1.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
2.
Housing Act of 1949
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The American Housing Act of 1949 was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. It was part of President Harry Trumans program of domestic legislation, in the State of the Union address unveiling the Fair Deal, Truman observed that Five million families are still living in slums and firetraps. Three million families share their homes with others and he also presented a policy statement on housing, The housing shortage continues to be acute. As an immediate step, the Congress should enact the provisions for low-rent public housing, slum clearance, farm housing, the number of lowrent public housing units provided for in the legislation should be increased to 1 million units in the next 7 years. Even this number of units will not begin to meet our need for new housing, most of the houses we need will have to be built by private enterprise, without public subsidy. By producing too few rental units and too large a proportion of high-priced houses, the Government is now engaged in a campaign to induce all segments of the building industry to concentrate on the production of lower priced housing. Additional legislation to encourage such housing will be submitted, in Congress, the bill was sponsored by Republican Sen. Robert A. Taft. The Act was of importance in that it governed the way the immense financial resources of the federal government would shape the growth of American cities in the post-war era. For instance, in one survey of the top influences on the postwar American metropolis, the law facilitated a rise in homeownership and the building of huge public housing projects that would become fixtures in many American cities. The legislations legacy is mixed, particularly with regard to the success of the urban renewal, the government fell far short of its goal to build 810,000 units of new public housing by 1955, providing little aid to cities suffering from housing shortages. Meanwhile, the urban redevelopment efforts prompted by the Act came under fire for poor planning, failings with regard to social equity and fairness. The slogan adopted by critics equated urban renewal with Negro removal, the federal government spent $13.5 billion on urban redevelopment and slum clearance projects between 1953 and 1986
3.
Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee
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Nathaniel Jeremiah Bradlee was a Boston architect and a partner in the firm of Bradlee, Winslow & Wetherell. Bradlee was born in Boston to Elizabeth Davis and Samuel Bradlee and he married Julia Rebecca Weld on April 17,1855. Their children were Joseph Williams Bradlee, Caroline Lousia Bradlee, Elizabeth Lydia Bradlee, Eleanor Collamore Bradlee, Bradlee designed many of the townhouses in Bostons South End, and was president of the Cochituate Water Board. The Bradlee Basin at the Chestnut Hill Reservoir, Newton, Massachusetts, from 1866 to 1896 his family lived in the Alvah Kittredge House, a Greek Revival mansion at 10 Linwood Street, Roxbury, Massachusetts. He vacationed in Altamonte Springs, Florida in what is now known as the Bradlee-McIntyre House, in 1885, Henry Herman Westinghouse, younger brother of George Westinghouse, built a nearby house whose plan was a mirror image of the Bradlee-McIntyre House. Westinghouse also had Bradlee design homes of 12 to 15 rooms near Boston Avenue in town, Bradlee died unexpectedly in Bellows Falls, Vermont while on a train from Boston to Keene, New Hampshire. His papers are archived in the Boston Athenæum, some outraged customers cut up their credit cards in protest of the demolition. These protests and preservationist grassroots efforts led to the creation of the Boston Landmarks Commission and he built for Royal Robbins of Waltham Watch Co. A series of 8 freight stables in 1866, which serviced the adjoining Boston and Providence Railroad property, 1853–1854 – First Church in Jamaica Plain, Unitarian-Universalist, a National Register of Historic Places site. 1855 – William F. Schultz House,53 Beacon Street, Boston, early 1860s – Jordan Marsh department store,450 Washington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 1861–1862, Phillips School, Boston, Massachusetts. A rare substantial surviving Italianate school building.1866 eight freight stables at 13-45 Stanhope Street,1870 – Mount Auburn Reception House, Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts. One of only two existing buildings in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Bradlee,1874, Railway Station, North Conway, New Hampshire. 1874– Second Church, Boston, on Boylston Street, between Dartmouth and Clarendon 1874–1878 – Danvers State Hospital,450 Maple Street, Danvers, Massachusetts, a massive complex designed to care for the mentally ill. 1875, commercial building,6 East Springfield Street, South End, Boston 1876 – Boston Young Mens Christian Union,48 Boylston Street, Boston, an outstanding example of the High Gothic style, another NRHP site. 1878 – Unitarian Church, Brunswick, Maine,1879 – 542–550 Columbus Avenue, South End, Boston. Late 1870s – Palladio Hall, 60–62 Warren Street, Boston, an Italian Renaissance-style commercial block designed and owned by Bradlee. Nathaniel J. Bradlee, History of the Introduction of Pure Water into the City of Boston, with a Description of Its Cochituate Water Works, Boston, Danvers State Insane Asylum — information and Nathaniel J Bradlee biography
4.
Jordan Marsh
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Jordan Marsh & Company was a department store in Boston, Massachusetts, which grew to be a major regional chain in the New England area of the United States. In 1996, the last of the Jordan Marsh stores were converted to Macys, the store was formerly part of Allied Stores and then Federated Department Stores. Allied also operated a group of stores in Florida called Jordan Marsh Florida. In 1841, Eben Dyer Jordan left his job at a Boston dry goods store, ten years later, Jordan partnered with Boston merchant Benjamin L. Marsh. They began by selling linen, silk, and other dry goods from Europe to wholesale customers in, as the business grew, it moved from one location to another and in 1861 Jordan and Marsh decided to begin selling directly to the public. They acquired a building at 450 Washington Street, in the heart of what is still Bostons downtown shopping district. After the American Civil War, Jordan and Marsh expanded into nearby buildings, eventually the partners had established the nation’s first departmentalized store and called it Jordan Marsh and Company. During the second half of the 19th century, Eben Jordans son, Jordan Jr. and a new partner named George Mitton took over the company, turning it into a modern department store. Jordan Marsh and Company, in addition to establishing the first department store, introduced the concept of “department shopping. ”Jordan Marsh combined an elegant atmosphere with excellent personal service and a wide range of merchandise. With many different departments displaying wares from around the world, the store drew shoppers from the city as well from the streetcar suburbs. Once at the store, consumers could do more than just shop, Jordan Marsh offered fashion shows, a bakery famous for its blueberry muffins, art exhibitions, and even afternoon concerts. Jordan Marsh also pioneered new services for not available in more traditional specialty shops. Most important, it offered credit, usually in the form of charge accounts and it introduced the customer-is-always right policy, and offered money-back guarantees. Jordan Marsh was always known for implementing new technology as well, one of the first stores to feature electrical lights, glass showcases, telephones and it also installed pneumatic tubes that delivered cash and credit information to individual departments. In 1935, Bostons Jordan Marsh became one of the founders of New York City-based Allied Stores Corporation, after World War II, the management of Jordan Marsh announced that it would build a new store in downtown Boston. Jordans five older buildings would give way to a new building that would take up a city block. Covering an area larger than Harvard Stadium, it would have two stories under ground, another 14 would rise into the air and it would have all the latest technology, including air conditioning, automatic doorways, block-long show windows, and radiant-heated sidewalks. After the addition of the new building in 1949, the Jordan Marsh Complex was split into four units, the 1949 new store, the original main store, annex
5.
Beacon Hill, Boston
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Beacon Hill is a historic neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, the population of Bostons Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023 and it is a neighborhood of Federal-style rowhouses and is known for its narrow, gaslit streets and brick sidewalks. Today, Beacon Hill is regarded as one of the most desirable, like many similarly named areas, the neighborhood is named for the location of a former beacon atop the highest point in central Boston. The beacon was used to warn the residents of an invasion, Beacon Hill is bound by Storrow Drive, and Cambridge, Bowdoin, Park and Beacon Streets. It is about one square, and situated along the riverfront of the Charles River Esplanade to the west, just north of Boston Common. The block bound by Beacon, Tremont and Park Streets is included as well, Beacon Hill has three sections, the south slope, the north slope and the Flat of the Hill, which is a level neighborhood built on landfill. It is west of Charles Street and between Beacon Street and Cambridge Street, the name trimount later morphed into Tremont, as in Tremont Street. Between 1807 and 1832 Beacon Hill was reduced from 138 feet in elevation to 80 feet, the shoreline and bodies of water such as the Mill Pond had a massive filling, increasing Bostons land mass by 150%. Charles Street was one of the new roads created from the project, before the hill was reduced substantially, Beacon Hill was located just behind the current site of the Massachusetts State House. According to the 2010 U. S. Census, the population of Bostons Beacon Hill neighborhood is 9,023 and this reflects a slight decrease from the 2000 Census. According to 2007-2011 American Community Survey estimates, of the 5,411 households in Beacon Hill,27. 3% were family households and 72.7 were non-family households, of the 1,479 family households 81. 6% were married couple families. 36. 6% of married families were with related children under the age of 18 and 63. 4% were with no related children under age 18. Other family types make up 18. 4% of Beacon Hills population, with 90. 8% being female householder with no husband present, the first European settler was William Blaxton, also spelled Blackstone. In 1625 he built a house and orchard on Beacon Hills south slope, roughly at the location of Beacon, the settlement was a preformal arrangement. In 1630 Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company, the southwestern slope was used by the city for military drills and livestock grazing. In 1634 a signal beacon was established on the top of the hill, sailors and British soldiers visited the north slope of Beacon Hill during the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, it became an area for Boston residents. Fringe activities occurred on Mount Whoredom, the backslope of Beacon Hill, Beacon Street was established in 1708 from a cow path to the Boston Common
6.
Back Bay, Boston
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Back Bay is an officially recognized neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is also a shopping destination and home to some of Bostons tallest office buildings, the Hynes Convention Center. Prior to a colossal 19th-century filling project, Back Bay was a literal bay, today, along with neighboring Beacon Hill, it is one of Bostons two most expensive residential neighborhoods. This bay was tidal, the rose and fell several feet over the course of each day. As early as 5,200 years before present, Native Americans built fish weirs here, in 1814, the Boston and Roxbury Mill Corporation was chartered to construct a milldam, which would also serve as a toll road connecting Boston to Watertown, bypassing Boston Neck. However, the project was a failure, and in 1857 a massive project was begun to make land by filling the area enclosed by the dam. The firm of Goss and Munson built additional railroad trackage extending to quarries in Needham, twenty-five 35-car trains arrived every 24 hours carrying gravel and other fill, at a rate in the daytime of one every 45 minutes. Present-day Back Bay itself was filled by 1882, the project reached existing land at what is now Kenmore Square in 1890, much of the old mill dam remains buried under present-day Beacon Street. The project was the largest of a number of reclamation projects which, beginning in 1820. The Esplanade has since undergone changes, including the construction of Storrow Drive. The Back Bay is traversed by five east-west corridors, Beacon Street, Marlborough Street, Commonwealth Avenue, Newbury Street and Boylston Street. These are interrupted at intervals by running from north to south streets, Arlington, Berkeley, Clarendon, Dartmouth, Exeter, Fairfield, Gloucester. All of the west-east streets, except Commonwealth Avenue, are one-way streets, west of Hereford are Massachusetts Avenue and Charlesgate, which forms the Back Bays western boundary. Setback requirements and other restrictions, written into the lot deeds of the newly filled Back Bay, produced harmonious rows of dignified three- and four-story residential brownstones. The Back Bay is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Copley Square features Trinity Church, the Boston Public Library, the John Hancock Tower, and numerous other notable buildings. Trinity Church, deservedly regarded as one of the finest buildings in America, the first monumental structure in Copley Square was the original Museum of Fine Arts, begun 1870 and opened 1876. After museum moved to the Fenway neighborhood in 1909 its red Gothic Revival building was demolished to make way for the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel, the Boston Public Library, designed by McKim, Mead, and White, is a leading example of Beaux-Arts architecture in the US. Sited across Copley Square from Trinity Church, it was intended to be a palace for the people, baedekers 1893 guide terms it dignified and imposing, simple and scholarly, and a worthy mate. to Trinity Church
7.
Fort Point, Boston
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Fort Point is a neighborhood or district of Boston, Massachusetts, and where a fort stood which guarded the city in colonial times. Fort Hill was located near what is today the intersection of Oliver, at least until 1675, the hill jutted out into the Atlantic Ocean, hence the designation of being a point. Its height and proximity to the sea made the hill an advantageous point to put defensive cannons, between 1866 and 1872, the City of Boston undertook a redevelopment project on Fort Hill in attempt to add more land for business facilities. The project called for the Hill to be leveled, for the streets to be widened, today the land is flat and largely occupied by the towers of International Place. Landfill has also extended the shoreline outward, so the location of the old fort is no longer directly on the waterfront, the boundaries of the modern neighborhood of Fort Point are somewhat ill-defined. At its broadest extent, it includes the land a few blocks on either side of the Fort Point Channel, the Fort Point artists community is located on the opposite side of the channel. This is also called the South Boston Waterfront or the Seaport District, real estate listings include Fort Point locations east of the channel and west of the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center and the Boston World Trade Center. The Summer Street Bridge, which crosses the channel, has a sign which welcomes eastbound travelers to South Boston, the United States Postal Service Bulk Mail Center at Fort Point Station is located between the channel and South Station. The northeastern section of the Fort Point neighborhood, on the east side of the channel, the Fort Point neighborhood was featured in Martin Scorseses 2006 film The Departed. An alley between Thompson Place and Farnsworth Street provided the setting for the fictional address 344 Wash, the dramatic views of downtown Boston from the rooftops of Fort Point were prominently featured in the film. In 2001, the Fort Point District was petitioned as a Landmark District with the Boston Landmarks Commission, in 2007, a Mayoral-appointed Study Committee began drafting District guidelines. In December 2008, Mayor Menino and the Boston Landmarks Commission voted in favor of the guidelines which were approved on January 28,2009 by the Boston City Council. Fort Point is served by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority via Broadway and South Station as well as bus routes #9, #11, the Silver Line bus rapid transit system serves parts of Fort Point. With the rapid growth of Fort Point, private shuttles have supplemented public transportation to the neighborhood, the Southie Shuttle, Cultural Connector and Channel Center Shuttle are some of the private transportation services. In 2013, plans were announced that rail service would connect the South Boston Waterfront to Back Bay. The neighborhood of Fort Point is home to over 300 artists creating art in an array of media. This neighborhood is recognized as one of New England’s largest artists’ communities, the historic warehouse buildings of Fort Point are home to sculptors, painters, digital media artists, photographers, designers, ceramicists, performance artists, jewelers, book artists, and more. In addition to being home to artists, Fort Point is home to many arts organizations
8.
New England
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New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeast United States, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and south, the Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast, and Long Island Sound is to the south. Its largest metropolitan area is Greater Boston, which also includes Worcester, Manchester, ten years later, more Puritans settled north of Plymouth Colony in Boston, thus forming Massachusetts Bay Colony. Over the next 126 years, people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars, until the British and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquin allies in North America. In 1692, the town of Salem, Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced one of the most infamous cases of hysteria in the history of the Western Hemisphere. The Boston Tea Party was a protest to which Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government, the confrontation led to the first battles of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, and the expulsion of the British authorities from the region in spring 1776. Each state is subdivided into small incorporated municipalities known as towns. The only unincorporated areas in the region exist in the populated northern regions of Vermont, New Hampshire. The region is one of the U. S. Census Bureaus nine regional divisions, the earliest known inhabitants of New England were American Indians who spoke a variety of the Eastern Algonquian languages. Prominent tribes included the Abenaki, Mikmaq, Penobscot, Pequot, Mohegans, Narragansett Indians, Pocumtuck, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Western Abenakis inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine. Their principal town was Norridgewock in present-day Maine, the Penobscot lived along the Penobscot River in Maine. The Narragansett and smaller tribes under Narragansett sovereignty lived in most of modern-day Rhode Island, west of Narragansett Bay, the Wampanoag occupied southeastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and the islands of Marthas Vineyard and Nantucket. The Pocumtucks lived in Western Massachusetts, and the Mohegan and Pequot tribes in the Connecticut region, the Connecticut River Valley includes parts of Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and linked different indigenous communities culturally, linguistically, and politically. As early as 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders began exploring the New World, trading metal, glass, on April 10,1606, King James I of England issued a charter for each of the Virginia Companies, London and Plymouth. These were privately funded ventures, intended to land for England, conduct trade. In 1620, Plymouth in present-day Massachusetts was settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower, in 1616, English explorer John Smith named the region New England. As the first colonists arrived in Plymouth, they wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, the Massachusetts Bay Colony came to dominate the area and was established by royal charter in 1629 with its major town and port of Boston established in 1630. Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut as early as 1633, roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence Plantation in the area that became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations in 1636
9.
Historical society
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A historical society is an organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching, and interpreting historical information or items. Originally, these societies were created as a way to future generations understand their heritage. Often, many of these organizations ensure that historic architecture is preserved/restored and it is said that historical societies originated in Western Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. These early organizations were formed as societies for “lovers of Antiquity. ”The oldest historical society in the United States is what we now call the Massachusetts Historical Society. He was joined by nine other Bostonians who helped him create The Historical Society and this like-minded group gathered family papers, books, and artifacts from their personal collections which led to the creation of the nations first historical repository. Due to the absence of any other American historical repositories during this time, during the 19th century, societies were becoming more and more democratic in their membership policies, while large groups of people were still being excluded. However, when the Progressive Era came, these historical societies finally started being seen as institutions with a capacity or obligation to serve the public, in 1940, the increase in this appreciation was reflected once again by the founding of the American Association for State and Local History. The public inclusion movement is an example of how the historical societies were sometimes challenged with juggling competing preservation priorities. Publishing journals and maintaining museums is another way in which the historical societies showcase their collections, research, and field of study. Written words were not always given the praise that was sought after, This is displayed quite vividly within the quotes from “The American Historical Review. ”Support from outside sources. While historical societies originate in different ways, usually there is a group of people who lay down the foundation for the formal organization of the society. New York, unlike all of the other US states who view cultural agencies as nonprofit businesses, has unique ways with the creation process, the cultural agencies in NY are a significant part of the educational system and incorporate under Education Law rather than Corporation Law. These education corporations are created by and are subject to the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. An issuance of a charter is necessary for any museum or historical society who intends on organizing as a nonprofit education corporation, in order to satisfying Regents standards of quality, they must develop and go through the provisional to absolute chartering process. This encourages the society to progress, and at the end of the provisional period, an absolute charter is given to societies that meet the organizational and educational standards which leads to what is called, registration. When the organization has a record of stability, programmatic accomplishment. With this successful review and recommendation that the Regents allow an absolute charter, from this point on, the organization must submit annual reports in order to provide current information and accomplishments to the Regents. List of historical societies American Historical Association Preservation at Historic New England Royal Historical Society The Historical Association Central European History Society
10.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
11.
Connecticut Historical Society
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The Connecticut Historical Society is a private, non-profit organization that serves as the official statewide historical society of Connecticut. Established in Hartford in 1825, the CHS is one of the oldest historical societies in the nation, the Connecticut Historical Society is a non-profit museum, library, archive and education center that is open to the public. Its mission is to connect you and the story of Connecticut, the CHS houses a research center containing 270,000 artifacts and graphics and over 100,000 books and pamphlets. It has one of the largest costume and textile collections in New England, after approval from the General Assembly, the Connecticut Historical Society was created to collect objects related to the history of the United States, specifically Connecticut. The first elected officers were Trumbull, Day, Robbins, Thomas Church Brownell, with the rise in prominence of Hartford in the 1820s, the Societys committee decided to house its first meetings in the city. Yet despite a flurry of activity, the Society became inactive after 1825, the first official quarters for the CHS was over a store at 124 Main Street in Hartford. With its growing collection of books, pamphlets and objects, the CHS moved its home to a room in the newly built Wadsworth Athenaeum in 1843. By 1844, the collection of Society grew to 6,000 pamphlets,250 bound volumes of newspapers, manuscripts, coins, portraits, New officers were elected including David D. Field. The CHS appointed Thomas Robbins as its first librarian because of his book collection. Under Robbins tenure, the new quarters were open six days a week, some early objects in the collection were a chest of William Brewster, a tavern sign of General Israel Putnam and a bloodstained vest worn by Colonel William Ledyard at the Battle of Groton Heights. After the death of Robbins in 1856, Connecticut historians James Hammond Trumbull and Charles J. Hoadly contributed to the CHS through various published research, the first woman elected in the organization was Ellen D. Larned in 1870. In 1893, the Society hired Albert Carlos Bates as a librarian and it was under his tenure that membership doubled, the annual income increased five-fold. To accommodate the growth, the CHS purchased the house of inventor Curtis Veeder at Elizabeth Street in the West End of Hartford, alterations to the building in the 1950s-1970s included the addition of book stacks, auditorium, exhibition galleries and reading room. In the early 2000s, the CHS hired Bruce Mau and Frank Gehry to design a new museum near Trinity College, from 2003 to 2007, CHS operated the Old State House and created a permanent exhibit History Is All Around Us. Permanent exhibits include Making Connecticut, about the history of Connecticut, there are also galleries for temporary exhibitions. Albert Carlos Bates, librarian 1893-1940 George C. F. Williams, president Connecticut Historical Society
12.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
13.
Danbury Museum and Historical Society
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The main campus of the museum is located on 43 Main Street. It is home to five buildings, Huntington Hall, the 1785 Rider House, the 1790 John Dodd Hat Shop, the Little Red Schoolhouse. The Museum also owns and maintains a building, the Charles Ives Birthplace. Its legal name is the Danbury Scott Fanton Museum and Historical Society, the Danbury Museum and Historical Society was formed in 1947 as the result of a merger between the Scott Fanton Museum and the Danbury Historical and Arts Center. In 1921, after their deaths, a museum was opened in the Fanton home on Deer Hill Avenue for the purpose of exhibiting these collections. Twenty years later, in 1941, it was announced that a gas station was to be built on the site of the Rider home, which was built in 1785 and by that time had fallen into disrepair. The purpose of the organization, for which the Rider house functioned as a place, was to foster appreciation in art, science, history, music. In 1947 a proposal was made that the Scott Fanton Museum, the collections of the Scott Fanton Museum were moved to the Main Street site, and the Danbury Museum and Historical Society was born. During the 1950s and 1960s, the acquired the John Dodd Hat Shop. The most recent acquisition is the Marian Anderson Studio, which was restored and opened by the Museum in 2004. Huntington Hall was built in 1963 and it holds the main offices, the gift shop, and the Museums research library. It is also where many displays are exhibited, the historic John Rider House was built in 1785, by a Danbury carpenter John Rider, who also served as a captain in the Connecticut militia during the Revolutionary War, and his wife Mary. The house remained in the family after Johns and Marys deaths, the Rider House was saved in 1941 from destruction and has been recently restored and is open for tours in the spring, summer and early fall. The John Dodd Hat Shop was built in 1790 by Danbury lawyer John Dodd and it was originally used as a legal office, however, rather than a hat shop, and was converted by the Museum into a hat shop exhibit. The Museum acquired it in 1957 when it was moved from lower Main Street to the museum grounds, tours of the John Dodd Hat Shop are offered by the Museum in spring, summer and early fall. The Little Red Schoolhouse is a reproduction of a typical one-room schoolhouse in the greater Danbury area from the late 18th century through the mid-19th century and it was built with bricks from the Balmforth Avenue School, which was torn down in the 1960s. It is open and available for touring spring, summer and early fall, the Marian Anderson Studio is the studio which was owned by famed opera singer Marian Anderson, who lived in Danbury for more than fifty years. It was located on her estate Marianna Farms, on Joes Hill Road, until it was acquired by the Museum in 1999, after extensive restoration, including a new roof, the studio was officially opened in 2004
14.
Danbury, Connecticut
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Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, approximately 70 miles from New York City. Danburys population at the 2010 census was 80,893, Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York metropolitan area, the city is named for Danbury, England, the place of origin of many of its early settlers. It is nicknamed the Hat City because of its prominent history in the hat industry, the mineral danburite is named for Danbury. Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall, Danbury was settled by colonists in 1685, when eight families moved from what are now Norwalk and Stamford, Connecticut. The Danbury area was then called Pahquioque by its namesake, the Pahquioque Native Americans, one of the original settlers was Samuel Benedict, who bought land from the Paquioques in 1685, along with his brother James Benedict, James Beebe, and Judah Gregory. Also called Paquiack by local Native Americans, the settlers chose the name Swampfield for their town, but in October 1687, the general court appointed a committee to lay out the new towns boundaries. A survey was made in 1693, and a formal patent was granted in 1702. During the American Revolution, Danbury was an important military depot for the Continental Army. On April 26,1777, the British, under Major General William Tryon, the central motto on the seal of the City of Danbury is Restituimus, a reference to the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops. The American General David Wooster was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ridgefield by the same British forces which had attacked Danbury and he is buried in Danburys Wooster Cemetery, the private Wooster School in Danbury also was named in his honor. It is the first known instance of the expression in American legal or political writing, the letter is on display at the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Danbury. The first Danbury Fair was held in 1821, in 1869, it became a yearly event, the last edition was in 1981. The fairgrounds were cleared to make room for the Danbury Fair Mall, in 1835, the Connecticut Legislature granted a rail charter to the Fairfield County Railroad, which saw no construction as investment was slow. In 1850, the plans were scaled back, and renamed the Danbury. Work moved quickly on the 23 mi railroad line, in 1852, it, the first railroad line in Danbury, opened, with two trains making the 75-minute trip to Norwalk. The central part of Danbury was incorporated as a borough in 1822, the borough was reincorporated as the city of Danbury on April 19,1889. The city and town were consolidated on January 1,1965, the dam impounding the Kohanza Reservoir, one of many reservoirs built to provide water to the hat factories, broke on January 31,1869
15.
New Haven, Connecticut
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New Haven, in the U. S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the shore of Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut, with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census, according to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741. New Haven was founded in 1638 by English Puritans, and a year later eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four grid, the central common block is the New Haven Green, a 16-acre square, and the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is now a National Historic Landmark and the Nine Square Plan is recognized by the American Planning Association as a National Planning Landmark, New Haven is the home of Yale University. The university is an part of the citys economy, being New Havens biggest taxpayer and employer. Health care, professional services, financial services, and retail trade also help to form a base for the city. The city served as co-capital of Connecticut from 1701 until 1873, New Haven has since billed itself as the Cultural Capital of Connecticut for its supply of established theaters, museums, and music venues. New Haven is also the birthplace of George W. Bush, New Haven had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees that gave New Haven the nickname The Elm City. The area was visited by Dutch explorer Adriaen Block in 1614. Dutch traders set up a trading system of beaver pelts with the local inhabitants, but trade was sporadic. In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area, the Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection. By 1640, the theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place. However, the north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony, at the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. Economic disaster struck the colony in 1646, however, when the town sent its first fully loaded ship of goods back to England. This ship never reached the Old World, and its disappearance stymied New Havens development in the face of the rising power of Boston. In 1660, founder John Davenports wishes were fulfilled, and Hopkins School was founded in New Haven with money from the estate of Edward Hopkins, in 1661, the judges who had signed the death warrant of Charles I of England were pursued by Charles II
16.
New Britain, Connecticut
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New Britain is a city in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It is located approximately 9 miles southwest of Hartford, according to 2010 Census, the population of the city is 73,206. The citys official nickname is the Hardware City because of its history as a manufacturing center, because of its large Polish population, the city is often playfully referred to as New Britski. New Britain was settled in 1687 and then was incorporated as a new parish under the name New Britain Society in 1754, chartered in 1850 as a township and in 1871 as a city, New Britain had separated from the nearby town of Farmington, Connecticut. A consolidation charter was adopted in 1905, during the early part of the 20th century, New Britain was known as the Hardware Capital of the World, as well as Hardware City. Major manufacturers, such as The Stanley Works, the P&F Corbin Company, in 1843 Frederick Trent Stanley established Stanleys Bolt Manufactory in New Britain to make door bolts and other wrought-iron hardware. In 1857 his cousin Henry Stanley founded The Stanley Rule and Level Company in the city, the two companies merged in 1920, and the Stanley Rule and Level Company became the Hand Tools Division of Stanley Works. The wire coat hanger was invented in 1869 by O. A, in 1895, the basketball technique of dribbling was developed at the New Britain YMCA. In 1938, New Britain High School competed in the school football national championship game in Baton Rouge. 1954 saw the development of racquetball, also at the YMCA, New Britains motto, Industria implet alveare et melle fruitur – translated from Latin – means Industry fills the hive and enjoys the honey. This phrase was coined by Elihu Burritt, a 19th-century New Britain resident, diplomat, philanthropist and social activist. In 2007 it was reported that the Latin word for honey in the motto had been a typo for decades, it should be melle, but it had long been misspelled as mele. Former mayor William McNamara, who tried to fix it during his term. As controversy arose from the matter, the word was superseded with the correct spelling, melle. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.4 square miles. New Britains terrain is made up of soft, rolling hills. The many parks are populated with trees, and in small, undeveloped areas, New Britains streets also have many trees lining the sides of the roads. Many front yards in the half of the city have at least one tree
17.
Stonington, Connecticut
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The town of Stonington is located in New London County, Connecticut, United States, in the states southeastern corner. It includes the borough of Stonington, the villages of Pawcatuck, Lords Point, and Wequetequock, the population of the town was 18,545 at the 2010 census. The first European colonists established a house in the Pawcatuck section of town in 1649. The present territory of Stonington was part of lands that had belonged to the Pequot people and it was named Souther Towne or Southerton by Massachusetts in 1658, and officially became part of Connecticut in 1662 when Connecticut received its royal charter. Southerton was renamed Mistick in 1665 and again renamed Stonington in 1666, Thomas Miner, Walter Palmer, William Chesebrough, and Thomas Stanton were the founders. The town of North Stonington was set off as a parish from Stonington in 1724, Stonington repulsed two British naval bombardments. One was a bombardment during the American Revolution by Sir James Wallace in the frigate HMS Rose on August 30,1775. The other was a more damaging three-day affair between August 9 and 12,1814 during the War of 1812, British vessels HMS Ramillies, HMS Pactolus, HMS Dispatch, and HMS Terror under the command of Sir Thomas Hardy appeared offshore on August 9,1814. For three days, the Royal Navy pounded the town, but the fatality was that of an elderly woman who was mortally ill. The British sailed off on 12 August after suffering many dead, American poet Philip Freneau wrote, The bombardiers with bomb and ball Soon made a farmers barrack fall, And did a cow-house badly maul That stood a mile from Stonington. They killd a goose, they killd a hen Three hogs they wounded in a pen— They dashed away and pray what then, but some assert, on certain grounds, It cost the king ten thousand pounds To have a dash at Stonington. The Stonington Harbor Light is a low stone building erected in 1823, and was the first lighthouse established by the U. S. federal government. In the 19th century, Stonington supported a fishing, whaling. The small granite Customs House faces Main Street just north of Cannon Square, the New London and Stonington Railroad Company was incorporated on July 29,1852. The Groton and Stonington Street Railway was a line created in 1904 to serve the Stonington area. The trolley was dismantled and replaced by buses in 1928, in recent decades, Stonington has experienced a large influx of new home owners using historic borough houses as second homes. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 50.0 sq mi. In the waters off Stonington, the states of New York, Connecticut, as of the census of 2000, there were 17,906 people,7,665 households, and 4,897 families residing in the town
18.
Watertown, Connecticut
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Watertown is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 22,514 at the 2010 census, the zip code for Watertown is 06795. It is a suburb of Waterbury and it borders the towns of Woodbury, Middlebury, Litchfield, Plymouth, Bethlehem, and Thomaston. More than 310 years ago the area that is now Watertown belonged to the local Paugasuck Indians, but in 1684, Thomas Judd and 35 other proprietors bought the land from the Indians and town history began. It is in the Eastern Standard time zone. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 29.6 square miles. Watertown also includes the known as Oakville, which is often mistaken for a separate town. Although Oakville has its own post office and ZIP code, it not have a charter or town government of its own. Oakville also receives all of its city services from Watertown, as of the census of 2000, there were 21,661 people,8,046 households, and 5,994 families residing in the town. The population density was 743.0 people per square mile, there were 8,298 housing units at an average density of 284.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 46% White,0. 75% African American,0. 12% Native American,1. 27% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 48% from other races, and 0. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 87% of the population,21. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was out with 24. 8% under the age of 18,6. 3% from 18 to 24,29. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $59,420, and the median income for a family was $68,761. Males had an income of $47,097 versus $31,822 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,044, about 1. 1% of families and 2. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 8% of those under age 18 and 3. 7% of those age 65 or over
19.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
20.
Maine Historical Society
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The Maine Historical Society is the official state historical society of Maine. It is located at 489 Congress Street in downtown Portland, the Maine Historical Society was founded in 1822 and is the third oldest state historical society after the Massachusetts Historical Society and New York Historical Society. Influential members of the Maine Historical Society included many of Maines Yankee philanthropists, william Willis, Mayor of Portland, was the president of the Maine Historical Society. Earle G. Shettleworth, Jr. official State Historian of Maine, was president of MHS from 1977 to 1979, the research library at the Maine Historical Society is named for John Marshall Brown and his wife Alida Brown. The current library building was built in 1907, designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow, nephew of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the library underwent an extensive renovation in 2007, at which time it was named for the Browns. Since 1822, the Maine Historical Society has maintained a library collection, the holdings are dedicated to the history of Maine and include books, archival material, maps, newspapers, photographs, as well as engineering and architectural drawings. The library also collects on family history, specifically Maine, early New England, the Maine Historical Society Museum is located at the Societys headquarters at 489 Congress Street, Portland. Topics for the exhibits include Maines history, politics, culture, sports, religion, art. Vol.1,1890 Second Series, Vol.2 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Vol.3,1892 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Second Series. Vol.4,1893 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Second Series, Vol.5 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Vol.6,1895 Vol.7 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Second Series. Vol.10,1899 Third Series Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Vol.1,1901 Collections of the Maine Historical Society, Third Series. Vol.2,1906 Also known as the Second Series, this series was published simultaneously as the Collections of the Maine Historical Society, which unfortunately also maintains its own second series. Vol.6 Vol.9 Documentary history of the state of Maine, vol.10 Vol.11 Vo.12 Vol.13 Vol.14 vol.16 Vol.22 Vol.23 Vol. 1-10
21.
Portland, Maine
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Portland is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maine, with a population of 66,881 as of 2015. The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to half a million people. The Old Port district is frequented by tourists, while Portland Head Light is also a destination, the city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires. Portland was named for the English Isle of Portland, and the city of Portland, Oregon was in turn named after Portland, Native Americans originally called the Portland peninsula Machigonne. Portland, Maine was named for the English Isle of Portland, the first European settler was Capt. Christopher Levett, an English naval captain granted 6,000 acres in 1623 to found a settlement in Casco Bay. The settlement failed, and the fate of Levetts colonists is unknown, the explorer sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to meet John Winthrop in 1630, but never returned to Maine. Fort Levett in the harbor is named for him, the peninsula was first permanently settled in 1632 as a fishing and trading village named Casco. When the Massachusetts Bay Colony took over Casco Bay in 1658, in 1676, the village was destroyed by the Abenaki during King Philips War. During King Williams War, a party of French and Native allies attacked. On October 18,1775, Falmouth was burned in the Revolution by the Royal Navy under command of Captain Henry Mowat, following the war, a section of Falmouth called The Neck developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786, the citizens of Falmouth formed a town in Falmouth Neck and named it Portland, after the isle off the coast of Dorset. Portlands economy was greatly stressed by the Embargo Act of 1807, which ended in 1809, and the War of 1812, in 1820, Maine became a state with Portland as its capital. In 1832, the capital was moved north to Augusta, in 1851, Maine led the nation by passing the first state law prohibiting the sale of alcohol except for medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes. The law subsequently became known as the Maine law, as 18 states quickly followed, on June 2,1855, the Portland Rum Riot occurred. In 1853, upon completion of the Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal, the Portland Company manufactured more than 600 19th-century steam locomotives. Portland became a 20th-century rail hub as five rail lines merged into Portland Terminal Company in 1911. Following nationalization of the Grand Trunk system in 1923, Canadian export traffic was diverted from Portland to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in the 20th century, icebreakers later enabled ships to reach Montreal in winter, drastically reducing Portlands role as a winter port for Canada. On June 26,1863, a Confederate raiding party led by Captain Charles Read, entered the harbor at Portland, more than 10,000 people were left homeless
22.
Pejepscot Historical Society
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The Pejepscot Historical Society, located in Brunswick, is one of the oldest historical societies in the state of Maine. Founded in 1888, the Societys mission is to preserve and celebrate the history of the Pejepscot region, the Society was founded by 16 local citizens who officially met for the first time on January 10,1888 at the Brunswick Selectmens Room in the Odd Fellows building. At the time, the town of Brunswick was recognized as the largest and wealthiest in the state and was nearing its 150th anniversary, Brunswicks rapid industrialization inspired many to look back at the lifestyles, traditions, and history of the area soon to be lost. At this first meeting the group adopted a set of by-laws, elected officers, approved a regular meeting schedule, the groups first order of business was to plan Brunswicks 150th anniversary celebration, scheduled for June 13,1889. By 1889 the young Society had already amassed a collection of approximately 500 artifacts, in 1891 charter member John Furbish purchased the 1827 First Congregational Church building on School Street in Brunswick for the Societys use at the price of $1,000. The organization then worked to raise the $1000 needed to buy the building from Furbish, by the end of 1892 the Pejepscot Historical Society had its first home and on May 3,1893 the first artifacts were moved into the School Street building. Ira P. Booke, elected Societys first secretary & treasurer Henry L. Chapman, guild Henry Johnson, Bowdoin College professor & elected Societys first vice president Charles S. F. Lincoln, later elected Society president Theodore S. McLellan Edward P. Pennell Barret Potter, lawyer Frank E. Roberts Lyman E. Smith George L, following this lengthy period of inactivity, in May 1923 a meeting was held to reorganize the historical society. The success of a series which brought prominent speakers to the town helped revitalize the Society. Issues with the Varney Lecture Hall pushed the organization to search for a new, larger, in 1974 the Society purchased a large Italiante brick building at 11 Lincoln Street known as the McManus-Richardson House and began moving their collection into the building. The building, now known as the Skolfield-Whittier House, serves as a time capsule of Victorian life. To help fund this purchase, the Society sold their building at 11 Lincoln Street, later that same year the former home of Civil War hero Joshua L. Chamberlain, on the corner of Maine and Potter Streets, was auctioned off following the death of its owner. At the request of citizens, the Society purchased the building. In July 1984 the house was opened to the public as the Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum, today, the Pejepscot Historical Society operates tours of the Chamberlain Museum and Skolfield-Whittier House while featuring rotating exhibits of local history at its 159 Park Row headquarters. Joshua L. Chamberlain Museum Joshua L. Chamberlain Skolfield-Whittier House Brunswick, Maine Harpswell, Maine Topsham, Maine Pejepscot Historical Society
23.
Brunswick, Maine
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Brunswick is a town in Cumberland County in southeastern Maine, United States. The population was 20,278 at the 2010 United States Census and it is also home to Mid Coast Hospital, one of Maines newest full-service hospitals, and Parkview Adventist Medical Center that closed in 2015 after filing for bankruptcy. It was home to Naval Air Station Brunswick which was closed on May 31,2011. Settled in 1628 by Thomas Purchase and other fishermen, the area was called by its Indian name, Pejepscot, meaning the long, in 1639, Purchase placed his settlement under protection of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. During King Philips War in 1676, Pejepscot was burned and abandoned, during the war, in Major Benjamin Churchs second expedition a year later, he arrived on 11 September 1690 with 300 men at Casco Bay. He went up the Androscoggin River to the English Fort Pejepscot, from there he went 40 miles up-river and attacked a native village. Three or four men were shot in retreat, when Church discovered 5 English captives in the wigwams, six or seven prisoners were butchered as an example. A few days later, in retaliation, the natives attacked Church at Cape Elizabeth on Purpooduc Point, killing 7 of his men, on September 26, Church returned to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The 1713 Treaty of Portsmouth brought peace to the region between the Abenaki Indians and the English colonists, in 1714, a consortium from Boston and Portsmouth bought the land, thereafter called the Pejepscot Purchase. The Massachusetts General Court constituted the township in 1717, naming it Brunswick in honor of the House of Brunswick and its scion, a stone fort called Fort George was built in 1715 near the falls. But during Dummers War on July 13,1722, Abenaki warriors from Norridgewock burned the village, consequently, Governor Samuel Shute declared war on the Abenakis. In 1724,208 English troops left Fort Richmond and sacked Norridgewock during Dummers War, Brunswick was rebuilt again in 1727, and in 1739 incorporated as a town. It became a seaport, where Bowdoin College was chartered in 1794. The Androscoggin River falls in three stages for a total vertical drop of 41 feet, providing water power for industry. Brunswick became a producer of lumber, with as many as 25 sawmills. Some of the lumber went into shipbuilding, other firms produced paper, soap, flour, marble and granite work, carriages and harness, plows, furniture, shoes and confections. The town was site of the first cotton mill in Maine, purchased in 1812, the mill was enlarged by the Maine Cotton & Woolen Factory Company. In 1857, the Cabot Manufacturing Company was established to make cotton textiles and it bought the failed Worumbo Mill and expanded the brick factory along the falls
24.
South Portland Historical Society
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The South Portland Historical Society is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving the social, commercial and cultural heritage of South Portland, Maine. The Society was established in 1964 as the South Portland Cape Elizabeth Historical Society and it was renamed the South Portland Historical Society in 2003 to emphasize its role as the historical society of the city of South Portland. The Society operates a museum and a shop, and it has published several books. The director of the Society is Kathy DiPhilippo and the Societys president is John McCall. In 2009, the Society relocated its headquarters from the basement of the South Portland City Hall to the Cushings Point House, the new location was a donation to the Society from the Portland Pipe Line Corporation. South Portland Historical Society Official Website
25.
South Portland, Maine
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South Portland is a city in Cumberland County, Maine, United States, and is the fourth-largest city in the state, incorporated in 1898. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 25,002, known for its working waterfront, South Portland is situated on Portland Harbor and overlooks the skyline of Portland and the islands of Casco Bay. Due to South Portlands close proximity to air, marine, rail, and highway transportation options, despite the name, South Portland was never part of the city of Portland, but rather part of Cape Elizabeth. However, both Cape Elizabeth and Portland were once part of Falmouth, Cape Elizabeth, and by default, South Portland, broke away from Falmouth in 1765. South Portland is a city of the Portland – South Portland – Biddeford metropolitan area. South Portland was first settled in 1630, and it grew to become a residential community with many farms. The village was raided by natives in Father Rales War, in 1858, the City of Portland purchased land near the Fore River for the Forest City Cemetery. On March 15,1895, it was incorporated as a town after it broke away from Cape Elizabeth, based on a disagreement on a future source of public drinking water. Three years later South Portland became a city, destined to receive its water, like Portland, from Sebago Lake. On South Portlands waterfront is Fort Preble, which is a fort established in 1808 to protect Portland Harbor. It was in operation during several American conflicts, including the United States Civil War, World War I, near Fort Preble is Spring Point Ledge Light, which was constructed by the federal government in 1897 to mark a dangerous rock ledge. In 1940, the Todd-Bath Iron Shipbuilding Corp was established to build ships for Britain. These shipyards built 236 of the 440 foot long Liberty ships, at its peak, the shipyard employed some 30,000 people, including thousands of women, who took over the jobs vacated by men going into the service. The shipyard gradually ceased operations after the war ended in 1945, remnants of the shipyards are visible, and there is a memorial to the shipyard and the workers at Bug Light Park. The park is home to Portland Breakwater Lighthouse, commonly referred to as Bug Light. On July 11,1944, at 4,45 PM, for reasons that were never fully determined, Russell lost control of the plane and crashed into a trailer park in South Portlands Brick Hill neighborhood. 19 people were killed and 20 people were injured — mostly the families of South Portland shipyard workers — making it the worst aviation accident in Maine history. A Long Creek Air Tragedy Memorial was eventually erected to commemorate the crash and honor the victims, over the last few decades, South Portland has become the retail capital of Maine
26.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
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The Bostonian Society
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Now stewardship of the Old State House—one of the most important public buildings in U. S. history and the oldest surviving public building in Boston—is the societys primary purpose. Today the 18th century building stands above the underground State Street MBTA Station in a area of Boston situated between Downtown Crossing and South Station. Materials in the date back to 1630s Massachusetts Bay Colony and include 7,500 books,350 maps,30,000 photographs. Exhibits at the focus on the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, the neighborhoods of Boston. There is also a model showing what Boston looked like during Colonial America, according to the Greater Boston Convention & Visitors Bureau, The Bostonian Society is the first stop for anyone interested in the citys history and the Society brings Boston history to life. The Bostonian Society has various programs and educational resources for children, the Society oversees the annual Boston Massacre reenactment which occurs every year in March and has other historic programs with costumed interpreters. The Society also makes the Old State House available for events from private events. The Bostonian Society operates three gift shops, One inside the Old State House, a shop in Faneuil Hall and, close by,1902 Official site Digital Public Library of America. Items related to the Bostonian Society, various dates
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Colonial Society of Massachusetts
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The Colonial Society of Massachusetts is a US non-profit educational foundation, founded in 1892, and established for the study of the history of Massachusetts. The period of study is from its settlement through the nineteenth century. It is a member of the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium and its headquarters, located at 87 Mount Vernon Street on Bostons Beacon Hill, are closed to the public. Some of its meetings were held at the American Academy of Arts, the society publishes documents regarding the early history of Massachusetts, however, the society does not maintain a library or manuscript collection. A guide to some of the Colonial Societys publication collections for the period of 1710 through 1939 is maintained by the Massachusetts Historical Society, the topics can vary from the Pilgrim Fathers, to the pirate Captain Thomas Pound. In partnership with Northeastern University and the Massachusetts Historical Society, it sponsors The New England Quarterly, the Colonial Society of Massachusetts is involved in a number of other activities such as convening scholarly conferences. Its education efforts include encouraging the study of colonial Massachusetts in schools, conducting workshops for teachers and it does not assist with genealogical queries. Initially, only descendants of Massachusetts Bay or Plymouth colonists were able to join the society, beginning in 1950, membership became open to anyone with interests in colonial Massachusetts. Notable members include, Thomas R. Adams, Charles W. Akers, Charles Evans, John Grinold, Philip F. Gura, John Elbridge Hudson, Leonard Woods Labaree, Franklin Pierce Rice, and Walter Muir Whitehill. The societys Whitehill Prize in Early American History honors Whitehill, the editor from 1946 to 1978. Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, Boston, 1895-
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Historic New England
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It is focused on New England and is the oldest and largest regional preservation organization in the United States. Approximately 48,000 visitors participate in school and youth programs focused on New England heritage, by 1920, Director of Museums Harry Vinton Long wrote in his report that the museum’s purpose is to preserve and illustrate the life of New Englanders. Accession records for 1910 list 19 items, the organizations mission statement outlines its goals, We serve the public by preserving and presenting New England heritage. The organization focuses on New England domestic architecture, collections, nylander and now Carl R. Nold serving in that capacity. Phillips is credited with coining the term architectural conservation, Historic New England currently owns and operates 36 house museums and landscapes across five New England states, representing nearly 400 years of architecture. It also owns a collection of more than 100,000 objects of historical and aesthetic significance. The Collections Access Project, which provides Internet-based access to data about many of the collections. A Collections and Conservation Center is located in Haverhill, Massachusetts, while not open to the public, this facility provides for the proper care of collections and access to collections and collections information for curators, students and scholars. Other museums also rent space for storage in this facility. Historic New England also owns the Plum Island Airport, a public general aviation airport located in Newburyport. The airport is located on the property of the historic Spencer-Peirce-Little Farm, donated to the organization in 1971, a traveling exhibition program presents collections and research to the general public, in cooperation with other museums throughout the region. C. During 2010, and an exhibition entitled The Preservation Movement Then and Now. Through a conservation easement program established in the early 1980s, Historic New England holds easements on 97 privately owned New England properties and it works with the owners of these properties to ensure preservation of their character-defining historic features. The balance of the properties were enrolled by current or former owners, endowment funds provide for the monitoring and enforcement of the easements, carried out by a full-time staff dedicated to that purpose. A Historic Homeowner program, available to all for a membership fee, provides information to those who own historic houses of any age, up to. Historic New England is a 501 tax-exempt non-profit organization operating under the direction of a 15-member board of trustees, the following properties are open to the public. Most are open only during the months, and many are open only for limited days on selected weekends. Particularly fragile properties are only a few days each year
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Massachusetts Historical Society
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The Massachusetts Historical Society is a major historical archive specializing in early American, Massachusetts, and New England history. It is located at 1154 Boylston Street in Boston, Massachusetts and is the oldest historical society in the United States, the Societys building was constructed in 1899 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. In 2016, The Boston Landmarks Commission designated it a Boston Landmark, the Society was founded on January 24,1791, by Reverend Jeremy Belknap to collect, preserve, and document items of American history. He and the nine founding members donated family papers, books. Its first manuscript was published in 1792, becoming the first historical society publication in the United States, the society, for several years after its organization, met in the attic of Faneuil Hall, afterwards rooms were occupied in Hamilton Place, and then in Franklin Street. Quarters on Tremont Street were occupied in the building of the Provident bank through the 1890s, today the Society continues to collect, preserve, and communicate historical information about Massachusetts and the United States. It is now organized in five departments, Library, Publications, Education and Public Programs, Research Programs, the Adams Family Papers, and Administration. Among other papers, the collection includes correspondence, diaries, literary manuscripts, speeches, legal and business papers, and John Adams handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence. Other notable manuscripts include John Winthrops manuscripts on the settlement of New England, Paul Reveres account of his ride. The Society continues to produce books, but now augments these publications with digital editions available through its website. The Massachusetts Historical Review has been published annually since 1999, the Fellows of the Massachusetts Historical Society are elected and serve as the Societys legal governing body. The act of incorporation, with the acts and by-laws of the Massachusetts Historical Society, with a list of officers. Boston, printed for the Society,1882, here We Have Lived, The Houses of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams, from C-SPANs American Presidents, Life Portraits, broadcast from the Massachusetts Historical Society, April 18,1999 Massachusetts Historical Society
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Prince Society
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The Prince Society or Prince Society for Mutual Publication in Boston, Massachusetts, published rare works, in print or manuscript, relating to America. It was named after Thomas Prince, fifth pastor of Old South Church in Boston, historian Samuel Gardner Drake founded the society because he had not been made a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and he resented it. Officials of the Prince Society included William Sumner Appleton, John Ward Dean, Charles E. Goodspeed, Edmund F. Slafter, John Wingate Thornton and it operated from offices in Bromfield Street and Somerset Street. Around 1920 society members realized at last that a society on the mutual principle had become an anomaly in this day. The society continued for years of poise before the final leap into the abyss in 1944
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The Trustees of Reservations
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The Trustees of Reservations is a non-profit land conservation and historic preservation organization dedicated to preserving natural and historical places in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It is the oldest regional land trust in the world and as of 2016 has 125,000 dues-paying members. The Trustees of Reservations own title to 116 properties on 27,000 acres in Massachusetts, all of which are open to the public, main offices of the organization are located in Beverly, Leominster, and Sharon, Massachusetts. Financial support for the organization comes from dues, annual contributions, property admission fees, special events, grants. In June 2006, The Trustees earned gold-level recognition from the United States Green Building Council for its Doyle Conservation Center in Leominster, on September 16,2006, The Trustees of Reservations announced its permanent affiliation with the Boston Natural Areas Network. The Trustees of Reservations was proposed in 1890 when the New England periodical Garden, eliots letter proposed the immediate preservation of special bits of scenery still remaining within ten miles of the State House which possess uncommon beauty and more than usual refreshing power. To this end, Eliot proposed that legislation be enacted to create a corporation to hold land for the public to enjoy just as a Public Library holds books. The act was signed into law by Governor William E. Russell on May 21,1891, the word Public was dropped from the organizations name in 1954 to avoid confusion with government-owned land. Virginia Wood in Stoneham was the first property acquired by The Trustees and this property was conveyed to the Metropolitan District Commission in 1923 and is now a part of the Middlesex Fells Reservation. Waverly Oaks itself was also conveyed to the state by TTOR and is part of the Beaver Brook Reservation, today, nearly every site listed in the report is protected by a government or nonprofit conservation agency. The mission statement of The Trustees of Reservations is to preserve, for use and enjoyment, properties of exceptional scenic, historic. The Trustees of Reservations also supports a number of contingent initiatives, copicut Woods is part of the cooperatively managed Southeastern Massachusetts Bioreserve which protects 13,600 acres of forest in Fall River, Freetown and Dartmouth, Massachusetts. Slocums River Reserve is an effort by the state, TTOR. Current conservation projects include cooperative efforts on the Mount Tom Range and interpretive development of the birthplace of suffragist Lucy Stone in West Brookfield, see List of properties managed by The Trustees of Reservations TTOR owns and manages a broad range of properties across the state of Massachusetts. Many properties contain historic buildings, including nine historic house museums, the Trustees manage five National Historic Landmarks, one National Natural Landmark, and several properties that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. TTOR properties spill over into both Connecticut and Vermont, moose Hill Farm in Sharon and Cormier Woods in Uxbridge are some of its most recent acquisitions. List of properties managed by The Trustees of Reservations Historic New England Natural landscape National Trust for Historic Preservation The Trustees of Reservations website
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Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Cambridge is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and is a part of the Boston metropolitan area. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 105,162. As of July 2014, it was the fifth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Cambridge was one of the two seats of Middlesex County prior to the abolition of county government in 1997, Lowell was the other. The site for what would become Cambridge was chosen in December 1630, because it was located safely upriver from Boston Harbor, Thomas Dudley, his daughter Anne Bradstreet, and her husband Simon, were among the first settlers of the town. The first houses were built in the spring of 1631, the settlement was initially referred to as the newe towne. Official Massachusetts records show the name capitalized as Newe Towne by 1632, the original village site is in the heart of todays Harvard Square. In the late 19th century, various schemes for annexing Cambridge itself to the city of Boston were pursued and rejected, in 1636, the Newe College was founded by the colony to train ministers. Newe Towne was chosen for the site of the college by the Great and General Court primarily—according to Cotton Mather—to be near the popular, in May 1638 the name of the settlement was changed to Cambridge in honor of the university in Cambridge, England. Hooker and Shepard, Newtownes ministers, and the colleges first president, major benefactor, in 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of Boston, which was known as the Cambridge Agreement, after the university. It was Governor Thomas Dudley who, in 1650, signed the charter creating the corporation which still governs Harvard College, Cambridge grew slowly as an agricultural village eight miles by road from Boston, the capital of the colony. By the American Revolution, most residents lived near the Common and Harvard College, with farms and estates comprising most of the town. Coming up from Virginia, George Washington took command of the volunteer American soldiers camped on Cambridge Common on July 3,1775, most of the Tory estates were confiscated after the Revolution. On January 24,1776, Henry Knox arrived with artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga, a second bridge, the Canal Bridge, opened in 1809 alongside the new Middlesex Canal. The new bridges and roads made what were formerly estates and marshland into prime industrial and residential districts, in the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature. Cambridge was home to some of the famous Fireside Poets—so called because their poems would often be read aloud by families in front of their evening fires, the Fireside Poets—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes—were highly popular and influential in their day. Cambridge was incorporated as a city in 1846, the citys commercial center began to shift from Harvard Square to Central Square, which became the downtown of the city around this time. The coming of the railroad to North Cambridge and Northwest Cambridge then led to three changes in the city, the development of massive brickyards and brickworks between Massachusetts Ave. For many decades, the citys largest employer was the New England Glass Company, by the middle of the 19th century it was the largest and most modern glassworks in the world
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Salem, Massachusetts
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Salem is a coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States, located on Massachusetts North Shore. It is a New England bedrock of history and is considered one of the most significant seaports in Puritan American history, the citys reported population was 41,340 at the 2010 census. Salem and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County, though the county government was abolished in 1999, much of the citys cultural identity reflects its role as the location of the Salem witch trials of 1692, as featured in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Tourists know Salem as a mix of important historical sites and a vibrant downtown that has more than 60 restaurants, cafes, in 2012, the Retailers Association of Massachusetts chose Salem for their inaugural Best Shopping District award. President Barack Obama signed executive order HR1339 on January 10,2013, more than one million tourists from all around the world visit Salem annually, bringing in at least $100 million in tourism spending each year. More than 250,000 visited Salem over Halloween weekend in 2016, Salem is located at the mouth of the Naumkeag river at the site of an ancient American Indian village and trading center. It was first settled by Europeans in 1626, when a company of fishermen arrived from Cape Ann, led by Roger Conant. Conants leadership provided the stability to survive the first two years, but he was replaced by John Endecott, one of the new arrivals, Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted 200 acres of land in compensation. These New Planters and the Old Planters agreed to cooperate, in part due to the diplomacy of Conant. In 1628, Endecott ordered that the Great House be moved from Cape Ann, when Higginson arrived in Salem, he wrote that we found a faire house newly built for the Governor which was remarkable for being two stories high. A year later, the Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London, John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, beginning the Great Migration. In 1639, Endecotts was one of the signatures on the contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town House Square for the First Church in Salem. This document remains part of the records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life, Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of the First Church of Salem, which is the original Puritan church in North America. Endecott already had a relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him. Roger Conant died in 1679 at the age of 87, a statue commemorating him stands overlooking Salem Common. Salem originally included much of the North Shore, including Marblehead, most of the accused in the Salem witch trials lived in nearby Salem Village, now known as Danvers, although a few lived on the outskirts of Salem. Salem Village also included Peabody and parts of present-day Beverly, Middleton, Topsfield, Wenham, and Manchester-by-the-Sea were once parts of Salem
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Essex Institute
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The Essex Institute in Salem, Massachusetts, was a literary, historical and scientific society. It maintained a museum, library, historic houses, arranged educational programs, in 1992 the institute merged with the Peabody Museum of Salem to form the Peabody Essex Museum. The Essex Institute was formed by the union of the Essex Historical Society, around 1879 the institute housed its scientific collections in Salems East India Marine Hall and its library in Plummer Hall. According to an 1880 travel guide, its objects are general, perhaps the most important is that of local historical discoveries and the preservation of everything relating to Essex County history. In addition to operating a library and museum, the institute arranged educational programs, in the 1880s, for example,1. Every winter season lectures are given to an almost unlimited extent, a regular course of musical entertainments is given every season, besides which there are several miscellaneous concerts. Art exhibitions are given once or twice each year, at which are exhibited paintings, statuary, decorations, fancy work, also, exhibitions of horticulture and agriculture. During the summer season a half dozen field meetings are held in different parts of the county, at these meetings addresses are made on the local history of the place visited, and on its flora and geology. In addition, it is customary to have one or more distinguished scientists or historians to speak on a specially assigned topic. By the 1930s the institute owned two fine Samuel McIntire houses in Salem - the Peirce-Nichols House, built in 1782, Peabody Essex Museum, successor to the Essex Institute Proceedings of the Essex Institute. 1848-1868 Act of incorporation, constitution and by-laws of the Essex Institute, incorporated February,1848, pease, Printers,1855 Essex Institute Historical Collections. 1859-1993 Bulletin of the Essex Institute, 1869-1898 Essex Institute, in, Charles Stuart Osgood, Henry Morrill Batchelder. Salem, Essex Institute,1879 Annual report of the Essex Institute, bibliography of historical societies of the United States and British America. Annual report of the American Historical Association,1892, smithsonian Institution Press,1893 Salem, Mass. Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions, America, directory of American Museums, Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, New York,10, 1910–1912 Howard Corning. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, Vol.7, No,5, pp. 1–5 Norman R. Bennett, George E. Brooks, Alan R. Booth. Materials for African History in the Peabody Museum and Essex Institute, African Studies Bulletin, Vol.5, No. 3, pp. 13–22 Robert P. Spindler, Gregor Trinkaus-Randall, format for Cooperation, Cooperative Collection Registers at the Peabody Museum of Salem and the Essex Institute
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Salem Athenaeum
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The Salem Athenaeum, founded in 1810, is one of the oldest private library organizations in the United States. The Athenaeum is located at 337 Essex Street in Salem, Massachusetts in the McIntire Historic District, the Salem Athenaeum was founded in 1810 by the merger of two antecedent organizations, the Social Library, founded in 1760, and the Salem Philosophical Library, founded in 1781. The first president was Edward Augustus Holyoke, the Athenaeums first permanent building was constructed in the 1850s with a large bequest from Caroline Plummer. The collections include over 50,000 volumes on diverse topics, Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Bowditch Frank Weston Benson John Tucker Daland House Salem Social Library, predecessor to the Athenaeum Salem Philosophical Library, predecessor to the Athenaeum 3. The Journal of Library History,3, 257-260, retrieved from http, //www. jstor. org/stable/25540112 Catalogue of the library of the Athenaeum in Salem, Massachusetts. The Salem Athenæum, 1810-1910 by Joseph Nickerson Ashton Vignettes of Library History, No
37.
American Antiquarian Society
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The American Antiquarian Society, located in Worcester, Massachusetts, is both a learned society and national research library of pre-twentieth century American history and culture. Founded in 1812, it is the oldest historical society in the United States with a national focus and its main building, known as Antiquarian Hall, is a U. S. National Historic Landmark in recognition of this legacy. The mission of the AAS is to collect, preserve and make available for all printed records of what is now known as the United States of America. This includes materials from the first European settlement through the year 1876, the AAS offers programs for professional scholars, pre-collegiate, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, professional artists, writers, genealogists, and the general public. AAS has many collections available, including A New Nation Votes. The collections of the AAS contain over three million books, pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, graphic arts materials and manuscripts, Historic materials from all fifty U. S. states, most of Canada and the British West Indies are included in the AAS repository. One of the more famous volumes held by the Society is a copy of the very first book printed in America, AAS also has one of the largest collections of newspapers printed in America through 1876, with more than two million issues in its collection. On the initiative of Isaiah Thomas, the AAS was founded on October 24,1812 through an act of the Massachusetts General Court and it was the third historical society established in America, and the first to be national in its scope. Isaiah Thomas started the collection with approximately 8,000 books from his personal library, the first library building was erected in 1820 in downtown Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1853, the Society moved its collections to a building at the corner of Highland Street. This building was abandoned and another new building was constructed. Designed by Winslow, Bigelow & Wadsworth, the Georgian Revival building was completed in 1910 and stands on the corner of Park Avenue, there have been several additions to this building to accommodate the growing collection, the most recent of which was completed in 2003. AAS was presented with the 2013 National Humanities Medal by President Obama in a ceremony at the White House, as part of AASs mission as a learned society, it offers a variety of public lectures and seminars. One topic to which AAS dedicates significant academic energies is printing technology, since Isaiah Thomas was a newspaper man himself, he collected a large number of printed materials. With regard to printing, paper making, edition setting, and reprinting and it was not until the late eighteenth century that paper-making material began to evolve from a hand-woven cloth to an industrial pulp. The American Antiquarian Societys membership includes scholars, writers, journalists, filmmakers, collectors, worcesters best kept secret, The American Antiquarian Society belongs to everyone. The American Antiquarian Society, 1812–2012, A Bicentennial History 454 pp. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass. the Society, 1843– American Antiquarian Society Homepage Common-Place free online scholarly history journal focused on early US Republic
