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Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1
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Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI1 gene. It is a member of the family of receptors. Angiogenesis is controlled by a balance between stimulators and inhibitors of new vessel growth and is suppressed under normal physiologic conditions. Angiogenesis has been shown to be essential for growth and metastasis of solid tumors, BAI1 contains at least one functional p53-binding site within an intron, and its expression has been shown to be induced by wildtype p53. BAI1 is postulated to be a member of the secretin receptor family, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 has been shown to interact with BAIAP3 and MAGI1. Model organisms have been used in the study of BAI1 function, a conditional knockout mouse line called Bai1tm2aWtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion, additional screens performed, - In-depth immunological phenotyping - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping Human ADGRB1 genome location and ADGRB1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain
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Entrez
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The name Entrez was chosen to reflect the spirit of welcoming the public to search the content available from the NLM. Entrez Global Query is a search and retrieval system that provides access to all databases simultaneously with a single query string. Entrez can efficiently retrieve related sequences, structures, and references, the Entrez system can provide views of gene and protein sequences and chromosome maps. Some textbooks are available online through the Entrez system. The Entrez front page provides, by default, access to the global query, all databases indexed by Entrez can be searched via a single query string, supporting boolean operators and search term tags to limit parts of the search statement to particular fields. This returns a unified results page, that shows the number of hits for the search in each of the databases, Entrez also provides a similar interface for searching each particular database and for refining search results. The Limits feature allows the user to narrow a search a web forms interface, the History feature gives a numbered list of recently performed queries. Results of previous queries can be referred to by number and combined via boolean operators, search results can be saved temporarily in a Clipboard. Users with a MyNCBI account can save queries indefinitely and also choose to have updates with new search results e-mailed for saved queries of most databases and it is widely used in the field of biotechnology as a reference tool for students and professionals alike. Entrez searches the following databases, PubMed, biomedical literature citations and abstracts, including Medline - articles from journals, in addition to using the search engine forms to query the data in Entrez, NCBI provides the Entrez Programming Utilities for more direct access to query results. The eUtils are accessed by posting specially formed URLs to the NCBI server, there was also an eUtils SOAP interface which was terminated on July 2015. In 1991, entrez was introduced in CD form, in 1993, a client-server version of the software provided connectivity with the internet. In 1994, NCBI established a website, and Entrez was a part of initial release. In 2001, Entrez bookshelf was released and in 2003, the Entrez Gene database was developed, Entrez search engine form Entrez Help
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National Center for Biotechnology Information
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The National Center for Biotechnology Information is part of the United States National Library of Medicine, a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by Senator Claude Pepper, the NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a database for the biomedical literature. Other databases include the NCBI Epigenomics database, all these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine. NCBI is directed by David Lipman, one of the authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program. He also leads a research program, including groups led by Stephen Altschul, David Landsman, Eugene Koonin, John Wilbur, Teresa Przytycka. NCBI is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data. org, NCBI has had responsibility for making available the GenBank DNA sequence database since 1992. GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. Since 1992, NCBI has grown to other databases in addition to GenBank. The NCBI assigns a unique identifier to each species of organism, the NCBI has software tools that are available by WWW browsing or by FTP. For example, BLAST is a sequence similarity searching program, BLAST can do sequence comparisons against the GenBank DNA database in less than 15 seconds. RAG2/IL2RG The NCBI Bookshelf is a collection of freely accessible, downloadable, some of the books are online versions of previously published books, while others, such as Coffee Break, are written and edited by NCBI staff. BLAST is a used for calculating sequence similarity between biological sequences such as nucleotide sequences of DNA and amino acid sequences of proteins. BLAST is a tool for finding sequences similar to the query sequence within the same organism or in different organisms. It searches the query sequence on NCBI databases and servers and post the results back to the browser in chosen format. Input sequences to the BLAST are mostly in FASTA or Genbank format while output could be delivered in variety of such as HTML, XML formatting. HTML is the output format for NCBIs web-page. Entrez is both indexing and retrieval system having data from sources for biomedical research
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UniProt
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UniProt is a freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information, many entries being derived from genome sequencing projects. It contains an amount of information about the biological function of proteins derived from the research literature. The UniProt consortium comprises the European Bioinformatics Institute, the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, EBI, located at the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus in Hinxton, UK, hosts a large resource of bioinformatics databases and services. SIB, located in Geneva, Switzerland, maintains the ExPASy servers that are a resource for proteomics tools. In 2002, EBI, SIB, and PIR joined forces as the UniProt consortium, each consortium member is heavily involved in protein database maintenance and annotation. Until recently, EBI and SIB together produced the Swiss-Prot and TrEMBL databases and these databases coexisted with differing protein sequence coverage and annotation priorities. Swiss-Prot aimed to provide reliable protein sequences associated with a level of annotation. Recognizing that sequence data were being generated at a pace exceeding Swiss-Prots ability to keep up, meanwhile, PIR maintained the PIR-PSD and related databases, including iProClass, a database of protein sequences and curated families. The consortium members pooled their resources and expertise, and launched UniProt in December 2003. UniProt provides four core databases, UniProtKB, UniParc, UniRef, UniProt Knowledgebase is a protein database partially curated by experts, consisting of two sections, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL. As of 19 March 2014, release 2014_03 of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot contains 542,782 sequence entries, UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot is a manually annotated, non-redundant protein sequence database. It combines information extracted from literature and biocurator-evaluated computational analysis. The aim of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot is to all known relevant information about a particular protein. Annotation is regularly reviewed to keep up with current scientific findings, the manual annotation of an entry involves detailed analysis of the protein sequence and of the scientific literature. Sequences from the gene and the same species are merged into the same database entry. Differences between sequences are identified, and their cause documented, a range of sequence analysis tools is used in the annotation of UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries. Computer-predictions are manually evaluated, and relevant results selected for inclusion in the entry and these predictions include post-translational modifications, transmembrane domains and topology, signal peptides, domain identification, and protein family classification. Relevant publications are identified by searching databases such as PubMed, the full text of each paper is read, and information is extracted and added to the entry
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Locus (genetics)
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A locus in genetics is the position on a chromosome. Each chromosome carries many genes, humans estimated haploid protein coding genes are 19, 000-20,000, a variant of the similar DNA sequence located at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of known for a particular genome is called a gene map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the locus for a biological trait. The chromosomal locus of a gene might be written 3p22.1, here 3 means chromosome 3, p means p-arm. And 22 refers to region 2, band 2 and this is read as two two, not as twenty-two. So the entire locus is read as three P two two point one, the cytogenetic bands are counting from the centromere out toward the telomeres. A range of loci is specified in a similar way. For example, the locus of gene OCA1 may be written 11q1. 4-q2.1, meaning it is on the arm of chromosome 11. The ends of a chromosome are labeled pter and qter, a centisome is defined as 1% of a chromosome length. Chromosomal translocation Cytogenetic notation Karyotype Null allele Michael, R. Cummings, belmont, California, Brooks/Cole Overview at ornl. gov Chromosome Banding and Nomenclature from NCBI
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Chromosome 8 (human)
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Chromosome 8 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome, chromosome 8 spans about 145 million base pairs and represents between 4.5 and 5. 0% of the total DNA in cells. Identifying genes on each chromosome is an area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies, in January 2017, two estimates differed by 5%, with one estimate giving 2,152 genes, and the other estimate giving 2,047 genes. About 8% of its genes are involved in development and function. A unique feature of 8p is a region of about 15 megabases that appears to have a mutation rate. This region shows an significant divergence between human and chimpanzee, suggesting that its high rates have contributed to the evolution of the human brain. The following are some of the located on chromosome 8, AEG1, Astrocyte Elevated Gene ANK1, ankyrin 1
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Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2
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Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAI2 gene. It is a member of the family of receptors. BAI1, a gene, encodes brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor, a seven-span transmembrane protein and is thought to be a member of the secretin receptor family. Brain-specific angiogenesis proteins BAI2 and BAI3 are similar to BAI1 in structure, have similar tissue specificities, human ADGRB2 genome location and ADGRB2 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Kreienkamp HJ, Zitzer H, Gundelfinger ED, et al, the calcium-independent receptor for alpha-latrotoxin from human and rodent brains interacts with members of the ProSAP/SSTRIP/Shank family of multidomain proteins. Kee HJ, Koh JT, Kim MY, et al, expression of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2 in normal and ischemic brain, involvement of BAI2 in the ischemia-induced brain angiogenesis. Petersen HH, Hilpert J, Militz D, et al, functional interaction of megalin with the megalinbinding protein, a novel tetratrico peptide repeat-containing adaptor molecule. Adkins JN, Varnum SM, Auberry KJ, et al, toward a human blood serum proteome, analysis by multidimensional separation coupled with mass spectrometry. Chromosome 13q12 encoded Rho GTPase activating protein suppresses growth of breast carcinoma cells, ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs, bjarnadóttir TK, Fredriksson R, Höglund PJ, et al. The human and mouse repertoire of the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain
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Chromosome 1 (human)
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Chromosome 1 is the designation for the largest human chromosome. Humans have two copies of chromosome 1, as they do all of the autosomes, which are the non-sex chromosomes. Chromosome 1 spans about 249 million nucleotide pairs, which are the basic units of information for DNA. It represents about 9% of the total DNA in human cells, identifying genes on each chromosome is an active area of genetic research. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies, in January 2017, two estimates differed by 12%, with one estimate giving 5,078 genes, and the other estimate giving 4,474 genes. It was the last completed chromosome, sequenced two decades after the beginning of the Human Genome Project, some of these diseases are hearing loss, Alzheimer disease, glaucoma and breast cancer. Rearrangements and mutations of chromosome 1 are prevalent in cancer and many other diseases, patterns of sequence variation reveal signals of recent selection in specific genes that may contribute to human fitness, and also in regions where no function is evident. The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 1, reuters Wed May 17,2006 Final genome chapter published BBC NEWS
