1.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Joshua Logan
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Joshua Lockwood Logan III was an American stage and film director and writer. Logan was born in Texarkana, Texas, the son of Susan, when he was three years old his father committed suicide. Logans mother remarried six years after his fathers death and he then attended Culver Military Academy in Culver, Indiana, at school, he experienced his first drama class and felt at home. After his high school graduation he attended Princeton University, at Princeton, he was involved with the intercollegiate summer stock company, known as the University Players, with fellow student James Stewart and also non-student Henry Fonda. During his senior year he served as president of the Princeton Triangle Club, before his graduation he won a scholarship to travel to Moscow to observe the rehearsals of Konstantin Stanislavski, and Logan left school without a diploma. Logan began his Broadway career as an actor in Carry Nation in 1932 and he then spent time in London, where he stag two productions. And direct a revival of Camille. He also worked as an assistant stage manager, after a short time in Hollywood, Logan directed On Borrowed Time on Broadway. The play ran for a year, but his first major success came in 1938, over the next few years he directed Knickerbocker Holiday, Mornings at Seven, Charlies Aunt, and By Jupiter. In 1942, Logan was drafted by the U. S. Army, during his service in World War II, he acted as a public-relations and intelligence officer. When the war concluded he was discharged with the rank of Captain and he married his second wife, actress Nedda Harrigan, in 1945, Logans previous marriage, to actress Barbara ONeil, a colleague of his at the University Players in the 1930s, had ended in divorce. After the war, Logan directed the Broadway productions Annie Get Your Gun, John Loves Mary, Mister Roberts, South Pacific, with Thomas Heggen, Logan shared the Tony Award in 1948 for writing Mister Roberts. Logan shared the 1950 Pulitzer Prize for Drama with Richard Rodgers, the show also earned him a Tony Award for Best Director. Although the mistakes were corrected, in his autobiography Logan wrote I knew then why people fight so hard to have their names in proper type and its not just ego or the principle of the thing, its possibly another job or a better salary. My name had been so minimized that I lived through years of having people praise South Pacific in my presence without knowing I had had anything to do with it, Logan cowrote, coproduced, and directed the 1952 musical Wish You Were Here. After the show was not initially successful, Logan quickly wrote 54 new pages of material, in its fourth week of release, the show sold out, and continued to offer sell-out performances for the next two years. When director John Ford became sick, Logan reluctantly returned to Hollywood to complete the filming of Mister Roberts, Logans other hit films included Picnic, Bus Stop, Sayonara, and South Pacific. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Directing for Picnic, in 1961, he was a member of the jury at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival
4.
Elizabeth Taylor
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Dame Elizabeth Rosemond Taylor, DBE was a British-American actress, businesswoman, and humanitarian. She began as an actress in the early 1940s, and was one of the most popular stars of classical Hollywood cinema in the 1950s. She continued her career successfully into the 1960s, and remained a well known figure for the rest of her life. The American Film Institute named her the seventh-greatest female screen legend in 1999, Born in London to wealthy, socially prominent American parents, Taylor moved with her family to Los Angeles in 1939, and she soon was given a film contract by Universal Pictures. Her screen debut was in a role in Theres One Born Every Minute. Taylor was then signed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and had her breakthrough role in National Velvet, becoming one of the studios most popular teenaged stars. She made the transition to adult roles in the early 1950s, despite being one of MGMs most bankable stars, Taylor wished to end her career in the early 1950s, as she resented the studios control and disliked many of the films to which she was assigned. She began receiving roles in the mid-1950s, beginning with the epic drama Giant. These included two film adaptations of plays by Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and Suddenly, Last Summer, although she disliked her role in BUtterfield 8, her last film for MGM, she won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. She was next paid a record-breaking $1 million to play the role in the historical epic Cleopatra. During the filming, Taylor and co-star Richard Burton began having an affair which caused a scandal. Despite public disapproval, Burton and she continued their relationship and were married the first time in 1964. Dubbed Liz and Dick by the media, they starred in 11 films together, including The V. I. P. s, The Sandpiper, The Taming of the Shrew, and Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf. Taylor received the best reviews of her career for Woolf, winning her second Academy Award, in the 1980s, she acted in her first substantial stage roles and in several television films and series, and became the first celebrity to launch a perfume brand. Taylor was also one of the first celebrities to take part in HIV/AIDS activism and she co-founded the American Foundation for AIDS Research in 1985 and the Elizabeth Taylor AIDS Foundation in 1991. From the early 1990s until her death, she dedicated her time to philanthropy and she received several accolades for it, including the Presidential Citizens Medal. Taylors personal life was subject to constant media attention throughout her life and she was married eight times to seven men, endured serious illnesses, and led a jet set lifestyle, including amassing one of the most expensive private collections of jewelry. After many years of ill health, Taylor died from heart failure at the age of 79 in 2011
5.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
6.
Neutral Bay, New South Wales
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Neutral Bay is a harbourside suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Neutral Bay is around 1.5 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, Neutral Bay takes its name from the bay on Sydney Harbour. Kurraba Point, formerly a locality in Neutral Bay, was declared a suburb in 2010. Surrounding suburbs include North Sydney, Cammeray, Milsons Point, Cremorne and Cremorne Point, the name Neutral Bay originates from the time of the early colonial period of Australia, where different bays of Sydney harbour were zoned for different incoming vessels. This bay was where all foreign vessels would dock, hence the name neutral, the Aboriginal name for the area was Wirra-birra. In 1789, soon after the arrival of the First Fleet in Sydney, Governor Arthur Phillip declared this bay a neutral harbour where ships could anchor and take on water. Neutral Bay was far away from Sydney Cove to discourage convicts from escaping on these vessels. This style was an attempt to get away from mass production, notable examples soon appeared in the area. Brent Knowle, in Shellcove Road, was designed by Bertrand James Waterhouse and it influenced home design in the area for at least the next fifteen years and has a state heritage listing. A different style was used for The Cobbles, also in Shellcove Road, designed by Peddle and Thorp and built in 1918, it made great use of natural stones and pebbles to achieve the desired look. It is an Australian interpretation of the California Bungalow style and has a heritage listing. The Gables, in Spruson Street, was another Waterhouse design and was built in 1920 and it was influenced by the shingle style which was brought to Sydney by Horbury Hunt, and featured prominent gables and extensive use of shingles. More Waterhouse designs appeared in Shellcove Road in the vicinity of The Cobbles, an outstanding example is Ailsa, which was designed by Waterhouse for Captain Robert Craig and built in 1908. It has a heritage listing. Along with Keynsham, St Annes, and Gundimaine House, these form a significant heritage group and have a state heritage listing. Neutral Bay was also the home of the English-born childrens author and painter May Gibbs, who lived for a time in Derry, afterwards, she moved to the home Nutcote in nearby Kurraba Point. The main shopping district of Neutral Bay, known as Neutral Bay Junction, is along Military Road and it features many quality shops, restaurants and cafes. The Big Bear shopping centre is a mall that features a supermarket
7.
Darling Point, New South Wales
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Darling Point is a harborside eastern suburb of Sydney, Australia. It is 4 kilometres east of the Sydney central business district and is part of the government area of Woollahra Council. Darling Point is bounded by Sydney Harbour to the north, Double Bay to the east, Edgecliff to the south, Darling Point, renowned for its desirable and expensive real estate, is mostly residential and regarded as one of the most exclusive and prestigious suburbs in Australia. What is now the Darling Point area was known as Eurambi, Yarranabbi, Yarrandabbi. It was named Darling Point in recognition of Elizabeth Darling, the wife of New South Wales Governor Ralph Darling, during the Sydney 2000 Olympics, Darling Point hosted the sailing events. The Darling Point Society endeavors to ensure that the voice of residents is heard and it has earned a respected opinion at council. It expects accountability and demands transparency and it aims to save what is lovely of what is left in one of the most densely populated, oldest and most historic areas of Sydney. Http, //darlingpointsociety. com. au/ Darling Point Road follows the ridge of the headland that is Darling Point, mona Road and Greenoaks Avenue act as two other main access roads to the suburb. New Beach Road runs between the boundary of the suburb and Rushcutters Bay Park. The 327 bus service used to go through Darling Point but it has reduced to a lesser route. Darling Point ferry wharf provides access to Eastern Suburbs ferry services, Darling Point is also serviced by the nearby Edgecliff railway station. McKell Park was originally the site of the now-demolished Canonbury House, situated at the northern end of Darling Point Road, it has panoramic views of Sydney Harbour and is a popular location for picnics and weddings. It also provides access to Darling Points ferry stop, the Drill Hall forms part of the Sir David Martin Reserve and was previously part of the Royal Australian Navy base, HMAS Rushcutter. The Drill hall is one of the oldest-surviving Australian military buildings and was located on Bennelong Point. Saint Marks Anglican Church in Darling Point Road was designed by Edmund Blacket in 1852 and is now a wedding venue. It has hosted weddings such as Elton Johns first wedding and the wedding in the film Muriels Wedding. The rectory, also designed by Blacket, is heritage-listed, in 1948, the property was acquired by the US government as the official residence of the Consul-General. It has since returned to the private sector, in 1975, it served as the shooting location for the villains lair in the Hong Kong / Australian co-production The Man from Hong Kong
8.
Umbrella Entertainment
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Umbrella Entertainment is an Australian Film Distribution company that began operating in 2001. It is based in Kew, Victoria, in addition to DVD sales, Umbrella manages the theatrical releases of Australian Films, documentaries and arthouse indie films. Umbrella specialises in a range of content for theatrical exhibition, home entertainment, TV broadcasting. Umbrella has amassed a catalogue of over 1,500 titles and has one of largest collections of remastered classic Australian films, Umbrella also specialises in releases of rare, or classic cult horror titles. Notable examples include a restoration of the 1990 remake of Night of the Living Dead, Night of the Creeps, Umbrella recently released on DVD and blu-ray brand new transfer from 4K master of Roadgames and The Man from Hong Kong. Upcoming releases will be Dark Age, Long Weekend, Cosi, One Night Stand, Attack Force Z, Umbrella Entertainment was founded in 2001, serving Australia and New Zealand. In recent years, it has begun serving international markets from this location, annually, Umbrella produces up to 150 titles for distribution on DVD which are released on a monthly cycle. Umbrella has developed highly successful internal web sales business with a growing email subscription base of loyal web based customers. Umbrella undertakes rights management activities such as Theatrical and Non-theatrical distribution, Television licensing, video-on-demand, hotels, Umbrella Entertainment manages the theatrical releases of the films in Australia and New Zealand. As of 2016 Umbrella is working with Roar Digital one of Melbourne’s premier post-production facility services to manage its film archive transfers to new digital mediums such as 2k, Umbrella is able to manage the complete package using Roar’s facilities and in-house production services. Some of their DVD and Blu Ray releases have been appreciated for the HD mastering and inclusion of Extras. Extras have been sourced through NFSA, with directors and their members gaining access to previously unseen archival images, footage. The extras typically include interviews with producers, actors, historians, original advertising, commentaries, licenses for these Extras have been granted for online download/VOD, TV and DVD platforms all across the World. Umbrella works closely with Australian directors/ producers such as Bruce Beresford, Peter Weir, Fred Schepisi, Anthony Buckley and Nadia Tass
9.
AACTA Awards
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The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. The awards recognise excellence of professionals in the film and television industry and it is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian film and television industry. They are generally considered to be the Australian counterpart of the Academy Awards, the awards, previously called Australian Film Institute Awards or AFI Awards, began in 1958 and involved 30 nominations across six categories. They expanded in 1986 to cover television as well as film, the AACTA Awards were instituted in 2011. As of 2011, the Australian awards take place at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney and they were instituted in 1958, as a way to improve the impoverished state of Australian cinema, and was part of the Melbourne International Film Festival until 1972. Between 1958–1980, submitted films were presented with a gold, silver or bronze prize, and in some circumstances, a Grand Prix award, which was the highest honour a film could receive. Additionally, films were presented with a gold or silver medallion for technical achievements. Up until 1970, prizes were handed out in recognition of the film and production, rather than achievements of individual filmmakers and crafts people. In 1977 feature film categories became competitive, while non-feature films continued to be awarded the gold, silver and bronze prizes until 1981, in 1976 the awards were broadcast live on television for the first time on the Nine Network at the Hilton Hotel in Melbourne. In 1986 television categories were introduced, presenting awards for mini-series and telefeatures before expanding to dramas, in June 2011, the AFI announced an industry consultation for an Australian Academy. The aim of the Academy is to create awareness for Australian film in local and international markets, the name of the new Academy was revealed on 18 August 2011 as the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, with the awards renamed to the AACTA Awards. The date change was made to align the awards with the awards season. At the time of the inception, a jury of five judges, composed of film critics and filmmakers. In 1976, the system was replaced by a peer voting process for feature films which would allow public members the right to vote in the Best Film category. The nominees and winners were later peer-voted by a jury which was made up of representatives from all industry crafts, including members of guilds, who have a professional membership with the AFI. When the AFI announced the launch of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts, the fifteen Chapters consist of professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, producers, directors and screenwriters. All television and non-feature film awards, and feature film pre-selection are determined by juries, members of the Australian Film Institute are eligible to vote in the Best Short Fiction Film, Best Short Animation and Audience Choice award categories only. The votes are audited by accounting firm Ernst and Young from 2011, throughout the history of the awards there have been several differently designed awards given to winners
10.
AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
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The award is presented at the annual AACTA Awards, which hands out accolades for achievements in feature films, television, documentaries and short films. From 1971–2010, the category was presented by the Australian Film Institute, when the AFI launched the Academy in 2011, it changed the annual ceremony to the AACTA Awards, with the current award being a continuum of the AFI Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. It was presented as an award, from 1971–1975, and was accompanied with a cash prize, before it became a competitive award from 1976. Judy Davis is the most nominated actress in this category, with five wins from eight nominations, candidates for this award must be human and female, and cannot be nominated for the same role in the supporting actress category. In the following table, the years listed correspond to the year of film release, the actress in bold and in dark blue background have received a special award, those in bold and in yellow background have won a regular competitive award. Those that are neither highlighted nor in bold are the nominees, when sorted chronologically, the table always lists the winning actress first and then the other nominees. Official website of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
11.
National Board of Review
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The National Board of Review of Motion Pictures was founded in 1909 in New York City, just 13 years after the birth of cinema, to protest New York City Mayor George B. McClellan, Jr. s revocation of moving-picture exhibition licenses on Christmas Eve 1908, the mayor believed that the new medium degraded the morals of community. Its stated purpose was to endorse films of merit and champion the new art of the people, in an effort to avoid government censorship of films, the National Board became the unofficial clearinghouse for new movies. From 1916 into the 1950s thousands of motion pictures carried the legend Passed by the National Board of Review in their main titles, however, the Board was a de facto censorship organization. Producers submitted their films to the Board before making release prints, they agreed to cut out any footage that the Board found objectionable, up to and including destroying the entire film. In 1930, the NBR was the first group to choose the ten best English-language movies of the year and the best foreign films, everson, Alistair Cooke, and Pearl Buck. In addition, the Awards Jury helps to determine the special achievement awards presented at the gala in January. The organization also works to foster commentary on all aspects of production by underwriting educational film programs. In 2016, the NBR reached out to the community to The Reel Works Teen Filmmaking, The Ghetto Film School, the organization also awarded grants to seventeen student filmmakers as part of its annual Student Grant Program. The boardss official magazine had existed in several forms and different names since its inception, in 1950 the magazine changed its name from Screen Magazine, and launched the first issue as Films in Review on February 1,1950. Note, Until 1945, there were awards for Best Picture and intermittent awards for Best Documentary. Motion Picture Production Code Official website
12.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
13.
Cinema of Australia
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The Australian film industry has its beginnings with the 1906 production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, the earliest feature film ever made. Since then, many films have produced in Australia, a number of which have received international recognition. Cinema in Australia began with the first public screenings of films in Australia in October 1896, the first Australian exhibition took place at the Athenaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, to provide alternative entertainment for the dance hall patrons. The venue would continue screenings, but these were all short films, commercially successful Australian films have included Paul Hogans Crocodile Dundee, Baz Luhrmanns Moulin Rouge. Other award winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine, the Athanaeum Hall in Collins Street, Melbourne, was a dance hall from the 1880s, which from time to time would provide alternative entertainment to patrons. In October 1896, it exhibited the first movie shown in Australia, the Athanaeum would continue screenings, but these early screenings were all short films. The earliest feature length film in the world was the Australian produced The Story of the Kelly Gang. The film was written and directed by Charles Tait and included several of his family, the film was also exhibited in the United Kingdom, and was commercially very successful. Melbourne was also home of one of the worlds first film studios, the Limelight Department produced evangelical material for use by the Salvation Army, as well as private and government contracts. In its 19 years of operation, the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, soldiers of the Cross fortified the Limelight Department as a major player in the early film industry. The Limelight Department was commissioned to film the Federation of Australia, the 1910s was a boom period in Australian cinema. While these numbers may seem small, Australia was one of the most prolific film-producing countries at the time, in all, between 1906 and 1928,150 narrative feature films were made, of which almost 90 were made between 1910 and 1912. There are various explanations for the decline of the industry in the 1920s. Some historians point to falling numbers, a lack of interest in Australian product and narratives. Also, there was a ban on bushranger films in 1912. To redress this imbalance, the government imposed a tax on imported film in 1914. Whatever the explanation, by 1923, American films dominated the Australian market with 94% of all exhibited films coming from that country, in 1930, F. W. Thring established the Efftee Studios based in Melbourne to make talking films using optical sound equipment imported from the USA. The first sound films produced were in 1931, when the company produced Diggers, A Co-respondents Course, The Haunted Barn, during the five years of its existence, Efftee produced nine features, over 80 shorts and several stage productions
14.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
