primarily residential, public research university in Athens, Ohio, United States. One of Americas oldest universities, the second oldest in Ohio, it was chartered in 1787 and approved in 1804, as of 2014, the Athens campus had 23,300 students, the other five campuses had approximately 10,000, and eLearning 5,900. The Heritage College of Medicine maintains its separate select admissions criteria, Ohio University offers more than 250 areas of undergraduate study. On the graduate level, the university grants masters degrees in many of its academic divisions. Ohio University is fully accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching classifies Ohio as a Research University under the Basic Classification category. Ohios athletic teams are called the Bobcats and compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I level as members of the Mid-American Conference. Ohio football has participated in ten games through the 2016 season. George Washington stated the settlement of southeastern Ohio was not accidental, but the result of the deliberation of wise, prudent. The Confederation Congress, which operated under the Articles of Confederation, executive roles transacted from committees of Congress or appointed persons. The Ordinance of 1787 made Ohio University the first ever to be chartered through acts of Congress and this epithet is engraved on the universitys main college gateway. The university was appropriated and envisioned by Manasseh Cutler, credited as the founder along with Rufus Putnam. Cutler had served as a chaplain in Washingtons Continental Army, the institutions first name was American University. President Thomas Jeffersons policy initiatives included an expansion of the new nation. In 1802 approval was granted by the government for the establishment of the American Western University. Ohio University was recognized by the new state on February 18,1804 and this approval came eleven months after Ohio was admitted to the Union. The first three students enrolled in 1809, the university graduated two students with bachelors degrees in 1815. The university was not gifted by the stalwart Republicans with lands and monies for the agricultural, the 20th century brought unprecedented growth in student enrollment, academic offerings, and research facilities. Between 1955 and 1970, the university realized a tripling of enrollment in the post-World War II expansion of college education
22.
History of the St. Louis Rams
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The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons. The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995 and their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17,2015, which they won, 31–23. The Rams last game as a St. Louis-based club was on January 3,2016, against the San Francisco 49ers at Levis Stadium, but the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals, combined with stadium issues, caused game attendance to dwindle. And once again the Bidwills, the family owned the Cardinals. The cities they looked at included Baltimore, Phoenix, New York City, nonetheless, Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team, and Bill Bidipll, fearing for his safety, stayed away from several of the 1987 home games. Their last home game was on December 13,1987, in which the Cardinals won 27–24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon. Not long after the 1987 season, Bidipll agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a deal with state and local officials. They planned to play at Arizona State Universitys Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a basis while a new stadium was being built. Unfortunately for the Cardinals, the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, prior to the Rams 1979 Super Bowl season, owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident. His widow, Georgia Frontiere, inherited 70% ownership of the team, Frontiere fired her step-son, Steve Rosenbloom, and assumed total control of the franchise. As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenblooms death, the Rams moved from their home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980. Also, Southern Californias population patterns were changing, there was growth in L. A. s affluent suburbs. Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise, to accommodate the Rams move, the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football. In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders, the combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams traditional fan base to be split between two teams. Making matters even worse, at time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field. Although it was not apparent at the time, the Rams loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era, the Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles for the remainder of the century, and beyond. The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10-loss seasons, no playoff appearances, the return of Chuck Knox as head coach would not boost the Rams fortunes. Knoxs run-oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampeses tenure in 1993, general manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent
23.
Sid Luckman
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Sidney Luckman was an American football quarterback for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League from 1939 through 1950. During his twelve seasons with the Bears he led them to four NFL championships, Luckman was the first modern T-formation quarterback and is considered the greatest long range passer of his time. He was named the NFLs Most Valuable Player in 1943, following his retirement from playing, Luckman continued his association with football by tutoring college coaches, focusing on the passing aspect of the game. Luckman was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965, Luckman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish immigrants from Germany. His father sparked his interest in football at age eight, by giving him a football to play with and he and his parents lived in a residence near Prospect Park and it was here as a youngster that Sid first started throwing the football around. He played both baseball and football for Erasmus Hall High School, with his football skills impressing recruiters from about 40 colleges, Luckman chose Columbia University after meeting Lions coach Lou Little during a Columbia/Navy game at the universitys Baker Field athletic facility. Luckman was not admitted to Columbia College, instead, he attended the New College for the Education of Teachers, an undergraduate school and he competed on the football team from 1936 until the New College closed in 1939, when he transferred to Columbia College. In fact, the 1936 varsity football squad had five other New College students, Hubert Schulze, Edward Stanzyk, Oscar Bonom, Harry Ream, at Columbia Luckman was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Keen to remain in Columbia to stay close to his family, he took on such as dish-washing, baby-sitting. However, despite his successes at Columbia University, Luckman initially declined any further interest in pro football, Halas went to work on convincing him otherwise. After gaining an invitation to Luckmans tiny apartment for a dinner which Luckmans wife Estelle prepared, at that time both at the college and pro levels, offenses were a drab scrum of running the ball with only occasional passes. In what was then the predominant single-wing formation, the quarterback was primarily a blocking back, Most passing was done by the tailback, and then usually only on third down with long yardage to go. Halas and his coaches, primarily Clark Shaughnessy, invented a complex scheme building on the traditional T-formation. Upon starting with Halas, Luckman mastered an offense that revolutionized football, eventually, Luckman tutored college coaches across the Big Ten, Notre Dame and West Point in the intricacies of the passing game. In 1940, during his season with the Bears, Luckman took over the offense and led the Bears to the title game against Sammy Baugh. The Redskins had beaten the Bears, 7–3, during the regular season, using the man-in-motion innovation to great advantage, the Bears destroyed the Redskins, 73–0, stated to be the most one-sided game in the history of the sport. Luckman passed only six times, with four completions and 102 yards in the rout, from 1940 to 1946, the Bears displayed their dominance in the game, playing in five NFL championship games, winning four, and posted a 54–17–3 regular season record. In 1942, the Bears posted a perfect 11–0 record and outscored their opponents, 376–84, although the T-formation had been used many years before Luckman joined the Chicago Bears, he was central to Chicagos successful use of this style of play because of his game-sense and versatility
24.
Washington Redskins
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The Washington Redskins are a professional American football team based in the Washington metropolitan area. The Redskins compete in the National Football League as a member of the National Football Conference East division. The Redskins have played more than 1,000 games since 1932, the Redskins have won five NFL Championships. The franchise has captured 14 NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships, the Redskins were the first team in the NFL with an official marching band, and also the first team to have a fight song, Hail to the Redskins. The team began play as the Boston Braves in 1932, based in Boston, before relocating to Washington, the Redskins won the 1937 and 1942 Championship games, as well as Super Bowls XVII, XXII, and XXVI. They also played in, and lost, the 1936,1940,1943 and they have made 24 postseason appearances, and have an overall postseason record of 23–18. All of the Redskins league titles were attained during two 10-year spans, from 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times, winning two of them. The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the seven times, captured four Conference titles. The Redskins have also experienced failure in their history, the most notable period of general failure was from 1946 to 1970, during which the Redskins posted only four winning seasons and did not have a single postseason appearance. During this period, the Redskins went without a winning season during the years 1956–1968. In 1961, the franchise posted their worst regular season record with a 1–12–1 showing, since 1992, the Redskins have only won the NFC East three times, made five postseason appearances, and had nine seasons with a winning record.85 billion. They also set the NFL record for attendance in 2007. The team name and logo have been the subject of controversy, with lawsuits being filed by Native American groups who consider the team name, polls conducted in the 2010s have shown a lack of major support among fans for a name change. The team originated as the Boston Braves, based in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1932, at the time the team played in Braves Field, home of the Boston Braves baseball team. The following year the club moved to Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, to round out the change, Marshall hired William Lone Star Dietz, who was part Sioux, as the teams head coach. However, Boston wasnt much of a town at the time. The Redskins relocated to Washington, D. C. in 1937, in their early years in Washington, the Redskins shared Griffith Stadium with the Washington Senators baseball team. The Redskins played and won their first game in Washington, D. C. on September 16,1937, on December 5,1937, they earned their first division title in Washington against the Giants, 49–14, for the Eastern Championship
25.
University of Notre Dame
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The University of Notre Dame du Lac is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means Our Lady of the Lake and refers to the patron saint. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the Word of Life mural. The school was founded on November 26,1842, by Father Edward Sorin, CSC, Today, many Holy Cross priests continue to work for the university, including the president of the university. Notre Dame is a large, four-year, highly residential research university, undergraduate students are organized into four colleges, and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize, the university offers over 50 foreign study abroad yearlong programs and over 15 summer programs. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the universitys 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events, the university counts approximately 120,000 alumni. The universitys athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish, other ND sport teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous, started as a small all-male institution in 1842 and charter in 1844, Notre Dame reached international fame at the beginning of the 20th century. Ever since, the University has seen growth, and under the leadership of the next two presidents, Rev. Malloy and Rev. Jenkins, many infrastructure and research expansions have been completed. In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26,1842 and he soon erected additional buildings, including the Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus, Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official college charter from the Indiana General Assembly on January 15,1844. Under the charter the school is named the University of Notre Dame du Lac. Because the university was only for male students, the female-only Saint Marys College was founded by the Sisters of the Holy Cross near Notre Dame in 1844. The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849, the university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them
26.
Angelo Bertelli
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Angelo Bortolo Bertelli was an American football player. He won the Heisman Trophy in 1943 playing as a quarterback for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Bertelli was born in West Springfield, Massachusetts on June 18,1921 to Italian immigrant parents. At Cathedral High School in Springfield, he won all-state honors in football, baseball, and hockey, and was senior class president. When Bertelli entered Notre Dame in 1940, he was 6 feet 1 inch and 173 pounds, when Coach Elmer Layden left to become commissioner of the National Football League, Notre Dames new coach, Frank Leahy, immediately noticed Bertellis passing talents. As a sophomore, Bertelli, still a tailback, led the nation with a 56.9 percent passing average. In 1942, Leahy switched to a modified T-formation, in which Bertelli would play under the center, as he told his budding star, Bert, youre the finest passer and the worst runner Ive ever coached. That summer, preparing for his new role, Bertelli said he took a thousand snaps. maybe a million, Bertelli and the T-formation were an immediate success. He passed for 1,039 yards and 10 touchdowns, celebrated sportswriter Grantland Rice referenced Bertelli as the T-formation magician. During his senior year in 1943, the Marine Corps activated Bertelli after six games of Notre Dames 10-game season, in the six games Bertelli started in, he threw 36 passes, completing 25 with 10 touchdowns. Bertellis six-game 1943 performance was enough to win the Heisman Trophy earning 648 votes, during Bertellis three seasons, Notre Dame lost only three games. In 1943, Notre Dame won 43 to 5 on average, Bertellis collegiate career earned him multiple awards. He was named to the 1942 and 1943 All-American teams, in the Heisman voting for Americas outstanding college football player, Bertelli finished second in 1941 and sixth in 1942 before capturing the trophy in 1943. Though on active duty with the Marine Corps, the Boston Yanks selected Bertelli as their number one choice in 1944. In 1944, Bertelli was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant, after stops at Quantico, Camp Lejeune and Camp Pendleton, Bertelli embarked to participate in combat operations in the Pacific. After arriving from Guam in February 1945, Bertelli fought in the Battle of Iwo Jima and was killed when a Japanese mortar shell landed 15 feet away from his position. Bertelli returned to Guam in March and served in Sasebo, Japan, after World War II, Bertelli entered the Marine Corps Reserves where he was promoted to the rank of captain and served until 1957. In 1946, Bertelli signed with the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference, Bertelli played for the Chicago Rockets between 1947 and 1948. After several knee surgeries, he retired prior to the 1949 season, after his retirement from professional football, Bertelli moved to Clifton, New Jersey and operated several businesses
27.
Johnny Lujack
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John Christopher Lujack Jr. is a former American football quarterback and 1947 Heisman Trophy winner. He played college football for the University of Notre Dame, Lujack was the first of several successful quarterbacks who hailed from Western Pennsylvania. Others include Pro Football Hall of Fame members Johnny Unitas, Joe Namath, Dan Marino, Jim Kelly, Joe Montana and George Blanda. Lujack was born to Alice and John, Sr. in 1925 in Connellsville, Pennsylvania, the family is of Polish descent and included older siblings Valentine, Stanley, Victoria, Aloysius, and younger sister Dolores. His father, John, Sr. worked for the Pittsburgh and he was on the Connellsville High School football team from 1939 to 1941, and was also senior class president and valedictorian. He lettered in four sports, baseball, football, basketball and he was the first Connellsville High School student to receive an appointment to Army. Lujack attended Notre Dame, where he was given a scholarship by Frank Leahy, from 1942 to 1943 and his career was interrupted for two years by World War II after his sophomore season, where he served an officer in the United States Navy. His time in the Navy was spent hunting German submarines in the English Channel as an ensign, when he returned from the Atlantic duty he appeared on the cover of the September 29,1947, issue of LIFE. He led the 1947 Fighting Irish to 9-0 record for his year, where he completed 61 passes on 109 attempts for 777 yards and also ran 139 yards on 12 carries. As he had in school, he once again received varsity letters in four sports while at Notre Dame. He was a two-time All-American and led Notre Dame to three national championships, and, in addition to winning the Heisman, he was named Associated Press Athlete of the Year. He was paid USD$17,000 for his rookie 1948 season with the Bears and $20,000 for his fourth, in his rookie season he played defensive back where he had 8 interceptions for 131 yards and kicked 44 out of 46 extra points. In the summer of 1949 he starred in a program on ABC, The Adventures of Johnny Lujack, which was a summer time replacement for the Jack Armstrong. It was a 30-minute program and broadcast on Monday, Wednesday, the show was broadcast from the studios of WGN in Chicago over the Mutual Broadcasting System and ran for 13-weeks. In the final game of the 1949 season, the 9–3 Bears defeated their hometown rivals, in that game Lujack threw six touchdown passes and set an NFL record with 468 passing yards. The record was later by Norm Van Brocklin. His wife is the former Patricia Ann Pat Schierbrock, daughter of Josephine, Lujack and Schierbrock were married in Davenport, Iowa at the Sacred Heart Cathedral on June 26,1949. They have three children, Mary, Jeff, and Carol, sid Luckman and George Blanda played behind Lujack in the rotation at quarterback for the 1949 and 1950 seasons
28.
Heisman Trophy
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The Heisman Memorial Trophy, is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in college football in the United States whose performance best exhibits the pursuit of excellence with integrity. Winners epitomize great ability combined with diligence, perseverance, and hard work and it is presented by the Heisman Trophy Trust in early December before the postseason bowl games. The award was created by the Downtown Athletic Club in 1935 to recognize the most valuable football player east of the Mississippi. After the death in October 1936 of the Clubs athletic director, John Heisman, Heisman had been active in college athletics as a football player, a head football, basketball, and baseball coach, and an athletic director. It is the oldest of several awards in college football, including the Maxwell Award, Walter Camp Award. The most recent winner of the Heisman Trophy is University of Louisville quarterback Lamar Jackson, the trophy itself, designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu, is modeled after Ed Smith, a leading player in 1934 for the now-defunct New York University football team. The trophy is made out of cast bronze, is 13.5 inches tall, Eliscu had asked Smith, his former George Washington High School classmate, to pose for a commissioned sculpture of a football player. Smith did not realize until 1982 that the sculpture had become the Heisman Trophy, the Downtown Athletic Club presented Smith with a Heisman Trophy of his own in 1985. From its inception in 1935, the statue was cast by Dieges & Clust in New York until 1980, for a time until at least 2008, the statues were cast by Roman Bronze Works in New York. There are 870 media voters,145 voters from each of six regions, according to Heisman. com there are currently 57 prior winners eligible to vote and, thus,57 potential votes. Fans, As the Premier Partner of the Heisman Trophy, Nissan has a vote, fan voting done through a survey collected by ESPN on NissanHeismanHouse. com. Each voter identifies three selections, ranking them in order, each first-place selection is awarded three points. Each second-place selection is awarded two points, each third-place selection is awarded one point. Voters must make three selections and cannot duplicate a selection, else the ballot is invalid and none of the selections count, the accounting firm Deloitte is responsible for the tabulation of votes, which has moved almost exclusively to online voting since 2007. Larry Kelley and Clint Frank of Yale were the first teammates to win the Heisman Trophy, nile Kinnick of Iowa was the only Heisman Trophy winner to have a stadium named after him. In 1972, the University of Iowa renamed its football complex Kinnick Stadium, Kinnick is also the only winner to die in military service of the United States, he went down piloting an F4F Wildcat from the deck of USS Lexington. His death in 1943 made him the first Heisman Trophy winner to die, Doc Blanchard was the first junior to win the Heisman Trophy when he led Army to the national title in 1945. Paul Hornung was the player to win the Heisman Trophy as a player for a losing team
29.
Bob Waterfield
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Robert Stanton Waterfield was an American football player in the National Football League. He was the leagues Most Valuable Player in 1945 and a two-time NFL champion in 1945 and 1951 as the quarterback, kicker, Waterfield was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. Born in Elmira, New York, Robert Stanton Bob Waterfield grew up in Southern California in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles and he attended Van Nuys High School, in Van Nuys and went on to play college football for UCLA. He led the Bruins to the Pacific Coast Conference football championship in 1942, the game was scoreless into the fourth quarter until Waterfields punt was blocked for a safety. Georgia added a touchdown to post a 9-0 win, Waterfield entered the U. S. Army in 1943 and while in the service he was selected with the 42nd overall pick of the 1944 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Rams. He was discharged from the due to a knee injury and returned to college. His rookie year in football was in 1945 and he started immediately. Waterfield was taken in quickly by fans, becoming the first ever rookie to win the league’s Most Valuable Player and unanimous All-NFL choice. He ended the season with a win in the NFL Championship game, after the season, he signed a three-year contract for $20,000 per year, which made him the highest-paid player in pro football. In 1946, the Rams moved to Los Angeles, California and he would later split time at quarterback with Norm Van Brocklin, who joined the team as a rookie in 1949. Behind this duo, Los Angeles played in three straight games, 1949-1951. Runners-up in the first two, the Rams regained the title in the 1951 championship game with a 24-17 win over the Cleveland Browns. It was the Rams only league title during their first 49 seasons in southern California, in a 1948 regular season game, the Rams were behind the champion-to-be Philadelphia Eagles 28-0. Waterfield managed to rally the team for a tie on four touchdown passes. In the 1950 divisional playoffs, he was unable to due to a severe flu he had endured. However, he came off the bench anyway and threw three passes in a 24-14 win over the Chicago Bears. In his first four seasons, he played defense and intercepted a career total of 20 passes. As a place kicker, he had 315 successful PATs and 60 field goals, while an accomplished kicker and punter, Waterfield was best known for his ability to throw the deep ball
30.
Dan Reeves (American football executive)
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This article is about the owner of the National Football Leagues Rams franchise. For the NFL player and coach, see Dan Reeves, for other people named Dan Reeves, see Dan Reeves. Daniel Farrell Reeves was an American sports entrepreneur, best known as the owner of the National Football Leagues Rams franchise from 1941 to his death in 1971. Reeves is remembered for his move of the Rams from Cleveland to Los Angeles 71 years ago in 1946. Reeves was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967, Reeves was a graduate of the Newman School in Lakewood, New Jersey, and attended Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. which he left before acquiring his degree. While attending Georgetown, Reeves met his wife, Mary V. Corroon. The couple were married on October 25,1935 and would together have six children, the Reeves familys grocery chain was sold to Safeway Stores in 1941, generating capital and freeing the youthful Dan Reeves, age 29, to pursue his dream of owning a professional football franchise. Together with his friend and business partner Robert Levy, Reeves purchased the Cleveland Rams franchise in 1941 from a local group for $135,000. The team did not operate in 1943, and Reeves became the owner in December. On January 23, the Coliseum Commission approved use of the 103, the move did not immediately cure the teams financial woes, however, and in 1947, Reeves found himself in need of co-owners to share the mounting losses while attempting a turnaround. Reeves brought Levy back in for a stake in the team. Another third went to Harold Pauley and Hal Saley, boasting some of footballs most glamorous stars, the Rams drew extremely well at the ticket office. The previous closeness between Reeves and Levy fell away, though, and soon Levy was siding with Pauley against Reeves on most significant ownership decisions. Pauley eventually assumed Levys stake, giving Pauley two-thirds ownership of the team, finally in 1962, the NFL stepped in to resolve the situation by holding a closed auction to result in one partner buying out the other. Reeves outbid Pauley for the team, valuing the Rams at $7.1 million against Pauleys bid of $6.1 million, Reeves once again assumed sole ownership. He then raised the funds to support his bid by immediately selling 49% of the team to a group of minority owners that included Gene Autry, by the time of Reeves death in 1971, the teams worth was estimated at $20 million. The innovative Reeves made several other significant contributions to pro football and he instituted the famed Free Football for Kids program that enabled youngsters to enjoy the game in their formative years and then, hopefully, become ardent fans as adults. His signing of the great, Kenny Washington, in the spring of 1946 marked the first time a black player had been hired in the NFL since 1933
31.
Adam Walsh (American football)
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Adam Walsh was an American football player and coach. He played college football as a center at the University of Notre Dame where he was an All-American and he also coached the Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League in 1945 and 1946, tallying a mark of 15–5–1. Walsh was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1968, Walsh was an outstanding athlete at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles, and earned varsity letters in basketball, track, and football at the University of Notre Dame. Walsh was an All-American center and captain of the 1924 Notre Dame football team head coach Knute Rockne. Walsh anchored the offensive line, dubbed the Seven Mules. The 1924 team completed a season with a win over Stanford in the Rose Bowl. He remains the center on the All-time Notre Dame Team. Walsh served as football coach and athletic director at Santa Clara University from 1925 to 1928. He then spent five seasons as the coach at Yale University. In 1935, Walsh accepted the coaching position at Bowdoin College in Brunswick. Though Bowdoin had been winless the prior year, Walsh began his 20-year coaching career at the college with a state championship and his teams won or tied for the Maine championship in seven of his first eight years at Bowdoin. Bowdoin suspended their football program in 1943 with the onset of World War II, in 1944, Walsh returned to Notre Dame as a line coach for a season. In 1945, he led the Cleveland Rams to the NFL Championship and he returned to Bowdoin after two years with the Rams and a 15–5–1 coaching record in the NFL. Between 1947 and 1958, Walshs Bowdoin teams won outright or shared the Maine state championship four more times, after retiring from coaching, Walsh served two terms in the Maine House of Representatives, representing Brunswick as a Democrat and was appointed the U. S. Marshal for Maine under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, Walsh was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968, the Helms Hall of Fame, and the Maine Sports Hall of Fame in 1976. He was also named to the All-Time Southern California High School Team, the All-time Notre Dame Team, Adam Walsh at the College Football Hall of Fame Adam Walsh at the College Football Data Warehouse
32.
Curly Lambeau
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Earl Louis Curly Lambeau was a professional American football player and coach in the National Football League. Lambeau was a founder, player, and first coach of the Green Bay Packers professional football team and he shares the distinction with rival George Halas of the Chicago Bears of coaching his team to the most NFL championships, with six. He was an inductee to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963. Lambeau was born April 9,1898 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, to Marcelin Lambeau and Mary Sara La Tour, Lambeau was a standout multi-sport athlete at Green Bay East High School, and captain of its football team as a senior in 1917. Lambeau enrolled at the University of Wisconsin but then quit after freshmen football was cancelled that year. After returning to Green Bay, Lambeau went to work as a clerk at the Indian Packing Company. Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun founded the Green Bay Packers on August 11,1919 and that fall, the founders secured Willard Big Bill Ryan, former coach of Green Bay West High School, to coach the team. The teams naming rights were sold to the Acme Packing Company, the Packers initially played teams from Wisconsin and Michigans Upper Peninsula. However, the success of the team in 1919-20 quickly led to its joining of the American Professional Football Association in 1921, during that season the team was owned by the Acme Packing Company and John and Emmet Clair of Chicago. Following Willard Ryans initial year with the Packers, Lambeau was the coach of the Packers from 1920 to 1949,1921. For the better part of time, he had almost complete control over the teams day-to-day operations. Lambeau was a player-captain at first, playing halfback in the then-popular single wing offensive formation, he was both the primary runner and passer. Lambeau threw 24 touchdown passes, rushed for eight touchdowns, Lambeau was the first Packer to throw a pass, throw a touchdown pass, and make a field goal in Green Bay Packer franchise history. He won his only National Football League championship as a player-coach in 1929, in 1921, he was the teams kicker. He also kicked 1 field goal each in 1922,1924, before joining the NFL, the Packers achieved an overall 19–2–1 record in 1919 and 1920. Under Lambeau in the NFL, the Packers won six championships and he compiled an NFL regular-season record of 209–104–21 with a playoff record of 3–2, 212–106–21 overall. Lambeau is still far and away the winningest coach in Packers history, his 209 wins are nearly twice as many of runner-up Mike McCarthy and his 104 losses will likely never be matched as well. The Packers most successful period came in the 1930s, thanks to the addition of receiver Don Hutson, Lambeau and Hutson pioneered the passing game, which allowed the Packers to dominate their competitors throughout the 1930s
33.
University of Toledo
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The University of Toledo, commonly referred to as U of Toledo or UT, is a public research university located in Toledo, Ohio, United States. The university was founded in 1872 in downtown Toledo as the Toledo University of Arts, the university moved to its current location in the Ottawa neighborhood in 1931. Toledo has over 100,000 living alumni and has a current enrollment of over 20,000 students, the university has a vibrant campus life, with over 300 student organizations. Its athletic teams, called the Rockets, are members of the Mid-American Conference, the University of Toledo began in 1872 as a private arts and trades school offering subjects such as painting and architectural drawing. The idea behind the school was fostered by Jesup Wakeman Scott, a newspaper editor. Scotts publication expressed his belief that the center of commerce was moving westward. The universitys original mission was to furnish artists and artisans with the best facilities for a culture in their professions. Scott died in 1874, a year before the university opened in an old building downtown Toledo. By the late 1870s the school was in trouble and after thirty years in operation. On January 8,1884, the assets of the school became property of the city of Toledo, the school reopened as the under direction of the city as the Toledo Manual Training School. It offered a program for students at least 13 years old who received both academic and manual instruction. Raymond also created the College of Arts and Sciences, despite the expansion, the school struggled financially and endured various legal battles over control. A. Monroe Stowe became president in 1914, and helped organize and stabilize the university, Stowe founded the College of Commerce and Industry in 1914, and the College of Education in 1916. During the period, enrollment grew from 200 students to around 1,500, along with the expanded academic offerings, extracurricular activities increased with the universitys first intercollegiate athletic programs forming in 1915, including football in 1917. Other organizations formed, such as the addition of a student council, the athletic programs received their nickname, the Rockets, in 1923 from a newspaper writer, who thought the name reflected the teams playing style. By the 1920s, Toledo University was an institution, limited only by the buildings that housed it. Classes were held in two buildings, but both were too small. Despite being twice the size of the old buildings, the location on the Scott land quickly became outdated after a 32 percent increase in enrollment created a shortage in classroom space, in 1928, Henry J. Doermann became president and soon initiated plans for a new campus
34.
Canadian Football League
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The Canadian Football League is a professional sports league in Canada. The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football and its nine teams, which are located in nine separate cities, are divided into two divisions, the East Division, with four teams, and the West Division with five teams. As of 2016, the features a 20-week regular season. The CFL was officially founded on January 19,1958, the league was formed from a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union founded in 1907 and the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded in 1936. Rugby football began to be played in Canada in the 1860s, the CRFU was reorganized as the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891, and served as an umbrella organization for several provincial and regional unions. The Grey Cup was donated by Governor General Earl Grey in 1909 to the winning the Senior Amateur Football Championship of Canada. By that time, the sport as played in Canada had diverged markedly from its rugby origins, in 1956, the IRFU and WIFU formed a new umbrella organization, the Canadian Football Council. In 1958, the CFC left the CRU and became the Canadian Football League, as part of an agreement between the CRU and CFL, the CFL took possession of the Grey Cup, even though amateurs had not competed for it since 1954. The CRU remained the governing body for amateur play in Canada, initially, the two unions remained autonomous, and there was no intersectional play between eastern and western teams except at the Grey Cup final. This situation was analogous to how the American baseball leagues operated for years. The IRFU was renamed the Eastern Football Conference in 1960, while the WIFU was renamed the Western Football Conference in 1961, also in 1961, limited intersectional play was introduced. It was not until 1981 that the two agreed to a full merger, becoming the East and West Divisions of the CFL. With the merger came a full interlocking schedule of 16 games per season, Other team names had traditional origins. With rowing a national craze in the late 19th century, the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto formed a team for its members off-season participation. The football team name Toronto Argonauts still remains though it. After World War II, the two teams in Hamilton—the Tigers and the Flying Wildcats—merged both their organizations into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, after the 1981 season, the Alouettes folded and were replaced the next year by a new franchise named the Concordes. In 1986 the Concordes were renamed the Alouettes to attract more fan support, the demise of the Alouettes forced the League to move its easternmost Western team, Winnipeg, into the East Division. In 1993, the league admitted its first United States-based franchise, after modest success, the league then expanded further in the U. S. in 1994 with the Las Vegas Posse, Baltimore Stallions, and Shreveport Pirates
35.
Amphetamine
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Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. The term is used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers. Historically, it has used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as a performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer. The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions, currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness and it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown, drug addiction is a serious risk with large recreational doses but is unlikely to arise from typical long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use, recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class and it is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is an isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group. Amphetamine is used to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD, randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning two years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems, approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal, stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. However, high doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and effluxion of dopamine in the nervous system
36.
Benzedrine
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Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. The term is used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers. Historically, it has used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as a performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer. The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions, currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall, dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness and it induces physical effects such as decreased reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown, drug addiction is a serious risk with large recreational doses but is unlikely to arise from typical long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use, recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects. Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class and it is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines, which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is an isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group. Amphetamine is used to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. Reviews of clinical stimulant research have established the safety and effectiveness of long-term continuous amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD, randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning two years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems, approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, therapeutic doses of amphetamine also enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in working memory in all individuals. Amphetamine and other ADHD stimulants also improve task saliency and increase arousal, stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. However, high doses that are above the therapeutic range can interfere with working memory. Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and effluxion of dopamine in the nervous system
37.
Villanova University
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Villanova University is a private research university located in Radnor Township, a suburb northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, within the Archdiocese of Philadelphia in the United States. Named after Saint Thomas of Villanova, the school is the oldest Catholic university in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, U. S. News & World Report ranks Villanova as tied for the 50th best National University in the U. S. for 2017. The university is a member of the Augustinian Secondary Education Association, in October 1841, two Augustinian friars from Saint Augustines Church in Philadelphia purchased the 200-acre Belle Air estate in Radnor Township with the intention of starting a school. The school, which was called the Augustinian College of Vilanova, however, the Philadelphia Nativist Riots of 1844 that burned Saint Augustines Church in Philadelphia caused financial difficulties for the Augustinians, and the college was closed in February 1845. The college reopened in 1846 and graduated its first class in 1847, in March 1848, the governor of Pennsylvania incorporated the school and gave it the power to grant degrees. In 1859, the first masters degree was conferred on a student, in 1857, the school closed again as the demand for priests in Philadelphia prevented adequate staffing, and the crisis of the Panic of 1857 strained the school financially. The school remained closed throughout the Civil War and reopened in September 1865 and its prep department later moved to Malvern, a town along the Main Line, and is still run by the order. The School of Technology was established in 1905, in 1915, a two-year pre-medical program was established to help students meet medical schools new requirements. This led to a four-year pre-medical program, the B. S. in biology, Villanova was all-male until 1918, when the college began evening classes to educate nuns to teach in parochial schools. In 1938, a laywoman received a Villanova degree for the first time and it was not until the nursing school opened in 1953 that women permanently began attending Villanova full-time. In 1958, the College of Engineering admitted its first female student, Villanova University became fully coeducational in 1968. During World War II, Villanova was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission, after World War II, Villanova expanded, returning veterans swelling enrollments and the faculty growing fourfold. Additional facilities were built, and in 1953, the College of Nursing, Villanova achieved university status on November 18,1953. Between 1954 and 1963,10 new buildings were built or bought on land adjacent to the campus, including Bartley, Mendel, during the 1970s and 1980s, Villanova worked to become a nationally recognized university. The quality of faculty and students improved dramatically and international studies programs were introduced, additional residential and recreational facilities were constructed, and efforts to increase the endowment were undertaken. In the 1980s, endowed chairs were established in theology, philosophy, engineering, and business, scholarship funding was increased, and the curriculum expanded and improved. An extensive building campaign created facilities for the Colleges of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Engineering, Commerce, and Finance, as well as student residences on the south, in 1985, the school also won the Mens NCAA basketball tournament, giving the school increased national exposure. Augustine High School in San Diego, which was established in 1922 with teaching staff dispatched from Villanova, Villanova University sits on 254 acres just 12 miles from Center City Philadelphia
38.
West Virginia University
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West Virginia University is a public, land-grant, space-grant, research-intensive university in Morgantown, West Virginia, United States. WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginias 55 counties, since 2001, WVU has been governed by the West Virginia University Board of Governors. Enrollment for the Fall 2015 semester was 28,776 for the main campus, WVU offers 191 bachelors, masters, doctoral, and professional degree programs in 15 colleges. WVU has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars, including former WVU president David C, the University has also produced 36 Goldwater Scholars,22 Truman Scholars, and five members of USA Todays All‑USA College Academic First Team. On December 4,1868, lawmakers renamed the college West Virginia University to represent a range of higher education. The University was built on the grounds of three academies, the Monongalia Academy of 1814, the Morgantown Female Academy of 1831. Upon its founding, the newspaper claimed that a place more eligible for the quiet and successful pursuit of science. The first campus building was constructed in 1870 as University Hall, and was renamed Martin Hall in 1889 in honor of West Virginia Universitys first president, the Rev. Alexander Martin of Scotland. After the Woodburn Seminary building was destroyed by fire in 1873, the name was changed to University Building in 1878, when the College of Law was founded as the first professional school in the state of West Virginia. The precursor to Woodburn Circle was finished in 1893 when Chitwood Hall was constructed on the north side. In 1909 a north wing was added to University Building, throughout the next decade, Woodburn Hall underwent several renovations and additions, including the construction of the south wing and east tower housing the Seth Thomas clock. The three Woodburn Circle buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974, in 1899, the Vance Farm was acquired for the West Virginia University Experiment Station. WVU was required to have a Cadet Corps under the terms of the Morrill Act of 1862, the heavy military influence led to opposition of female enrollment that lasted through the first decade of the university. The trend changed in 1889, when ten women were allowed to enroll, in June 1891, Harriet Lyon became the first woman to receive a degree from West Virginia University, finishing first in the class ahead of all male students. Lyons academic success supported the acceptance of women in the university as students, during the Universitys early years, daily chapel services and roll call for all students were mandatory, limiting time for student recreation. Following the removal of these obligations, students became active in activities and established many of the schools first athletic. Phi Kappa Psi was the first fraternity on campus, founded May 23,1890, while Kappa Delta, the first football team was formed in 1891, and the first basketball team appeared in 1903. The Universitys outlook at the turn of the 20th century was optimistic, the campus welcomed U. S. President William Howard Taft to campus for WVU President Thomas Hodgess inauguration in 1911
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Continental Football League
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The Continental Football League was a professional American football league that operated in North America from 1965 through 1969. It owed its name, at least in part, to the Continental League, Bill Walsh, Ken Stabler, Sam Wyche and Otis Sistrunk were among a few players and coaches who would later gain fame in the NFL. The formation of the Continental Football League was announced on February 6,1965, the league was primarily formed by minor-league teams that had played in the United Football League and Atlantic Coast Football League. Happy Chandler, former Kentucky governor and retired Major League Baseball commissioner, was named CFL commissioner on March 17,1965, the league originally adopted a professional appearance. Teams were sorted into two divisions and each team had a 36-man roster with a taxi squad. The rules were primarily those of the NFL except that a sudden death overtime period was employed to break ties, to reinforce an image of league autonomy, teams were restricted from loaning players to, or receiving optioned players from, the NFL or AFL. The first CFL season opened with three games played on August 14,1965, before the season began, the Springfield, Massachusetts, franchise moved to Norfolk, Virginia. The Norfolk club went on to become the most successful team in the league at the box office, Chandler, charging that the league was altering the terms under which he had accepted the position, resigned on January 20,1966. He was replaced by CFL Secretary Sol Rosen, owner of the Newark Bears, the league engaged in some unsuccessful preseason negotiations with the Empire Sports Network to obtain a television broadcasting agreement. However, it was able to get ABC to broadcast the game on the Wide World of Sports. The Brooklyn Dodgers, although under the managership of baseball Dodgers player Jackie Robinson. Part of the problem was that they were playing nowhere near Brooklyn, evidently, the Dodgers had trouble securing home dates at Downing, a season-ticket application showed only five home games in a fourteen-game schedule. Charlestons Coy Bacon,1966 CFL All-Star end, went on to play for the NFLs Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers, Cincinnati Bengals, the league also established farm team relationships with semi-pro clubs. The division comprised established minor-league teams in British Columbia, California, but four small western franchises, in Eugene, Oregon, Long Beach and San Jose, California and Victoria, B. C. left the league after the season. The remnants of the Brooklyn Dodgers were sold to Frank Hurn, Hurn used Chicago Outfit funding to buy the team and swindled numerous businessmen into providing lavish benefits for his team for which he would never pay. Hurn would later amass a long record of criminal activity after his time in Akron. Such instability marked the season for the CFL, particularly because the league could not improve upon its overall semi-pro public image, inability to establish working relationships with NFL and AFL teams was a contributing factor. The San Jose Apaches in 1967 were coached by Bill Walsh, the Quad Cities franchise moved to Las Vegas midway through the 1968 season
