1.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
2.
Kanara
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The Kanara region of Karnataka, comprises three coastal districts, namely Dakshina Kannada, Udupi district and Uttara Kannada. Kanara forms the part of the Konkan coast. The length of this region north to south is around 300 kilometres while the width varies from 30 to 110 kilometres. The region is characterized by swaying palms and swift brooks running towards the Arabian Sea, according to legend, Parashurama, an avatar of Vishnu, retrieved Kanara from the sea by throwing his axe into the sea. The sea fell back to the place where his axe fell, hence, the region is sometimes called Parshurama Kshetra. According to historian Severino da Silva, the ancient name for this region is Parashuram Srashti and he and Stephen Fuchs say that the name Canara is the invention of Portuguese, Dutch and English people who visited the area for trade from the early 16th century on wards. The Bednore Dynasty, under whose rule this tract was at time, was known to them as the Kannada Dynasty. The letter d being always pronounced like r by the Europeans and this name was retained by the British after their occupation of the district in 1799, and has remained ever since. However, they say that this issue is controversial. Yakshagana is a dance drama popular in the districts of Uttara Kannada, Shimoga, Udupi. This theater art involves acting, dance, dialogue, music, songs, story, while dance and songs adhere to well established talas, very similar to classical Indian dance forms, acting and dialogues are created spontaneously on stage depending on the ability of the artists. This combination of classical and folk elements makes Yakshagana unique from any other Indian art and it would be considered a form of opera to the western eye. Traditionally, Yakshaganas start late in the night and run the entire night, bagavatha, the background singer, who is also the director of the story controls the entire proceedings on stage. He/she along with the musicians, who play chande and maddale form the himmela. The actors who wear costumes and enact various roles in the story form the mummela. There are many professional troops in Karnataka, in spite of the competition from modern movie industry and television, these troops arrange ticketed shows and make a profit. Yakshagana is sometimes simply called aataā in both Kannada and Konkani, yaksha-gana literally means the song of a yaksha. Yakshas were a tribe mentioned in the Sanskrit literature of ancient India
3.
Kasaragod
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Kasaragod, is a town and a municipality in the Kasaragod district, state of Kerala. Kasargod is located 585 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 50 km south of Mangalore, the major political parties are Indian Union Muslim League, CPI, INC, INL Indian National League and BJP. North Kasaragod is dominated by Indian Union Muslim League and the part of Kasaragod is dominated by CPI. The central part and some of the rural and urban areas is dominated by INC. NA Nellikkunnu is the present Member of Legislative Assembly, Kasaragod assembly constituency is part of Kasaragod. CPI member P. Karunakaran is the present MP from Kasargod, Kasaragod is home to the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, originally established in 1916 as the Coconut Research Station. It is part of Indias National Agricultural Research System under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, according to the Institute, Kerala lies in the heart of the major coconut growing areas of the country. It is also home to the Indian Society for Plantation Crops, the primary and administrative language of the town is Malayalam. Tulu, Beary bhashe and Konkani are also used and Hindi. Havyaka speakers have a base in Kannada. The Malayalam spoken here has influences from Beary bhashe and also from the languages of Kannada, Urdu, Konkani, the Kannada and Tulu spoken here are also influenced by Malayalam. Kasaragod district is a worst HIV infected area in Kerala,970 HIV cases were registered in Kasaragod district. Ten HIV deaths were reported from Kasaragod district within a period of two months in 2016. There is no special facility or doctors for HIV patients in this area, HIV affected areas in Kasaragod include Dharmathadka, Nileshwaram, Manjeshwar, Bhandiyod, Vellarikundu, Kasaragod town and Padannakkad. Kasaragod experiences a Tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. P. C. R. I CPCRI Official Website of the District Administration
4.
Kodagu district
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Kodagu is an administrative district in Karnataka, India. Before 1956 it was an administratively separate Coorg State, at which point it was merged into an enlarged Mysore State and it occupies an area of 4,102 square kilometres in the Western Ghats of southwestern Karnataka. In 2001 its population was 548,561,13. 74% of which resided in the urban centres. Agriculture is the most important factor that upholds the economy of Kodagu, Coorg is rich in natural resources which included timber and spices. Madikeri is the headquarters of Kodagu, Kodagu is known for its coffee and its people. The dominant group are the indigenous and other ethnic groups, the chief languages presently spoken in Kodagu are Kodava, Are Bhashe, Kannada, Tulu, Konkani and Urdu. Kodagu is home to the speakers of the Kodava language. Kodagu is located on the slopes of the Western Ghats. It has an area of 4,102 km2. It is a district, the lowest elevation of which is 120 metres above sea-level. The highest peak, Tadiandamol, rises to 1,750 metres, with Pushpagiri, the main river in Kodagu is the Kaveri, which originates at Talakaveri, located on the eastern side of the Western Ghats, and with its tributaries, drains the greater part of Kodagu. In July and August, rainfall is intense, and there are often showers into November, yearly rainfall may exceed 4,000 millimetres in some areas. In dense jungle tracts, rainfall reaches 3,000 to 3,800 millimetres and 1,500 to 2,500 millimetres in the district to the west. Kodagu has a temperature of 15 °C, ranging from 11 to 28 °C, with the highest temperatures occurring in April. The principal town, and district capital, is Madikeri, or Mercara, other significant towns include Virajpet, Kushalanagara, Somwarpet and Gonikoppal. The district is divided into the three talukas, Madikeri, Virajpet and Somwarpet. Virajpet is the largest Taluk and comprises the towns Virajpet, Gonikoppal, Siddapura, Ponnampet, the Kodavas were the earliest agriculturists in Kodagu, having lived there for centuries. Being a warrior community as well, they carried arms during times of war and had their own chieftains, the Haleri dynasty, an offshoot of the Keladi Nayakas, ruled Kodagu between 1600 and 1834
5.
Landed gentry
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Landed gentry is a largely historical British social class consisting of land owners who could live entirely from rental income. It was distinct from, and socially below, the aristocracy or peerage and they often worked as administrators of their own lands, while others became public, political and armed forces figures. The decline of this privileged class largely stemmed from the 1870s agricultural depression, by the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers such as the Duke of Westminster who lived on landed estates. The book series Burkes Landed Gentry recorded the members of this class, successful burghers often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry. Knights, originally a rank, this status was increasingly awarded to civilians as a reward for service to the Crown. Holders have the right to be addressed as Sir as are baronets, but unlike baronet, Esquires, originally men aspiring to knighthood, were the principal attendants on a knight. After the Middle Ages the title of Esquire - Esq. - became an honour that could be conferred by the Crown, gentlemen, possessors of a social status recognised as a separate title by the Statute of Additions of 1413. Generally men of birth or rank, good social standing, and wealth. The term landed gentry, although used to mean nobility. Once identical, eventually these terms became complementary, in the sense that their definitions began to fill in parts of what the other lacked, the historical term gentry by itself, so Peter Coss argues, is a construct that historians have applied loosely to rather different societies. Any particular model may not fit a specific society, yet a single definition nevertheless remains desirable, the phrase landed gentry referred in particular to the untitled members of the landowning upper class. The most stable and respected form of wealth has historically been land, the primary meaning of landed gentry encompasses those members of the land owning classes who are not members of the peerage. It was a designation, one belonged to the landed gentry if other members of that class accepted one as such. However, during the 19th century, as the new rich of the Industrial Revolution became more and more numerous and politically powerful, from the late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. It provided the bulk of Members of Parliament, with many gentry families maintaining political control in a locality over several generations. Owning land was a prerequisite for suffrage in county constituencies until the Reform Act 1832, until then, Members of the landed gentry were upper class, this was a highly prestigious status. Particular prestige was attached to those who inherited landed estates over a number of generations and these are often described as being from old families. Titles are often considered central to the class, but this is certainly not universally the case
6.
Tulu Nadu
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Tulu Nadu or Tulunad is a Tulu-speaking region spread over parts of the Karnataka and Kerala states of India. The erstwhile district of South Canara is the core of the Tulu speaking region and this region is not an official administrative region but a region inhabited by Tulu speaking people. Tulunad is the homeland of the Tuluva ethnic people, Mangalore, Udupi and Kasaragod are its important cities. Ptolemy, the 2nd century geographer identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is believed to be a corruption of the term Alva Kheda. Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two lands of Haiva and Tuluva. The longest ruling and oldest known dynasty of Tulu Nadu was that of the Alupas. Their kingdom was known as Alvakheda. They initially ruled independently and later were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties, the Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra, the Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara Empire took control of Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries, during the rule of Vijayanagara, Tulu nadu was administered in two parts – Mangaluru Rajya and Barkuru Rajya. Tulu Nadu was the homeland of the dynasty that founded the Vijayanagar Empire based in eastern Karnataka. Tulu Nadu was governed by the native feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 18th century and these feudatories gained power towards the end of Alupa period. The region became prosperous during Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu. Over the following many centuries, Konkanis from Goa arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind reminders of their glory with temples in and monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karkala, Venoor. In the 16th century there was an influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa. The Muslim community of Tulu Nadu were basically Arab traders who married local women and they speak the Beary dialect, which is a mix of Tulu and Kannada, and the others speak Urdu
7.
South Canara
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South Canara was a district of the Madras Presidency of British India, located at 13. 00°N75. 40°E /13.00,75.40. It covered the areas of the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi of Karnataka. The district was one of the most heterogeneous of Madras Presidency with Tulu, Malayalam, Kannada, Konkani and it was succeeded by Dakshina Kannada in 1947. In 1859, Kanara was split into two districts, North and South, North Kanara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency, and South was retained by Madras. Mangalore was the headquarters of the district. The district covered an area of 10,410 square kilometres, the district was divided into six taluks, Amindivi Islands Coondapoor Kasaragod Mangalore Udupi Uppinangady The district was administered by a District Collector. The district had two municipalities, those of Mangalore and Udupi, South Kanara had a total population of 1,134,713 in 1901, of whom 81 percent were Hindus,11 percent Muslim and 7 percent Christian. The most widely spoken language was Tulu which was the tongue of 44 percent of the population. Around 19 percent of the population spoke Konkani. Around 09 percent of the population speaks Beary Bashe as their mother tongue, in 1901, South Kanara had a density of 109 inhabitants per square kilometre. The 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India lists South Canara, along with the Thanjavur and Ganjam districts, the majority of the people were Billavas, Bunts. The people who first settled here were called Tuluvas, predominantly Bunts, the Brahmins who settled first belonged chiefly to the Sthanika and thus they were called as Tulu Brahmins. Others were Shivalli, Saraswat, Havyaka, Kotaha sub-sections, Mogaveera and Mahars, Dakshina Kannada Mangalore Udupi South Canara by Vikas Kamat from Kamat. com
8.
Kannada
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The language has roughly 40 million native speakers who are called Kannadigas, and a total of 50.8 million speakers according to a 2001 census. It is one of the languages of India and the official. The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script, Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. Kannada has a literary history of over a thousand years. Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the ministry of culture, in July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language, and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford B, steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods, Old Kannada from 450–1200 CE, Middle Kannada from 1200–1700, and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present. Kannada is influenced to an extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other such as Prakrit and Pali can also be found in the Kannada language. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times, the vernacular Prakrit-speaking people may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant influence from these languages, some examples of naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are, baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, hunnime from puṇṇivā. Examples of naturalized Sanskrit words in Kannada are, varṇa, arasu from rajan, paurṇimā, Kannada has numerous borrowed words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa and anna. Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada. According to Jain tradition, Brahmi, the daughter of Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara of Jainism, invented 18 alphabets, including Kannada, which points to the antiquity of the language. Supporting this tradition, an inscription of about the 9th century CE, containing specimens of different alphabets and it has been claimed that the Greek dramatists of the 5th–4th century BCE were familiar with the Kannada country and language. This would show a far more intimate contact of the Greeks with Kannada culture than with Indian culture elsewhere, the palm manuscripts contained texts written not only in Greek, Latin and Hebrew, but also in Sanskrit and Kannada. In the 150 CE Prakrit book Gaathaa Saptashati, written by Haala Raja, Kannada words like tIr, tuppa, on the Pallava Prakrit inscription of 250 CE of Hire Hadagalis Shivaskandavarman, the Kannada word kOTe transforms into koTTa. In the 350 CE Chandravalli Prakrit inscription, words of Kannada origin like punaaTa, in one more Prakrit inscription of 250 CE found in Malavalli, Kannada towns like vEgooraM, kundamuchchaMDi find a reference. Pliny the Elder was a naval and army commander in the early Roman Empire and he writes about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias
9.
Jainism
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Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion belonging to the śramaṇa tradition. The central tenet is non-violence and respect all living beings. The three main principles of Jainism are ahimsa, anekantavada and aparigraha, followers of Jainism take five main vows, ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya and aparigraha. Jain monks and nuns observe these vows absolutely whereas householders observe them within their practical limitations, self-discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism. The word Jain derives from the Sanskrit word jina, a human being who has conquered all inner passions like attachment, desire, anger, pride, greed, etc. is called Jina. Followers of the path practiced and preached by the jinas are known as Jains, Parasparopagraho Jivanam is the motto of Jainism. Jains trace their history through a succession of teachers and revivers of the Jain path known as Tirthankaras. In the current era, this started with Rishabhdeva and concluded with Mahavira, Jains believe that Jainism is eternal and while it may be forgotten, it will be revived from time to time. The majority of Jains reside in India, with 6-7 million followers, Jainism is smaller than many other major world religions. Outside of India, some of the largest Jain communities are present in Canada, Europe, Kenya, the UK, Suriname, Fiji, contemporary Jainism is divided into two major sects, Digambara and Śvētāmbara. Namokar Mantra is the most common and basic prayer in Jainism, major Jain festivals include Paryushana and Daslakshana, Mahavir Jayanti, and Diwali. The principle of ahimsa is the most fundamental and well-known aspect of Jainism, the everyday implementation of the principle of non-violence is more comprehensive than in other religions and is the hallmark for Jain identity. Jains believe in avoiding harm to others thoughts, speech. According to the Jain text, Purushartha Siddhyupaya, killing any living being out of passions is hiṃsā, Jains extend the practice of nonviolence and kindness not only towards other humans but towards all living beings. For this reason, vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jain identity, if there is violence against animals during the production of dairy products, veganism is encouraged. Jainism has an elaborate framework on types of life and includes life-forms that may be invisible. Therefore, after humans and animals, insects are the living being offered protection in Jain practice. For example, insects in the home are often escorted out instead of killed, Jainism teaches that intentional harm and the absence of compassion make an action more violent
10.
Manor house
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A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor. The term is loosely applied to various country houses, frequently dating from the late medieval era. They were sometimes fortified, but this was intended more for show than for defence. Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed, where they were known as castles, palaces. Many buildings, such as schools, are named Manor, the reason behind this is because the building was or is close to a manor house. The lord of the manor may have several properties within a county or, for example in the case of a feudal baron, spread across a kingdom. A large and suitable building was required within the manor for such purpose, generally in the form of a hall. This also gave the opportunity for the manor house to be cleaned, especially important in the days of the cess-pit. Thus such non-resident lords needed to appoint a steward or seneschal to act as their deputy in such matters, the day-to-day administration was carried out by a resident official in authority at each manor, who in England was called a bailiff, or reeve. Although not typically built with strong fortifications as were castles, many manor-houses were fortified and they were often enclosed within walls or ditches which often also included agricultural buildings. The primary feature of the house was its great hall. A late 16th-century transformation produced many of the smaller Renaissance châteaux of France, the Tudor period of stability in England saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses, for example Sutton Place in Surrey, circa 1521. During the second half of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and under her successor King James I the first mansions designed by architects not by mere masons or builders, began to make their appearance. Such houses as Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known of this period, nearly every large mediaeval manor house had its own deer-park adjoining, emparked by royal licence, which served primarily as a store of food in the form of venison. Within these licensed parks deer could not be hunted by royalty and this gave them more privacy and space. Court was a suffix which came into use in the 16th century, the obvious origin of the suffix would appear to be that the building was the location where the manorial courts were held. True castles, when not royal castles, were generally the residences of feudal barons, the manor on which the castle was situated was termed the caput of the barony, thus every true ancient defensive castle was also the manor house of its own manor. The suffix -Park came into use in the 18th and 19th centuries, the usage is often a modern catch-all suffix for an old house on an estate, true manor or not
11.
Nayakas of Keladi
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Nayakas of Keladi, also known as Nayakas of Bednore and Kings of Ikkeri, were an Indian dynasty based from Keladi in Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. They were an important ruling dynasty in post-medieval Karnataka and they initially ruled as a vassal of the famous Vijayanagar Empire. In 1763 AD, with their defeat to Hyder Ali, they were absorbed into the Kingdom of Mysore and they played an important part in the history of Karnataka, during a time of confusion and fragmentation that generally prevailed in South India after the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire. The Keladi rulers were Lingayats but they were tolerant towards followers of other faiths, the Haleri Kings of Kodagu who ruled over Coorg between 1600 A. D and 1834 A. D. were an offshoot of Keladi Nayaka dynasty. Chaudappa Nayaka, originally Chauda Gowda, was from a village called Pallibailu near Keladi and he was the son of Lingayat couple Basavappa and Basavamambe, who were into farming. He was the earliest chieftain to rule the area surrounding Shimoga, rose through self capability, sadashiva Nayaka was an important chieftain in the Vijayanagar Empire and earned the title Kotekolahala from emperor Aliya Rama Raya for his heroics in the battle of Kalyani. The coastal provinces of Karnataka came under his direct rule and he moved the capital to Ikkeri some 20 km. from Keladi. Rama Raja Nayaka Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka is considered by scholars as ablest monarch of the clan and he completely freed himself from the overlordship of the relocated Vijayanagar rulers of Penugonda. Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle, who visited his kingdom in 1623, called him an able soldier, in his reign the kingdom expanded so that it covered coastal regions, Malnad regions, and some regions to the east of the western Ghats of present-day Karnataka. He is also known to have defeated the Adilshahis of Bijapur in Hanagal, though a Virashaiva by faith, he built many temples for Vaishnavas and Jains and a mosque for Muslims. He defeated the Portuguese in 1618 and 1619, Virabhadra Nayaka faced many troubles from the start, including competition from rival Jain chieftains of Malenad for the throne of Ikkeri and invasion by the Sultanate armies of Bijapur. Ikkeri was plundered by the Bijapur army during his time, Shivappa Nayaka is widely considered as the ablest and greatest of the Keladi rulers. He was the uncle of Virabhadra Nayaka, Shivappa deposed his nephew to gain the throne of Keladi. He was not only an administrator, he also patronised literature. He gave importance to agriculture and developed new schemes for collection of taxes and revenues which earned him praise from later British officials. A statue of him and the built by him containing many artifacts of his times are reminders of the respect he has earned even from the present generation of people of the region. He destroyed the Portuguese political power in the Kanara region by capturing all the Portuguese forts of the coastal region, Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka, ruled for a short span of time after Shivappa Nayaka. Bhadrappa Nayaka, succeeded Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka, somashekara Nayaka I The King who was once a good administrator, gave up his interest in administration after his associastion with a dancer named Kalavati
12.
Ajila
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Ajila is a common surname of the Bunt people, the landed gentry of Tulu Nadu region in the south west of India. It is also the name of the Jain Bunt Dynasty who ruled the principality of Venur for several centuries, the present head of the Ajila dynasty is Padmaprasad Ajila, fourteenth in line through the matrilineal lineage of Veera Timmannarasa Ajila IV. They should also maintain the grants made to the Bunts of the palace and they and the merchants who has settled in the kingdom must attend the ‘Brahmotsava’ ceremony in the temple of Aladangadi. Neglecting this regulation is equal to neglecting the tradition and also the four deities of Aruvu, Shri Somanatha, Shri Shanthishwara of Venur
13.
Chowta
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Chowta is a common surname of the Bunt people of Karnataka and Kerala, India. It is also the name of the Jain dynasty who ruled parts of the Tulu Nadu region for several centuries. They succession to the throne was as per the Bunt custom of matrilineal inheritance and they initially ruled from their capital at Ullal and the first known king of the Dynasty was Tirumalaraya Chowta I. His successor, Channaraya Chowta I, moved it inland to Puttige, bhojaraya Chowta II was the greatest of the Chowta rulers. He visited the court of Krishnadevaraya, the Vijayanagar emperor, the principality of Chowta split in 1544, with two separate capitals, one at Ullala, under the renowned Queen Abbakka Chowta, and another at Puttige. Ullal branch seems to have become extinct and c,1603, the Chowta moved their capital to Moodabidri. He reigned from 1783 to 1822, following the conquest of South Canara by the British the Chowtas lost all their power except that they received a small pension from the then government. Descendants of the chowta rulers still survive and inhabit the Chowtara Aramane of Moodabidri, Abbakka Chowta, Queen of Ullal Sandeep Chowta, Indian music composer D. K. Chowta, Indian Writer Saavira Kambada Basadi Moodabidri
14.
Veerendra Heggade
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Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade is a philanthropist and the hereditary administrator/Dharmadhikari of the Dharmasthala Temple. He succeeded to the post of Dharmadhikari at the age of 20, in less than four decades, since he assumed responsibilities in 1968, he has carried his heritage to greater heights. Not only by continuing to protect the essence of the Kshetra, considering the magnanimous service rendered by Dr. D. Veerendra Heggade to mankind, several organizations, Universities, Government Bodies have honored him with awards. In April 1993 he was honored with the title Rajarshi by Shankar Dayal Sharma, Dr. Heggade has also been honoured with the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan award, Indias third and second highest civilian awards. He has been awarded with the coveted Karnataka Ratna award for the year 2009 and this has been awarded to Dr. Heggade as a recognition to his outstanding contribution to humanity. Karnataka Ratna is the highest civilian award in Karnataka, Veerendra was born the eldest son of Dharmadhikari Ratnavarma Heggade and his wife Rathnamma Heggade. He belongs to the Pergade dynasty of Tulu Lineage, who are the trustees of the famous Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatha Swamy temple in South Kanara district of Karnataka. Despite being the trustees of a Hindu temple, the family are of the Jain religion, Veerendra has three younger brothers, Harshendra Kumar Heggade, Surendra Kumar Heggade and Rajendra Kumar Heggade, and a sister, Padmalata Heggade. He married Hemavathi Heggade in a match arranged, as is traditional in India, Veerendra and Hemavathy are the parents of a daughter, Shraddha. As the eldest son, Veerendra succeeded his father as Dharmadhikari of the temple and its properties and he is the twenty-first member of the Pergade dynasty to hold the position of Dharmadhikari of the Dharmasthala Temple. As he has no sons, his heir is his senior-most younger brother, Dharmadhikari Veerendra Heggade is a car collector and photography aficionado. His car collection is on display in Dharmastala, what distinguishes Shri Veerendra Heggade is that while being the head of a revered religious institution, he is, today, far more than that. His years of practicing active Dharma have given him a vision that combines social issues such as education and he continued the tradition of the Kshetra to hold annual ‘Sarva Dharma and Sahitya Sammelana’ at Dharmasthala. The 72nd Session of the Sammelana was held in 2004 and he is a patron of Art and Literature, a voracious reader, publishes a publication series and a monthly journal Manjuvani. To propagate Naturopathy, Yoga and Moral Education,400 Teachers of High Schools and Primary Schools train more than 30,000 students every year in Yoga and he has contributed to the revival of Yakshagana by maintaining pure traditional approach to Yakshagana. MANJUSHA a Museum was established displaying rare collections of antiques and contemporary rare, a ‘Vintage Car Museum’ attached to this Museum has interesting cars from many Nations. 10,000 couples wedded under this scheme by April 2004, constructed Marriage Halls at Bangalore, Kallahalli, Bhadravathi, Mysore, Shravanabelagola and Bantwal for the benefit of middle and low-income people to conduct marriages. Introduced a Rural Development Project, in Coastal District of Karnataka, comprising 600 Villages, recently has been propagating the importance of tapping solar energy and provided such facilities to several villages
15.
Dharmasthala Temple
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Dharmasthala Temple is an 800-year-old religious institution in the temple town of Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India. The deities of the temple are Shiva, who is referred to as Mañjunatha, Ammavaru, the tirthankara Chandraprabha, the temple is considered unique since it belongs to the Shaiva sect of Hinduism. The priests are Shivalli Brahmins, who are Vaishnava, and the administration is run by a Jain Bunt family called the Pergades,800 years ago, Dharmasthala was known as Kuduma in Mallarmadi, then a village in Belthangady. Here lived the Jain Bunt chieftain Birmanna Pergade and his wife Ammu Ballalthi in a house called Nelliadi Beedu. According to the legend, the angels of Dharma assumed human forms and arrived at Pergades abode in search of a place where Dharma was being practised. As was their habit, the couple hosted these illustrious visitors with all their wherewithal, pleased by their sincerity and generosity, that night the Dharma Daivas appeared in the dreams of Pergade. They explained the purpose of their visit to him and instructed him to vacate his house for the worship of the Daivas, asking no questions, the Pergade built himself another house and began worshiping the Daivas at Nelliadi Beedu. The Dharma Daivas again appeared before Pergade to build shrines to consecrate the four Daivas — Kalarahu, Kalarkayi, Kumaraswamy. Also, Pergade was instructed to choose two persons of noble birth to act as the Daivas oracles and four persons to assist Pergade in his duties as the executive head of the shrines. In return, the Daivas promised Pergade protection for his family, abundance of charity, Pergade, as desired, built the shrines and invited Brahmin priests to perform the rituals. These priests requested Pergade to install a Shivalinga beside the native Daivas, the Daivas then sent their vassal Annappa Swamy to procure the linga of Shiva from Kadri Manjunath Temple, near Mangalore. Subsequently, the Manjunatha temple was built around the linga, the Pergade family is a Jain Bunt family who descend from the creator of the temple. Birmanna Pergade and his wife Ammu Ballalthi and are the trustees of the temple. The eldest male member assumes the position of Dharma Adhikari and uses the title Heggade, the Heggade was the feudal lord of the temple town and solved civil or criminal disputes. This was a function and continues even to this day, The Heggade sits in judgement on hundreds of civil complaints, known as hoyulu. About nearly twenty generations of the Pergade family have assumed the position of Dharma Adhikari, the present Dharma Adhikari is Veerendra Heggade. The list of previous Dharma Adhikari is as follows, Official website of Dharmasthala Manjunatha Temple
16.
Alupa dynasty
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The Alupa also known as Alva were a royal dynasty who ruled what is now coastal Karnataka, India. They ruled independently their kingdom known as Alvakheda since the beginning of the common era, Later with the dominance of Kadambas from Banavasi, they became feudatory to them. With the changing political scenario, soon became the vassals of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas. Their influence over coastal Karnataka lasted for about 1200 years, there is evidence that the Alupas followed the law of matrilineal inheritance since the Alupa king Soyideva was succeeded by his nephew Kulasekhara Bankideva. Ptolemy, the 2nd century geographer identifies the Tulu Nadu region as Olokhoira which is believed to be a corruption of the term Alva Kheda. Regarding the origin of the name B. A. Saletore has suggested that the name Alupa is derived from its variant Aluka which is an epithet of the divine serpent Shesha of Hindu epics. Fleet has suggested that the name Aluka may possibly denote the Nāgas who in early times were included in Chalukya dominions, Saletore further adds that the Naga origin of the Alupas is proved by two facts. The figure of a serpent which is found in an effaced Alupa stone inscription in the Gollara Ganapati temple in Mangalore. Saletore dismisses the idea regarding the Dravidian origin of the name from the Tamil word Alu meaning to rule or govern, the rule of other Chutu dynasty was restricted only to Banavasi, and the rule of Sadakanas were confined to Chandravalli region. The region of North Karnataka was more under so-called Elephant, Lion, Horse, again, later Shatavahana branch and Later Kuras moved southward to establish only in Banavasi. The region of Dakshina Kannada was free from any such an external influence, in south India, only three of the local dynasties are known to the history, namely the Sangam-age Cholas, Cheras and the Pandyas. Alupas migrated to the region of Mangalore and took control of the coastal land stretching from Southern Kasaragod till modern Udupi with Mangalore as the epicenter. The region of South Canara prior to this rule is still tagged to the same ruling house though the ruling was more informal. With the Kadambas rule from Banavasi, Karnataka saw developments in the field of art, land of Karnataka saw more and more epigraphs that recorded the activities of the past, mostly erected in the temple premises. The first clear mention of Alupas comes from the Halmidi inscription of 450 CE where their possible early ruler Pashupathi of Alapa gana is mentioned, Pashupathi was the contemporary of the Kadambas. Hence for historical record, we can assume that the dynastic formation of Alupas took place around 5th century CE. Their royal emblem was the fish and they claimed to belong to the Pandyavamsha. Their coins carried the dynastic title Sri Pandya Dhananjaya which means Arjuna among the Pandyas, in the ancient times, the region was referred as Alvakheda and during the later part of the reign, the region was referred as Tulunadu
17.
P. Gururaja Bhat
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Paduru Gururaja Bhat was a teacher, historian and archaeologist of Tulu Nadu and of Barkur, the ancient capital of the Tulu kingdom. Born in 1924 in the village of Paduru in Karnatakas Udupi district and he received a Masters degree in History from the Banaras Hindu University in 1956 and a PhD from the University of Mysore in 1968. His thesis was entitled A Political and Cultural History of Tulu-nadu from the earliest times up to AD1600, Bhat taught at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College in Udupi, and was the founder-principal of the The Milagres College, Kallianpur, from 1967 to 1976. Tulunadu Antiquities of South Kanara, Prabhakara Press, studies in Tuluva history and culture, From the pre-historic times upto the modern. The project was completed by Prof. Muralidhara Upadhya and Dr. P N Narasimhamurthy
18.
B. A. Saletore
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Bhaskar Anand Saletore, better known as B. A. Saletore, was a well-known Indian historian from Mangalore, Karnataka. B. A. Saletore was born in village named Saletore in the Puttur taluk of South Canara district and he did his early schooling in Mangalore. He did his B. T. degree from Madras and M. A. degree from St. Xaviers College and he was educated in London University in History 1931 and also from University of Giessen, Germany in Politics 1933. He started his career as professor of History at Sir Parshurambhau College in Pune in 1938 and he worked with the Bombay Educational Service he became the Director of National Archives of India, retiring in 1960. Thereafter, he started his tenure as professor, later Head of Post Graduate Department of History and his works spanning several books and hundreds of articles cover a wide range of subjects including ancient Indian history. During his early years he was guided by world famous historians like H. Heras and this book was his PhD. thesis while at the University of London. The work contains a bibliography of 55 pages, running to thousand and odd books, origin of Vijayanagar Empire Saletore was the first among scholars from Karnataka to emphatically prove the Kannada origin of the empire. He resoundingly argued against a Telugu origin propounded by N. Venkataramanayya with literary, study on political and social history was divided into Revenue administration Administration of central government Administration of local government Law and Justice Foreign relations Army. Study on cultural history divided into Social institutions Position of women Social legislation Public service Habitation, food and dress Corporate life Festivals, games, in appreciation of his work, historian S. Krishnaswamy Aiyangar sums up Saletores efforts in a nutshell. The very extent of the subject and the vastness of details available, but Dr. Saletore has succeeded in producing a creditable work bearing on the vast subject. The work gives a correct and complete view of the life of the people under the empire and he is said to be the first historian to use epigraphical sources for the study of social history which is what current days students of history do. He is said to be a pioneer in throwing light on socio-economic polity of Karnataka over the ages and his last book, Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions, written just before his death, is said to be a masterpiece. The book is said to be a study of great Indian political minds of ancient times including Kautilya
19.
Hinduism
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Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This Hindu synthesis started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period, although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, cosmology, shared textual resources, and pilgrimage to sacred sites. Hindu texts are classified into Shruti and Smriti and these texts discuss theology, philosophy, mythology, Vedic yajna, Yoga, agamic rituals, and temple building, among other topics. Major scriptures include the Vedas and Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life, namely Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha, karma, samsara, and the various Yogas. Hindu practices include such as puja and recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals. Some Hindus leave their world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong Sannyasa to achieve Moksha. Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings, patience, forbearance, self-restraint, Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion, with over one billion followers or 15% of the global population, known as Hindus. The majority of Hindus reside in India, Nepal, Mauritius, the Caribbean, the word Hindu is derived from the Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit word Sindhu, the Indo-Aryan name for the Indus River in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. The term Hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term, the Arabic term al-Hind referred to the people who live across the River Indus. This Arabic term was taken from the pre-Islamic Persian term Hindū. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as an alternative name of India. It was only towards the end of the 18th century that European merchants and colonists began to refer to the followers of Indian religions collectively as Hindus. The term Hinduism, then spelled Hindooism, was introduced into the English language in the 18th-century to denote the religious, philosophical, because of the wide range of traditions and ideas covered by the term Hinduism, arriving at a comprehensive definition is difficult. The religion defies our desire to define and categorize it, Hinduism has been variously defined as a religion, a religious tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and a way of life. From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism like other faiths is appropriately referred to as a religion, in India the term dharma is preferred, which is broader than the western term religion. Hindu traditionalists prefer to call it Sanatana Dharma, the study of India and its cultures and religions, and the definition of Hinduism, has been shaped by the interests of colonialism and by Western notions of religion. Since the 1990s, those influences and its outcomes have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism, Hinduism as it is commonly known can be subdivided into a number of major currents
20.
Diwali
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Diwali or Deepavali is the Hindu festival of lights celebrated every year in autumn in the northern hemisphere. It is a holiday in Fiji, Guyana, India, Malaysia, Mauritius, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago. One of the most popular festivals of Hinduism, it signifies the victory of light over darkness, good over evil, knowledge over ignorance. Its celebration includes millions of lights shining on housetops, outside doors and windows, around temples, in the Gregorian calendar, Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November. Before Diwali night, people clean, renovate, and decorate their homes and offices, after puja, fireworks follow, then a family feast including mithai, and an exchange of gifts between family members and close friends. Deepavali also marks a major shopping period in nations where it is celebrated, the name of festive days as well as the rituals of Diwali vary significantly among Hindus, based on the region of India. Dhanteras usually falls eighteen days after Dussehra, Diwali or Sanskrit dīpāvali means series of lights, and is derived from dīpam light, lamp and oli glow of light. Diwali is also known as festival of lights. Diwali dates back to ancient times in India, as a festival after the summer harvest in the Hindu calendar month of Kartika. The diyas are mentioned in Skanda Purana to symbolically represent parts of sun, the giver of light and energy to all life. Hindus in some regions of India associate Diwali with the legend of Yama, the Nachiketa story about right versus wrong, true wealth versus transient wealth, knowledge versus ignorance is recorded in Katha Upanishad composed in 1st millennium BC. King Harsha in the 7th century Sanskrit play Nagananda mentions Deepavali as Deepapratipadutsava, the Persian traveller and historian Al Biruni, in his 11th century memoir on India, wrote of Deepavali being celebrated by Hindus on New Moon day of the month of Kartika. Diwali is one of the happiest holidays in India and Nepal with significant preparations, people clean their homes and decorate them for the festivities. People also buy gifts for family members and friends which typically include sweets, dry fruits and it is also the period when children hear ancient stories, legends about battles between good and evil or light and darkness from their parents and elders. Girls and women go shopping and create rangoli and other creative patterns on floors, near doors, youth and adults alike help with lighting and preparing for patakhe. There is significant variation in practices and rituals. Depending on the region, prayers are offered one or more deities, with most common being Lakshmi – the goddess of wealth. On Diwali night, fireworks light up the neighborhood skies, later, family members and invited friends celebrate the night over food and sweets
21.
Vijayadashami
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Vijayadasami, also known as Dussehra, is a major Hindu festival celebrated at the end of Navratri every year. It is observed on the full day in the Hindu calendar month of Ashvin. Vijayadasami is observed for different reasons and celebrated differently in various parts of the Indian subcontinent, in the eastern and northeastern states of India, Vijayadashami marks the end of Durga Puja, remembering goddess Durgas victory over the buffalo demon to help restore Dharma. In the northern, southern and western states, the festival is synonymously called Dussehra, elsewhere, on Dussehra, the towering effigies of Ravana symbolizing the evil is burnt with fireworks marking evils destruction. The festival also starts the preparation for one of the most important and widely celebrated Diwali, the festival of lights, which is celebrated twenty days after the Vijayadashami. Vijayadashami is a composite of two words Vijaya and Dashami, which respectively mean victory and tenth, connoting the festival on the day celebrating the victory of good over evil. The same Hindu festival-related term, however, takes different forms in different regions of India and Nepal, according to James Lochtefeld, the word Dussehra is a variant of Dashahara which a compound Sanskrit word meaning ten days. According to Monier Williams, Dus meaning bad, evil, sinful and Hara means removing, destroying, connoting removing the bad, destroying the evil, in most of northern and western India, Dasha-Hara is celebrated in honour of Rama. The effigies are burnt on bonfires in the evening of Vijayadashami-Dussehra, while Dussehra is observed on the same day across India, the festivities leading to it varies. The performance arts tradition during the Dussehra festival was inscribed by UNESCO as one of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2008, the festivities, states UNESCO, include songs, narration, recital and dialogue based on the Hindu text Ramacharitmanas by Tulsidas. In many parts, the audience and villagers join in and participate spontaneously, some helping the artists, others helping with stage set up, create make-up, effigies and lights. These arts come to a close on the night of Dussehra, Kullu Dussehra is celebrated in the Kullu valley of Himachal Pradesh, and is regionally notable for its large fair and parade witnessed by estimated half a million people. The festival is a symbol of victory of good over evil by Raghu Nath, the special feature of the Kullu Dussehra procession is the arrival of floats containing deities from different parts of the nearby regions and their journey to Kullu. Vijayadasami is celebrated in a variety of ways in South India, celebrations range from worshipping Durga, lighting up temples and major forts such as at Mysore, to displaying colorful figurines, known as a golu. The festival played a role in the 14th-century Vijayanagara Empire. The Italian traveller Niccolò de Conti described the intensity and importance as a grandeur religious. The event revered Durga as the warrior goddess, the celebrations hosted athletic competitions, singing and dancing, fireworks, a pageantry military parade and charitable giving to the public. The city of Mysore has traditionally been a center of Dussehra-Vijayadashami celebrations
22.
Amitav Ghosh
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Amitav Ghosh is an Indian–American author best known for his work in English fiction. Amitav Ghosh was born in Calcutta on 11 July 1956 to a Bengali Hindu family, to Lieutenant Colonel Shailendra Chandra Ghosh and he was educated at the all-boys Doon School, where he edited The Doon School Weekly. His contemporaries at Doon included author Vikram Seth and Ram Guha, after Doon, he received degrees from St. Stephens College, Delhi University, and Delhi School of Economics. He then won the Inlaks Foundation scholarship to complete a D. Phil, in social anthropology at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, under the supervision of Peter Lienhardt. His first job was at the Indian Express newspaper in New Delhi, Ghosh lives in New York with his wife, Deborah Baker, author of the Laura Riding biography In Extremis, The Life of Laura Riding and a senior editor at Little, Brown and Company. They have two children, Lila and Nayan. He has been a fellow at the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, in 1999, Ghosh joined the faculty at Queens College, City University of New York, as Distinguished Professor in Comparative literature. He has also been a professor at the English department of Harvard University since 2005. Ghosh subsequently returned to India began working on the Ibis trilogy which includes Sea of Poppies, River of Smoke and he was awarded the Padma Shri by the Indian government in 2007. In 2009, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, in 2015 Ghosh was named a Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow. Ghoshs River of Smoke, is the volume of The Ibis trilogy. The third, Flood of Fire, completing the trilogy, has been published 28 May 2015 to positive reviews, most of his work deals with historical settings, especially in the Indian Ocean periphery. In an interview with Mahmood Kooria, he said, It was not intentional, ghoshs notable non-fiction writings are In an Antique Land, Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma, Countdown, and The Imam and the Indian. His writings appear in newspapers and magazines in India and abroad, the Circle of Reason won the Prix Médicis étranger, one of Frances top literary awards. The Shadow Lines won the Sahitya Akademi Award and the Ananda Puraskar, the Calcutta Chromosome won the Arthur C. Clarke Award for 1997. Sea of Poppies was shortlisted for the 2008 Man Booker Prize and it was the co-winner of the Vodafone Crossword Book Award in 2009, as well as co-winner of the 2010 Dan David Prize. River of Smoke was shortlisted for the Man Asian Literary Prize 2011, the government of India awarded him the civilian honour of Padma Shri in 2007. Subsequently, he landed in controversy over his acceptance of the Israeli literary award, Ghosh received the lifetime achievement award at Tata Literature Live, the Mumbai LitFest on November 20,2016
23.
Buta Kola
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The būta cult is prevalent among the non-Brahmin Tuluvas of Tulu Nadu region. The word kōla is conventionally reserved for the worship of a single spirit whereas a nēma involves the impersonation of several spirits in hierarchical order, in kōlas and nēmas family and village disputes are referred to the spirit for mediation and adjudication. In feudal times, the aspect of the ritual included matters of political justice, such as the legitimation of political authority. The produce of land owned by the būta as well as certain contributions from the leading manors was redistributed among the villagers. It can be said as a form of Shamanism, the ritual performance at a būta kōla or daiva nēma involves music, dance, recital, and elaborate costumes. Recitals in Old Tulu recount the origins of the deity and tell the story of how it came to the present location and these epics are known as pāḍdanas. According to some, Jumadi is the small-pox goddess Māri, there are only two female Bhūtas – Ukkatiri and Kallurti. The Bhūtas are supposed to belong to different castes, for example Okkuballala and Dēvanajiri are Jains, Kodamanitaya and Kukkinataya are Bants, Kalkuḍa is a smith, Bobbariya is a Māppilla, and Nicha a Koraga. Some of them are ancestral spirits such as Bobbariya, Kalkuḍa, Kallurti, some are spirits such as Koti and Chennayya, Siri, some are deified wild animals such as the boar - Paňjurli or the tiger - Pilichāmuṇḍi. Panjurli is said to be the spirit of a boar, blessed by Lord Shiva and Parvati, some būtas are Androgynous such as some instances of Jumadi who is represented as female below the neck, but with a male head sporting a mustache. There are anthropomorphic būtas, zoomorphic ones, and mixed forms, according to the ethnographer Peter Claus, the Tulu pāḍdanas reveal a cosmology which is distinctly Dravidian and thus different from the Puranic Hindu cosmology. The world is divided in two three realms, firstly, the realm of cultivated lands, secondly the realm of wastelands and forests, grāmya and jāṅgala/āraṇya form part of the tangible world, whereas būta-loka is their intangible counterpart. As grāmya is constantly threatened by encroachment, disease, hunger and death form jāṅgala and āraṇya, the world of the forest is the world of the wild, unordered, uncontrolled, hungry beings of destruction. The world of the forest and the world of the spirits are seen as mirror images of each other. The relationship between three worlds is one of balance and moral order. If this order is upset by the humans, it is believed that the spirits become vicious, if the order is maintained, the spirits are believed to be supportive and benevolent. Thus, the spirits of Tulu culture are neither ‘good’ nor ‘bad’ as such and they methodically and persistently remind a lax humanity of the need for morality and the value of solidarity. Nobody is believed to be above the moral and cosmological norms of this threefold universe, thus the būtas are not whimsical or arbitrary in their judgement
24.
Yakshagana
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Yakshagana ಯಕ್ಷಗಾನ is a traditional theatre form that combines dance, music, dialogue, costume, make-up, and stage techniques with a unique style and form. This theatre style is found in Tulunadu and the Malenadu region of Karnataka. Yakshagana is traditionally presented from dusk to dawn, Yakshagana literally means the song of the yaksha. Yakshagana is the name for art forms formerly known as kēḷike, āṭa, bayalāṭa. It is believed to have evolved from music and theater during the period of the Bhakti movement. It is sometimes called the play in both Kannada and Tulu. Yakshagana is a genre of music, independent of Karnataka Sangeetha. It is believed to have survived as an indigenous phenomenon only in Karnataka, a typical Yakshagana performance consists of background music played by a group of musicians, and a dance and dialog group, who together enact poetic epics on stage. The himmela is made up of a lead singer —who also directs the production—and is referred to as the first actor, additional himmela members are players of traditional musical instruments, such as the maddale, the pungi, the harmonium, and the chande. The music is based on ragas, which are characterized by rhythmic patterns called mattu, Yakshagana talas are believed to be based on patterns which later evolved into the Carnatic talas. A Yakshagana performance typically begins in the hours, with an initial beating of the drums of several fixed compositions. This may last for up to an hour before the actors finally arrive on the stage, the actors wear resplendent costumes, head-dresses, and face paints. A performance usually depicts a story from the Kavya and the Puranas and it consists of a story teller who narrates the story by singing as the actors dance to the music, portraying elements of the story as it is being narrated. All components of Yakshagana—including the music, the dance, and the dialog—are improvised, depending on the ability and scholarship of the actors, there will be variations in dances as well as the amount of dialog. It is not uncommon for actors to get into philosophical debates or arguments without falling out of character, the acting in Yakshagana can be best categorized as method acting. The performances have drawn comparison to the Western tradition of opera, traditionally, Yakshagana will run all night. Yakshagana is popular in the districts of Dakshina Kannada, Kasaragod, Udupi, Uttara Kannada, Yakshagana has become popular in Bangalore in recent years, particularly in the rainy season, when there are few other forms of entertainment possible in the coastal districts. Yakshagana can refer to a style of writing, as well as the material itself
25.
Mangalore
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Mangalore, officially known as Mangaluru, is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maikāla in Beary and it is located about 352 kilometres west of the state capital, Bengaluru between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges. It is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district in south western Karnataka. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalores port handles 75 per cent of Indias coffee and cashew exports, Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until Indias independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore in 1956, Mangalore is the largest city in Dakshina Kannada district and is one of the most cosmopolitan non-metro cities of India. It is also the largest city in the Coastal and Malnad regions of Karnataka, besides being a commercial, industrial, educational, Mangalore city urban agglomeration extends from Ullal in the south to Mulki in the north, covering a distance of over 40 km. The citys landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, Mangalore was ranked Indias 13th and Karnatakas second most favourable destination for business. Mangalore will be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Mangalore was named after the Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the deity of the Mangaladevi temple or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. According to local legend, a princess from Malabar named Parimala or Premaladevi renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore as she fell ill on the way, eventually she died, and the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar by the local people after her death. The city got its name from the temple, one of the earliest references to the citys name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram. The city and the region was a part of the Pandyan Kingdom. Ramesh, President of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first heard in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule, many shilashasanas of Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Even before that, during the Alupas period, it was referred to as Mangalapura, the city is well known as Mangaluru in Kannada, a reference to Mangaladevi
26.
Dakshina Kannada
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Dakshina Kannada is a coastal district in the state of Karnataka in India. Sheltered by the Western Ghats on the east and surrounded by the Lakshadweep Sea on the west, Dakshina Kannada receives abundant rainfall during the monsoon. It is bordered by Udupi District to the north, Chikkamagaluru district to the northeast, Hassan District to the east, Kodagu to the southeast, and Kasaragod District in Kerala to the south. The district has 2 agroclimatic divisions namely Coastal region - consists of Mangalore and Bantwal taluks Malnad region - consists of Puttur, Belthangady, the district has 2 revenue subdivisions - Mangalore and Puttur. Mangalore city is the headquarters of Dakshina Kannada. The district is divided into five talukas namely Mangalore, Bantwal, Puttur, Sullia and it used to include 4 northern talukas, Udupi, Kundapur, Karkala and Byndoor, but these were separated in August 1997 to form Udupi district. Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kasaragod are often called Tulu Nadu, important towns in Dakshina Kannada include Mangalore, Bantwal, Vittal, Puttur, Sullia, Surathkal, Moodabidri, Uppinangady, Venur, Mulki, Dharmasthala, Ujire, Belthangady and Subramanya. The district is known for beaches, red clay roof tiles, cashew nut and its products, banking, education, healthcare. According to 2011 Indian Census, the district ranks second in per capita income, second in HDI, first in literacy, before 1860, Dakshina Kannada was part of a district called Kanara, which was under a single administration in the Madras Presidency. In 1860, the British split the area into South Kanara and North Kanara, Kundapur taluk was earlier included in North Kanara, but was re-included in South Kanara later. During the Reorganisation of States in 1956, Kasaragod was split and transferred to the newly created Kerala state, South Canara was a district under the British empire which included the present Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Kasaragod districts and Aminidivi islands. Canara district was bifurcated in 1859 to form North Canara and South Canara, Dakshina Kannada became a district of Mysore State in 1956 which later was renamed Karnataka in 1973. Kasaragod became a district of Kerala during the Re-organization of States, the Udupi district was formed from the northern taluks of Dakshina Kannada in 1997. Later, the Karnataka Government, for the purpose of administration, split the greater Dakshina Kannada district into Udupi, three taluks of the former district namely Udupi, Karkala and Kundapura formed the new Udupi district. According to the 2011 census Dakshina Kannada has a population of 2,089,649 and this gives it a ranking of 220th in India. The district has a density of 457 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9. 8%, Dakshina Kannada has a sex ratio of 1018 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 88. 62%. The literacy rate of Mangalore city is 94%, tuluvas, distributed among the Billava, Mogaveera, Bunt, Koraga, Kulala, and Devadiga communities, are the largest ethnic group in the district
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Karkala
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Karkala is a town and the headquarters of Karkala taluk in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India. Located about 60 km from Mangalore, it lies near the Western Ghats, the town was called Pandya Nagari during the period of Jain rule, and later became known as Karikallu, then Karkal and finally to Karkala. Karkala has a number of natural and historical landmarks and it is located at the bottom of Western Ghats covered with greenery around the year. It is one of the junction for the religious tourists. It is located strategically on the way to Sringeri, Kalasa, Horanadu, Udupi, Kolluru Mookambika, Karkala dates back to the beginning of the 10th century. Black granite is abundant in the area, and is in use in the local architecture. The name of the town is derived from kari-kal, meaning stone in Tulu. Some assert that the name was Kari Kola meaning elephant lake which is the existing Anekere. Tulu-speaking people call the town Karla, kannadigas call it Karkala, and the Roman Catholics call it Karkol. Its alternative name, Jain Tirtha, is the result of 300 years of Jain rule and it was called Karkal by the English, later, it was called Karkala in Kannada. Karkala is on the top of a bed that is about 300–500 ft thick. The Alupas were the first to rule Karkala and their rule was followed by the Santaras, who were the feudatories of Alupas for many years. Karkala, or ancient Pandya Nagari, attained political and cultural importance from the time of the Kalasa-Karkala kingdom that was established by Bhairarasa Odeyas between 13th and 16th centuries. The Bhairarasas appear to be the descendants of the Santara chiefs, the royal family of Karkala shot to prominence right from the time of the Hoysalas. During the Vijayanagara period this family reached new heights of glory and their kingdom extended over a wider area comprising Sringeri, Koppa, Balehonnur and Mudigere in Chikamagalur and most of the Karkala taluk. They were rich and maintained a large army, despite engaging in wars, peace prevailed in the kingdom and this led to increased cultural activity and development. The first important king was Veera Bhairava, who constructed basadis at Karkala and endowed land and money to numerous temples, ramanatha and Veerapandya were his two sons. Ramanatha died during his fathers time, in his memory, a scenic lake called Ramasamudra was created, which still survives
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Udupi
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Udupi, also known as Odipu, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of Udupi District. Udupi is notable for the Krishna Temple, Tulu Ashtamathas and lends its name to the popular Udupi cuisine and it is also known as Lord Parashurama Kshetra, and is famous for Kanakana Kindi. A centre of pilgrimage, Udupi is known as Rajata Peetha and it is also known as the temple town. Manipal is a locality within Udupi city, Udupi is situated about 60 km north of the industrial hub Mangalore and about 422 km northwest of state capital Bengaluru by road. The climate in Udupi is hot in summers and pleasant in winter, during summers the temperature reaches up to 38 °C and in winters it is usually between 32 °C and 20 °C. The monsoon period is from June to September with one of the rainfall averaging more than 4000mm every year, as of the 2011 India census, Udupi had a population of 165,401. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%, the average literacy rate was 93. 89%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy was 86% and female literacy 81%. Eight percent of the population was under 6 years of age, Shivalli Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins, Mogaveeras, Billavas, Bunts, Mangalorean Catholics, Beary, Devadigas, Padmashalis are some prominent communities in Udupi. Udupi, which previously had a Town Municipal Council now has a City Municipal Council which came into existence in 1995, areas around Udupi, such as Manipal, Parkala, Malpe, Udyavara and Santhekatte were merged to form the City Municipal Council. Udupi was carved out as a district from the erstwhile Dakshina Kannada district on 25 August 1997. Udupi, Kundapura and Karkala were bifurcated from the Dakshina Kannada District, Tulu is the most widely spoken language in Udupi City. Other languages spoken here include Konkani and Kannada, muslims in Udupi speak Urdu Nawayathi and Beary Bashe. Bhuta Kola, Aati kalenja, Karangolu, and Nagaradhane are some traditions of Udupi. The residents celebrate festivals such as Makara Sankranti, Krishna Janmashtami, Navaratri, Deepavali, Eid al-Adha, Eid al-Fitr, folk arts like Yakshagana are also popular. Rathabeedhi Geleyaru and Kalavrinda are local organisations, founded to encourage creative pursuits. Its primary focus has been historic dramas, there are several festivals during which huge crowds of locals as well as outsiders gather in Udupi. During the biennial Paryaya festival, the management is handed over to the next Matha
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Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
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Kuwait
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Kuwait /kuːˈweɪt/, officially the State of Kuwait, is a country in Western Asia. Situated in the edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf, it shares borders with Iraq. As of 2016, Kuwait has a population of 4.2 million people,1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 2.9 million are expatriates, expatriates account for 70% of the population. Oil reserves were discovered in 1938, from 1946 to 1982, the country underwent large-scale modernization. In the 1980s, Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability, in 1990, Kuwait was invaded by Iraq. The Iraqi occupation came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by coalition forces, at the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. Kuwait is a constitutional emirate with a political system. It has an income economy backed by the worlds sixth largest oil reserves. The Kuwaiti dinar is the highest valued currency in the world, according to the World Bank, the country has the fourth highest per capita income in the world. The Constitution was promulgated in 1962, making Kuwait the most democratic country in the region, Kuwait ranks highly in regional metrics of gender equality, as it has the regions highest Global Gender Gap ranking. During the Ubaid period, Kuwait was the site of interaction between the peoples of Mesopotamia and Neolithic Eastern Arabia, mainly centered in As-Subiya in northern Kuwait. The earliest evidence of habitation in Kuwait dates back 8000 B. C. where Mesolithic tools were found in Burgan. As-Subiya in northern Kuwait is the earliest evidence of urbanization in the whole Persian Gulf basin area, mesopotamians first settled in the Kuwaiti island of Failaka in 2000 B. C. Traders from the Sumerian city of Ur inhabited Failaka and ran a mercantile business, the island had many Mesopotamian-style buildings typical of those found in Iraq dating from around 2000 B. C. The Neolithic inhabitants of Kuwait were among the worlds earliest maritime traders, one of the worlds earliest reed-boats was discovered in northern Kuwait dating back to the Ubaid period. In 3rd century BC, the ancient Greeks colonized the bay of Kuwait under Alexander the Great, according to Strabo and Arrian, Alexander the Great named Failaka Ikaros because it resembled the Aegean island of that name in size and shape. Remains of Greek colonization include a large Hellenistic fort and Greek temples, in 224 AD, Kuwait became part of the Sassanid Empire. At the time of the Sassanid Empire, Kuwait was known as Meshan, Akkaz was a Partho-Sassanian site, the Sassanid religions tower of silence was discovered in northern Akkaz
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United Arab Emirates
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In 2013, the UAEs population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates. The country is a federation of seven emirates, and was established on 2 December 1971, the constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al-Quwain. Each emirate is governed by a monarch, together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the monarchs is selected as the President of the United Arab Emirates, Islam is the official religion of the UAE and Arabic is the official language. The UAEs oil reserves are the seventh-largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the worlds seventeenth-largest, Sheikh Zayed, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the first President of the UAE, oversaw the development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues into healthcare, education and infrastructure. The UAEs economy is the most diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, while its most populous city of Dubai is an important global city, nevertheless, the country remains principally reliant on its export of petroleum and natural gas. The UAE is criticised for its rights record, including the specific interpretations of Sharia used in its legal system. The UAEs rising international profile has led analysts to identify it as a regional. It appears the land of the Emirates has been occupied for thousands of years, there is no proof of contact with the outside world at that stage, although in time it developed with civilisations in Mesopotamia and Iran. This contact persisted and became wide-ranging, probably motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains, in ancient times, Al Hasa was part of Al Bahreyn and adjoined Greater Oman. Sassanid groups were present on the Batinah coast, in 637, Julfar was an important port that was used as a staging post for the Islamic invasion of the Sassanian Empire. The area of the Al Ain/Buraimi Oasis was known as Tuam and was an important trading post for camel routes between the coast and the Arabian interior. The earliest Christian site in the UAE was first discovered in the 1990s, a monastic complex on what is now known as Sir Bani Yas Island. Thought to be Nestorian and built in 600 AD, the church appears to have been abandoned peacefully in 750 AD and it forms a rare physical link to a legacy of Christianity which is thought to have spread across the peninsula from 50 to 350 AD following trade routes. Certainly, by the 5th century, Oman had a bishop named John – the last bishop of Oman being Etienne, in 676 AD. This led to a group of travelling to Medina, converting to Islam and subsequently driving a successful uprising against the unpopular Sassanids. Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the new Islamic communities south of the Persian Gulf threatened to disintegrate, with insurrections against the Muslim leaders. The Caliph Abu Bakr sent an army from the capital Medina which completed its reconquest of the territory with the battle of Dibba in which 10,000 lives are thought to have been lost
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Tulu people
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They are the native speakers of the Tulu language. Tuluvas follow the Aliyasantana system, where inheritance is from uncle to nephew, except for Brahmins, Vishwakarmas, other distinctive features include the rituals of Bhuta Kola, Aati kalenja, Nagaradhane and Yakshagana etc. Tuluva New Year is called Bisu parba, which falls on the day as Baisakhi, Vishu. Tulu Nadu Tulu language Mangalorean cuisine Udupi cuisine Kasaragod Tulu Karnataka ethnic groups World Tulu conference Tulu in schools
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Educational Trust
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Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is an Indian educational trust. It was founded on November 7,1938 by Dr. K. M. Munshi, the trust operates a number of primary and secondary institutes in India and abroad. It organizes and runs 100 private schools in India, the schools are known as Bharatiya Vidya Mandir, Bhavans Vidya Mandir, or Bhavans Vidyalaya. The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan is a totally apolitical organisation, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavans motto is Let noble thoughts come to us from every side, a quote from the Rigveda. The constitution of the Bhavan lays down the qualities that everyone connected with the Bhavan should develop for the Bhavans consolidation and sustained growth. They are, An understanding of the aims of the Bhavan, a spirit of dedication to the Bhavan which will prompt everyone to ask, not what can I get from the Bhavan. But what can I do for the Bhavan, a faith in the culture of our land, particularly in the Epics and in the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita. The habit of daily prayer, in private and in congregation, a passion for the Sanskrit language, to study it oneself and to popularize it among others. The current President of the Bhavan is Surendralal G Mehta, some of the honorary members on the Board include His Holiness The Dalai Lama, Prince Charles, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, JRD Tata and Mother Teresa, among others. Andhra Pradesh Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan – Rajahmundry http, //www. bvbrjy, doshi Vidyalaya – Jamnagar Bhavans Smt. Maniben Kashibai Patel School – Nadiad Bhavans GIPCL Academy – Surat Haryana Bhavan Vidyalaya – Panchkula Karnataka Bhavans Vidyalaya – Kurkunta Bhavans D. G. bvm-girinagar. hpage. M, sutaria Industrial Training Institute, Dakor Shri Swaminarayan Technical Institute Trivedi K. M
36.
Daijiworld Media
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Daijiworld Media is an Indian private limited media company, headquartered in Mangalore, that provides news services, including the web portal, www. daijiworld. com. It was founded by Walter Nandalike, as www. daijidubai. com on January 14,2001 and it was later renamed as www. daijiworld. com, and established as a media company in 2007. Daijiworld has currently a daily viewership of around 450,000 visitors from around 180 countries, Daijiworld runs Daijiworld 24X7 TV channel, which was launched on May 9 as test transmission, telecast from June 16,2014 across coastal Karnataka through cable network and set-up boxes. The TV channel is available on internet and also in Android. It also publishes an English weekly named Daijiworld Weekly, Daijiworld Media was a result of an April Fools Day prank by Walter Nandalike, the Editor-in-chief of the portal. He had migrated to the Gulf for employment, with no knowledge of computers. Having learnt about computers, he sent his first E-mail to his friends on April 1,2000 saying that he was hosting a site on the Internet and his friends took him seriously and started inquiring about the site. Surprised by the levels of interest, Walter started thinking seriously about the project, in May 2005, the portal had been ranked 30,714, among the estimated 60 million websites in India by ranking. com, a premier web monitoring agency. In March 2007, it established itself as a company under the banner of Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd. On July 18,2008, Daijiworld took a step further, in May 2009, Daijiworld launched an English weekly tabloid named Daijiworld Weekly, promoted under the banner of a new company namely Daijiworld Publications Pvt Ltd. In May 2014, Daijiworld moved to its own office located at Bondel. Daijiworld Television was also launched at the same time, on September 10,2015, Daijiworld launched its fourth venture, Daijiworld Audio-Visual Studio. In May 2016, Daijiworld Udupi franchise moved to new premises, in addition to setting up of its television studio
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The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern India, the newspaper and other publications in The Hindu Group are owned by a family-held company, Kasturi and Sons Ltd. In 2010, The newspaper employs over 1,600 workers, most of the revenue comes from advertising and subscription. The Hindu became, in 1995, the first Indian newspaper to offer an online edition, started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. About 80 copies of the issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown on one rupee. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper, the paper initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved on Scottish Press, then, The Hindu Press, Mylapore, and finally to the National Press on Mount Road. Started as a newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas, the offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named The National Press, the Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road, in between, there were more views than news. The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898, Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, Kasturi Ranga Iyengars ancestors had served the courts of Vijayanagar and Mahratta Tanjore. Since then the newspaper has been owned entirely by the members of the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family, in the late 1980s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the familys younger members, a change in political leaning was observed. Worldpress. org lists The Hindu as an independent newspaper. Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial, but it also depends on reader beliefs. On 3 and 23 September 2003, the letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, the investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai
