1.
Fredrikstad
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Fredrikstad is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Fredrikstad, the city of Fredrikstad was founded in 1567 by King Frederick II, and established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The rural municipality of Glemmen was merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1964, the rural municipalities of Borge, Onsøy, Kråkerøy, and Rolvsøy were merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1994. The city straddles the river Glomma where it meets the Skagerrak, along with neighboring Sarpsborg, Fredrikstad forms the fifth largest city in Norway, Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg. As of 1 January 2013, according to Statistics Norway, these two municipalities have a population of 128,916 with 75,583 in Fredrikstad and 53,333 in Sarpsborg. Fredrikstad was built at the mouth of Glomma as a replacement after Sarpsborg was burned down by the Swedes, almost half the population of Sarpsborg stayed behind, and rebuilt their old town at its original site. The city centre is on the west bank of the Glomma, Fredrikstad used to have a large sawmill industry and was an important harbour for timber export, then later on shipbuilding, until the main yard was closed in the 1980s. The main industries are currently various chemical plants and other light industry, in 2005, Fredrikstad was the final host port for the Tall Ships Race, attracting thousands to the city. The city was named after the Danish king Frederick II in 1569, the last element stad means city. Prior to 1877, the name was spelled Frederiksstad, then from 1877–1888 it was written as Fredriksstad, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 21 April 1967, the old arms are based on the oldest known seal of the city, which dates from 1610. They showed a fortress being guarded by a bear, strangely, Fredrikstad had no fortifications in 1610. Fredrikstad was founded by citizens of Sarpsborg and both the fortress and the bear are taken from the old arms of Sarpsborg, the composition of the seal was also used as arms since the beginning of the 19th century. The new arms were granted at the 400th anniversary of the city in 1967 and show a modern variation on the fortress. This new sites proximity to the sea and the open land surrounding it made it a better location than the old one. The name Fredrikstad was first used in a letter from the King dated 6 February 1569, the temporary fortification built during the Hannibal War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, became permanent in the 1660s. The work on the fortifications was first led by William de Coucheron, during the next 60 years, several fortifications at the Fredrikstad Fortress were built, including Isegran, Kongsten, and Cicignon. In 1735, a suburb on the side of Glomma
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
4.
Earache Records
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Earache Records is an independent record label based in Nottingham, England and New York, United States. It helped to pioneer extreme metal by releasing many of the earliest grindcore, Earache was founded in 1985 by Digby Dig Pearson. In 1985, before adopting the name Earache Records, Pearson released Anglican Scrape Attic, the first official Earache release, on vinyl in 1987 and with the catalogue reference MOSH1, was The Accüseds The Return of Martha Splatterhead. This was followed by a split LP by the crust/crossover band Concrete Sox, the labels first release to gain attention outside the hardcore scene was MOSH3, Napalm Deaths Scum. The record did well, getting airplay on John Peels show on BBC Radio 1, the records failed to meet sales expectations, and the deal was cut off prematurely. Death metal experienced a commercial and critical slump in the mid-1990s, at this time, Pearson began to release techno records alongside extreme metal, some of which were moderately successful. Later releases include work by Deicide and by Californian rockers Adema, in early 2007 the label signed a distribution deal with EMI. The deal includes both digital and retail distribution of the labels releases, later on in the year, even though the band had split up months beforehand Earache brought the band over to the UK to play a farewell tour playing numerous dates around the UK and Ireland only. Earache have signed even more adventurous groups such as Ewigkeit in recent years. The original logo of Earache Records was designed by Jeffrey Walker, category, Earache Records albums List of record labels Official website Chronicles of Chaos interview with Digby Pearson
5.
Carnage (band)
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Carnage was a Swedish death metal band whose members later went on to found Dismember and Arch Enemy. The band was formed by Michael Amott and Johan Liiva in 1988 and they released only one album before dissolving in 1991. Carnage was founded at the end of 1988 by Michael Amott and Johan Liiva in Växjö and they released two-widely traded demos The Day Man Lost and Infestation of Evil in 1989. Plagued by lineup changes, Carnage eventually released their only album, the album was released as a split CD with Cadavers Hallucinating Anxiety on Necrosis Records, a subdivision of Earache Records, and was re-released with bonus tracks in 2000. Michael Amott went on to join Carcass, and later formed Arch Enemy, matti Kärki, David Blomqvist, and Fred Estby went on to reform Dismember
6.
Immortal (band)
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Immortal is a black metal band from Bergen, Norway, founded in 1991 by frontman and bassist Abbath Doom Occulta and guitarist Demonaz Doom Occulta. The pair worked with various drummers for their first three albums, and were joined by current drummer Horgh in 1996. In August 2015, Demonaz and Horgh claimed that the band never stopped, Demonaz would return to playing guitar with the band for the first time since 1997, and would also do vocals as well. Immortal arose from two short-lived bands, Old Funeral and Amputation, which were formed by Abbath and others in 1988, Immortals original lineup consisted of ex-members from both of these bands. Old Funeral was founded by Abbath and Tore, then went through a string of guitarists until disbanding in 1992. Abbath, Demonaz, and Jørn formed Amputation, which released two demos with Demonaz on guitar and vocals, Jørn on guitars, and Padden on drums, before disbanding in 1990. Members of Old Funeral and Amputation formed Immortal in 1991, with Abbath on bass and lead vocals, Demonaz on guitar, the music on their early demo recordings was death metal, with lyrics influenced by Morbid Angel and Possessed. The band then became influenced by Euronymous and bands like Bathory and they released their self-titled EP in 1991, which saw a stylistic change to black metal. This was followed by their debut album Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism in 1992, in 1995, the band released two video clips directed by British artist David Palser, entitled Masters of Nebulah Frost, through Osmose Productions. The video for Grim and Frostbitten Kingdoms features Mayhem drummer, Hellhammer and these clips have become the template for many other bands producing such works, similarly to how The Call of the Wintermoon is also highly influential. Apart from the two members, Abbath and Demonaz, Immortal did not find a stable lineup until 1996. A major turning point for the band was in 1997 when Demonaz suffered acute tendinitis in his arm and was unable to continue playing, and Abbath took over for guitar. Despite this, Demonaz continued writing lyrics and has been a manager for the band, accompanying them on tour, releasing updates, Abbath and Horgh wrote and recorded the bands next album, At the Heart of Winter. During the tours for this album, the band recruited Iscariah to stand in for bass duties, Grim committed suicide in 1999, however, it is said that this was unrelated to his departure from Immortal. The band frequently headlines a festival held in his memory, the Hole in the Sky Festival, the next album, Damned in Black was more similar to their old style. It was well received, but is overlooked as it came between two of their classic albums, At the Heart of Winter and Sons of Northern Darkness. In 2000, the EP Immortal was repackaged as part of the True Kings of Norway compilation by Spikefarm Records, Two months after this, Iscariah announced his intention to leave the band and was replaced by Saroth for the next few months. Immortal decided to split during the summer of 2003 for various reasons of the band members
7.
Aura Noir
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Aura Noir is a Norwegian black metal thrash metal band from Oslo, Norway. Aura Noir is heavily influenced by early thrash bands such as Voivod, Slayer, Sodom and Kreator, the bands main lyrical themes focus on blasphemy, death, and aggression. The band was formed in 1993 by Aggressor and Apollyon, who sent out a couple of demos before releasing the underground EP Dreams Like Deserts in 1995. In 1996, they were joined by Mayhem guitarist Blasphemer, who contributed to the release of Black Thrash Attack, in 2004, they were the first band to be signed to Tyrant Syndicate Productions, a sub-label of Peaceville Records, run by Nocturno Culto and Fenriz. They released their next album The Merciless, which featured Nattefrost of Carpathian Forest, the band was put on hold after Aggressor was in an accident in late March,2005. It is alleged that he jumped or fell out from a fourth floor window. In May 2006, Aggressor appeared as a guest in the Norwegian radio programme Tinitus, at their 2011 gigs at Inferno and at the Party. San festival in Germany, Aggressor, still on crutches, joined them as the vocalist for several songs. He has since rejoined the band as a recording and touring member on guitar and vocals. The band signed with Norways Indie Recordings in 2012 and released their studio album, Out to Die. 4-way split with Audiopain, Infernö and Nocturnal Breed, 4-way split with Audiopain, Infernö and Nocturnal Breed. Official Aura Noir website Tyrant Syndicate Productions Aura Noir at Encyclopaedia Metallum
