1.
Fredrikstad
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Fredrikstad is a city and municipality in Østfold county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Fredrikstad, the city of Fredrikstad was founded in 1567 by King Frederick II, and established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. The rural municipality of Glemmen was merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1964, the rural municipalities of Borge, Onsøy, Kråkerøy, and Rolvsøy were merged with Fredrikstad on 1 January 1994. The city straddles the river Glomma where it meets the Skagerrak, along with neighboring Sarpsborg, Fredrikstad forms the fifth largest city in Norway, Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg. As of 1 January 2013, according to Statistics Norway, these two municipalities have a population of 128,916 with 75,583 in Fredrikstad and 53,333 in Sarpsborg. Fredrikstad was built at the mouth of Glomma as a replacement after Sarpsborg was burned down by the Swedes, almost half the population of Sarpsborg stayed behind, and rebuilt their old town at its original site. The city centre is on the west bank of the Glomma, Fredrikstad used to have a large sawmill industry and was an important harbour for timber export, then later on shipbuilding, until the main yard was closed in the 1980s. The main industries are currently various chemical plants and other light industry, in 2005, Fredrikstad was the final host port for the Tall Ships Race, attracting thousands to the city. The city was named after the Danish king Frederick II in 1569, the last element stad means city. Prior to 1877, the name was spelled Frederiksstad, then from 1877–1888 it was written as Fredriksstad, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 21 April 1967, the old arms are based on the oldest known seal of the city, which dates from 1610. They showed a fortress being guarded by a bear, strangely, Fredrikstad had no fortifications in 1610. Fredrikstad was founded by citizens of Sarpsborg and both the fortress and the bear are taken from the old arms of Sarpsborg, the composition of the seal was also used as arms since the beginning of the 19th century. The new arms were granted at the 400th anniversary of the city in 1967 and show a modern variation on the fortress. This new sites proximity to the sea and the open land surrounding it made it a better location than the old one. The name Fredrikstad was first used in a letter from the King dated 6 February 1569, the temporary fortification built during the Hannibal War between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, became permanent in the 1660s. The work on the fortifications was first led by William de Coucheron, during the next 60 years, several fortifications at the Fredrikstad Fortress were built, including Isegran, Kongsten, and Cicignon. In 1735, a suburb on the side of Glomma
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
4.
Aura Noir
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Aura Noir is a Norwegian black metal thrash metal band from Oslo, Norway. Aura Noir is heavily influenced by early thrash bands such as Voivod, Slayer, Sodom and Kreator, the bands main lyrical themes focus on blasphemy, death, and aggression. The band was formed in 1993 by Aggressor and Apollyon, who sent out a couple of demos before releasing the underground EP Dreams Like Deserts in 1995. In 1996, they were joined by Mayhem guitarist Blasphemer, who contributed to the release of Black Thrash Attack, in 2004, they were the first band to be signed to Tyrant Syndicate Productions, a sub-label of Peaceville Records, run by Nocturno Culto and Fenriz. They released their next album The Merciless, which featured Nattefrost of Carpathian Forest, the band was put on hold after Aggressor was in an accident in late March,2005. It is alleged that he jumped or fell out from a fourth floor window. In May 2006, Aggressor appeared as a guest in the Norwegian radio programme Tinitus, at their 2011 gigs at Inferno and at the Party. San festival in Germany, Aggressor, still on crutches, joined them as the vocalist for several songs. He has since rejoined the band as a recording and touring member on guitar and vocals. The band signed with Norways Indie Recordings in 2012 and released their studio album, Out to Die. 4-way split with Audiopain, Infernö and Nocturnal Breed, 4-way split with Audiopain, Infernö and Nocturnal Breed. Official Aura Noir website Tyrant Syndicate Productions Aura Noir at Encyclopaedia Metallum
5.
Carcass (band)
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Carcass are a British extreme metal band from Liverpool, who formed in 1985. The band broke up in 1996, but reformed in 2007 without one of its members, drummer Ken Owen. Carcass are regarded as pioneers of the grindcore genre and their early work was also tagged as splatter death metal, hardgore, and goregrind, on account of their morbid lyrics and gruesome album covers. They also became one of the pioneers of death metal with their 1993 album Heartwork. The band’s lyrics often focus on rights issues. Jeff Walker and Bill Steer are both vegetarians, Steer used to be a vegan and Walker was a hunt saboteur. Carcass was first formed as a band by Bill Steer. Steer then joined the D-beat band Disattack with drummer Middie, Paul on bass, after releasing a four track demo entitled A Bomb Drops. in 1986, the bass player left the band and was replaced by Jeff Walker, formerly guitarist and vocalist of the Electro Hippies. Vocalist Andrew Pek changed his name to Sanjiv after a visit to India, at about the same time, Bill Steer joined Napalm Death and recorded the second side of what became Napalm Deaths first album, Scum. Walker also designed the art for Scum. Disattack then changed its name to Carcass as the group changed musical direction and this led to a change in drummer and saw Ken Owen join the band. In April 1987, they recorded the Flesh Ripping Sonic Torment demo, the only Carcass recording featuring vocalist Sanjiv, Walker, Steer and Owen shared vocal duties for the debut album, which was done in only four days. Despite the primitive production values of Carcasss debut Reek of Putrefaction, with which the band was very displeased, due to his interest, they were asked to participate in their first Peel Session in 1989, where they debuted new material for their second album. The Peel Session was released as an EP with the band members adopting pseudonyms, K. Grumegargler, J. Offalmangler, also that year, Steer and Walker appeared as members of Listers fictional band Smeg and the Heads in an episode of Red Dwarf. Symphonies of Sickness, the album, which contained a much improved production quality, featured more death metal structures. The second half of the tour in support of Symphonies of Sickness saw the addition of lead guitarist Michael Amott. Amott was to become a permanent member, playing on the second Peel Session, Necroticism – Descanting the Insalubrious showed even more intricate composition, further improved production and guitar solos. Despite the addition of Amott to the ranks, Steer still handled all rhythm guitar duties, with Amott only contributing leads and one riff
6.
Immortal (band)
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Immortal is a black metal band from Bergen, Norway, founded in 1991 by frontman and bassist Abbath Doom Occulta and guitarist Demonaz Doom Occulta. The pair worked with various drummers for their first three albums, and were joined by current drummer Horgh in 1996. In August 2015, Demonaz and Horgh claimed that the band never stopped, Demonaz would return to playing guitar with the band for the first time since 1997, and would also do vocals as well. Immortal arose from two short-lived bands, Old Funeral and Amputation, which were formed by Abbath and others in 1988, Immortals original lineup consisted of ex-members from both of these bands. Old Funeral was founded by Abbath and Tore, then went through a string of guitarists until disbanding in 1992. Abbath, Demonaz, and Jørn formed Amputation, which released two demos with Demonaz on guitar and vocals, Jørn on guitars, and Padden on drums, before disbanding in 1990. Members of Old Funeral and Amputation formed Immortal in 1991, with Abbath on bass and lead vocals, Demonaz on guitar, the music on their early demo recordings was death metal, with lyrics influenced by Morbid Angel and Possessed. The band then became influenced by Euronymous and bands like Bathory and they released their self-titled EP in 1991, which saw a stylistic change to black metal. This was followed by their debut album Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism in 1992, in 1995, the band released two video clips directed by British artist David Palser, entitled Masters of Nebulah Frost, through Osmose Productions. The video for Grim and Frostbitten Kingdoms features Mayhem drummer, Hellhammer and these clips have become the template for many other bands producing such works, similarly to how The Call of the Wintermoon is also highly influential. Apart from the two members, Abbath and Demonaz, Immortal did not find a stable lineup until 1996. A major turning point for the band was in 1997 when Demonaz suffered acute tendinitis in his arm and was unable to continue playing, and Abbath took over for guitar. Despite this, Demonaz continued writing lyrics and has been a manager for the band, accompanying them on tour, releasing updates, Abbath and Horgh wrote and recorded the bands next album, At the Heart of Winter. During the tours for this album, the band recruited Iscariah to stand in for bass duties, Grim committed suicide in 1999, however, it is said that this was unrelated to his departure from Immortal. The band frequently headlines a festival held in his memory, the Hole in the Sky Festival, the next album, Damned in Black was more similar to their old style. It was well received, but is overlooked as it came between two of their classic albums, At the Heart of Winter and Sons of Northern Darkness. In 2000, the EP Immortal was repackaged as part of the True Kings of Norway compilation by Spikefarm Records, Two months after this, Iscariah announced his intention to leave the band and was replaced by Saroth for the next few months. Immortal decided to split during the summer of 2003 for various reasons of the band members
7.
Ole Moe
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Apollyon is a black metal/thrash metal multi-instrumentalist, formerly associated with Dødheimsgard and Cadaver, now playing in Aura Noir and also Immortal after its reforming in 2006. He has done guest vocals on the Darkthrone albums Plaguewielder and Sardonic Wrath and he was a live guitarist for Gorgoroth from 2003 to 2004, and performed at Gorgoroths now infamous Kraków gig in February 2004. In 2004 Apollyon participated in a tribute to Quorthon of Bathory at the Hole in the Sky festival in Bergen. Apollyon played bass on all songs, and also did the vocals on the song Equimanthorn. com Interview at heavymetaltribune. blogspot. com Kory Grow, immortals Abbath Talks About New Bassist Apollyon
8.
Morbid Angel
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Morbid Angel is an American death metal band based in Tampa, Florida. They have been described as one of the most influential and emulated bands in death metal, alongside Cannibal Corpse and their first four albums are considered classics in the genre. UK music magazine Terrorizer ranked Morbid Angels 1989 debut Altars of Madness first in its list Top 40 greatest death metal albums, decibel magazine also rated guitarist Trey Azagthoth as the number one death metal guitarist ever. The bands original lyrical themes focused mostly on Satanism, occultism and anti-Christian subject matter, but from Blessed Are the Sick onward, the lyrics moved toward the ancient Sumerian gods. Much of this is a nod to the Simon Necronomicon, which was influenced by Sumerian mythology, the author H. P. Lovecraft, however, some anti-religious elements continue to permeate the lyrics. Morbid Angel was formed in 1984 in Tampa, Florida by guitarist Trey Azagthoth, the band made their debut in 1987 on the New Renaissance Records record label. They recorded their album, Abominations of Desolation, in 1986. In the early stages of their career the band developed a reputation for gruesome stage antics, in 1986, David Vincent joined the band, replacing Michael Manson and Sterling von Scarborough as vocalist and bassist respectively. Fellow Terrorizer drummer Pete Sandoval soon followed and their first studio album, Altars of Madness, was released in 1989, and is regarded by many as one of the most important death metal albums of all time. It is sometimes considered the first true death metal album,1991 saw the release of their second album, Blessed Are the Sick, which was met with widespread critical acclaim, and is considered by many to be a landmark release in the death metal genre. The album differed from its predecessor, showcasing a more side to the band. Following the success of Altars of Madness and Blessed are the Sick, in the Spring of 1992 Morbid Angel were signed by Irving Azoff to Giant Records for one album, with the option of five more. Later that same year, second guitarist Richard Brunelle was kicked out of the due to alleged substance abuse. On June 22,1993 the band released their third full-length album Covenant and their record label dedicated promotional resources to the album, and commissioned music videos for the songs Rapture and God of Emptiness. These music videos were put on rotation by MTV. The band released its fourth album, Domination, on May 9,1995. It proved to be a controversial album among fans, featuring a slower, more atmospheric. Music critic describes the sound as more groove-oriented
9.
Carnage (band)
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Carnage was a Swedish death metal band whose members later went on to found Dismember and Arch Enemy. The band was formed by Michael Amott and Johan Liiva in 1988 and they released only one album before dissolving in 1991. Carnage was founded at the end of 1988 by Michael Amott and Johan Liiva in Växjö and they released two-widely traded demos The Day Man Lost and Infestation of Evil in 1989. Plagued by lineup changes, Carnage eventually released their only album, the album was released as a split CD with Cadavers Hallucinating Anxiety on Necrosis Records, a subdivision of Earache Records, and was re-released with bonus tracks in 2000. Michael Amott went on to join Carcass, and later formed Arch Enemy, matti Kärki, David Blomqvist, and Fred Estby went on to reform Dismember
