1.
Criminal law
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Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety and it includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, the first civilizations generally did not distinguish between civil law and criminal law. The first written codes of law were designed by the Sumerians, another important early code was the Code Hammurabi, which formed the core of Babylonian law. Only fragments of the criminal laws of Ancient Greece have survived, e. g. those of Solon. In Roman law, Gaiuss Commentaries on the Twelve Tables also conflated the civil and criminal aspects, assault and violent robbery were analogized to trespass as to property. Breach of such laws created an obligation of law or vinculum juris discharged by payment of compensation or damages. The criminal law of imperial Rome is collected in Books 47–48 of the Digest, the first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England. The development of the state dispensing justice in a court clearly emerged in the century when European countries began maintaining police services. From this point, criminal law had formalized the mechanisms for enforcement, Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences or sanctions for failure to abide by its rules. Every crime is composed of criminal elements, capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. Physical or corporal punishment may be imposed such as whipping or caning, individuals may be incarcerated in prison or jail in a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction. Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life, government supervision may be imposed, including house arrest, and convicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a parole or probation regimen. Fines also may be imposed, seizing money or property from a convicted of a crime. Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the law by punishments, retribution, deterrence. Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each, retribution – Criminals ought to Be Punished in some way. This is the most widely seen goal, Criminals have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, upon others and consequently, the criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to balance the scales. People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, thus, one who murders may be executed himself
2.
Abandonment (legal)
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Such intentional action may take the form of a discontinuance or a waiver. This broad meaning has a number of applications in different branches of law, in common law jurisdictions, both common law abandonment and statutory abandonment of property may be recognized. By contrast, an example of statutory abandonment is the abandonment by a trustee under 11 U. S. C. Intentional abandonment is also referred to as dereliction, and something voluntarily abandoned by its owner with the intention of not retaking it is a derelict, someone that holds the property or to whom property rights have been relinquished is an abandonee. An item that has been abandoned is termed an abandum, a res nullius abandoned by its owner, leaving it vacant, belongs to no one. Occurs when one ceases to reside permanently in a former domicile, the presumptions which will guide the court in deciding whether a former domicile has been abandoned or not must be inferred from the facts of each case. In the United States, a tenant is generally understood to have abandoned a property if he or she has fallen behind in rent, the landlord must then send notice of the intent to seize the property and wait a certain number of days to take action on it. How long the landlord has to wait depends on the value of the property, the landlord can keep the money up to the costs incurred as a result of the abandonment, the rest must be set aside for the former tenant, should she or he eventually return. Abandonment occurs when the insured surrenders to the insurer all rights to damaged or lost property, sometimes, this is permitted only when damage constitutes constructive total loss. In marine insurance parlance, abandonment involves the surrender of a ship or goods to the insurer, Abandonment can also mean refusal to accept from a delivering carrier a shipment so damaged in transit as to be worthless. Abandonment is recognized as the release of material by a copyright holder into the public domain. However, statutory abandonment is legally a tricky issue which has little relevant case precedent to establish how an artist can abandon their copyright during their lifetime, the more common approach is to license work under a scheme that provides for public use rather than strictly abandoning copyright. Copyright protection attaches to a work as soon as it is fixed in a tangible medium, before the Copyright Act of 1976 an artist could abandon or forfeit their copyright by neglecting to comply with the relevant formalities. Difficulty arises when one tries to apply the doctrine of abandonment to present-day concerns regarding the abandonment or gifting of a work to the public domain. Despite this test, the current legal environment towards protectionism is so strong that a court might disregard an author’s statements regarding their intent. Abandonment is relinquishment by an inventor of the right to secure a patent, Abandonment is permission sought by or granted to a carrier by a state or federal agency to cease operation of all or part of a route or service. Likewise, in the United States, the Surface Transportation Board grants permission to abandon railway lines and it can involve desertion of a spouse with the intention of creating a permanent separation. Desertion of one spouse by the other without just cause is called malicious abandonment, child abandonment is often recognized as a crime, in which case the child is usually not physically harmed directly as part of the abandonment
3.
Abstracting electricity
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Abstracting electricity is a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. This section replaces section 10 of the Larceny Act 1916, mode of trial and sentence This offence is triable either way. This offence is created by section 13 of the Theft Act 1969 and it replaces section 10 of the Larceny Act 1916. Visiting forces This offence is an offence against property for the purposes of section 3 of the Visiting Forces Act 1952, mode of trial This offence is an indictable offence which may be tried summarily upon consent of the accused. This offence is created by section 15 of the Energy Act,1995 and that section replaces section 10 of the Larceny Act 1916, which was repealed by section 28 of, and the Schedule to, that Act
