1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
3.
Merseyside
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Merseyside is a metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1.38 million. Merseyside, which was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, Merseyside spans 249 square miles of land which border Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Cheshire and the Irish Sea to the west. North Wales is across the Dee Estuary, there is a mix of high density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Merseyside, but overwhelmingly the land use is urban. For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a system of local government. The county council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts are now effectively unitary authority areas, Merseyside is joined by the neighbouring borough of Halton to form the Liverpool City Region, which together forms a local enterprise partnership and combined authority area. Further areas, including Widnes and Runcorn, were added to the Special Review Area by Order in 1965, draft proposals were published in 1965, but the commission never completed its final proposals as it was abolished in 1966. This would have included four districts, Southport/Crosby, Liverpool/Bootle, St. Helens/Widnes, in 1970 the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive was set up, covering Liverpool, Sefton, Wirral and Knowsley, but excluding Southport and St. Helens. The Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the incoming Conservative Party government, a White Paper was published in 1971. The Local Government Bill presented to Parliament involved a substantial trimming from the White Paper, excluding the northern and southern fringes of the area, excluding Chester, following the creation of Merseyside, Merseytravel expanded to take in St Helens and Southport. Between 1974 and 1986 the county had a system of local government with the five boroughs sharing power with the Merseyside County Council. However, in 1986 the government of Margaret Thatcher abolished the county council along with all other county councils. The eastern part of Merseyside borders onto Lancashire to the north, Greater Manchester to the east, the territory comprising the county of Merseyside previously formed part of the administrative counties of Lancashire and Cheshire. The two parts are linked by the two Mersey Tunnels, the Wirral Line of Merseyrail, and the Mersey Ferry, to express location within the Merseyside area by the preposition on – thus on Merseyside as opposed to in Merseyside – was traditionally the more usual. Therefore, more recent usage tends to draw distinctions between the geographical Merseyside – for which on is considered appropriate – and the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, Merseyside contains the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St. Helens and Wirral. This is a chart of trend of gross value added of Merseyside at current basic prices published by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling. This also has a usage by some local authorities and organisations and is used by Geographers A-Z Map Company for their Merseyside Street Atlas. However, a separate City region, comprising Merseyside and Halton, has official recognition as being Greater Merseyside. Halton also forms part of the Merseyside NUTS region, List of Lord Lieutenants of Merseyside List of High Sheriffs of Merseyside 1911 Liverpool general transport strike List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside Dickinson, Joseph
4.
Cheshire West and Chester
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Cheshire West and Chester is a non-metropolitan district and unitary authority with borough status in the ceremonial county of Cheshire. It was established on 1 April 2009 as part of the 2009 structural changes to government in England, by virtue of an order under the Local Government. The remainder of ceremonial Cheshire is composed of Cheshire East, Halton and Warrington, Chester City Council had proposed the new authority be called The City of Chester and West Cheshire but this was also rejected. In line with other district in Cheshire, the cabinet is composed of a leader. From its establishment in 2009, Cheshire West and Chester was governed by the Conservative Party, currently, as of 2015, the borough is governed by the Labour Party, with Samantha Dixon becoming the first female leader of the council upon taking office. The leader presently oversees a cabinet of eight, with each holding a specific portfolio. Opposition parties can also elect to appoint shadow cabinet members, though they have no executive power, all councillors vote to appoint a chairman for the following municipal year at the council AGM. Traditionally, this role was combined with that of the apolitical and ceremonial Lord Mayor of Chester, but in 2015 these roles were separated and the role of chairman was politicised. The cabinet is scrutinised by one general committee and four district committees made up of councillors, also upon establishment in 2009, Cheshire West and Chester Council inherited a number of buildings from the local authorities it replaced in every town in the borough. However, despite Cheshire County Council vacating its headquarters, the new authority spent £21 million of money purchasing and furbishing a new headquarters at HQ. County hall was sold to the University of Chester, who now use it as a campus. Meetings often take place at Chester Town Hall but also are held at Wyvern House in Winsford. There were twenty-four wards in total, meaning that seventy-two councillors were elected, the ward boundaries were also comprehensively re-drawn, with their number being increased by twenty-two to forty-six. The new wards were mostly single-member wards, with two and three-member wards for the populous areas. The 2015 election took place on 7 May, producing the first change of executive in the councils history, the borough is divided into forty-six wards, listed below in alphabetical order. The remaining length of their mandate is unclear after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union in the referendum held in June 2016. In line with nearly every local government district in England and Wales, the exact figure -97. 5% - is comparable with metropolitan counties such as Merseyside, non-metropolitan counties such as Cumbria and principal areas throughout Wales. This would suggest that the figure is not a significant outlier nationwide, the majority of the population of Cheshire West and Chester is British-born, with the percentage standing at 95. 1%, a figure significantly above that of the UK as a whole
5.
West Lancashire
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West Lancashire is a non-metropolitan district with the status of a borough in Lancashire, England. Its council is based in Ormskirk, the other town in the borough is Skelmersdale. The population of the District taken at the 2011 census was 110,685, political Composition - The main towns of Ormskirk and Skelmersdale are unparished areas. There is a parish meeting, West Lancashire is twinned with, Cergy-Pontoise, France Erkrath
6.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
7.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
8.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
9.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
10.
Digital audio broadcasting
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Digital audio broadcasting is a digital radio standard for broadcasting digital audio radio services, used in several countries across Europe and Asia Pacific. The DAB standard was initiated as a European research project in the 1980s, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995, and the BBC and Swedish Radio launched their first DAB digital radio broadcasts in September 1995. DAB receivers have been available in many countries since the end of the 1990s, DAB may offer more radio programmes over a specific spectrum than analogue FM radio. Audio quality varies depending on the used and audio material. Most stations use a bit rate of 128 kbit/s or less with the MP2 audio codec, which requires 160 kbit/s to achieve perceived FM quality. 128 kbit/s gives better dynamic range or signal-to-noise ratio than FM radio, but a more smeared stereo image, however, CD quality sound with MP2 is possible with 256…192 kbps. An upgraded version of the system was released in February 2007, DAB is not forward compatible with DAB+, which means that DAB-only receivers are not able to receive DAB+ broadcasts. However, broadcasters can mix DAB and DAB+ programs inside the same transmission, DAB+ is approximately twice as efficient as DAB, and more robust. In spectrum management, the bands that are allocated for public DAB services, are abbreviated with T-DAB, where the T stands for terrestrial. More than 30 countries provide DAB transmissions, and several countries, such as Norway, UK, Australia, Italy, Malta, Switzerland, The Netherlands, in many countries it is expected that DAB will gradually replace FM radio. Norway was the first country to announce national FM radio analog switchoff starting from 2017, DAB has been under development since 1981 at the Institut für Rundfunktechnik. In 1985 the first DAB demonstrations were held at the WARC-ORB in Geneva, later DAB was developed as a research project for the European Union, which started in 1987 on initiative by a consortium formed in 1986. The MPEG-1 Audio Layer II codec was created as part of the EU147 project, a choice of audio codec, modulation and error-correction coding schemes and first trial broadcasts were made in 1990. Public demonstrations were made in 1993 in the United Kingdom, the protocol specification was finalized in 1993 and adopted by the ITU-R standardization body in 1994, the European community in 1995 and by ETSI in 1997. Pilot broadcasts were launched in countries in 1995. The UK was the first country to receive a range of radio stations via DAB. Commercial DAB receivers began to be sold in 1999 and over 50 commercial, the standard was coordinated by the European DAB forum, formed in 1995 and reconstituted to the World DAB Forum in 1997, which represents more than 30 countries. In 2006 the World DAB Forum became the World DMB Forum which now presides over both the DAB and DMB standard, in October 2005, the World DMB Forum instructed its Technical Committee to carry out the work needed to adopt the AAC+ audio codec and stronger error correction coding
11.
Global (company)
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Global is a British media company formed in 2007, which owns a large number of radio stations across the country. The company has expanded through a number of acquisitions, including Chrysalis Radio, GCap Media, Global also has a television broadcasting division and runs artist management services. A year later on 31 October 2008 Global Radio officially took control of all GCap Media, the GCap Media name was dropped at this time. The GCap purchase gave Global the network of FM stations which GCap had operated as The One Network, plus Classic FM, XFM, Capital Xtra, Gold, following the acquisition of GCap Media, Global was required to sell off a number of stations in the Midlands. The stations were bought by Orion Media, headed by Phil Riley, the remaining stations briefly formed The Hit Music Network before being merged with the Galaxy network and Capital London into the Capital network. On 25 June 2012, Global acquired GMG Radio for a sum thought to be between £50 and £70 million, it continued to be run separately while a review was conducted. In May 2013, the Competition Commission ruled that Global would be required to sell seven stations across the network, when this failed Global Radio launched an appeal against the decision. The appeal was based on three grounds, Real and Smooth as alternatives to the Greater Manchester stations, reliance on significant adverse effects in the North-West Globals remedy proposal. On 6 February 2014, it was announced that a number of stations would be sold to the Irish broadcaster Communicorp, most stay under their current brands though the Real stations will be renamed Heart and carry the Heart network off-peak programming as provided by Global. Global will retain control of all stations, relaunching the existing Heart North West. Real XS in Paisley will be retained by Global and join the XFM network and it was announced in June 2015 that Darren Singer would be appointed as Globals Chief Financial Officer. In February 2017, Global changed its name from This is Global Limited to Global Media & Entertainment Limited. It also changed all its social media handles from thisisglobal to global, Global also combined the three sub-companies, Global Radio, Global Entertainment and Global Television into just Global. A group of playing chart music. On 3 January 2011, Capital London, The Hit Music Network, known as 95 –106 Capital, The UK’s No.1 Hit Music Station all stations ID locally as Capital. An all-urban station based in London, originally named Choice FM, until Summer 2010 it was sold as part of the Galaxy network for marketing purposes only, but retained its own separate branding and programming. From then on, with Galaxy ultimately absorbed into Capital, Choice sat as its own brand within Globals lineup, on 7 October 2013 Choice FM was rebranded as Capital Xtra and made available nationally via DAB radio. Heart is a network of adult-contemporary pop stations which currently broadcasts in numerous areas of England, Wales, the network began with a single regional station in the West Midlands and subsequently a second station in London
12.
Independent Local Radio
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Independent Local Radio is the collective name given to commercial radio stations in the United Kingdom. The same name is used for Independent Local Radio in Ireland, until the early 1970s, the BBC had a legal monopoly on radio broadcasting in the UK. Upon the election of Edward Heaths government in 1970, this policy changed and it is possible that Heaths victory was partly due to younger voters upset by the UK government closing down the popular pirate radio stations. The new Minister of Post and Telecommunications, Christopher Chataway, announced a Bill to allow for the introduction of radio in the United Kingdom. This service would be planned and regulated in a manner to the existing ITV service. The Sound Broadcasting Act received Royal Assent on 12 July 1972, the IBA immediately began to plan the new service, placing advertisements encouraging interested groups to apply for medium-term contracts to provide programmes in given areas. The first major areas to be advertised were London and Glasgow, the London news contract was awarded to London Broadcasting Company and they began broadcasting on 8 October 1973. The London general contract went to Capital Radio, who began broadcasting on 16 October 1973, in total,19 contracts were awarded between 1973 and 1976. Due to government limits on expenditure and turbulence in the broadcasting field, no further contracts were awarded until 1980. All stations were awarded an AM and an FM frequency, on which they broadcast the same service, in the late 1980s, the expansion of ILR continued at a similar rate. Under the Broadcasting Acts, the IBA had a duty to ensure that any area it licensed for radio could support a station with the advertising revenue. Therefore, many areas were not included in the IBAs ILR plans as it was felt that they were not viable. Nevertheless, the served by ILR continued to increase and 1986 the IBA sanctioned in principle the idea that different services could be broadcast on each stations FM. The first experimental part-time split service was provided by Radio Forth, by 1988, the government had decided that the practice of splitting was beneficial and a quick way to increase choice for listeners. The IBA then began a programme of encouraging ILR stations to split their services, the usual format was to have a gold service on AM and pop music on FM, although Radio City tried City Talk on AM before abandoning the format. The 1990 Broadcasting Act provided for the abolition of the IBA, the IBA continued to regulate radio under the new name of the Radio Authority, but with a different remit. As a light-touch regulator, the Radio Authority was to issue licences to the highest bidder and this led to the awarding of three national contracts to Classic FM, Virgin 1215 and Talk Radio. At this point in time the wave band had become unpopular with radio groups
13.
Capital (radio network)
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Capital is a radio network of twelve independent contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Global Radio. Capital was previously known as Mix, One, Galaxy and Hit Music at various times, the stations serve a combined weekly audience of 8 million listeners and target a core audience in the 14–34 age group. Throughout the 1990s, Capital became one of the UKs major radio groups by acquiring a number of local radio stations including Red Dragon FM, BRMB. This left Leicester Sound, Ram FM, Red Dragon FM, in January 2011, these stations were rebranded as part of Capital. The first Galaxy radio station, Galaxy 97.2, was launched in 1990 in South West England initially broadcasting solely from Bristol and operated under the Chiltern Radio Group. In 1994 the station won the first regional FM licence and moved frequency to 101.0 MHz, rebranded as Galaxy 101, at the same time a second studio was opened in Cardiff to provide some programming alongside the existing Bristol studio. Chrysalis Radio purchased the station in 1996 and a later, expanded the network by buying Faze FMs stations – Kiss 102 in Manchester. In 1998, black community station Choice FM was acquired in Birmingham, Chrysalis Radio won the North East regional licence in 1999 and sold the original station, Galaxy 101, to the GWR Group in 2002. In 2007, Chrysalis Radio was sold to Global Radio and following their subsequent acquisition of GCap in 2008, XFM Scotland, another rebrand followed in January 2011 when all Galaxy stations were rebranded as Capital. Within the first five months of the network, Capitals flagship London station regained its position as the most listened-to commercial station in London. However, Manchester, the North East, South Wales and Yorkshire lost listeners, contrasting with Birmingham, Central Scotland, on 1 July 2011, Global Radio requested changes to the formats of Capital Birmingham and Capital Scotland, which had obligations from previous owners. This was to enable format consistency within all nine Capital stations, on 17 November 2011, Ofcom approved both format change requests. On 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling two of its Capital stations - in Scotland and South Wales - to Communicorp, Capitals network programming and brand name is still used by both stations under contract. Two ex-Heart stations were added to the network on Tuesday 6 May 2014 – Capital Cymru and Capital North West and Wales, broadcasting from Wrexham. In January 2016, Global added the former Juice FM station in Liverpool to the network, Capital stations based in Central Scotland and Birmingham produced and transmitted specialist output for the network on Saturday and Sunday overnights respectively. However, in July 2012 this was replaced with content from 95.8 Capital studios in Leicester Square, London, breakfast and drive-time shows on weekdays and weekend afternoons are produced and broadcast from local stations studios. Capital also broadcasts via a number of DAB ensembles that do not correspond with a local FM station and these platforms take a national feed with programming identical to that of 95.8 Capital London. Prior to January 2011, Leicester Sound, Ram FM and Trent FM shared off-peak programming from Trents studios in Nottingham, whilst Galaxy programming came from studios in Leeds, Red Dragon FM and Capital were entirely autonomous, producing all of their own output
14.
Bob Geldof
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Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, KBE, is an Irish singer, songwriter, author, occasional actor, and political activist. He rose to prominence as the singer of the Irish rock band The Boomtown Rats in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The band had hits with his compositions Rat Trap and I Dont Like Mondays and he co-wrote Do They Know Its Christmas. One of the singles of all time, and starred in Pink Floyds 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall as Pink. Geldof is widely recognised for his activism, especially anti-poverty efforts concerning Africa, in 1984 he and Midge Ure founded the charity supergroup Band Aid to raise money for famine relief in Ethiopia. They went on to organise the charity super-concert Live Aid the following year, a single father, Geldof has also been outspoken for the fathers rights movement. In 2005 he received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music, Geldof was born and brought up in Dún Laoghaire, Ireland, a son of Robert and Evelyn Geldof. His paternal grandfather, Zenon Geldof, was a Belgian immigrant and his paternal grandmother, Amelia Falk, was an English Jew from London. When Geldof was six or seven, his mother, Evelyn,41, Bob Geldof attended Blackrock College, where he was bullied for being a poor rugby player and for his middle name, Zenon. After work as a slaughterman, a navvy and pea canner in Wisbech, he was hired as a music journalist in Vancouver. He briefly guest hosted the CBC childrens program Switchback, returning to Ireland in 1975, he became lead singer of the Boomtown Rats, a rock group closely linked with the punk movement. In 1978, The Boomtown Rats had their first No.1 single in the UK with Rat Trap, in 1979, they gained international attention with their second UK No. This was both successful and controversial, Geldof had written it in the aftermath of Brenda Ann Spencers attempted massacre at an elementary school in San Diego, California in 1979. In 1980, The Boomtown Rats released the album Mondo Bongo and its single Up All Night was a hit in the U. S. and its video was played frequently on MTV. Geldof became known as an interview subject. He responded to nuns in the audience who tried to shout him down by saying they had a life with no material worries in return for which they gave themselves body. The interview caused uproar, making it impossible for The Boomtown Rats to play in Ireland again, in January 2013, Geldof announced The Boomtown Rats would be reforming to play together for the first time since 1986 at that year’s Isle of Wight Festival in June. They have subsequently announced further tour dates and released a new CD Back to Boomtown, Geldof left the Boomtown Rats in 1986, to launch a solo career and publish his autobiography, Is That It. which was a UK best-seller
15.
Primal Scream
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Primal Scream are a British rock band originally formed in 1982 in Glasgow by Bobby Gillespie and Jim Beattie. The current lineup consists of Gillespie, Andrew Innes, Martin Duffy, Simone Butler, Barrie Cadogan has toured and recorded with the band since 2006 as a replacement after the departure of guitarist Robert Throb Young. The band performed throughout 1982–1984, but their career did not take off until Gillespie left his position as drummer of The Jesus and their 1991 album Screamadelica broke the band into the mainstream. Their latest album Chaosmosis was released on 18 March 2016, Bobby Gillespie moved to Mount Florida, in southeastern Glasgow. There he attended Kings Park Secondary School, where he first met Robert Young, another schoolfriend was Alan McGee, who took Gillespie to his first gig, a Thin Lizzy concert. McGee and Gillespie were heavily influenced by rock, and they joined a local punk band, The Drains. The Drains guitarist was a 15-year-old Andrew Innes, the band was short-lived, and Innes and McGee moved to London while Gillespie chose to remain in Glasgow. After the punk movement ended, Gillespie became disenchanted with mainstream new wave music and he met up with another schoolfriend who shared his outlook, Jim Beattie, and recorded elemental noise tapes, in which Gillespie would bang two dustbin lids together and Beattie played fuzz-guitar. They soon moved on to Velvet Underground and Byrds cover songs before starting to write their own songs, based on Jah Wobble, Gillespie later said that the band didnt really exist, but we did it every night for something to do. They named themselves Primal Scream, a term for a type of cry heard in primal therapy, still essentially a partnership, Primal Scream first played live in 1982. Their first recording session, for McGees independent label Essential Records, was a track entitled The Orchard. Beattie later claimed that they burned the master tape, after the aborted recording, Gillespie joined The Jesus and Mary Chain as their drummer, and alternated between both bands. This lineup was signed to Creation Records, an independent record label founded by Alan McGee, and recorded the debut single, All Fall Down. After the release of the single, Gillespie was told by Mary Chain leaders William, Gillespie chose to remain with Primal Scream. Stuart May was replaced by Paul Harte, and the then released a new single. The b-side, Velocity Girl, was released on the C86 compilation, the band strongly disliked this, with Gillespie saying that they cant play their instruments and they cant write songs. The band toured throughout 1986, and Gillespie became disenchanted with the quality of their performances and he said that there was always something missing, musically or in attitude. The band switched to McGees newly set-up Warner Bros. subsidiary Elevation Records, before the band entered Rockfield Studios in Wales to record their debut album, McGurk was asked to leave the band
16.
Urban Splash
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Urban Splash is a British company which regenerates decaying industrial warehouses, mills, Victorian terraced houses and other buildings. The company has its office in Castlefield, Manchester. The company has won 316 awards to date for its work in transforming these scheme,46 of which have been awarded by the RIBA and it is currently shortlisted for more awards including three from the Daily Telegraph British Homes Awards. In September 2012 the company reported losses of £9.3 million. In 2014 Urban Splash was refinanced and restructured, the success in transforming these projects has been documented in the press with articles on Chimney Pot Park in Salford in The Times. The Observer wrote about Park Hill, The cleverly planned, well-dimensioned flats have been reinstated, the streets in the sky are back. Urban Splash also place emphasis on design, employing well respected architects such as Foster and Partners, ShedKM, Will Alsop, FAT Architects, in 2012, the company published a book documenting its relationship with architects and the schemes it had completed. The book was reviewed in The Times newspaper who said, When it comes to rescuing the great landmarks of the past. In September 2008 Urban Splash announced it would be making significant redundancies due to the downturn in the UK property market and this downturn has led to delays on some projects. This development could form part of the 34-acre plot, which will be known as Southport Marine Park, in 2012 Lakeshores residents moved into the old tobacco factory in Bristol, a highly sustainable apartment complex. The apartments come complete with underfloor heating powered by a Biomass Boiler, as of 19 February 2015, Urban Splash sold the freehold of the site to Adriatic Land 3 Limited. In October 2013, Urban Splash sold one of their undeveloped acquisitions – the former Sunbeam motorcycle factory site, property developer and former rugby player Liam Wordley bought the site, traditionally known as Sunbeamland, with the intention to convert for residential use. Mr Wordley had previously regenerated the former Territorial Army drill hall in Stafford Street, planning consent for 115 homes was granted by Wolverhampton City Council in March 2014, including re-instatement of the famed Sunbeam lettering on the front of the building. In 2014 Urban Splash refinanced £135 million of debt in conjunction with entering into a joint venture with The Pears Group, Urban Splash was founded by Tom Bloxham, a graduate of the University of Manchester, and Jonathan Falkingham, an architecture graduate from Liverpool University. Bloxhams initial business experience was selling pop posters in Afflecks Palace in Manchester, Bloxham branched out as a landlord opening the Northern Quarter Arcade adjacent to Afflecks Palace. He then expanded into Liverpool, opening a shopping arcade called the Liverpool Palace and then into licensed premises with the founding of the Baa Bar in Liverpool together with Falkingham
17.
Capital Manchester
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Capital Manchester is a local radio station owned and operated by the Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. The station broadcasts from studios at Exchange Quay, Salford, however, due to occasional threats of violence on air and other breaches of the licence the station was closed. The licence was readvertised and quickly won by Faze FM who launched Kiss 102 on 16 October 1994, the licence win was spearheaded by Eugene Pereras Level Broadcast, aided by Mike Powells Infinity Radio consultancy, and included shareholders UKRD, Eastern Counties Newspaper Group and 3i. Chrysalis rebranded the station as Galaxy,11 days after transfer of ownership, as a result of EMAP. The music policy was toned down, integrating RnB into the playlist and disspensing with many of the specialist programmes, nevertheless, their investment in advertising and change of music policy was able to grow the audience further. The station was rebranded as Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Salford studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Rob Ellis, Rachel Burke-Davies and James Wingman Wilson, Adam Brown and James Hall. Capital Manchester broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. The Salford newsroom also produces bulletins for Heart North West, Capital North West and Wales on the Wirral, Smooth North West, Capital Manchester North West Radio Wes@Breakfast
18.
RTL Group
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RTL Group is a European entertainment company. It has interests in 59 television and 31 radio stations in 10 countries and it is majority-owned by German media conglomerate Bertelsmann. Its shares are quoted on the Xetra stock exchange in Germany. It is one of the leading producers of television content, such as game shows and soaps, including The X Factor, Pop Idol, Good Times, Bad Times, The Price Is Right, Family Feud. RTL originally stood for Radio Television Lëtzebuerg, Radio Télévision Luxembourg or Radio Television Luxemburg, the RTL Group began in 1924 with a single radio station operated from a private home in Luxembourg. In 1931 CLR or Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Radiodiffusion, which operated Radio Luxembourg, was founded, CLR was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. RTL Group is still an EBU-member under a name, CLT Multi Media. In 1954 it was renamed CLT or Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion, in 1997 it merged with Hamburg-based UFA Film- und Fernseh-GmbH, a subsidiary of global media conglomerate Bertelsmann to create CLT-UFA. In 2000 it merged with Pearson TV and became RTL Group, as of January 2014, Bertelsmann owns a 75. 1% stake in the publicly listed company. One of the reasons for RTLs early success was that Luxembourg allowed commercial radio and this flexibility enabled RTL to transmit to other countries in their own languages. Many British radio presenters began their careers on Radio Luxembourg before moving to the BBC, Radio Luxembourg relaunched in November 2005 and is currently available online at www. radioluxembourg. co. uk and on Digital Radio Mondiale. A sister station, Atlantic 252 was a radio station jointly run by RTL Group. It ceased broadcasting live on December 20,2001, RTL Television has been operating HbbTV services since 2010. In August 2013, RTL announced a joint venture for the Asian market with CBS Corporation, RTL CBS Entertainment will be the first channel, expected to launch in September. Another channel, RTL CBS Extreme is announced for early 2014, the joint venture operates under the newly founded RTL CBS Asia Entertainment Network. In 2014 RTL Group bought a controlling interest in StyleHaul, a YouTube fashion platform, RTL raised its stake in StyleHaul to 93. 6% for $US107 million. Media Capital, a Portuguese media group was sold to Prisa on 6 February 2007, subsequently, RTLs 33% share in TVI was transferred to Prisa. Five, a UK TV channel was sold to Richard Desmonds Northern & Shell on 23 July 2010, alpha TV, a Greek channel with panhellenic transmission
19.
Wireless Group
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Wireless Group Limited, formerly UTV Media, is a broadcasting and new media company based in Belfast in Northern Ireland. The company operates the UK independent national radio station talkSPORT, Virgin Radio UK, as UTV, the company formerly operated television channels in Ireland and Northern Ireland, until it sold its ITV franchise to ITV plc in February 2016. The company was required to rename itself as the UTV brand was included in the sale, in June 2016, Rupert Murdochs News Corp reached an agreement to buy the company. The sale was completed in September 2016, prior to the acquisition, Wireless Group was a constituent of the FTSE SmallCap Index. The service expanded into telephone market under UTV Talk in August 2004 and also provided broadband and fibre optic packages for Northern Ireland, the Republic, the service was sold to Rainbow Communications and Vodafone Ireland in 2014. The company also set up a car dealership UTV Drive, created in partnership with Abbey Insurance. Further expansion took place with the move into radio, starting in Cork with 96FM, in 2005, the group also launched its first station, U105, which broadcasts to the Belfast area, and purchased Juice FM in Liverpool. With the expansion, turnover increased, with 2005 being up 46% on 2004, pre-tax profits rising by 12%, in 2006, total sales were £113. 6m of which the radio division accounted for 54%, television 37% and 9% from new media. 48% of operating profits were earned in the side of the business, with 47% derived from television. Following shareholder approval, Ulster Television plc changed its name to UTV plc in June 2006, in August and September 2006, the company made two merger proposals to STV Group plc, operator of the northern and central Scottish ITV franchises as STV. The latter proposal would have given SMG shareholders 52% of the merged company, on 20 September 2006, the plans were abandoned after SMG rejected the offer as unacceptable. However, on 10 January 2007, the two announced that they had agreed a merger, with SMG shareholders to receive 46% of the merged company. After the details were expected to be finalised before the end of January, in January 2015, the company launched UTV Ireland, carrying many of ITVs programming including Coronation Street and Emmerdale, which had been previously broadcast in Ireland by TV3. The station produces some home-grown programming, including the national news programme Ireland Live. As part of the bid, the company would expand its talkSPORT station with new sister stations talkSPORT2, talkRADIO and talkBUSINESS, as well as running a relaunched Virgin Radio UK. The multiplex was launched on 29 February 2016, with the new stations launching over the following month less talkBUSINESS, on 19 October 2015, it was announced that ITV plc would acquire UTVs ITV franchise and UTV Ireland for £100 million, subject to regulatory approval. UTV retained its operations, but was required to rename itself after including the UTV brand in the sale. The sale to ITV plc was completed on 29 February 2016, on 30 June 2016 Rupert Murdochs News Corp announced an agreement to purchase the company for all-cash worth between $220-296 million
20.
Liverpool One
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Liverpool ONE is a shopping, residential and leisure complex in Liverpool, England. The project, previously known as The Paradise Project, involved the redevelopment of 42 acres of underutilised land in Liverpool city centre, the completion of Liverpool ONE has significantly boosted the local economy as well as lifted Liverpool into the top five most popular retail destinations in the UK. Liverpool ONE is the largest open air shopping centre in the United Kingdom, the majority of the development was opened in phases on 29 May 2008 and 1 October 2008, during Liverpools year as European Capital of Culture, whilst the final residential units opened in early 2009. The cost of construction associated with the project was £500 million, Cushman & Wakefield recommended a radical City Centre re-development of over 42 acres, which would represent the largest city centre development in Europe since the post-war reconstruction. The area contained Chavasse Park, the Paradise Street Bus Station and NCP Car Park, Quiggins, there were also large areas of wasteland, some used as car parks. In March 2000, after a series of workshops, Liverpool City Council selected the Duke of Westminsters Grosvenor Group as developer. The Development Agreement between the council and Grosvenor was signed in January 2003, as a result of the technical workshops, it became apparent to Cushman & Wakefield that whilst the boundary of the PSDA was appropriate, the boundary needed to be extended and more clearly defined. The proposals were attacked by a competing 60,000 sq ft scheme. Following further consideration by Members, the revised PSDA Planning Framework incorporating the mixed use extension areas was issued for consultation in May 2000, the Council subsequently resolved to incorporate the PSDA Planning Framework into the emerging Unitary Development Plan. This necessitated a public inquiry and consultation period. Three years later Cushman & Wakefield secured the Unitary Development Plan changes sought, in December 2003, Grosvenor selected Laing ORourke as construction partner. BDP designed the masterplan for Liverpool ONE which, in 2009, was nominated for the RIBA Stirling Prize and this is the first time a masterplan, rather than one particular building, has been nominated for the prize. BDP integrated these features and linked the 40 new buildings designed by over 20 different architects, work began in Spring 2004 with the excavation of Chavasse Park, and construction began in Autumn the same year. The first parts of the development to be completed were the car park on Liver Street. Both opened in November 2005, allowing the old bus station and this cleared the way for construction of the new buildings on the west side of Paradise Street, as the Moat House Hotel had already been demolished in May 2005. In July 2006, Herberts Hairdressers became the first business to move into new premises in the development, at the same time, BBC Radio Merseyside moved into new premises also on Hanover Street, allowing the demolition of the remaining buildings on Paradise Street. In August 2006, the traditional Topping out ceremony was held on what would become the top floor of the John Lewis store on the corner of Paradise Street and Canning Place. In March 2007, following the completion of the underground car park, works on re-instating Chavasse Park started
21.
MuxCo
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MuxCo is an operator of digital radio in the United Kingdom. It is, in joint ventures, the licensee for local DAB ensembles in various parts of England, the company is owned by Arqiva and Folder Media. Despite having had several licences since 2008, it did not launch any services until 2013, the first launch, of the multiplex based in Wrexham and Cheshire, was planned for November 2012 but was pushed back to the beginning of 2013. Test transmissions from Moel-y-Parc began on Monday 11 March 2013 and from Wrexham Rhos on Tuesday 12 March 2013, with full transmissions from these two sites scheduled to commence on 18 March 2013. It was announced on 9 March 2013 that the transmission site, St Johns Beacon
22.
Graeme Smith (radio presenter)
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Graeme Smith is a British broadcaster born in Liverpool, England. He is currently employed by Global Radio, Graeme is a presenter on Capital Liverpool and he currently hosts the Drivetime Show alongside Sarah Story.4 Rock FM based in North West England. He used to host weekend afternoons on Key 103 in Manchester, from 2002–2006 he hosted the drivetime show on Galaxy 105 in Leeds starting out aged 20, it was at Galaxy and on this show in particular that he honed his style on the air. In early 2007 he moved to XFM London where he hosted weekday afternoons, on 12 March 2007 he started work on Al Gore owned Current TV which had been on air in the US since 2005 and was the second national roll out of the brand around the world. Graeme Smith on Twitter Graeme Smith Official Website Webmash TV show online channel Current TV The Capital Breakfast Show
23.
Christian O'Connell
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Christian Liam OConnell is a British radio DJ, who presents the The Christian OConnell Breakfast Show on Absolute Radio weekday mornings. He makes use of irreverent features and sometimes mocks the music that he plays, in September 2008 he published a book The Men Commandments to this effect. In 2017 he published a childrens book Radio Boy OConnell started out on 2CR Radio in Bournemouth in 1999 and he later moved to Juice FM in Liverpool in 2000. He commented It was a budget, tin-pot station and they didnt have a lot of money. He previously hosted the Breakfast Show on indie music station XFM London, OConnell joined the Virgin Radio team making his first broadcast on 23 January 2006. He celebrated his 10th year at Virgin by giving his listeners free tins of food and he has long been a fan of Hollywood action man Steven Seagal, who he had mentioned several times on radio, and remarked that he would love to meet. However, when Seagal rang OConnell the relationship and understanding between the two was difficult and left OConnell feeling disappointed. Seagal did not understand OConnells ironic personality and sense of humour, the Observer described the interview as, a spectacularly terrible interview in which OConnells questions dropped into a seemingly bottomless well of apathy. OConnell described the interview remarking, It was the single worst thing Ive ever done on radio. And the other week I was having a go at Michael Parkinson, saying he used to be fantastic but sadly now hes become too fawning, and then I did the Seagal thing and I thought, I should just leave. On 27 October 2006, Liam Gallagher reportedly attempted to phone Absolute Radio on Whos calling Christian where there is the chance to win £10,000 for charity. Liam was apparently in a state and it took him 3 hours after an aggressive protest to convince Absolute bosses that it was indeed him. A great deal of swearing occurred off air between the managers and Gallagher who swore that he would come down to Absolute Radio and Rip Christian OConnells fucking head off. After further phone calls from Polydor records and from Nicole Appleton begging for him to be let on, Gallagher was eventually allowed on, however, he did not complete the conversation, leaving his friend Scully to speak for him. Tony Blair called the Whos Calling Christian, hotline, after charity campaigner Graham Marsh contacted Blair. Blair began by telling the programme, Probably nothing in my career has prepared me for this. When OConnell asked if he should be referred to as The Right Honourable Tony Blair, someone from my constituency phoned me and said Why dont we do this. And I said yes because they are really, really good causes, the exchange ended with OConnell asking Blair to choose his favourite song from the 1980s
24.
Capital London
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Capital London is a regional radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. This was a result of lobbying from groups including the Local Radio Association. The Independent Broadcasting Authority advertised local radio licences in certain locations in the United Kingdom under the term of Independent Local Radio. London was due to receive two ILR licences, one for news and another for general entertainment, Radio Capital, later to become Capital Radio, was formed in early 1970 by David Maule-ffinch with the intent to apply for the general entertainment licence. In late 1970, Maule-ffinchs future father-in-law, Barclay Barclay-White became involved, another application came from a consortium headed by broadcaster Hughie Green, who had openly voiced the need for commercial broadcasting, having previously worked for Radio Luxembourg. The IBA awarded Capital Radio the London General Entertainment service, while London News was awarded to the London Broadcasting Company, the medium-wave frequency and location were temporary sites as the then new high-powered medium-wave station at Saffron Green, Barnet, was incomplete. Capital commenced regular transmissions with the British national anthem God Save the Queen, then a message from director Richard Attenborough, simon & Garfunkels song Bridge over Troubled Water followed the jingle. The first radio commercial came from Birds Eye fish fingers, which was also the first ever legal radio commercial on LBC, immediately after going on air, Capital Radio suffered co-channel interference from Radio Veronica, a pirate radio station off the coast of the Netherlands. Capital finally moved into blocks in Euston Tower in November 1973. Euston Tower was, at the time, Londons tallest office tower, in 1975, the IBA finally opened the transmission facilities at Saffron Green which allowed both LBC and Capital Radio to move up the dial. Capital moved to 1548 kHz mediumwave and LBC to 1152 kHz, previously the Lots Road site gained Capital and LBC the semi-humorous nickname of Radio Clothesline however both stations could be heard as far away as the Midlands. Throughout the 1970s Capital cut its staff, including many journalists – a move that angered the NUJ. The so-called needle-time restrictions on playing music had been lifted, which meant it could play music during the day as well as in the evenings where the eight hours were concentrated. The mid-1970s saw Capital Radio expand with the launch of the Help a London Child charity, the charity appeal went on to become one of the longest-running in broadcasting and the most recognised in British radio. The station has also lent its support to London-based orchestras, choral societies,1976 saw the launch of the Flying Eye, a traffic spotting light aircraft, which could see traffic congestion below on the streets of Central London. LBC also had a service but was forced to suspend operations due to cost. Capitals aircraft was originally a Piper Seneca model, and, later, a new radio jingle package from Standard Sound heralded a new, refined sound for the station. Output was concentrated on its core playlist of contemporary music with the specialist music rescheduled to evenings
25.
Capital Birmingham
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Capital Birmingham is a local radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to the West Midlands from studios at Brindleyplace in Birmingham City Centre, Capital Birminghams transmitter is located at Metropolitan House on the A456. It is also available on DAB via the Birmingham, Coventry, the station began broadcasting as Choice FM on 1 January 1995, after taking over the licence previously operated by Buzz FM. Four years later, Choice was renamed as Galaxy after it was out by Chrysalis. Galaxy was sold off to Global Radio in June 2007 in a £170 million deal which saw the take over The Arrow, LBC. The station was relaunched and re-branded as 102.2 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, in April 2013, the station along with Heart West Midlands moved to new studios at Eleven Brindleyplace in central Birmingham. Unlike other stations on the Capital network, the 102.2 Capital licence was to cater primarily for Urban contemporary black music rather than a contemporary/chart music-led service, on 17 November 2011 it was announced Ofcom approved two format change requests. As of February 2014, the station has resumed opting out of networked programming for two each week, broadcasting an overnight specialist show featuring Afro-Caribbean music. Local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Birmingham studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, 12-4pm on Saturdays, the station opts out of the network to broadcast a weekly Afro-Caribbean music show on Friday mornings from 2-4am. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Rob Howard and Katy Poulsom, Sacha Brooks and Scott Clarke. Capital Birmingham broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. The Birmingham newsroom also produces bulletins for sister stations Heart West Midlands and Smooth West Midlands
26.
Capital East Midlands
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Capital East Midlands is a regional radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to the East Midlands from studios in Nottingham and it launched on 3 January 2011 following the merger of Trent FM, Leicester Sound and Ram FM. The Derbyshire station was relaunched in 1994 as Ram FM, Leicester Sound was launched in Leicestershire in September 1984, just over 11 months after the countys first ILR station, Centre Radio, went into receivership. Both Trent FM and Leicester Sound were owned by Midlands Radio until a takeover by Capital Radio plc led to the stations being sold off to the GWR Group in 1993. In 2005, the merged with Capital to form GCap Media. In June 2008, Global launched The Hit Music Network on Trent, Leicester Sound and Ram FM alongside Ten 17 in Essex, Hertfordshires Mercury 96.6 and Mercury FM in Sussex and Surrey. Local programming was restricted to daily breakfast and weekday afternoon & drive time slots with networked output originating from Nottingham, two other Hit Music stations – Londons 95.8 Capital FM and Red Dragon FM in south east Wales retained local output. The merger led to the closure of studios in Leicester and advertising offices in Derby, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Nottingham studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Dean Dino Weatherbed and Pete Allen, Tom Watts and Claire Chambers and Ryan Arnold. Capital East Midlands broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays and 6am-12pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during breakfast. The Nottingham newsroom also produces bulletins for Communicorp-owned Smooth East Midlands
27.
Capital North East
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Capital North East is a regional radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to North East England from studios in Newcastle, the station launched on 1 June 1999 as Galaxy 105–106, renamed in 2006 as Galaxy North East and rebranded on 3 January 2011 as 105–106 Capital. Originally called Galaxy 105–106, presenter Steve Furnell launched the station on Tuesday 1 June 1999, the station was based in Wallsend, North Tyneside at the Silverlink Business Park, near the junction of the A1058 and the A19,6 miles east of Newcastle City Centre. The name was changed to Galaxy North East in 2006, in line with other Galaxy stations and this year also saw a change in demographic from 15–29 to 15–34 and a new strapline of passion for music, passion for life. In 2008, their strapline was changed from passion for music, in 2008, they also changed their output format to include a more mainstream playlist. During late 2010, the changed to The North Easts No.1 Hit Music Station. Networked programming was broadcast from Galaxy Yorkshire in Leeds, the station was rebranded as 105–106 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy and Hit Music networks to form the nine-stations of Capital. Steve Furnell and Karen Wight remained on breakfast Roger Bodg Howard on drive time, kim Miljus was appointed managing director of Capital North East, replacing Matt Bashford, she was the former station director of Metro Radio. Giles Eyre-Tanner became the programme controller on 5 October 2011. Long-serving weekday breakfast presenters Steve Furnell and Karen Wight left Capital North East to join rival station Metro Radio, weekday drivetime presenter Roger Bodg Howard, producer Matt Bailey and Take Me Out contestant JoJo Hatfield took over from the duo on 3 January 2012. Lee Sevenoaks was brought in as Breakfast Producer for the show,2010 Student Radio Awards winner Rob Howard joined the station and presented weekday drivetime for three years. In May 2015, Capital North East moved to new studios at new studios at Wellbar Central in Newcastle city centre, shared with sister station Heart North East, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Newcastle studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Roger Bodg Howard and Matt Bailey, Martin Lowes and Thomas Hannett. Capital North East broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. The Newcastle newsroom also produces news bulletins for Heart North East
28.
Capital Yorkshire
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Capital Yorkshire is a regional radio station owned by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to South & West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire from studios in Leeds, West Yorkshire, the licence held makes Capital Yorkshire the largest regional British radio station outside London. It also has two transmitters, both on 105.6 MHz FM, one from Idle at 0.5 kW which covers Bradford. This service was aired in a number of areas which did not have their own Galaxy service, launched as a dance music station, later years saw the playlist expanded to incorporate urban music genres. The stations strapline was altered to passion for music, passion for life to reflect its new target demographic which had changed from 15-29 to 15-34. This was reinforced by the playing of more old school Galaxy Anthems - similar to Bauer rival Kisss Kisstory. In 2008 it was rebranded as a station along with all the other Galaxy Stations with a new Love Music strapline before becoming Yorkshires No.1 Hit Music Station in July 2010. The station was rebranded as 105 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, on 20 June 2014, long serving Capital Breakfast presenter Simon Hirst left Global Radio after 14 years. Local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Leeds studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays, all networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons. The Leeds newsroom also produces bulletins for Communicorp-owned Heart Yorkshire, Capital Yorkshire History of local radio in Yorkshire
29.
Capital Scotland
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Capital Scotland is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp UK and operated by Global Radio. It broadcasts to Scotlands Central Belt, an area surrounding the two cities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and the kingdom of Fife, the station originally began on 19 November 1999 as Beat 106, a new rock and dance station. The first presenter on-air, at 1,06 pm on launch day, was Matt Finlay and his first words spoken were Is this thing on. The first song on the station was Revolution No.9 by The Beatles followed by Fatboy Slims Right Here, other presenters at launch included George Bowie, Gina McKie, Graham Stewart and Jim Gellatly. Beat 106 closed on 1 January 2006, playing a countdown of the top 1000 tracks voted for by visitors to its website, Beat 106 was originally established by the Big Beat Group, headed up by a group of nightclub promoters from Glasgow. However, after being sold to Capital Radio Group in July 2000, in 2005, Capital Radio merged with the GWR Group to form GCap Media, creating the UKs largest commercial radio group. The rebranding of Beat 106 to XFM was one of a number of measures announced by GCap to improve their corporate performance following the merger, the original XFM station was XFM London and the rebranding in Scotland occurred four months before the expected launch of XFM Manchester. XFM Scotland programmes were launched by breakfast presenter Dominik Diamond on 4 January 2006 with Loaded by Primal Scream as the first song played on the relaunched station, a major marketing campaign was launched a year later in a bid to try to regain lost listeners since the rebrand. By September 2007, the station was only reaching audience shares of 2. 6% in the West and 4. 1% in the East, on 11 February 2008 GCap Media announced that they would be selling the analogue licence for the station. GCap later became part of Global Radio and it was decided to keep the licence, on 28 August 2008, Jim Gellatly announced that his last show would be broadcast that day and he would be leaving the station together with a number of colleagues. By the time of XFMs rebrand as Galaxy, station audience shares had fallen further to 2. 4% in the West and 2. 6% in the East, on 27 August 2008 new owners Global Radio announced they would re-brand XFM Scotland as Galaxy Scotland. The rebrand was part of Global Radio’s major strategy to expand the brand across outside Scotland, local programming on the station consisted of daily breakfast, weekday drivetime and specialist shows with networked programming broadcast from Leeds. Galaxy Scotland joined the Galaxy Network on 7 November 2008, XFM closed at approximately 3. 30pm that day, followed immediately by a 15-minute launch sequence for Galaxy. Galaxy programming started by 4pm the same afternoon, with Gary Spence as the first voice on the air, from its launch, Galaxy Scotland gained 429,000 listeners providing almost 3.2 million listening hours per week. In the 12 months up to May 2010, the station doubled its number of listeners, as of Monday 12 July 2010, Galaxy Scotland changed their tagline from Love Music to Scotlands No 1 Hit Music Station in line with the other Galaxy stations across the UK. The station was re-branded as 105–106 Capital on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, local breakfast and drivetime output was retained with most networked programming now broadcast from the networks London studios. The station also produced a dance music show on Saturday overnights. The two format change requests were approved in November, on 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling Capital Scotland to Communicorp
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Capital South Coast
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Capital South Coast is a regional radio station owned by operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to South Hampshire from studios in Segensworth, Fareham, Radio Victory launched as the first local commercial radio service in the South of England in 1975, transmitting to a small area around Portsmouth. The licence was re-advertised by the Independent Broadcasting Authority The extended licence, now to include Southampton, Radio Victory ceased operations in June 1986, a couple of weeks earlier than the expiry date of its franchise, with a test transmission informing listeners of the closure. The East area sounded livelier and there was a softer sound for the West. The new station were received and relevant, as suggested by slogan Were on your wavelength. In 1987, as part of IBAs demand to end simulcasting on FM and AM, the FM West service became The Power FM and East service became Ocean Sound, with the respective AM services becoming The Gold AM. The North service became The Light FM, Power FM launched on Sunday 4 December 1988 at 10 am. Power FM was designed as a competitor to BBC Radio 1 in the area, with a heavy rotation of chart and Top 40 pop and mainstream dance, with quick hourly news. The opening presenter line-up included Pete Wardman, Bernie Simmons, Chris Kelly, Adrian Lovett, Chris Pearson and Judy James. The launch of Power FM was one hour after that of Ocean Sound, Power FM went on to become a very popular radio station, hosting many events including Power in the Park on Southampton Common. Ten in all were held between 1995 and 2004,1997 proved to be the most popular, over 100,000 people watched Ocean Colour Scene perform live. The stations best remembered presenter was Rick Jackson, now with Wave 105, Rick joined the station in 1996 from 2CRFM in Bournemouth, having started his career at Isle of Wight Radio as Richard Pocock. Rick hosted the breakfast show for 11 years, firstly known as Ricks Rude Awakening, then co-hosting with Ana Schofield, Rachel Brookes, Handy Andy produced the show with also featured street-boy Maximum Bob. Rick moved to sister station Ocean FM before leaving altogether to join the regional station to host its drive time show. The merger saw Ocean Sound and The Light FM merging to create Ocean Sound - Classic Hits, later Ocean FM, in 1994, Capital Radio Group, looking for expansion possibilities, purchased Southern Radio plc, which led to on-air sound changes. In 2005, GWR and Capital Radio Group merged to form GCap Media, in 2008, GCap Media was bought by Global Radio. As part of the purchase of the station by Global Radio, Ashley Tabor announced on September 16,2008 that Power would be rebranded, the stations share of audience dropped from 6% before the rebrand to 3. 9% by May 2009. The station was rebranded as 103.2 Capital FM on 3 January 2011 as part of a merger of Global Radios Galaxy, current breakfast presenters Zoe Hanson and Paul Gillies retained their jobs with the relaunched station while Adam Inker moved from his weekday afternoon timeslot to host drivetime
31.
Capital Cymru
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Capital Cymru is a local, bilingual radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. The station broadcasts to Gwynedd and Anglesey from studios in Gwersyllt, previously, the station formed part of the Heart radio network and earlier the Marcher Radio Group. It switched to Capital on Tuesday 6 May 2014, Heart North Wales now covers the region as part of the Heart Network. The station originally broadcast from studios at Parc Menai in Bangor, Gwynedd before co-locating to the studios of Heart North West, Network programming is relayed from London at all other times. The former North Wales Coast station on 96. 3FM maintains an opt-out for early morning Welsh-language programmes, the rebranding to Capital took place on Tuesday 6 May 2014. All local output, including extended Welsh language shows, news bulletins, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Wrexham studios from 6-10am and 1-7pm on weekdays and 9am-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Alistair James, Kev Bach and Cerian Griffith. Capital Cymru broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. On weekdays, breakfast and drivetime bulletins are broadcast in Welsh only while off-peak bulletins, the Wrexham and Cardiff Bay newsrooms produce the bulletins, alongside those for Capital North West and Wales and Heart North Wales. List of Celtic-language media Capital Cymru
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Capital North West and Wales
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Capital North West and Wales is a local radio station owned and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to Cheshire, the Wirral Peninsula and North Wales, the station broadcasts from its studios in Gwersyllt, Wrexham, the former headquarters of Marcher Radio Group. It switched to Capital on 6 May 2014 and these stations were owned and operated by the Marcher Radio Group until the GWR Groups purchase in 2000. Five years later, the merged with Capital Radio to form GCap Media. The stations were rebranded as Heart a year later, on 21 June 2010, Global Radio announced it would merge the stations as part of plans to reduce the Heart network of stations from 33 to 16. The new station broadcasting from Wrexham on Friday 2 July 2010. The former North Wales Coast station retains an opt-out for an hour-long Welsh language music programme six days a week, the rebranding to Capital took place on Tuesday 6 May 2014. The 96.3 FM North Wales Coast service is transmitted on MuxCos North West Wales DAB multiplex, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Wrexham studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. An additional Welsh-language music programme airs from 5-6am on Sunday - Friday mornings on 96.3 FM only, all networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons. The stations local presenters are Ben Sheppard, Faye Bamford, Rachael Rhodes, Capital North West and Wales broadcasts hourly local news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays and 6am-12pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during Capital Breakfast on weekdays. Local bulletins on 96.3 and 103.4 FM are produced and broadcast from Globals Wrexham, separate bulletins for the Wirral air on 97.1 FM, produced from Globals Merseyside newsroom in Liverpool
33.
Capital South Wales
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Capital South Wales is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp and operated by Global Radio as part of the Capital radio network. It broadcasts to Cardiff, Newport and the surrounding areas – from the Red Dragon Centre in Cardiff Bay, the station originally took to the air in Cardiff only. Known as CBC, the station launched in April 1980 on 221 metres medium wave and 96.0 VHF, following the closure of neighbouring Gwent Broadcasting in April 1985 CBC began relaying its service as a temporary measure to southern Gwent on 104 VHF and 230 metres medium wave. This became permanent when CBC re-launched as Red Dragon Radio on 14 October 1985, initially there were separate drivetime shows for Glamorgan and Gwent but these were dropped for a single service by the early nineties. On 3 January 2011 the station was rebranded from Red Dragon to 97.4 &103.2 Capital as part of a merger of owners Global Radios Hit Music, on 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling Capital South Wales to Communicorp. Capitals network programming and brand name are retained under a contract, globals Heart Wales station shares facilities at the Capital studios in Cardiff Bay. Initially, CBC broadcast to Cardiff on 96.0 MHz and these frequencies were switched to 103.2 MHz and 97.4 MHz respectively in 1987 following a national reorganisation of UK FM frequencies. The 103.2 MHz signal, which is the stronger of the two, comes from the transmitter at Wenallt near Cardiff, with the 97.4 MHz signal being transmitted from Christchurch in Newport. The signals reach as far out as the South Wales Valleys to the north, simulcasting on 1305 &1359 kHz AM ended in 1990 with the launch of Touch AM. Those frequencies are now used by the Smooth Radio network, Capital South Wales also broadcasts on the NOW Cardiff & Newport DAB multiplex. The station can also be heard live via its website or on its iPhone/Android application, other stations owned by Global Radio can also be streamed. Both require a WiFi, 3G, EDGE or GPRS connection, local programming is produced and broadcast from Capitals Cardiff Bay studios from 6-10am and 4-7pm on weekdays and 12-4pm at weekends. All networked programming originates from Global Radios London headquarters, including the syndicated Vodafone Big Top 40 on Sunday afternoons, the stations local presenters are Matt Lissack, Polly James and Geraint Hardy, Michelle Owen, Josh Andrews and Kally Davies. Capital South Wales broadcasts hourly news updates from 6am-7pm on weekdays. The bulletins are produced for Communicorp by Global Radios Cardiff Bay newsroom, which also produces bulletins for Heart Wales, Heart North Wales and Smooth Wales
34.
Galaxy (radio network)
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Stations included stations, Galaxy Birmingham, Galaxy Manchester, Galaxy North East, Galaxy Scotland, Galaxy South Coast and Galaxy Yorkshire. Programming was networked throughout the stations from Leeds - excluding weekday breakfast/drivetime, on Monday 28 April 2008, Galaxy was rebranded as a mainstream station by Creative Spark with a brand new layout including a fresh logo and a completely new show schedule. Galaxy used RCS Selector and Master Control as its music playout system, according to RAJAR figures, Galaxy was the 7th most listened to radio station in the UK. Local programming on the Hit Music stations is now restricted to daily breakfast, the first Galaxy station, Galaxy Radio was launched in 1990 in South West England broadcasting from studios in Portland Square, Bristol on the 97.2 FM frequency. The station became a key rival to the citys GWR FM station and was operated by the Chiltern Radio Group under the Hot FM brand. The line up at the time included Andy Gelder, Rik Scott, Keith Francis, Andy Beeley, Tristan B, Bob Prince, Tin Tin and it quickly became the most successful dance music station in the UK. Reaching half of all 16 -24 year olds in the city every week, in 1994, the station was awarded the license to broadcast on the new Severn Estuary frequency on 101 megahertz serving South Wales and the West of England areas and was rebranded as Galaxy 101. Chrysalis Radio purchased the station in 1996 and in 1997 expanded the network by buying the Faze FM operated stations which were Kiss 102 in Manchester, in 1998, black community station Choice FM was acquired in Birmingham and became Galaxy Birmingham. Chrysalis Radio scored another success in 1999 with the Radio Authoritys award of the North East regional licence to Galaxy North East, however, Galaxy 101s success in Bristol was starting to falter, and the station was sold to the GWR Group in 2002, becoming Vibe 101. On 7 November 2008, Xfm Scotland became Galaxy Scotland after Global Radio purchased GCap and this is reflective in Galaxys demographic now increasing from the 15-29 age range to the 15-34 age range. Until 14 November 2010, Galaxy Yorkshire was available on Sky channel 0112, Galaxy was due to be available on various platforms like Freeview, and Freesat. On Friday 21 March 2008, the station has changed their Passion for Music. As of 11 July 2010, Galaxy changed its slogan to TSAs No.1 Hit Music Station inline with Capital London, in 2007, Galaxy released a three disk box set called Galaxy Dance Anthems featuring 50 club classics. The first chart Galaxy Radio broadcast was Hit40UK, after this, the Fresh 40 chart was broadcast across the brand, but soon after the chart was cancelled. A replacement chart, The Galaxy 40, was introduced and produced by Galaxy Radio and it was networked across all Galaxy radio stations. The chart show was produced and made up of the latest and most popular dance, RnB/Rap and pop hits from Galaxy stations, the official UK Top 10 is also available, on each station website, but not announced on air. After Michael Jacksons death was announced, Galaxy tributed by playing Michael Jackson songs every 4-6 songs played, andi Durrant also produced a 10-minute mini mix / mash up of Jacksons biggest hits. On 28 June, after The Big Top 40 Show, Galaxy aired a 1-hour Michael Jackson tribute known as Michael Jackson and this was basically a 1-hour run through of his life from Jackson 5 up to his death
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The One Network
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The One Network was the collective name for thirty-eight regional Independent Local Radio licences operated by Gcap Media in the United Kingdom. It was formed from the combination of GWR Groups The Mix Network and its main regional radio network rival was the Big City Network, owned by Bauer Group. The One Network was subsequently folded into the Heart Network or The Hit Music Network, only a handful of the original One Network stations in the English Midlands, sold to Orion Media, remained until they were merged to create Free Radio. The Origin of The One Network stems from the merger of GWR Groups The Mix Network, on 1 August 2007 there was a change to the logo and sound of ex-Capital stations to harmonise with former GWR stations. The One Network was created by GWR Group in attempt to create a radio network on minimal cost by simulcasting the same programmes across all stations at off-peak times of day. Such practices were led by Group chairman Ralph Bernard, who oversaw the creation of the tightly formatted sound where popular Top 40 chart hits, despite the changes of schedule and management, the stations continue to be commercial market leader in the areas in which they operate. The Mix also ran for a short while as a station on its own nationally on Sky Digital taking the format as the other stations. A similar concept of syndicating programmes across local radio stations had previously used by the Marcher Radio Group bouquet of stations. In addition to The One Networks networked programmes from Bristol, the Marcher stations simulcast many of its programming throughout its four local licenses. Capital FM Network was the brand name of local radio stations owned by Capital Radio. The stations were based around the format of the companys London based station Capital FM and were linked by sharing the same logo. Stations under the brand were Fox FM, Red Dragon FM, Power FM, Southern FM, Beat 106, BRMB, the stations still used these logos until September 2007 and were closely linked until 2005. Due to falling listening figures Capital FM was removed from the network, the other stations then fell under the hands of the One Network. The One Networks logo was initially an amalgamation of the two logos, utilising the Mix Networks symbol and the Capital FM Network font. Network Two - Stations which retained a CHR format, and used the slogan Hit Music Station - these would go on to form the Hit Music Network after the other stations converted to Heart in 2009. Some of these were made Heart in July 2010 The rest of the stations are now part of the Capital network, Beacon Radio Shropshire was, at a time, separate to the West Midlands station. It broadcast Local breakfast and drive, taking the Network One feed, Beacon Radio West Midlands broadcast local breakfast and drive, taking the Network Three feed. Beacon Radio Shropshire did not go on to become Heart - the Beacon services were sold to Orion
