1.
34th Bomb Squadron
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The 34th Bomb Squadron is part of the 28th Bomb Wing at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota. It operates Rockwell B-1 Lancer aircraft providing strategic bombing capability, the 34th Bomb Squadron is presently the 4th-oldest active squadron in the United States Air Force, being formed on 10 May 1917, less than a month after the United States entry into World War I. Members of the participated in World War I, World War II, Korean War, Operation Enduring Freedom. Today, the 34th Bomb Squadron stands ready to provide aircrews to project global power anytime in support of the Combatant Commanders objectives. The 34th Bomb Squadron can trace its origins to the organization of 2d Company H, Kelly Field, Texas which was organized on 10 May 1917. At the time Kelly Field consisted mostly of a field of plants, as it was just obtained by the Army for the establishment of a training airfield, just to the south of San Antonio. When the first soldiers arrived, there were not any tents or cots for them so they slept on the ground, when the first tents arrived, they were assigned locations for them and they were pitched. A few days later, when the Company received its full quota of men, it was changed to 1st Company G, the men received their indoctrination into the Army as soldiers, standing guard duty and other rudimentary duties. The men dug ditches for water mains, erected buildings for barracks. On 15 July, the unit was redesignated as the 34th Provisional Squadron, on the 25th, it was again re-designated as the 34th Aero Squadron, and they were issued proper uniforms and began to be equipped for overseas duty. On 10 August, the squadron received orders to leave Kelly Field for transport to Hoboken, five days later, the squadron arrived at Fort Totten, New York. On the 22d they were transported to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, the next day, they left Pier 59, en route to Halifax, Nova Scotia where the ship anchored awaiting for a convoy. Finally, on 5 September, the convoy was formed and the journey began. On the night of 14 September, two red rockets were fired from a destroyer that had spotted a submarine periscope. The destroyer dropped depth charges on the submarine, and the Baltic made a turn to port. Suddenly a large explosion was heard and five long blasts were made by the ships whistle and everyone on board was ordered to report to their assigned lifeboats. The Baltics captain announced that a torpedo had struck the ship, but it had made a glancing blow on the bow. The next day the Baltic arrived at Liverpool, England where the squadron boarded a train for Southampton, there, the squadron received orders that it would remain in England for training by the Royal Flying Corps
2.
Acoustic music
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Acoustic music is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. The retronym acoustic music appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the guitar, electric violin, electric organ. It has its origins in the music of the 1960s. The trend has also dubbed as acoustic rock in some cases. Navigating the Music Industry, Current Issues & Business Models, Music and the Modern Condition, Investigating the Boundaries
3.
Alaska marmot
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The Alaska marmot, also known as the Brooks Range marmot or the Browers marmot, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in the slopes of the Brooks Range. They eat grass, flowering plants, berries, roots, moss and these marmots range from about 54 cm to 65 cm in length and 2.5 kg to 4 kg in weight. Alaska celebrates every February 2 as Marmot Day, a holiday intended to observe the prevalence of marmots in that state and take the place of Groundhog Day. Originally Marmota broweri was perceived as a synonym for M. caligata, cytochrome b sequences were used to verify that M. broweri as its own distinct species. Marmota broweri are sometimes hunted by Alaskan Natives for food and their warm fur, an Eskimo hunter would spend all summer hunting marmots to make a parka, as it takes about 20 marmot pelts to make a single parka. Marmot Day is essentially Alaskas version of Groundhog Day, sarah Palin signed a bill in 2009 to officially make every February 2 Marmot Day. The bill, introduced by Senator Linda Menard, said, It made sense for the marmot to become Alaskas version of Punxsutawney Phil and she did not expect marmots to have any weather forecasting duties but rather hoped that the state would create educational activities regarding the marmot. The status of Alaska marmots is not well due to the difficulties in finding them in their natural habitats. According to IUCN, Red List of Threatened Species ver,3.1, the Alaska marmot is considered to be a least concern status signifying a relatively low concern in terms of the dangers they face. Although Alaska marmots may be hunted, their population is stable, in fact, the Alaska marmot has been declared the least threatened species of marmot. They possess a short neck, broad and short head, bushy tail, small ears, short legs and feet, densely furred tail. Adult Alaska marmots’ fur on their nose and the part of their head are usually of a dark color. Their feet may be light or dark in color, M. broweri have tough claws adapted for digging, however the thumbs of their front limbs do not have these claws but flat nails instead. Their body size is variable due to hibernation cycles. For males, the total length is 61 cm and the average weight is 3.6 kg. Adult females are smaller, having an average length of 58 cm and 3.2 kg. The retina of the eye of Alaska marmots is entirely lacking of rods and they also lack the fovea of the eye, making their visual acuity much worse than other rodents
4.
Arne Korsmo
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Arne Korsmo was a leading architect in Norway and a propagator of the international architectural style. Arne Korsmo grew up in Oslo and took his final exams during 1920 and he earned a diploma from the architectural line of the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1926. He practiced with some of Oslos leading architects including Arnstein Arneberg, during 1926–27, Korsmo worked at Bryn and Ellefsens architectural office, where he first came into contact with modernism. In 1928, Korsmo started his own practice with architect, Sverre Aasland, Korsmo drew plans for 50 villas, several of which are regarded as masterpieces of Norwegian functionalism. Several of his villas were designed and built in the years while he was in partnership with Sverre Aasland, from 1935, Korsmo lectured at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry in Oslo and was professor at the Norwegian Institute of Technology. At the same time he worked as an architect and designer, often with his second wife, among his central mission was Norways pavilion at the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne and arranging Norways participation in Milan X Triennale. In 1950, Korsmo was asked by Swiss art historian, Sigfried Giedion to lead the Norwegian group of Congrès International dArchitecture Moderne, the group, which was named PAGON, had the goal of implementing and promoting modern architecture. Arne Korsmo received the Sundt Prize and Houen Foundation award and for the Havna Housing Development, in 1939, he was knighted with the French Legion of Honor. At the Triennale in Milan, he won the Grand Prix and he was honored with a memorial exhibition at the Henie-Onstad Art Centre. Skjerven, Astrid, Arne Korsmo, arkitektur og design ISBN 82-15-00209-9 Arne Korsmo, timeline of Korsmos life Villa Stenersen
5.
Arthur (TV series)
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Arthur is a Canadian/American animated educational television series for children, created by Cookie Jar Group and WGBH for PBS. The television series is based on the Arthur book series, which are written, WGBH Boston along with Cinar began production of the animated series in 1994, and aired its first episode on October 7,1996. Since its debut, the show has broadcast 225 thirty-minute-long episodes, with 225 episodes, Arthur is the second-longest active running show on PBS Kids, behind only Sesame Street. It is the longest running animated television series. A pilot for the spin-off series Postcards from Buster aired in December 2003 as a season 8 episode of Arthur, Arthur often deals with important issues families face such as asthma, dyslexia, cancer, diabetes, and Asperger syndrome. It also encourages reading and relationships with family and friends by explaining that people have different personalities, Arthur became one of the highest-rated shows on PBS Kids for several years since its debut, averaging almost 10 million viewers weekly in the U. S. It is the childrens animated series in the U. S. In late 2015, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a 20th and 21st season, Arthur Read, the seriess titular character, is an anthropomorphic eight-year-old brown aardvark who lives in the fictional town of Elwood City. He is a student at Lakewood Elementary School. Arthurs family includes two home-working parents, his father David and his mother Jane, his two sisters, Dora Winifred, who is in preschool, and Kate, who is still an infant. Arthur also has several friends who come from ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Elwood City is portrayed as a suburban area which bears a strong resemblance to the Boston area. Furthermore, Elwood Citys professional baseball team, the Elwood City Grebes, the episode The Curse of the Grebes in Season 10 clearly references baseball lore such as Curse of the Bambino. In another episode, the Elwood City Airport is shown to have a name that represents Bostons Logan International Airport, crown City, as featured in other episodes, is apparently a fictional representation of New York City. In one episode, it is inferred that an ice hockey team wearing the WGBH logo, there are also firm references to Browns hometown of Erie, Pennsylvania. Most notably, the shopping mall in the TV series is called Mill Creek Mall. In 1994, Marc Brown was approached by WGBH and PBS about the possibility of adapting the Arthur books into a television series. Although the program is written and produced by WGBH of Boston, the production of the animation and voice acting are done in Montreal, Toronto, South Korea
6.
Baldwin Hills Dam disaster
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It began with signs of lining failure, followed by increasingly serious leakage through the dam at its east abutment. After three hours the dam breached, with a release of 250 million US gallons, resulting in five deaths. Vigorous rescue efforts averted a greater loss of life, the reservoir was located on a low hilltop in Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles, California. It was constructed between 1947 and 1951 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power directly on a fault line. The underlying geologic strata were considered unstable for a reservoir, the fault lines were considered during planning but were deemed by some, although not all, of the engineers and geologists involved as not significant. The former reservoir is now part of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area, the failure of the Baldwin Hills Reservoir received an exceptional amount of attention from the civil engineering community and remains the subject of continuing interest. Francis Dam in 1928 in which over 400 people lost their lives, Proctor aggressively proceeded with the Baldwin Hills project even in the face of safety concerns and disagreements over important design details raised within his own department. Late 1963, when the failure occurred, was a time of notable public disaster. This left the assessment of the Baldwin Hills failure in the hands of a new generation of engineers, the design and construction of the dam had been inspected and approved by the California Department of Water Resources. This drew attention to operations in the area. The oilfield-related subsidence in the Inglewood field, though denied by the oil companies as a legal policy, was documented exhaustively by the US Geological Survey in 1969. Subsidence following oil extraction from shallow deposits in unconsolidated sediments had been understood by oil industry experts since the 1920s. Engineer Thomas Leps, who had served as consultant on the 1964 state investigation, took on a role as neutral reviewer in this and most subsequent American studies of the failure. Leps concluded that there had been about 7 inches of offset on the fault beneath the reservoir during its life, Leps associated the latter with repressurization of the oilfield. This, along with stretching of the due to subsidence of about 12 feet from oil extraction, had caused the lining failure which doomed the reservoir. This view exonerated the oil companies, namely Standard Oil, which had sponsored the study, hence, there appeared to be convergence of opinion on the role of oilfield subsidence and repressurization. The issue of causation was a central theme in most of these discussions. The failure of the reservoir has been a subject of ongoing interest in the field of dam breach studies, a recent study examined the dam failure as a two-stage process and succeeded in modeling the flood in the urban area downstream
7.
Big Mac
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The Big Mac is a hamburger sold by international fast food restaurant chain McDonalds. It was introduced in the Greater Pittsburgh area, United States, in 1967 and it is one of the companys signature products. The Big Mac was created by Jim Delligatti, an early Ray Kroc franchisee and it was invented in the kitchen of Delligattis first McDonalds franchise, located on McKnight Road in suburban Ross Township. The Big Mac had two names, both of which failed in the marketplace, the Aristocrat, which consumers found difficult to pronounce and understand. The third name, Big Mac, was created by Esther Glickstein Rose, the Big Mac debuted at Delligattis Uniontown, Pennsylvania restaurant in 1967, selling for 45 cents. It was designed to compete with Big Boy restaurants Big Boy sandwich, the Big Mac proved popular, and it was added to the menu of all U. S. restaurants in 1968. The Big Mac consists of two 1.6 oz 100 per cent beef patties, special sauce, iceberg lettuce, American cheese, pickles, the Big Mac is known worldwide and is often used as a symbol of American capitalism. The Economist has used it as a point for comparing the cost of living in different countries – the Big Mac Index – as it is so widely available and is comparable across markets. This index is sometimes referred to as Burgernomics, the name was popularized by a 1974 advertising campaign featuring a list of the ingredients in a Big Mac, Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions – on a sesame seed bun. Its design is similar to a caulking gun, in 2012, McDonalds admitted that the special sauce ingredients were not really a secret because the recipe had been available online for years. It consists of mayonnaise, sweet pickle relish and yellow mustard whisked together with vinegar, garlic powder, onion powder. The Big Mac, along many other McDonalds products, was first served in a clamshell styrofoam container that was phased out beginning in 1990 due to environmental concerns. The product is now sold in an easily collapsible box of thin cardboard, the earliest instances of McDonalds utilizing advertising for the sandwich were mainly print ads, and a TV ad in which Hoyt Axton sings The Ballad of Big Mac which aired in 1969. Originally, the ingredients appeared as a heading for a McDonalds ad developed for college newspapers. The words were set to music created by Mark Vieha. The first run of commercials ran only a year and a half, going off the air in 1976, subsequent to the jingle, McDonalds followed up with a promotion based on its customers spontaneously having a Big Mac Attack. Many franchises in the United States ran promotions during the campaign that awarded a free burger to customers who could recite the slogan within a specified time. One example of its success was that the McDonalds operators in New York City ran out of Big Mac buns
8.
Peter Blume
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Peter Blume was an American painter and sculptor. His work contained elements of art, precisionism, Parisian Purism, Cubism. Blume, born in Smarhon, Russia to a Jewish family, emigrated with his family to New York City in 1912, the family settled in Brooklyn. He studied art at the Educational Alliance, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design, and he trained with Raphael Soyer and Isaac Soyer, exhibited with Charles Daniel, and was patronized by the Rockefeller family. Blume married Grace Douglas in 1931, they had no surviving children, in 1948, Blume was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1956. An admirer of Renaissance technique, Blume worked by drawing and making cartoons before putting his work on canvas and he received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1932 and spent a year in Italy. His first major recognition came in 1934 with a first prize for South of Scranton at a Carnegie Institute International Exhibition, the painting was inspired by a trip across Pennsylvania in an old car that required frequent repair. Blume worked for the Section of Painting and Sculpture of the U. S. Treasury Department, blumes works often portrayed destruction and restoration simultaneously. Stones and girders made frequent appearances, The Rock was interpreted by its viewers as symbolizing renewal in the wake of World War II, recollection of the Flood depicted the victims of the 1966 Flood of the River Arno in Florence along with restorers at work. The Metamorphoses invoked the Greek legend of Deucalion and Pyrrha, who repopulated the earth after a deluge, philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-313-27664-1 Trapp, F. Peter Blume, ISBN 0-8478-0854-8 Peter Blume papers, 1870-2001. Ten Dreams Galleries The Essence of Magic Realism - Critical Study of the origins, the Columbia Encyclopedia at factmonster. com Peter Blume - South of Scranton
9.
Boeing 929
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The Boeing 929 Jetfoil is the name for a passenger-carrying waterjet-propelled hydrofoil design by Boeing. Boeing began adapting many systems used in jet airplanes for hydrofoils, Boeing launched its first passenger-carrying waterjet-propelled hydrofoil in April 1974. It could carry from 167 to 400 passengers and it was based on the same technology pioneered by the patrol hydrofoil Tucumcari, and used some of the same technology used in the Pegasus class military patrol hydrofoils. The product line was licenced to the Japanese company Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Boeing launched three Jetfoil 929-100 hydrofoils that were acquired in 1975 for service in the Hawaiian Islands, which was operated by a Honolulu-based operator Seaflite Inc. Seaflight operated 3 Boeing Jetfoils between 1975 and the demise in 1979. When the service ended the three hydrofoils were acquired by Far East Hydrofoil for service between Hong Kong and Macau. About two dozen Boeing Jetfoils saw service in Hong Kong-Macau, Japan, South Korea, the English Channel, the Canary Islands, in 1980 B&I shipping lines opened a Jetfoil service from Dublin to Liverpool with the jetfoil Cú Na Mara. The service was not a success and was discontinued at the end of the 1981 season, in North America, the Boeing Jetfoil saw regularly scheduled service between Seattle, Washington and Victoria, British Columbia during the summer tourist season of 1980. Leased from Boeing, a single Jetfoil, the Flying Princess, was operated by the non-profit Flying Princess Transportation Corp. with the close co-operation, regularly scheduled service ran from Seattle to Victoria to Vancouver from April to September,1985, by Island Jetfoil. Boeing reclaimed the Island Jetfoil boat and sold it for service in Japan, Boeing hydrofoils Pegasus class hydrofoil Bibliography Kawasaki Jetfoil homepage
10.
Brownfield land
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Land that is more severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield classification. After clean up, such an area can become a community park or business development, the term brownfields first came into use on June 28,1992, at a U. S. congressional field hearing hosted by the Northeast Midwest Congressional Coalition. Also in 1992, the first detailed analysis of the issue was convened by the Cuyahoga County Planning Commission. The United States Environmental Protection Agency selected Cuyahoga County as its first brownfield pilot project in September 1993, the term applies more generally to previously used land or to sections of industrial or commercial facilities that are to be upgraded. Brownfield land is an area of previously used or built upon, as opposed to greenfield land. Land that is severely contaminated and has high concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as a Superfund site. Mothballed brownfields are properties that the owners are not willing to transfer or put to productive reuse, Brownfield status is a legal designation which places restrictions, conditions or incentives on redevelopment and use on the site. In the United Kingdom, the term brownfield has a meaning roughly equivalent to the American usage described above, i. e. vacant or derelict land or property. In terms of British Town and Country Planning, however, the meaning of brownfield is more complex, small brownfields also may be found in older residential neighborhoods, as for example dry cleaning establishments or gas stations produced high levels of subsurface contaminants. Typical contaminants found on contaminated brownfield land include hydrocarbon spillages, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals such as lead, tributyl tins, old maps may assist in identifying areas to be tested. The primary issue facing all nations involved in attracting and sustaining new uses to brownfield sites is that industries are globally oriented and this directly affects brownfield reuse, such as limiting the effective economic life of the use on the revitalized sites. United States estimates suggest there are over 500,000 brownfield sites contaminated at levels below the Superfund caliber in the country, the Clinton-Gore administration and US EPA launched a series of brownfield policies and programs in 1993 to tackle this problem. Canada has an estimated 200,000 contaminated sites across the nation, the provincial governments have primary responsibility for brownfields. The provinces´ legal mechanisms for managing risk are limited, as there are no tools such as No Further Action letters to property owners finality and certainty in the cleanup. Yet, Canada has cleaned up sites and attracted investment to contaminated lands such as the Moncton rail yards, a strip of the Texaco lands in Mississauga is slated to be part of the Waterfront Trail. However, Imperial Oil has no plans to sell the 75-acre property which has been vacant since the 1980s.9 billion. The report listed significant sites called the Big Five with a liability of $1.8 billion, Faro mine, Colomac Mine, Giant Mine, Cape Dyer-DEW line, the Port Hope, Ontario site has a liability of $1 billion. By 2010 it was projected that it would cost well over a billion dollars for the remediation project
11.
Bunker Hill Monument
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There are 294 steps to the top. An exhibit lodge built adjacent to the monument in the late 19th century houses a statue of fallen hero Dr. Joseph Warren, Bunker Hill is one of the sites along the Freedom Trail and is part of Boston National Historical Park. The monument underwent a $3.7 million renovation, completed in 2007, that included repairs, handicap accessibility improvements, the Bunker Hill Museum across the street was dedicated in June of that year and includes many exhibits about the battle. No admission charge applies to the museum or monument, the monument was one of the first in the United States. In front of the obelisk is a statue of Col. William Prescott, according to popular stories, he coined the famous Revolutionary War phrase, Dont fire until you see the whites of their eyes during the battle. However, various writers attribute it to Putnam, Stark, Prescott or Gridley, the Monument is not on Bunker Hill, but instead on Breeds Hill, where most of the fighting in the misnamed Battle of Bunker Hill actually took place. The Monument Association, which had purchased the site, was forced to sell off all. William Ticknor, a well-known Boston lawyer and antiquarian, first suggested the memorial, an interested group of men met for breakfast at the home of Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins, including William Tudor, Daniel Webster, Professor George Ticknor, Doctor John C. Warren, William Sullivan, and George Blake, on May 10,1823, the first public meeting was called. Each member subscribed five dollars, and on June 7,1823, the Bunker Hill Monument Association was established, famed nineteenth-century philanthropist Amos Lawrence contributed $10,000 to the monuments erection. In the spring of 1825 the directors had purchased about 15 acres on the slope of Breeds Hill, the first design committee consisted of Webster, noted engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr. George Ticknor, Gilbert Stuart, and Washington Allston. One hundred dollars was offered for the best design, about 50 plans were presented in response, choice was soon narrowed to a column and an obelisk and a new committee was appointed to procure designs and estimate expenses for each. At the next meeting the majority voted that the obelisk designed by Solomon Willard be used, the directors laid the cornerstone on June 17,1825. The Marquis de Lafayette performed the ceremony, Webster delivered the oration, rev. Joseph Thaxter, who was wounded in the battle, officiated as chaplain at the ceremony, offering a prayer in thanks for the colonists victory. Blocks of granite for the monument averaged two cubic yards each and were quarried by wedging. Delivered to the site of the monument at an actual cost of $5.40 per cubic yard from an opened for the purpose far under the average contract offers for the same of $24.30. Construction was frequently halted as available funds were depleted, neighbors disgruntled with the construction eyesore were rumored to have plans to raise money to tear down the partially completed monument. Sarah Josepha Hale and the readers of her magazine supplied funds essential to the successful completion
12.
Captured! by Robots
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Captured. by Robots is a touring musical comedy troupe with only one human member. It is part-concert and part-performance act, made up of three robots, two stuffed apes, three headless hornsmen playing backup brass, and their human, JBOT. The C. BR backstory claims that the human, in an attempt to make his own band, Captured. by Robots I Hate You, Fuck You, Shut Up. Raptured by Flowbots, The Hip Hop Collection Captured. by Robots Homepage, for pictures, info, and tour dates
13.
Centipede Hz
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Centipede Hz is the ninth studio album by American experimental pop group Animal Collective, released on September 4,2012 on Domino Records. The album marks the return of band member Deakin, who sat out of the recording and touring of the previous album. On the US Billboard 200, it peaked at No.16, in November 2010, Deakin rejoined Animal Collective, after sitting out on the recording and touring of the bands eighth studio album, Merriweather Post Pavilion. With the bands fanbase significantly expanded, the four members of Animal Collective moved back to their hometown of Baltimore, Maryland, in early 2011, to begin writing their ninth studio album. Avey Tare noted, I moved into a house that was away from our high school - it was definitely a little bit weird to feel this mixture of old. Just driving the same roads, going to Joshs moms place and its pretty much where we all started playing together for days and nights when we were in high school. Deakin elaborated, Just having the experience of seeing each other every day was what marked this record, Avey Tare elaborates Yeah, we’d get up every day and just go play for about six or seven hours, then go home. Then the next day we’d do it again, the first week or so was just free-form jamming, trying to see what kind of sounds we could conjure up. Then we’d come back together and try to combine what we’d been doing and we all had handheld recorders with us. Then we’d go through the stuff and pick out things that seemed promising, like we might pick out one interesting rhythm and we might take a section of one jam and try to build a song around it. Everything was labeled — all the recordings — and I think there were 13 or 14 hours of just stuff like that from the first week or so, much of it wasn’t worth keeping, but out of that material, the new stuff was kind of born. Almost four years after the release, Weitz intimated, Coming back for Centipede Hz was difficult. It was an emotional time. Because of the way we set the making of that album up, taking us all to Baltimore and it was just a very different process from the more easy going one that Merriweather had been. We wrote it for the stage and, before recording, some of us got set ideas about what songs should sound like and where certain parts should fit in. Then, when we went to all four of those different perspectives together—there weren’t battles. The album was recorded at Sonic Ranch in January and February 2012 and was mixed at Maze Studios in Atlanta, ben Allen, who co-produced the groups previous album Merriweather Post Pavilion, returned as the co-producer. In an interview with Pitchfork Media, Avey Tare called Centipede Hz more grounded in one location, the group also wanted the album to have a live-band feel to it
14.
Christian views on contraception
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Prior to the 20th century, contraception was generally condemned by all three major branches of Christianity, including the leading Protestant reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin. Among Christian denominations today, however, there is a variety of positions towards contraception. The Roman Catholic Church has been opposed to contraception since at least the second century, many early Church Fathers made statements condemning the use of contraception including John Chrysostom, Jerome, Clement of Alexandria, Hippolytus of Rome, Augustine of Hippo and various others. Sometimes this lustful cruelty, or cruel lust, comes to this, the phrase sterilizing drugs was widely used in theological and ecclesiastical literatures to condemn any contraceptive acts and birth control. Augustine utilized the biblical story of Onan as a text to denounce contraception. The Catechism of the Catholic Church specifies that all sex acts must be both unitive and procreative, in addition to condemning use of artificial birth control as intrinsically evil, non-procreative sex acts such as mutual masturbation and anal sex are ruled out as ways to avoid pregnancy. Casti connubii explains the secondary, unitive, purpose of intercourse, raymond J. Devettere says that the statement is a permit to undertake intercourse during the infertile times when there is a good reason for it. The 1930s also saw the first U. S, Rhythm Clinic to teach the method to Catholic couples. However, use of the Rhythm Method in certain circumstances was not formally accepted until 1951, the Roman Catholic position on contraception was formally explained and expressed by Pope Paul VIs Humanae vitae in 1968. Artificial contraception is considered evil, but methods of natural family planning are morally permissible in some circumstances. Let them first consider how easily this course of action could open wide the way for marital infidelity, in issuing Humanae vitae, Pope Paul VI relied on the Minority Papal Commission Report of the Pontifical Commission on Birth Control. The teaching of the Church in this matter is absolutely constant, until the present century this teaching was peacefully possessed by all other Christians, whether Orthodox or Anglican or Protestant. The Orthodox retain this as common teaching today, on July 17,1994, John Paul II clarified the Churchs position during a meditation said prior to an angelus recitation, Unfortunately, Catholic thought is often misunderstood. As if the Church supported an ideology of fertility at all costs, urging married couples to procreate indiscriminately, but one need only study the pronouncements of the Magisterium to know that this is not so. Truly, in begetting life the spouses fulfill one of the highest dimensions of their calling, precisely for this reason they must have an extremely responsible attitude. Therefore, when there is a not to procreate, this choice is permissible. One can comply with them and use them to advantage, in 1997, the Vaticans Pontifical Council for the Family stated, The Church has always taught the intrinsic evil of contraception, that is, of every marital act intentionally rendered unfruitful. This teaching is to be held as definitive and irreformable, among the Scripture included in the book are the following lines from Psalm 127, 3-5, Sons are indeed a heritage from the Lord, the fruit of the womb a reward
15.
Climate of Barcelona
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Barcelona and its metropolitan area have a humid subtropical climate, bordering a Mediterranean climate with mild winters and hot summers. According to Troll-Paffen climate classification, Barcelona has a subtropical climate. According to Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Barcelona has a subtropical climate, Barcelona is located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, so Atlantic west winds often arrive in Barcelona with low humidity, producing no rain. The proximity of the Atlantic, its latitude, and the relief, are the reasons why the summers are not as dry as in most other Mediterranean Basin locations and its average annual temperature is 21.2 °C during the day and 14.1 °C at night. In the coldest month – January, typically the temperature ranges from 12 to 16 °C during the day and 6 to 10 °C at night. In the warmest month – August, the temperature ranges from 28 to 32 °C during the day. Large fluctuations in temperature are very rare, December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 16 °C during the day and 10 °C at night. Slight frost at night is common on the hills around the city. Frost during the day has been recorded in the city and inner metropolitan area during the strongest cold waves and snowstorms, the last time when the city recorded a temperature below freezing, it was during the January 1985 cold wave. Generally the summer season lasts about six months, from May to October, July and August are the warmest months, with average temperatures around 28–29 °C during the day and 22–23 °C at night. Daytime temperatures above 34 °C are rare, two months – April and November – are transitional, with the temperature sometimes exceeding 20 °C, and an average temperature of 17–18 °C during the day and 8–9 °C at night. Sunshine duration is 2,524 hours per year, from 138 - average 4.5 hours of sunshine per day in December to 310 - average 10 hours of sunshine per day in July. This is the value for the southern half of Europe because in this part of the continent. However, this is 60% larger value than in half of Europe. In winter Barcelona has about three times more sun duration than in the half of Europe. Barcelona enjoys one of the most optimal number of hours of daylight in Europe. Days in winter are not as short as in the part of the continent. Barcelona has on average only 55 precipitation days a year, therein average several rainy days per month, the average annual precipitation is less than 640 mm, ranging from 20 mm in July to 91 mm in October
16.
Creativity (religion)
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Creativity is a white separatist new religious movement which has been classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. It was founded in Lighthouse Point, Florida by Ben Klassen as the Church of the Creator in 1973, the churchs worldview is based on the veneration of the white race and the supposed safeguarding of its survival. The Church of the Creator is promoted by two organizations, the Creativity Movement and the Creativity Alliance, adherents of Creativity are known as Creators. The church was founded as the Church of the Creator, and was known as the World Church of the Creator. Use of the name Church of the Creator was lost in the United States to the Church of the Creator, Membership in the Creativity movement is restricted to persons whose genetic heritage is wholly or predominantly from Europe or members of the white race, regardless of where they reside. The word Creator does not refer to a deity, but to adherents of Creativity. According to Matt Hale, different organizations can exist and are regarded as part of the church, in early 2017, the Guardians of the Faith of the Creativity Movement elected James Costello of England as their Pontifex Maximus and successor of Mathew F. Hale. The movement, as formulated by Ben Klassen, exists for the survival, expansion, Creativity has sixteen commandments which primarily address conduct and five fundamental beliefs, which deal with race. Creators are encouraged to recite the five fundamentals daily, Creativity promotes a religious diet and health doctrine,14 Points of Salubrious Living, although it is not a religious requirement. What We Believe In is stated in two lists, Essence of a Creator and What a Creator is Not, which are core guidelines for general behavior. What We Believe In is an extension of the Five Fundamental Beliefs of Creativity, Creators refer to Black people as niggers and Creativity as a natural religion, endeavor to convert other white people to Creativity and avoid social interaction with non-whites. During the early 2000s, they were encouraged to move to central Illinois to establish a Creativity bastion, according to Klassen, A Creator is not superstitious and disdains belief in the supernatural. He will waste no time giving credence to, or playing games with imaginary spooks, spirits, gods. Creators do not believe in an afterlife, their immortality is genetic. They believe that they should view life and death on Earth in a rational, fearless manner and he adopted the phrase racial socialism to describe his political ideology. Klassen was critical of democracy and advocated meritocracy, believing that effective leaders should rule, under racial socialism, whites would work together toward common goals but without the massive economic planning in the style of the Soviet Gosplan. He supported a market economy, believing that social and economic activity should be in the best interests of white people. Klassen criticized leftist proclivities to recruit from the working class
