1.
Bonnie & Clyde (musical)
–
Bonnie & Clyde is a musical with music by Frank Wildhorn, lyrics by Don Black and a book by Ivan Menchell. The world premiere took place in La Jolla, California in November 2009, the musical centers on Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, the ill-fated lovers and outlaws whose story has been infamous since they achieved folk hero status during the Great Depression. Wildhorn described the music as a score, combining rockabilly, blues. The La Jolla run was followed by a Sarasota, Florida engagement in 2010, the musical debuted on Broadway in December 2011, where it failed to impress the critics. Ticket sales were poor, and it closed after just four weeks and it was nominated for 3 Outer Critics Circle Awards and 5 Drama Desk Awards, both including Best New Musical, as well as two nominations for the 2012 Tony Awards. Wildhorn got in touch with Black about the possibility of writing a song based on the story of Bonnie. They released a 13-track demo recording for Atlantic Records with Michael Lanning, Rob Evan, Brandi Burkhardt, the music contains elements of country and western, Blues and Broadway pop. In February 2009, the show held a reading at Roundabout Theatre Company, starring Laura Osnes as Bonnie. The musical had its premiere at the La Jolla Playhouse in La Jolla. The run concluded December 20, after 15 previews and 33 regular performances, jeff Calhoun helmed and choreographed the production that starred Osnes and Sands, along with Melissa van der Schyff as Blanche and Claybourne Elder as Buck. It won five major San Diego Theatre Critics Circle Awards in 2009, due to a positive response from the La Jolla run, the show announced a return engagement for the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida. Previews began November 12,2010, before a November 19 opening and it ran for 8 previews and 36 regular performances through December 19, with Osnes being joined by Jeremy Jordan as Clyde. The productions artistic director Michael Edwards stated, How it goes here, the success of the Florida production led to the shows Broadway debut in New York City. Previews began on November 4,2011, at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre, with the opening on December 1,2011. Osnes and Jordan reprised their roles, ticket sales were slow, and producers announced on December 16,2011, that the show would close on December 30. Originally planned as a run, it played just 36 regular performances. In a January 2,2012 statement, director Calhoun said that he had never had a close while it was still playing to audiences like a hit. It was directed by Tetsu Taoshita, the first Korean language staging in Seoul, South Korea took place from September 4-October 27,2013 at the Chungmu Art Hall
2.
Bill Gold
–
Bill Gold is an American former graphic designer best known for thousands of film poster designs. His first film poster was for Yankee Doodle Dandy, and his most recent work was for J. Edgar, among his most famous film posters are those for Casablanca and A Clockwork Orange. Bill Gold was born on January 3,1921, in New York City and he studied illustration and design at Pratt Institute in New York. He began his design career in 1941, in the advertising department of Warner Bros. Bill Gold became head of design in 1947. In 1959 his brother Charlie joined him in the business and they formed BG Charles to do the film trailers, Charlie operated BG Charles in Los Angeles, while Bill operated in New York City. In 1987 Charlie left the business and retired to Vermont, Charlie Gold died on December 25,2003 at the age of 75. Bill Gold lives in Greenwich, CT, in 1962, Bill Gold created Bill Gold Advertising in New York City. In 1997 Bill moved the company to Stamford, Connecticut and continued his business, producing posters for every film Clint Eastwood produced, directed, and/or acted in, in 1994 Bill was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from The Hollywood Reporter. Richard Benjamin was the MC for the ceremony at the Directors Guild, in 2011, Bill ended an unsuccessful retirement when he agreed to create posters for Clint Eastwoods film, J. Edgar. Bill Gold is currently a member of the Society of Illustrators, the Art Directors Club. A limited-edition, oversized one-volume retrospective was published in January,2011 in coordination with Golds 90th birthday, after his first film project, Yankee Doodle Dandy, Gold collaborated with the American film industrys top film directors and film producers. Especially fruitful was Golds relationship with the illustrator Bob Peak, Golds work has spanned eight decades and has inspired numerous other designers. Secrets Behind Hollywoods Greatest Movie Posters and this feature article about Golds career has a link to fourteen images of his posters. Poster Master With a Cool Hand, article on Gold on the occasion of a book about his art. The Gold Standard, Roundtable Pictures Interviews Legendary Movie Poster Designer Bill Gold, meet Bill Gold, The Man Behind the Most Iconic Movie Posters Ever. Bill Gold reflects on his art and his career,1994 Hollywood Reporter Lifetime Achievement Award video
3.
Arthur Penn
–
Arthur Hiller Penn was an American director and producer of film, television and theater. Penn directed critically acclaimed films throughout the 1960s such as the drama The Chase, the crime film Bonnie and Clyde. He also got attention for his revisionist Western Little Big Man, by the mid-1970s his films were received with much less enthusiasm. In the 1990s he returned to stage and television direction and production, Penn was born to a Russian Jewish family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Sonia, a nurse, and Harry Penn, a watchmaker. He was the brother of Irving Penn, the successful fashion photographer. During the 1920s, he moved in with his mother after she divorced Penns father, some time after, he came back to his sickly father, leading him to run his fathers watch repair shop. At 19 he was drafted into the army, stationed in Britain, he became interested in theater. He started to direct and take part in shows being put on for the soldiers around England at the time, as Penn grew up, he became increasingly interested in film, especially after seeing the Orson Welles film Citizen Kane. He later attended Black Mountain College in North Carolina, and was a commentator in the documentary Fully Awake about the college. After making a name for himself as a director of quality television dramas, Penn made his debut with a western. A retelling of the Billy the Kid legend, it was distinguished by Paul Newmans sharp portrayal of the outlaw as a troubled youth. The production was completed in only 23 days, but Warner Brothers reedited the film against his wishes with a new ending he disapproved of, the film subsequently failed upon release in North America, but was well received in Europe. Penns second film was The Miracle Worker, the story of Anne Sullivans struggle to teach the blind and it garnered two Academy Awards for its leads Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke. In 1965 Penn directed Mickey One, heavily influenced by the French New Wave, it was the dreamlike story of a standup comedian on the run from sinister, ambiguous forces. In 2010, Penn commented, You know, you could not have gone through the Second World War with all that nonsense with Russia being an ally, the McCarthy period was ridiculous and humiliating, deeply humiliating. When I finally did Mickey One, it was in repudiation of the kind of fear that free people to the point where they were telling on each other. It just astonished me, really astonished me, I mean, I was a vet, so it was nothing like what we thought we were fighting for. Penns next film was The Chase a thriller following events in a small corrupt Southern town on the day an escaped convict, played by Robert Redford, returns
4.
Warren Beatty
–
Henry Warren Beatty, better known as Warren Beatty, is an American actor and filmmaker. In 1999, he was awarded the Academys highest honor, the Irving G. Thalberg Award, Beatty has been nominated for eighteen Golden Globe Awards, winning six, including the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award, which he was honored with in 2007, among his Golden Globe-nominated films are Splendor in the Grass, his screen debut, and Bonnie and Clyde, Shampoo, Dick Tracy, Bugsy, Bulworth and Rules Dont Apply, all of which he also produced. Arthur Penn, who directed Bonnie and Clyde, described Beatty as the producer, adding. Warren stays with a picture editing, mixing and scoring. He plain works harder than anyone else I have ever seen, Henry Warren Beaty was born in Richmond, Virginia. His mother, Kathlyn Corinne, was Canadian and a teacher from Nova Scotia and his father, Ira Owens Beaty, had a PhD in educational psychology and worked as a public school administrator, in addition to dealing in real estate. In 1945, the family moved from Richmond to Arlington, Virginia, during the 1950s, the family resided in the Dominion Hills section of Arlington. Beattys elder sister is the actress, dancer and writer Shirley MacLaine and his uncle, by marriage, was Canadian politician A. A. MacLeod. Beatty became interested in movies before his teens, when he accompanied his sister to theaters. One film that had an important early influence on him was The Philadelphia Story and he noticed a strong resemblance between its star, Katharine Hepburn, and his mother, in both appearance and personality, saying that they symbolized perpetual integrity. Another film that had an impact on him was Love Affair and he found it deeply moving, and recalls that This is a movie I always wanted to make. He did remake Love Affair in 1994, in which he starred alongside Annette Bening, among his favorite TV shows in the 1950s was the Texaco Star Theatre, and he began to mimic one if its regular host comedians, Milton Berle. Beatty learned to do an imitation of Berle and his routine, said a friend. His sister saw Beatty close off emotionally from his father, among her lasting memories of her brother during this period was seeing him withdrawn and spending time alone reading books by Eugene ONeill or singing along to Al Jolson records. In Rules Dont Apply, Beatty plays Howard Hughes, who is talking about. He has to have control over everything, and I used to say that I supposed I did. Beatty was a football player at Washington-Lee High School in Arlington
5.
Faye Dunaway
–
Dorothy Faye Dunaway is an American actress. In 2011, the government of France made her an Officer of the Order of Arts, dunaway’s career began in the early 1960s on Broadway. Other notable films in which she has appeared include the drama Barfly, the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream, the biopic Gia, protective of her private life, she rarely gives interviews and makes very few public appearances. Dunaway was born in Bascom, Florida, the daughter of Grace April, a housewife and she is of Scots-Irish, English, and German descent. She spent her childhood traveling throughout the United States and Europe, Dunaway took dance classes, tap, piano and singing, and then studied at Florida State University and University of Florida, and graduated from the Boston University with a degree in theatre. In 1962, at the age of 21, she took acting classes at the American National Theater, shortly after graduating from Boston University, Dunaway was already appearing on Broadway as a replacement in Robert Bolts drama A Man for All Seasons. She subsequently appeared in Arthur Millers After the Fall and the award-winning Hogans Goat by Harvard professor William Alfred, with the exception of my mother, my brother, and my beloved son, Bill Alfred has been without question the most important single figure in my lifetime. A teacher, a mentor, and I suppose the father I never had and he has taught me so much about the virtue of a simple life, about spirituality, about the purity of real beauty, and how to go at this messy business of life. Dunaways first screen role was the crime film The Happening. Her performance earned her good notices from critics, with Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times saying that she exhibits a real neat trick of resting her cheek on the back of her hand. That same year, she had a role in Otto Premingers drama Hurry Sundown. Filming proved to be difficult for Dunaway as she clashed with Preminger and she later described this experience as a psychodrama that left me feeling damaged at the end of each day. Dunaway had signed a deal with Preminger but decided during the filming to get her contract back. Beyond the movies I might have missed, it would have been a kind of Chinese water torture to have stuck in five more terrible movies. Its impossible to assess the damage that might have done to me early on in my career. The film was a critical and commercial failure but earned Dunaway a Golden Globe Award nomination, for Best New Star of the Year. Dunaway had tried to get an interview with director Arthur Penn when he was directing The Chase, but was rebuffed by a casting director who didnt think she had the right face for the movies. When Penn saw her scenes from The Happening before its release, he decided to let her read for the role of the bank robber Bonnie Parker for his film, Bonnie
6.
Gene Hackman
–
Eugene Allen Gene Hackman is a retired American actor and novelist. In a career spanning five decades, Hackman was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning Best Actor in The French Connection and he won three Golden Globes and two BAFTAs. He first came to fame in 1967 with his performance as Buck Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, in which he gained his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. His film roles during the 1990s featured, Unforgiven, The Firm, Crimson Tide, Get Shorty, The Birdcage, and Enemy of the State Later roles included, Behind Enemy Lines, and The Royal Tenenbaums. Hackmans final film appearance to date was the romantic comedy Welcome to Mooseport in 2004, Hackman was born in San Bernardino, California, the son of Eugene Ezra Hackman and Anna Lyda Elizabeth. He has Pennsylvania Dutch, English, and Scottish ancestry, his mother was born in Lambton, according to a plaque in a city park, he worked for a time as a dog catcher for the local animal shelter. His family moved frequently, finally settling in Danville, Illinois, hackmans father operated the printing press for the Commercial-News, a local paper. As a teenager, Hackman knew Dick Van Dyke, who was friends with his older brother Richard and his parents divorced in 1943 and his father subsequently left the family. Hackman lived briefly in Storm Lake, Iowa and spent his year at Storm Lake High School. However, he left home at age 16 and lied about his age to enlist in the United States Marine Corps and he served four and a half years as a field radio operator. When the Communist Revolution conquered the mainland in 1949, Hackman was assigned to Hawaii, following his discharge, he moved to New York and worked in several jobs. His mother died in 1962 as a result of a fire she accidentally set while smoking, in 1956, he began pursuing an acting career, he joined the Pasadena Playhouse in California. It was there that he forged a friendship with another aspiring actor, already seen as outsiders by their classmates, they were later voted The Least Likely To Succeed. Determined to prove them wrong, Hackman moved to New York City, reinforcing The Least Likely To Succeed vote, the man said to him, See, Hackman, I told you you wouldnt amount to anything. From then on, Hackman was determined to become the finest actor he possibly could, the three former roommates have since earned 19 Academy Award nominations for acting, with five wins. Hackman got various bit roles, for example on the TV series Route 66 in 1963, in 1964, he had an offer to co-star in the play Any Wednesday with actress Sandy Dennis. This opened the door to film work and his first role was in Lilith, with Warren Beatty in the leading role. In 1967, he appeared in an episode of the television series The Invaders entitled The Spores, another supporting role, Buck Barrow in 1967s Bonnie and Clyde, earned him an Academy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor
7.
Estelle Parsons
–
Estelle Margaret Parsons is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, Parsons became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting and she worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, Parsons established her career on Broadway before progressing to film and she received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel. She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions, more recently her television work included playing Beverly Harris, mother of the eponymous title character, on the sitcom Roseanne. She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award, in 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Parsons was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts and her mother, Elinor Ingeborg, was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben Parsons, was of English descent. She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine, after graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. Moving to New York City, Parsons worked as a writer, producer and she made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. In 1964, Parsons won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time Ill Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacey Keach in the premiere of Joseph Hellers play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. Parsons has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle, And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little, Miss Margaridas Way, in 1978 she played Lady MacBeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivans The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981, from June 17,2008 through May 17,2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August, Osage County. She continued playing the role during the national tour beginning July 24,2009. As a director, Parsons has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fos Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo. She also served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, in 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitzs new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame and her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde, and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel. She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man, on television, Parsons played the recurring role of Beverly, on Roseanne
8.
Charles Strouse
–
Charles Strouse is an American composer and lyricist best known for writing the music to the musicals Bye Bye Birdie and Annie, amongst others. Strouse was born in New York City, to Jewish parents, Ethel and Ira Strouse, a graduate of the Eastman School of Music, he studied under Arthur Berger, David Diamond, Aaron Copland and Nadia Boulanger. Strouses first Broadway musical was the 1960 hit Bye Bye Birdie, with lyrics by Lee Adams, for this show, Strouse won his first Tony Award in the category of best musical, and Bye Bye Birdie is considered the precursor of the rock musical. Strouses next show, All American, with a book by Mel Brooks and lyrics by Adams, came in 1962, it was not a success but it produced the standard “Once Upon a Time”. Following this were Golden Boy, starring Sammy Davis, Jr. and Its a Bird, Its a Plane, Its Superman which was modestly successful, in 1970, Applause won Strouse his second Tony Award. Other Strouse musicals include Charlie and Algernon, Dance a Little Closer, Rags, Nick & Nora, Strouse also wrote a number of musical revues, many with Adams. He wrote the music and lyrics for the animated special Lyle, Lyle Crocodile which aired on HBO in 1987, strouses film scores include the classics Bonnie and Clyde, There Was a Crooked Man. The Night They Raided Minskys and the animated movie All Dogs Go to Heaven. He and Adams also wrote the theme song “Those Were the Days” for the television show All in the Family, strouses songs have been heard on the radio throughout his career and have run the gamut from girl-band pop to hip hop. Strouses writing also extends into orchestral works, chamber music, piano concertos, in 1977, Strouse founded the ASCAP Musical Theatre Workshop in New York, through which many young composers and lyricists have found a forum for their work. Upcoming works by Strouse include an adaptation of the Paddy Chayevsky film Marty starring John C. Reilly, the musical Minskys, with music by Strouse, book by Bob Martin, and lyrics by Susan Birkenhead premiered in January 2009 at the Ahmanson Theater. Strouse has won Emmy Awards for music in television adaptions of Bye Bye Birdie and Annie and he is also the recipient of the ASCAP Foundation Richard Rodgers Award and the Oscar Hammerstein Award. He is also a member of the Theater Hall of Fame, Strouse is married to director-choreographer Barbara Siman. They have 4 children, Benjamin, Nicholas, Victoria and William, Strouse received an Emperor Has No Clothes Award at the Freedom From Religion Foundations 34th annual national convention on October 8,2011
9.
Burnett Guffey
–
Burnett Guffey, A. S. C. was an American cinematographer. He won two Academy Awards, From Here to Eternity and Bonnie and Clyde, while still a teenager, the future Academy Award-winning cinematographer began as a camera assistant in 1923 on John Fords 1924 western saga The Iron Horse. He was then hired by the Famous Players-Lasky Studios in 1927, became an operator in 1928. Guffey was hired as a Director of Photography by Columbia Pictures in 1944, in 1957–58 he served as president of the American Society of Cinematographers for a year, and had been a long-standing member. According to film critic Spencer Selby, Guffey was a film noir cinematographer, shooting 20 of them. Wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for From Here to Eternity,1954, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Bonnie and Clyde,1968. Nominations Golden Globes, Golden Globe, Best Cinematography, Black and White, for All the Kings Men, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Birdman of Alcatraz,1963. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for King Rat,1966
10.
Warner Bros.-Seven Arts
–
Warner Bros. -Seven Arts, Inc. was an American entertainment company active from 1967 until 1970. Warner Bros. -Seven Arts started when Seven Arts Productions acquired Jack L. Warners controlling interest in Warner Bros. for $32 million, the acquisition included the black and white Looney Tunes library and Warner Bros. Records plus Reprise Records. Later that same year, Warner Bros. -Seven Arts purchased Atlantic Records and those record labels were combined in 1970 with two other acquisitions in a new holding company, Warner-Elektra-Atlantic, under the direction of Mo Ostin and Joe Smith. The head of production was Kenneth Hyman, son of Seven Arts co-founder Eliot Hyman and their first film was Camelot and their last film was Wait Until Dark. Warner Bros. -Seven Arts was acquired in 1969 by Kinney National Company, due to a financial scandal over its parking operations, Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc. List of record labels Kinney National Company Kinney Parking Company National Kinney Corporation Warner Communications
11.
Biography
–
A biography, or simply bio, is a detailed description of a persons life. It involves more than just the basic facts like education, work, relationships, biographical works are usually non-fiction, but fiction can also be used to portray a persons life. One in-depth form of biographical coverage is called legacy writing, works in diverse media, from literature to film, form the genre known as biography. An authorized biography is written with the permission, cooperation, and at times, an autobiography is written by the person himself or herself, sometimes with the assistance of a collaborator or ghostwriter. At first, biographical writings were regarded merely as a subsection of history with a focus on an individual of historical importance. The independent genre of biography as distinct from general history writing, began to emerge in the 18th century, one of the earliest of the biographers was Plutarch, and his Parallel Lives, published about 80 A. D. covers prominent figures in the classical world. Cornelius Nepos published a work, his Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae. Perhaps the earliest extant biography that does not contain mythological material is The Lives of the Caesars by Suetonius, in the early Middle Ages, there was a decline in awareness of the classical culture in Europe. During this time, the only repositories of knowledge and records of the history in Europe were those of the Roman Catholic Church. Hermits, monks, and priests used this period to write biographies. Their subjects were usually restricted to the fathers, martyrs, popes. Their works were meant to be inspirational to the people and vehicles for conversion to Christianity, one significant secular example of a biography from this period is the life of Charlemagne by his courtier Einhard. Early biographical dictionaries were published as compendia of famous Islamic personalities from the 9th century onwards and they contained more social data for a large segment of the population than other works of that period. And then began the documentation of the lives of other historical figures who lived in the medieval Islamic world. By the late Middle Ages, biographies became less church-oriented in Europe as biographies of kings, knights, the most famous of such biographies was Le Morte dArthur by Sir Thomas Malory. The book was an account of the life of the fabled King Arthur, following Malory, the new emphasis on humanism during the Renaissance promoted a focus on secular subjects, such as artists and poets, and encouraged writing in the vernacular. Giorgio Vasaris Lives of the Artists was the landmark biography focusing on secular lives, vasari made celebrities of his subjects, as the Lives became an early bestseller. Two other developments are noteworthy, the development of the press in the 15th century
12.
Crime film
–
Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
13.
Film director
–
A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
14.
Bonnie and Clyde
–
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a. k. a. Clyde Champion Barrow were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche, Raymond Hamilton, W. D. Jones, Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults and their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the Public Enemy Era, between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers, the couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penns 1967 film Bonnie, even during their lifetimes, their depiction in the press was at considerable odds with the hardscrabble reality of their life on the road, especially for Bonnie Parker. Gang member W. D. Jones later testified he could not recall ever having seen her shoot at a law officer, Bonnies reputation as a cigar-smoking gun moll grew out of a playful snapshot police found at an abandoned hideout. It was released to the press and published nationwide, while Parker did chain smoke Camel cigarettes, she never smoked cigars. According to historian Jeff Guinn, the photos led to Parkers glamorization. Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were wild and young, and undoubtedly slept together, Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children. Her father, Charles Robert Parker, was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four and her mother, Emma Parker moved her family to her parents home in Cement City, an industrial suburb now known as West Dallas, where she worked as a seamstress. As an adult, Bonnie found expression writing poems such as The Story of Suicide Sal, in her second year in high school, Parker met Roy Thornton. They dropped out of school and were married on September 25,1926 and their marriage, marked by his frequent absences and brushes with the law, was short-lived. After January 1929, their paths never crossed again, however, they never divorced, and Bonnie was wearing Thorntons wedding ring when she died. Thornton was still in prison when he heard of her death and he commented, Im glad they went out like they did. Its much better than being caught, in 1929, after the breakdown of her marriage, Parker lived with her mother and worked as a waitress in Dallas. One of her customers in the café was postal worker Ted Hinton. As a posse member in 1934, he would participate in her ambush, in the diary she kept briefly early in 1929, Parker wrote of her loneliness, her impatience with life in provincial Dallas, and her love of talking pictures
15.
Denver Pyle
–
Denver Dell Pyle was an American film and television actor. He was known for portraying Briscoe Darling, Jr. in several episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, and playing Jesse Duke in The Dukes of Hazzard from 1979-85. Pyle was born in Bethune, Colorado on May 11,1920 to farmer Ben H. Pyle and his wife Maude, His brother, Willis, was a known for his work with Walt Disney Animation Studios. After graduating from school, Pyle briefly attended Colorado State University. Pyle was a drummer and band member until the United States entered World War II, after the war, Pyle embarked on his film career. He starred in movies and on television during the 1950s and 1960s. Pyle appeared twice as a bank robber in Duncan Renaldos syndicated western series The Cisco Kid. In 1954, he was cast as a henchman of the outlaw Sam Bass in Stories of the Century, Pyle was twice cast on CBSs The Public Defender in the role of George Hansen, and three times on the religious anthology series, Crossroads on ABC. He acted the part of a detective in the 1956 film noir Please Murder Me. Pyle was cast as Carter in the 1955 episode Joeys Father on Fury, Three years later, he played an arsonist in the episode The Fire Watchers of the same series. In 1956 Pyle appeared as Vance Kiley in the episode called Quicksand in the TV western series Lone Ranger. In 1958, Pyle starred with Judith Evelyn in the episode Man in the Moon of the NBC docudrama about the Cold War Behind Closed Doors, hosted by and he appeared as a Professor in the syndicated Men Into Space series 1959 episode Moonquake. In an episode of Ripcord he played a suicidal parachutist, Pyle appeared twice each on the CBS western series My Friend Flicka and NBCs The Restless Gun with John Payne. He guest starred with Grant Withers in the 1959 episode Tumbleweed Ranger of Tris Coffins syndicated western series 26 Men and he appeared seven times on Richard Boones CBS western Have Gun – Will Travel, his final appearance on the show in 1960 as the character Croft in The Puppeteer. He guest starred in 1960 in several westerns, including Pony Express, The Man from Blackhawk. He guest-starred in the episode Trail of the Dead, the story of five missing western prospectors and he appeared with Sammy Jackson in the episode Resurrection of the syndicated American Civil War drama, The Gray Ghost. He was cast as Big Red in the 1959 episode Woman in the River of the ABC/Warner Bros. detective series Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew Duggan and he made several appearances as Briscoe Darling, Jr. on The Andy Griffith Show. Pyle was cast in a number of movies by John Ford, including The Horse Soldiers with William Holden
16.
Dub Taylor
–
Walter Clarence Taylor, Jr. — known as Dub Taylor — was an American character actor who worked extensively in westerns, but also in comedy from the 1940s into the 1990s. He was the father of actor Buck Taylor, who played the character Newly OBrien on CBSs Gunsmoke, Taylor was born in Richmond, Virginia. The name Walter was shortened to W by his friends and then Dub and his family moved to Augusta, Georgia, when he was five years old and lived in that city until he was thirteen. During that time he befriended Ty Cobbs son and namesake, Ty Cobb and he had four siblings, Minnie Margret Taylor, Maud Clare Taylor, George Taylor and Edna Fay Taylor. Taylor was particularly close to a grandson, Walter Tac Tharp, a vaudeville performer, according to IMDB he was a member of the 1937 Alabama Crimson Tide football team that played in the 1938 Rose Bowl. In the next year, Taylor appeared in The Taming of the West, in which he originated the character of Cannonball, Cannonball was a comic sidekick to Wild Bill Saunders, a pairing that continued through thirteen features, during which Elliott’s character became Wild Bill Hickok. During this period, a relationship with Tex Ritter as Elliotts co-hero began with King of Dodge City. That partnership lasted through ten films, but Taylor left after the first one, Taylor moved again to a series of films starring Charles Starrett, who eventually became The Durango Kid, once again, playing his sidekick, Cannonball. There he joined up with Jimmy Wakely for a run of 16 films. These final episodes may have been unpleasant experiences for Taylor, as he never wanted to talk about them thereafter, after 1949, Taylor turned away from Cannonball, and went on to a busy and varied career. His acting roles, even during his Cannonball period, were not confined to these films. He had bit parts in a number of films, including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington with James Stewart, A Star Is Born. Taylor was cast regularly alongside Alan Hale, Jr. in the syndicated Casey Jones television series, in the role of Jones fireman, Wally. Taylor can also be seen in a role in No Time for Sergeants as the Callville representative of the draft board who summons Andy Griffith from his rural home to the United States Air Force. In A Hole in the Head directed by Frank Capra, Taylor plays the Garden of Eden Hotel clerk for hotel owner Frank Sinatra and he has scenes with Edward G. Robinson, Carolyn Jones, Ruby Dandridge and Eddie Hodges. Observant fans who saw the 1954 feature film Dragnet watched him in a role at the start of the movie. He had a role in the 1958 Walt Disney film Tonka as a rustler of stray horses for sale. He also appeared in Michael Ciminos crime film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, despite his extensive career as a character actor in a wide array of varying roles, Taylors niche was in westerns, of which he appeared in literally dozens of films
17.
Gene Wilder
–
Jerome Silberman, known professionally as Gene Wilder, was an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, singer-songwriter and author. Wilder began his career on stage, and made his debut in an episode of the TV series The Play of the Week in 1961. Wilder directed and wrote several of his own films, including The Woman in Red and his third wife was actress Gilda Radner, with whom he starred in three films, the last two of which he also directed. After his last contribution to acting in 2003 – a guest role on Will & Grace for which he received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor – Wilder turned his attention to writing. Wilder was born Jerome Silberman on June 11,1933, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Jeanne and William J. Silberman and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant, as were his maternal grandparents. Wilder first became interested in acting at age 8, when his mother was diagnosed with rheumatic fever, at the age of 11, he saw his sister, who was studying acting, performing onstage, and he was enthralled by the experience. He asked her if he could become his student. The day after Wilder turned 13, he called the teacher and he adopted Gene Wilder for his professional name at the age of 26. After an unsuccessful short stay at Black-Foxe, Wilder returned home and became involved with the local theatre community. At age 15, he performed for the first time in front of an audience, as Balthasar in a production of Shakespeares Romeo. Gene Wilder graduated from Washington High School in Milwaukee in 1951, Wilder was raised Jewish, but he held only the Golden Rule as his philosophy. In a book published in 2005, he stated, I have no other religion, I feel very Jewish and I feel very grateful to be Jewish. But I dont believe in God or anything to do with the Jewish religion, Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa, where he was a member of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. Following his 1955 graduation from Iowa, he was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in Bristol, after six months of studying fencing, Wilder became the first freshman to win the All-School Fencing Championship. Desiring to study Stanislavskis system, he returned to the U. S. living with his sister and her family in Queens, Wilder enrolled at the HB Studio. Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10,1956, at the end of recruit training, he was assigned to the medical corps and sent to Fort Sam Houston for training. In November 1957, his mother died from ovarian cancer and he was discharged from the army a year later and returned to New York. A scholarship to the HB Studio allowed him to become a full-time student, at first living on unemployment insurance and some savings, he later supported himself with odd jobs such as a limousine driver and fencing instructor
18.
Robert Towne
–
Robert Towne is an American screenwriter, producer, director and actor. He was part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking and he is best-known for his Academy Award-winning original screenplay for Roman Polanskis Chinatown, which is widely considered one of the greatest screenplays ever written. He also wrote its sequel The Two Jakes in 1990, and wrote the Hal Ashby comedy-dramas The Last Detail, and Shampoo, as well as the first two Mission Impossible films. Towne has also directed films such as the sports dramas Personal Best, and Without Limits, the crime thriller Tequila Sunrise. After working for years on a script of Greystoke, The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, he grew dissatisfied with the production and credited his dog, vazak became the first dog nominated for an Oscar for screenwriting, but he did not fetch the award. Towne co-wrote the film 8 Million Ways to Die using the alias David Lee Henry, Towne also wrote and directed Personal Best, a fictional drama of female track-and-field athletes, and Without Limits, a biopic based on the life of distance runner Steve Prefontaine. His crime story Tequila Sunrise co-starred Mel Gibson as a cocaine dealer and Kurt Russell as a detective. Towne told The New York Times that Tequila Sunrise is a movie about the use and abuse of friendship, Towne had found the novel while researching Chinatown, looking for material that would honestly describe that particular era of Los Angeles. He became so entranced by the book that he arranged to meet with its author—himself a screenwriter—in person, I was an unknown, Towne said. I hadnt written anything of note, but Fante greeted the young fan with accusations like What makes you think youre any kind of judge of my work. Ask the Dust received mixed reviews and failed at the box office, the film was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival. Towne has framed several of his films as elaborate melodramas. He told The New York Times I think melodrama is always a splendid occasion to entertain an audience and say things you want to say without rubbing their noses in it, he says. With melodrama, as in dreams, youre always flirting with the disparity between appearance and reality, which is a deal of fun. And thats also not unrelated to my perception of my working in Hollywood. In 2006, Towne was the subject of artist Sarah Morriss film, Morris describes him as an “elliptical figure” whose career exemplifies a certain characteristic mode of working in the film industry, marked by collaboration, shared or changing roles. Morriss 19, 744-square-foot painting installation in the lobby of the Lever House in Manhattan, Robert Towne expressed his disappointment in The Two Jakes in many interviews. But, we’re all still friends, and that’s what matters most, in a November 5,2007 interview with MTV, Jack Nicholson claimed that Towne had written the part of Gittes specifically for him
19.
Taboo
–
A taboo is a vehement prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is either too sacred or too accursed for ordinary individuals to undertake. Such prohibitions are present in all societies. Breaking a taboo is usually considered objectionable by society in general, the term taboo comes from the Tongan tapu or Fijian tabu, related among others to the Maori tapu, Hawaiian kapu, Malagasy fady. Its English use dates to 1777 when the British explorer James Cook visited Tonga and he wrote, The term was translated to him as consecrated, inviolable, forbidden, unclean or cursed. In its current use on Tonga, the word tapu means sacred or holy, on the main island, the word is often appended to the end of Tonga as Tongatapu, here meaning Sacred South rather than Forbidden South. Sigmund Freud posited that incest and patricide were the only two universal taboos and formed the basis of civilization, however, although cannibalism, in-group murder, and incest are taboo in the majority of societies, marriages between brothers and sisters occurred in Roman Egypt. Modern Western societies, however, do not condone such relationships and these familial sexual activities are criminalised, even if all parties are consenting adults. Through an analysis of the language surrounding these laws, it can be seen how the policy makers, and society as a whole, find these acts to be immoral. Common taboos involve restrictions or ritual regulation of killing and hunting, sex and sexual relationships, reproduction, in Madagascar, a strong code of taboos, known as fady, constantly change and are formed from new experiences. Each region, village or tribe may have its own fady, taboos often extend to cover discussion of taboo topics such as profanity, resulting in euphemisms and replacement of taboo words. The word taboo gained popularity at times, with some looking for ways to apply it where other English words had previously been applied. For example, J. M. Albert Schweitzer wrote a chapter about taboos of the people of Gabon, as an example, it was considered a misfortune for twins to be born, and they would be subject to many rules not incumbent on other people. Communist and materialist theorists have argued that taboos can be used to reveal the histories of societies when other records are lacking, marvin Harris particularly endeavored to explain taboos as a consequence of ecologic and economic conditions. Some argue that contemporary multicultural societies have taboos against tribalisms and prejudices, incest itself has been pulled both ways, with some seeking to normalize consensual adult relationships regardless of the degree of kinship and others expanding the degrees of prohibited contact. Among other reasons, this taboo may come from concern that comments may be out of the appropriate context
20.
Counterculture of the 1960s
–
Many key movements related to these issues were born or advanced within the counterculture of the 1960s. This embracing of creativity is particularly notable in the works of British Invasion bands such as the Beatles, in addition to the trendsetting Beatles, many other creative artists, authors, and thinkers, within and across many disciplines, helped define the counterculture movement. Several factors distinguished the counterculture of the 1960s from the movements of previous eras. Post-war affluence allowed many of the generation to move beyond a focus on the provision of the material necessities of life that had preoccupied their Depression-era parents. The counterculture era essentially commenced in earnest with the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments. In the US, President Dwight D, the Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines. In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech. The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, many social issues fueled the growth of the larger counterculture movement. On college and university campuses, student activists fought for the right to exercise their constitutional rights, especially freedom of speech. The availability of new and more effective forms of control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. With this change in attitude, by the 1990s the ratio of children out of wedlock rose from 5% to 25% for Whites. The end of censorship resulted in a reformation of the western film industry. Communes, collectives, and intentional communities regained popularity during this era, Some of these self-sustaining communities have been credited with the birth and propagation of the international Green Movement. The emergence of an interest in expanded spiritual consciousness, yoga, occult practices, in 1957, 69% of US residents polled by Gallup said religion was increasing in influence. By the late 1960s, polls indicated less than 20% still held that belief, the Generation Gap, or the inevitable perceived divide in worldview between the old and young, was perhaps never greater than during the counterculture era. Ultimately, practical and comfortable casual apparel, namely updated forms of T-shirts, many began to live largely clandestine lives because of their choice to use such drugs and substances, fearing retribution from their governments. The confrontations between college students and law enforcement officials became one of the hallmarks of the era, many younger people began to show deep distrust of police, and terms such as fuzz and pig as derogatory epithets for police reappeared, and became key words within the counterculture lexicon
21.
Academy Awards
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
22.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
–
The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
23.
Academy Award for Best Cinematography
–
The Academy Award for Best Cinematography is an Academy Award awarded each year to a cinematographer for work on one particular motion picture. In its first film season, 1927–28, this award was not tied to a specific film, the second year,1929, there were no nominations at all, although the Academy has a list of unofficial titles which were under consideration by the Board of Judges. In the third year,1930, films, not cinematographers, were nominated, finally, for the 1931 awards, the modern system in which individuals are nominated for a single film each was adopted in all profession-related categories. From 1939 to 1967, there were separate awards for color and for black-and-white cinematography. Since then, the only film to win is Schindlers List. Floyd Crosby won the award for Tabu in 1931, which was the last silent film to win in this category, hal Mohr won the only write-in Academy Award ever, in 1935 for A Midsummer Nights Dream. Mohr was also the first person to win for both black-and-white and color cinematography, no winners are lost, although some of the earliest nominees are lost, including The Devil Dancer, The Magic Flame, and Four Devils. The Right to Love is incomplete, and Sadie Thompson is incomplete, the first nominees shot primarily on digital video were The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and Slumdog Millionaire in 2009, with Slumdog Millionaire the first winner. The following year Avatar was the first nominee and winner to be entirely on digital video. As of 2017 no woman has ever been nominated for Best Cinematography, winners are listed first in colored row, followed by the other nominees
24.
National Film Registry
–
The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
25.
Great Depression
–
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
26.
Frank Hamer
–
Francis Augustus Hamer was a Texas Ranger, known in popular culture for his involvement in tracking down and killing the criminal duo Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow in 1934. In a career spanned the last days of the Wild West well into the automobile age. He is an inductee to the Texas Ranger Hall of Fame, Frank Hamer was born in Fairview, Wilson County, Texas, where his father operated a blacksmith shop. He was one of five brothers, four of whom became Texas Rangers and his family moved to the Welch ranch in San Saba County, where he grew up. Hamer later spent time in Oxford, Llano County, which formed the basis of his joke about being the only Oxford-educated Ranger, in his youth, Hamer worked in his fathers shop, and as an older teenager worked as a wrangler on a local ranch. He began his career in law enforcement in 1905 while working on the Carr Ranch in West Texas when he captured a horse thief, the local sheriff was so impressed that he recommended that Hamer join the Rangers. Like the cowboys of earlier generations, Hamer was at home on the open Texas prairie and he savored the challenges of investigating and solving crimes. Describing his method in tracking Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker, Hamer said that he learned their statistics, an officer must know the habits of the outlaw, how he thinks and how he will act in different situations. When I began to understand Clyde Barrows mind, I felt that I was making progress, in the book, Hamer was quoted as saying corrupt politicians did not sit well with him, and he had little patience for those who broke the law. This attitude had tended to cause problems for him with political establishments during his career. After a place was cleaned up, he would change jobs on a regular basis. Hamer was a Ranger off and on throughout his life, resigning often to other jobs. He first joined Captain John H. Rogerss Company C in Alpine, Texas on April 21,1906, in 1908 he resigned from the Rangers to become the City Marshal of Navasota, Texas. Navasota was a boom town, wracked by violence, shootouts on the main street were so frequent that in two years at least a hundred men died. Though he was only 24, Hamer moved in and created law and he served as marshal until 1911, when he started working as a special investigator in Houston, then as an officer for Harris County. Hamer rejoined the Rangers in 1915 and again was assigned to patrol the South Texas border around Brownsville, because of the constant unrest in Mexico, the Rangers dealt most seriously with arms smugglers, but also more ordinary bootleggers and bandits who plagued the border. On October 1,1917 Hamer was wounded in Sweetwater by Gus McMean, during this period, Hamer left the Rangers again to accept a position as a federal agent in the Prohibition Unit, where he served for about one year. Though Hamers service as an agent was brief, it was nevertheless eventful
27.
Buck Barrow
–
Marvin Ivan Buck Barrow was a member of the Barrow Gang. He was the brother of the gangs leader, Clyde Barrow. He and his wife Blanche were wounded in a gun battle with four months after they joined up with Bonnie. Ivan Barrow was born in Jones Prairie, Marion County, Texas, an aunt, watching the little boy running around acting like a horse, gave him the nickname Buck He stopped going to school around age 8 or 9, enjoying fishing and hunting far better. In the early 1920s the older Barrow children left the farm one by one, to marry. At 18 or 19 Marvin too went to Dallas, ostensibly to work for his brother repairing cars and he married twice and divorced twice during this time, and had three children by those marriages. Just before Christmas 1926 Marvin,23, and Clyde,17, were arrested with a full of stolen turkeys they intended to sell for the holidays. On November 11,1929, Barrow met Blanche Caldwell in a part of Dallas County called West Dallas. They fell in love almost immediately, on November 29,1929, several days after meeting Blanche, Marvin Barrow was shot and captured following a burglary in Denton, Texas. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to four years in the Texas State Prison System, on March 8,1930, however, Barrow escaped from the Ferguson Prison Farm near Midway, Texas. He simply walked out of the prison, stole a guards car, in interviews with author/historian John Neal Phillips, Blanche was frank about the fact that she not only knew of Marvins escape, but that she hid with him and actually staged robberies with him. On July 3,1931, Blanche and Marvin were married in Oklahoma, Blanche was not interested in pursuing a criminal career. She and other members of the Barrow family convinced Buck to turn himself in to Texas prison authorities, during his two years at Huntsville Marvin sent repentant letters home, written for him by fellow prisoners. On April 13,1933, Marvin, Clyde, and W. D. Jones participated in a shootout with law enforcement officers at Joplin, two officers, Newton County Constable Wes Harryman and Joplin City Motor Detective Harry McGinnis, were killed. On June 23,1933, Marvin and W. D. Jones killed Alma, Clyde Barrow was not involved in the Humphrey killing. On July 19,1933, Marvin was mortally wounded in the head during a shootout at the Red Crown Tourist Court at Platte City, the bullet opened up a large hole in Marvins forehead that exposed his brain and caused severe loss of blood. Blanche was also wounded in the same gunfight and she and her husband escaped, however, along with Bonnie, Clyde, and W. D. Jones. Despite his ghastly head wound, and loss of blood, Marvin was sometimes fully conscious, on July 24, Marvin, near death, was wounded in the back during yet another shootout, this time near an abandoned amusement park between Redfield and Dexter, Iowa
28.
Blanche Barrow
–
Blanche Iva Barrow was a fringe member of Bonnie and Clydes gang and the wife of Clyde Barrows brother Buck. Brought up by her father, she had a relationship with her mother. Blanche ran away and met Buck Barrow and he was a decade older, and a fugitive. But, over her objections, Buck insisted on joining his brothers gang, Clyde, thirsting for revenge against the law, led a gang that had already claimed five lives during armed robberies that were often bloodily botched. Left behind were newsworthy photos of Bonnie posing with Clyde, and documents that identified Buck, tracked down months later by heavily armed police, the gang again escaped, but Buck received a serious head wound, and Blanche had shards of glass from blasted windows in her eyes. Five days later police again closed in on the gang near an amusement park in Dexter. A bloody gun battle broke out and Buck was shot four times in the back, the others, including the crippled Bonnie, escaped through brush. Blanche was captured after she refused to leave Bucks side after he had collapsed, Blanche thought Sheriff Holt Coffey remarkably fair and sympathetic, but she claimed that while interrogating her, J. Edgar Hoover had threatened to gouge out her remaining good eye. In a 2013 mini-series, Blanche was portrayed by Sarah Hyland, Blanche Barrow was born Bennie Iva Caldwell in Garvin, Oklahoma. She was the child of Matthew Fontain Caldwell and Lillian Bell Pond. At the time of her birth, her father was 40 years old and her parents divorced while Blanche was still a young child, and she was raised by her father, with whom she had a close relationship. Her father made his living as a logger and a farmer, Matthew Caldwell was a devoutly religious man and occasionally preached as a lay minister. At age 17, Blanche was wedded to the much older John Calloway, in her book My Life with Bonnie and Clyde, Blanche said the experience with Calloway left her unable to bear children. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to five years in the Texas State Prison System, on March 8,1930, however, Barrow escaped from the Ferguson Prison Farm near Midway, Texas. In interviews with author-historian John Neal Phillips, Blanche was frank that she not only knew of Bucks escape, Blanche and Buck were married in Oklahoma, honeymooning in Florida. Despite going ahead with the wedding while knowing Buck was a Texas prison escapee, within months she, and his family, convinced him to turn himself in. Two years later he was pardoned, meaning that legally he was no longer an ex-convict, if Buck had wanted to give up crime, this would have been a golden opportunity. A few days after being released, Bonnie and Clyde met Buck and Blanche at Blanches mothers home and persuaded Buck to vacation with them in Joplin, fascinated by movies, and having become disenchanted with the locality, she fell in with the bravado of Clyde
29.
John Frankenheimer
–
John Michael Frankenheimer was an American film and television director known for social dramas and action/suspense films. Among his credits were Birdman of Alcatraz, The Manchurian Candidate, Seven Days in May, The Train, Seconds, Grand Prix, French Connection II, Black Sunday, and Ronin. He was considered one of the last remaining directors who insisted on having control over all elements of production. Frankenheimers 30 feature films and over 50 plays for television were notable for their influence on contemporary thought and he became a pioneer of the modern-day political thriller, having begun his career at the peak of the Cold War. He developed a tremendous propensity for exploring political situations which would ensnare his characters, Movie critic Leonard Maltin writes that in his time. Frankenheimer worked with the top writers, producers and actors in a series of films that dealt with issues that were just on top of the moment—things that were facing us all. Frankenheimer was born in Queens, New York, the son of Helen Mary and Walter Martin Frankenheimer, Frankenheimer once speculated that he might be related to actress Ally Sheedy. His father was of German Jewish descent, his mother was Irish Catholic, Frankenheimer grew up in New York City and became interested in movies at an early age, he recalled going to the cinema every weekend. In 1947, he graduated from La Salle Military Academy in Oakdale, Long Island, in 1951, he graduated from Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, where he had studied English. He also developed an interest in acting as a career while in college and this led him to join a film squadron based in Burbank, California, where he shot his first documentary. He also began studying film theory by reading books about other famous directors, in May 2001, amid rumors that he was the biological father of film director Michael Bay, Frankenheimer stated he had a brief relationship with Bays birth mother. Frankenheimer began his career in live television at CBS. Frankenheimers first theatrical film was The Young Stranger, starring James MacArthur as the teenage son of a powerful Hollywood movie producer. He directed the production, based on a Climax, episode, Deal a Blow, which he directed when he was 26. His departure from television is considered to signal the end of the Golden Age of Television, roger Ebert considered Frankenheimer to have had a special gift as a filmmaker and to have been a master craftsman. He stated that Frankenheimer made some of the most distinctive films of his time, production of Birdman of Alcatraz began under director Charles Crichton. Burt Lancaster, who was producing as well as starring, asked Frankenheimer to take over the film, as Frankenheimer describes in Charles Champlins interview book, he advised Lancaster that the script was too long but was told he had to shoot all that was written. The first cut of the film was four-and-a-half hours long, the length Frankenheimer had predicted, moreover, the film was constructed so that it could not be cut and still be coherent
30.
Red Oak, Texas
–
Red Oak is a city in Ellis County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the population was 10,769 at the 2010 census, up from 4,301 at the 2000 census. The North Central Texas Council of Governments projects that number to grow to 63,329 by the year 2030, Red Oak was the exterior location for filming True Stories, directed by David Byrne of Talking Heads and released in 1986. Red Oak is located along the edge of Ellis County at 32°31′32″N 96°48′22″W. Adjacent cities are Glenn Heights to the northwest, Lancaster to the north, Ferris to the east, Pecan Hill to the southeast, Waxahachie to the south and it is 18 miles south of downtown Dallas via Interstate 35E, which has two exits in Red Oak. According to the United States Census Bureau, Red Oak has an area of 15.0 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Red Oak has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,301 people,1,570 households, the population density was 550.0 people per square mile. There were 1,625 housing units at a density of 207.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 98% White,5. 42% African American,0. 53% Native American,0. 88% Asian,4. 65% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 69% of the population. 19. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 30. 6% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,31. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $48,583, and the median income for a family was $61,250. Males had an income of $38,227 versus $26,276 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,049, about 6. 3% of families and 6. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 1% of those under age 18 and 5. 5% of those age 65 or over. In addition Life School, a charter school, operates the K-12 Red Oak campus. Texas State Technical College operates a campus in Red Oak
31.
Keystone Cops
–
The Keystone Cops were fictional incompetent policemen, featured in silent film comedies in the early 20th century. The movies were produced by Mack Sennett for his Keystone Film Company between 1912 and 1917, the idea for the Keystone Cops came from Hank Mann, who also played police chief Tehiezel in the first film before being replaced by Ford Sterling. Their first film was Hoffmeyers Legacy but their popularity stemmed from the 1913 short The Bangville Police starring Mabel Normand, as early as 1914, Sennet shifted the Keystone Cops from starring roles to background ensemble, in support of comedians like Charlie Chaplin and Fatty Arbuckle. John, and Wished on Mabel with Arbuckle and Normand, among others, comedian/actors Chester Conklin, Jimmy Finlayson, Ford Sterling and director Del Lord were also Keystone Cops. In 2010, the previously lost short A Thief Catcher was rediscovered at a sale in Michigan. The short, filmed in 1914, stars Ford Sterling, Mack Swain, Edgar Kennedy, bag o Rags, the Keystone Kops unofficial theme music, was composed in 1912 by William Mac McKanless, an African-American orchestra leader, pianist and songwriter. The original Keystone Cops numbered only seven, George Jeske, Bobby Dunn, Mack Riley, Charles Avery, Slim Summerville, Edgar Kennedy, Mack Sennett continued to use the Keystone Cops intermittently through the 1920s. By the time sound arrived, the Keystone Cops popularity had waned. This footage has been used countless times in later productions purporting to use silent-era material, the Staub version of the Keystone Cops became a template for later re-creations. 20th Century Foxs 1939 feature Hollywood Cavalcade had Buster Keaton in a Keystone chase scene, however, during his own silent film career, the nearest Keaton had appeared in a police comedy was The Goat and Cops. Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops included a lengthy chase scene, mel Brooks directed a car chase scene in the Keystone Cops style in his comedy film Silent Movie. By the 1950s surviving silent movie comedians could be pressed into service as Keystone Cops regardless of whether they appeared with the troupe authentically, in the This Is Your Life TV tribute to Mack Sennett, several Sennett alumni ran on stage dressed as Keystone Cops. The name has since used to criticize any group for its mistakes, particularly if the mistakes happened after a great deal of energy and activity. For example, the June 2004 election campaign of the Liberal Party of Canada was compared with the Keystone Kops running around by one of its parliamentary members, Carolyn Parrish. A2012 U. S. National Transportation Safety Board report investigating Canadian energy company Enbridges handling of a July 2010 pipeline spill in the Kalamazoo River compared it to the Keystone Cops. In sport, the term has come into usage by television commentators, particularly in the United Kingdom. The rugby commentator Liam Toland uses the term to describe a teams incompetent performance on the pitch, the phrase Keystone cops defending has become a favorite catchphrase for describing a situation in an English football match where a defensive error or a series of defensive errors leads to a goal. According to Dave Filoni, supervising director of the television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars
32.
Slapstick
–
Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dellarte in 16th Century Italy, the physical slap stick remains a key component of the plot in the traditional and popular Punch and Judy puppet show. The name slapstick originates from the Italian language word batacchio or bataccio — called the stick in English — a club-like object composed of two wooden slats used in commedia dellarte. When struck, the batacchio produces a loud smacking noise, though little force transfers from the object to the person being struck, actors may thus hit one another repeatedly with great audible effect while causing very little actual physical damage. Along with the bladder, it was among the earliest special effects. Slapstick comedys history is measured in centuries, shakespeare incorporated many chase scenes and beatings into his comedies, such as in his play The Comedy of Errors. In Punch and Judy shows, a large slapstick is wielded by Punch against the other characters, british comedians who honed their skills at pantomime and music hall sketches include Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, George Formby and Dan Leno. American producer Hal Roach described Fred Karno as not only a genius and we in Hollywood owe much to him. Slapstick is also common in Disneys Goofy shorts, MGMs Tom and Jerry, silent slapstick comedy was also popular in early French films and included films by Max Linder and Charles Prince. In England, slapstick was an element of the Monty Python comedy troupe and in television series such as Fawlty Towers. Slapstick has remained an art form to the present day. Laughter List of slapstick comedy topics Slapstick film Comedy film Physical comedy Stage combat Schadenfreude
33.
French New Wave
–
The New Wave is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. New Wave is an example of European art cinema, using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light, filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end. This is why I would like to call this new age of cinema the age of the camera-stylo, Cahiers co-founder and theorist André Bazin was a prominent source of influence for the movement. By means of criticism and editorialization, they laid the groundwork for a set of concepts, revolutionary at the time, Cahiers du cinéma writers critiqued the classic Tradition of Quality style of French Cinema. Notable among these was François Truffaut in his manifesto-like article Une Certaine tendance du cinéma français, Bazin and Henri Langlois, founder and curator of the Cinémathèque Française, were the dual father figures of the movement. These men of cinema valued the expression of the personal vision in both the films style and script. The auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his movies, the beginning of the New Wave was to some extent an exercise by the Cahiers writers in applying this philosophy to the world by directing movies themselves. Apart from the role that films by Jean Rouch have played in the movement, part of their technique was to portray characters not readily labeled as protagonists in the classic sense of audience identification. The auteurs of this era owe their popularity to the support they received with their youthful audience, most of these directors were born in the 1930s and grew up in Paris, relating to how their viewers might be experiencing life. With high concentration in fashion, urban life, and all-night parties. The French New Wave was popular roughly between 1958 and 1964, although New Wave work existed as late as 1973, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II strongly influenced the movement. Politically and financially drained, France tended to back on the old popular pre-war traditions. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film, the movement has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms, criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to submit to a dictatorial plot-line. They were especially against the French cinema of quality, the type of high-minded, literary period films held in esteem at French film festivals, New Wave critics and directors studied the work of western classics and applied new avant garde stylistic direction. The low-budget approach helped filmmakers get at the art form and find what was, to them. French New Wave is influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, many of these directors, such as Edmond Agabra and Henri Zaphiratos, were not as successful or enduring at the well-known members of the New Wave and today would not be considered part of it
34.
The Chase (1966 film)
–
Because one of the two escapees is Charlie Bubber Reeves, wrongly assumed to be responsible for a murder, the escape causes a stir in a nearby town where Bubber is a well-known figure. The supporting cast features E. G. Marshall, Angie Dickinson, Janice Rule, Miriam Hopkins, Martha Hyer, and Robert Duvall. In a small Texas town where banker Val Rogers wields a great deal of influence, word comes that native son Bubber Reeves, Bubber is left on his own after the second fugitive kills a stranger for his car and clothes. The townspeople, conflicted about his guilt or innocence, socialize and they include the hostile Emily Stewart, who openly expresses her lust for Damon Fuller in front of her husband, Edwin. As the drinking and quarreling intensify, a group of vigilantes demand action from Calder, when he defies them, they beat Calder brutally before the sheriffs loyal wife Ruby is able to get to his side. Bubber sneaks into town, hiding in an auto junkyard, Anna and Jake willingly set out to help him, and the townspeople follow, turning the event into a drunken revelry and setting the junkyard on fire, causing an explosion which mortally wounds Jake. A bloodied and beaten Calder manages to get to Bubber first, by morning, Calder has had enough of these people, and he and Ruby leave town forever. Paul Williams thought this movie would be his big break, faye Dunaway auditioned for the film, but Jane Fonda was cast in the role of Anna Reeves. Following this, Arthur Penn tested Dunaway and cast her for his film, Bonnie. On release, the film gained positive reviews from critics. Pointing out its origins in the Horton Foote play, he wrote and it has been turned into a disaster of awesome proportions. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 80% of critics have given the film a positive review and its a shame because it could have been a great film. List of American films of 1966 Parish, James Robert, fiasco - A History of Hollywood’s Iconic Flops. Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons
35.
Fahrenheit 451 (film)
–
Fahrenheit 451 is a 1966 British Dystopian science fiction drama film directed by François Truffaut and starring Oskar Werner, Julie Christie, and Cyril Cusack. This was Truffauts first colour film as well as his only English-language film, at the 1966 Venice Film Festival, Fahrenheit 451 was nominated for the Golden Lion. In the future, a totalitarian government employs a force known as Firemen to seek out and destroy all literature, permitting them to anyone, anywhere. One of the Firemen, Guy Montag, meets one of his neighbors, Clarisse, the two have a discussion about his job, where she asks if he ever reads the books he burns. Curious, he begins to hide books in his house and read them and this leads to conflict with his wife, Linda, who is more concerned with being popular enough to be a member of The Family, an interactive television program that refers to its viewers as cousins. At the house of a collector, the captain talks with Montag at length about how books change people and make them want to be better than others. Disturbed over Montags behavior, Lindas friends try to leave but Montag stops them, by forcing them to sit and that night, Montag dreams of Clarisse as the book collector who killed herself. The same night, Clarisses house is raided but she escapes through a trapdoor in the roof, Montag breaks into the captains office looking for information about the missing Clarisse and is caught but not punished. Montag meets with Clarisse and helps her back into her house. She tells him of the people, a hidden sect of people who flout the law. Later, Montag tells the captain he is resigning but is convinced to go on one more call, Linda leaves the house, telling Montag that she couldnt live with his book obsession and leaves him to be punished by the Firemen. Angrily, he destroys the bedroom and television before setting fire to the books, the captain lectures him about the books and pulls a last book from Montags coat, for which Montag kills him. He escapes and finds the people, where he views his capture on television, staged to keep the masses entertained. Montag selects a book to memorize, Tales of Mystery & Imagination by Edgar Allan Poe, in this diary, he called Fahrenheit 451 his saddest and most difficult film making experience, mainly because of intense conflicts between Werner and himself. The film was Universal Pictures first European production, Julie Christie was originally cast as Linda Montag, not Linda and Clarisse. The part of Clarisse was offered to Jean Seberg and Jane Fonda, laurence Olivier, Michael Redgrave and Sterling Hayden were considered for the role of the Captain, before Cyril Cusack was cast. The film was shot at Pinewood Studios in England, with the exterior scene taken at the French SAFEGE test track, in Châteauneuf-sur-Loire near Orléans. The film featured the Alton housing estate in Roehampton, south London and also Edgcumbe Park in Crowthorne, the final scene of the Book People was filmed in a rare and unexpected snowstorm that occurred on Julie Christies birthday, April 14,1966
36.
Jean-Luc Godard
–
Jean-Luc Godard is a French-Swiss film director, screenwriter and film critic. He is often identified with the 1960s French film movement La Nouvelle Vague, as a result of such argument, he and like-minded critics started to make their own films. Many of Godards films challenge the conventions of traditional Hollywood in addition to French cinema, along with showing knowledge of film history through homages and references, several of his films expressed his political views, he was an avid reader of existential and Marxist philosophy. Since the New Wave, his politics have been less radical and his recent films are about representation and human conflict from a humanist. In a 2002 Sight & Sound poll, Godard ranked third in the critics top-ten directors of all time and he is said to have created one of the largest bodies of critical analysis of any filmmaker since the mid-twentieth century. He and his work have been central to narrative theory and have challenged both commercial narrative cinema norms and film criticisms vocabulary, in 2010, Godard was awarded an Academy Honorary Award, but did not attend the award ceremony. Jean-Luc Godard was born on 3 December 1930 in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, the son of Odile and Paul Godard and his wealthy parents came from Protestant families of Franco–Swiss descent, and his mother was the daughter of Julien Monod, a founder of the Banque Paribas. She was the great-granddaughter of theologian Adolphe Monod, relatives on his mothers side include also composer Jacques-Louis Monod, naturalist Théodore Monod and pastor Frédéric Monod. Four years after Jean-Lucs birth, his father moved the family to Switzerland, at the outbreak of the Second World War, Godard was in France and returned to Switzerland with difficulty. He spent most of the war in Switzerland, although his family made trips to his grandfathers estate on the French side of Lake Geneva. Godard attended school in Nyon, Switzerland, in 1946, he went to study at the Lycée Buffon in Paris and, through family connections, mixed with members of its cultural elite. He lodged with the writer Jean Schlumberger, having failed his baccalaureate exam in 1948 he returned to Switzerland. He studied in Lausanne and lived with his parents, whose marriage was breaking up and he spent time in Geneva also with a group that included another film fanatic, Roland Tolmatchoff, and the extreme rightist philosopher Jean Parvulesco. His older sister Rachel encouraged him to paint, which he did, after time spent at a boarding school in Thonon to prepare for the retest, which he passed, he returned to Paris in 1949. He registered for a certificate in anthropology at the University of Paris and he got involved with the young group of film critics at the ciné-clubs that started the New Wave. Godard originally held only French citizenship, then in 1953, he became a citizen of Gland, canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in Paris, in the Latin Quarter just prior to 1950, ciné-clubs were gaining prominence. Godard began attending these clubs - the Cinémathèque, the CCQL, Work and Culture ciné Club, at these clubs he met fellow film enthusiasts including Jacques Rivette, Claude Chabrol, and François Truffaut. Godard was part of a generation for whom cinema took on a special importance and he has said, In the 1950s cinema was as important as bread—but it isnt the case any more
37.
New Jersey
–
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
38.
George Stevens
–
George Cooper Stevens was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are A Place in the Sun, Shane, Giant and he was born in Oakland, California, and his family included his father Landers Stevens and his mother Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. His uncle was drama critic Ashton Stevens and he also had two brothers, Jack and writer Aston Stevens. He learned about the stage from his parents and worked and toured with them on his path to filmmaking and he broke into the movie business as a cameraman, working on many Laurel and Hardy short films, such as Night Owls. His first feature film was The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble in 1933, in 1934 he got his first directing job, the slapstick Kentucky Kernels. His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn in Alice Adams in 1935 and he went on in the late 1930s to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, not only with the two actors together, but on their own. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in Vigil in the Night, and the film has an ending for European audiences in recognition of World War II. During World War II, Stevens joined the U. S. Army Signal Corps and headed a unit from 1943 to 1946. Stevens also helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials, in 2008, his footage was entered into the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an essential visual record of World War II. One result of his World War II experiences was that his subsequent films became more dramatic, the motion picture I Remember Mama from 1948 was the last movie that he made with comic scenes. He was responsible for such films as A Place in the Sun, Shane, The Diary of Anne Frank, Giant. He ended his career with the 1970 film The Only Game in Town with Warren Beatty. In the same year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. Stevens was the father of television and film writer-producer-director George Stevens, Jr. the first CEO, George Jr. Stevens died following a heart attack on March 8,1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, as a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, Stevens headed the U. S. Army Signal Corps unit that filmed the Normandy landings and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp. For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit, Stevens has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for A Place in the Sun and he was also nominated in 1943 for The More the Merrier, in 1954 for Shane, and in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. The moving image collection of George Stevens is held at the Academy Film Archive, the film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the George Stevens papers at the Academy’s Margaret Herrick Library
39.
William Wyler
–
William Wyler, born as Willy Wyler was an American film director, producer and screenwriter of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Wyler received his first Oscar nomination for directing Dodsworth in 1936, starring Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor, Film historian Ian Freer calls Wyler a bona fide perfectionist, whose penchant for retakes and an attempt to hone every last nuance, became the stuff of legend. Through his talent for staging, editing, and camera movement and he helped propel a number of actors to stardom, finding and directing Audrey Hepburn in her Hollywood debut film, Roman Holiday, and directing Barbra Streisand in her debut film, Funny Girl. He directed Olivia de Havilland to her second Oscar in The Heiress and Laurence Olivier in Wuthering Heights, Olivier credited Wyler with teaching him how to act for the screen. And Bette Davis, who received three Oscar nominations under his direction and won her second Oscar in Jezebel, said Wyler made her a far, far better actress than she had ever been. Other popular Wyler films include, Hells Heroes, Dodsworth, The Westerner, The Letter, Friendly Persuasion, The Big Country, The Childrens Hour, Wyler was born to a Jewish family in Mulhouse, Alsace. His Swiss father, Leopold, started as a traveling salesman which he turned into a thriving haberdashery business in Mulhouse. His mother, Melanie, was German, and a cousin of Carl Laemmle, during Wylers childhood, he attended a number of schools and developed a reputation as something of a hellraiser, being expelled more than once for misbehavior. His mother often took him and his older brother Robert to concerts, opera, sometimes at home his family and their friends would stage amateur theatricals for personal enjoyment. Wyler was supposed to take over the family business in Mulhouse. After World War I, he spent a year working in Paris at 100.000 Chemises selling shirts. He was so poor that he spent his time wandering around the Pigalle district. After realizing that Willy was not interested in the business, his mother, Melanie, contacted her distant cousin, Carl Laemmle who owned Universal Studios. Laemmle was in the habit of coming to Europe each year, in 1921, Wyler, while traveling as a Swiss citizen, met Laemmle who hired him to work at Universal Studios in New York. As Wyler said, America seemed as far away as the moon, booked onto a ship to New York with Laemmle upon his return voyage, he met a young Czech man, Paul Kohner, aboard the same ship. Their enjoyment of the first class trip was short-lived, however, after working in New York for several years, and even serving in the New York Army National Guard for a year, Wyler moved to Hollywood to become a director. Around 1923, Wyler arrived in Los Angeles and began work on the Universal Studios lot in the gang, cleaning the stages. His break came when he was hired as an assistant editor
40.
Karel Reisz
–
Karel Reisz was a British filmmaker who was active in post–World War II Britain, and one of the pioneers of the new realist strain in 1950s and 1960s British cinema. Reisz was born in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, of Jewish extraction and he was a refugee, one of the 669 rescued by Sir Nicholas Winton. He came to England in 1938, speaking almost no English, after attending Leighton Park School, he joined the Royal Air Force towards the end of the war, his parents died at Auschwitz. Following his war service, he read Natural Sciences at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and he co-founded Sequence with Lindsay Anderson and Gavin Lambert in 1947. Reisz was a member of the Free Cinema documentary film movement. His first short film, Momma Dont Allow, co-directed with Tony Richardson, was included in the first Free Cinema programme shown at the National Film Theatre in February 1956, the film represented Britain at the Venice Film Festival. The BBC made two films about the same people and youth club, broadcast in 1985. His first feature film Saturday Night and Sunday Morning was based on the novel by Alan Sillitoe. In particular, scenes filmed at the Raleigh factory in Nottingham have the look of a documentary, the film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. He later produced Andersons This Sporting Life and directed Morgan, A Suitable Case For Treatment adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play, Isadora, a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg starred Vanessa Redgrave. In the following decade he made The Gambler and Wholl Stop the Rain, the French Lieutenants Woman was probably the most successful of his later films. Adapted from the John Fowles novel by Harold Pinter, it starred Jeremy Irons, sweet Dreams, on the country singer Patsy Cline and Everybody Wins, with a screenplay by Arthur Miller based on his play were his last films for the cinema. He was a patron of the British Film Institute and his standard textbook, The Technique of Film Editing was first published in 1953. Reisz had three sons by his first wife, Julia Coppard, whom he later divorced, Reisz wed Betsy Blair, former wife of Gene Kelly, in 1963 and remained married until his death. Saturday Night and Sunday Morning Night Must Fall Morgan, karel Reisz at the Internet Movie Database
41.
John Schlesinger
–
John Richard Schlesinger, CBE was an English film and stage director, and actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Director for Midnight Cowboy, Schlesinger was born in London, into a middle class Jewish family, the son of Winifred Henrietta and Bernard Edward Schlesinger, a physician. After St Edmunds School, Hindhead, Uppingham School and Balliol College, Oxford, Schlesingers acting career began in the 1950s and consisted of supporting roles in British films such as The Divided Heart and Oh. Rosalinda. and British television productions such as BBC Sunday Night Theatre, The Adventures of Robin Hood and he began his directorial career in 1956 with the short documentary Sunday in the Park about Londons Hyde Park. In 1959, Schlesinger was credited as exterior or second unit director on 23 episodes of the TV series The Four Just Men and his first two fiction films, A Kind of Loving and Billy Liar were set in the North of England. A Kind of Loving won the Golden Bear award at the 12th Berlin International Film Festival in 1962 and his third feature film, Darling, tartly described the modern, urban way of life in London and was one of the first films about swinging London. Schlesingers next film was the period drama Far from the Madding Crowd, both films featured Julie Christie as the female lead. Schlesingers next film, Midnight Cowboy, was internationally acclaimed, a story of two hustlers living on the fringe in the bad side of New York City, it was Schlesingers first film shot in the US, and it won Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture. During the 1970s, he made an array of films that were mainly about loners, losers and people outside the world, such as Sunday Bloody Sunday, The Day of the Locust, Marathon Man. In Britain, he did better with films like Madame Sousatzka, other later works include An Englishman Abroad, the TV play A Question of Attribution, The Innocent and The Next Best Thing. Schlesinger also directed Timon of Athens for the Royal Shakespeare Company, from 1973, he was an associate director of the Royal National Theatre, where he produced George Bernard Shaws Heartbreak House. He also directed operas, beginning with Les contes dHoffmann and Der Rosenkavalier. Schlesinger admitted to having voted for all three political parties in the UK at one time or another. Schlesinger was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to film in 1970, in 2003, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California Walk of Stars was dedicated to him. Schlesinger underwent a heart bypass in 1998, before suffering a stroke in December 2000. He was taken off life support at Desert Regional Medical Center in Palm Springs on 24 July 2003 and he was survived by his partner of over 30 years, photographer Michael Childers. A memorial service was held on 30 September 2003
42.
Sydney Pollack
–
Sydney Irwin Pollack was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 films or shows, some of his other best known works include Jeremiah Johnson, The Way We Were, Three Days of the Condor and Absence of Malice. His subsequent films included Havana, The Firm, The Interpreter, Sydney Pollack was born in Lafayette, Indiana, to a family of Jewish immigrants from Ukraine, the son of Rebecca and David Pollack, a semi-professional boxer and pharmacist. The family relocated to South Bend and his parents divorced when he was young and his mother, an alcoholic with emotional problems, died at the age of 37 while Pollack was a student. Despite earlier plans to attend college and then school, Pollack left Indiana for New York City soon after finishing high school at age 17. Pollack studied acting with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse from 1952–54, after two years army service, ending in 1958, he returned to the Playhouse at Meisner’s invitation to become his assistant. In 1960, John Frankenheimer, a friend of Pollack, asked him to come to Los Angeles in order to work as a coach for the child actors on Frankenheimers first big picture. It was during this time that Pollack met Burt Lancaster who encouraged the actor to try directing. Pollack played a director in The Twilight Zone episode The Trouble with Templeton in 1961, but he found his real success in television in the 1960s by directing episodes of series, such as The Fugitive and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. After doing TV he made the jump into film with a string of movies that drew public attention and his film-directing debut was The Slender Thread. Over time, Pollacks films received a total of 48 Academy Award nominations and his first Oscar nomination was for his 1969 film They Shoot Horses, Dont They. and his second in 1982 for Tootsie. For his 1985 film Out of Africa starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford, only Young and Lange won Oscars for their performances in one of Pollacks films. His disputes with Hoffman during the filming of Tootsie became well known, eventually Hoffman began pushing the idea that Pollack play the role of his agent, and Pollack reluctantly agreed despite not having had any film roles in 20 years. Their off-screen relationship added authenticity to their scenes in the movie, Pollack subsequently took on more acting roles in addition to producing and directing. He appeared as himself in the documentary One Six Right, describing his joy in owning and piloting his Cessna Citation X jet aircraft. As a character actor, Pollack appeared in such as A Civil Action. He also appeared in Woody Allens Husbands and Wives as a New York lawyer undergoing a midlife crisis and his last role was as Patrick Dempseys father in the 2008 romantic comedy Made of Honor, which was playing in theaters at the time of his death. He was a recurring guest star on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, playing Will Trumans unfaithful but loving father, George Truman
