1.
Month
–
A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon, month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of phases, such months are synodic months. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moons phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moons orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today, the following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy, most of them first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy. The sidereal month is defined as the Moons orbital period in a frame of reference. The exact duration of the period cannot be easily determined. However, it is equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a fixed star. A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the month is 29.53059 days. Due to the eccentricity of the orbit around Earth, the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours. The tropical month is the time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month days, unlike the sidereal month, it can be measured precisely. An anomalistic month is the time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee - the point in the Moons orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455 days on average and its duration is about 27.21222 days on average. A synodic month is longer than a month because the Earth-Moon system is orbiting the Sun in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. The Sun moves eastward with respect to the stars and it takes about 2.2 days longer for the Moon to return to the apparent position with respect to the Sun. An anomalistic month is longer than a month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. Therefore, the Moon takes a longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star
2.
December
–
December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars. It is the seventh and last month to have the length of 31 days, December got its name from the Latin word decem because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the Roman calendar, which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month, later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name. In Ancient Rome, one of the four Agonalia, this day in honor of Sol Indiges was held on December 11 and these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. The Anglo-Saxons referred to December/January as Ġēolamonaþ, the French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. December contains the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours, and the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, December in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to June in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the winter is traditionally 21 December or the date of the solstice. The zodiac signs for the month of December are Sagittarius and Capricorn, decembers birth flower is the narcissus. Decembers birthstones are the turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite and this list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. December 18, Amavasya In Catholic tradition, December is the Month of the Advent of Christ
3.
12 (number)
–
12 is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. The product of the first three factorials, twelve is a highly composite number, divisible by 2,3,4. It is central to systems of counting, including the Western calendar and units of time. The word twelve is the largest number with a name in English. Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance and it derives from the Old English twelf and tuelf, first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language, whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twaliƀi, from *twa and suffix *-lif- or *-liƀ- of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian dvýlika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19, every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of two+ten, such as the Latin duōdecim. The usual ordinal form is twelfth but dozenth or duodecimal is also used in some contexts, similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a dozen but may also be referred to as a duodecad. The adjective referring to a group of twelve is duodecuple, as with eleven, the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic *liƀan or *liƀan, with the implicit meaning that two is left after having already counted to ten. The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to share a similar development, the suffix *-lif- has also been connected with reconstructions of the Proto-Germanic for ten. While, as mentioned above,12 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English and German, it is a number in many other languages, e. g. Italian dodici. In Germany, according to an old tradition, the numbers 0 through 12 were spelt out, the Duden now calls this tradition outdated and no longer valid, but many writers still follow it. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words, Twelve is a composite number, the smallest number with exactly six divisors, its divisors being 1,2,3,4,6 and 12. Twelve is also a composite number, the next one being twenty-four. Twelve is also a highly composite number, the next one being sixty. It is the first composite number of the form p2q, a square-prime,12 has an aliquot sum of 16. Accordingly,12 is the first abundant number and demonstrates an 8-member aliquot sequence,12 is the 3rd composite number in the 3-aliquot tree, the only number which has 12 as its aliquot sum is the square 121. Only 2 other square primes are abundant, Twelve is a sublime number, a number that has a perfect number of divisors, and the sum of its divisors is also a perfect number
4.
Year
–
A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earths axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by changes in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the globe, four seasons are recognized, spring, summer, autumn. In tropical and subtropical regions several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons, but in the seasonal tropics, a calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earths orbital period as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian, or modern, calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. For the Gregorian calendar the average length of the year across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days. The ISO standard ISO 80000-3, Annex C, supports the symbol a to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days, in English, the abbreviations y and yr are commonly used. In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time, it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86400 seconds, totalling exactly 31557600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year. The word year is used for periods loosely associated with, but not identical to, the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year. Similarly, year can mean the period of any planet, for example. The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, west Saxon ġēar, Anglian ġēr continues Proto-Germanic *jǣran. Cognates are German Jahr, Old High German jār, Old Norse ár and Gothic jer, all the descendants of the Proto-Indo-European noun *yeh₁rom year, season. Cognates also descended from the same Proto-Indo-European noun are Avestan yārǝ year, Greek ὥρα year, season, period of time, Old Church Slavonic jarŭ, Latin annus is from a PIE noun *h₂et-no-, which also yielded Gothic aþn year. Both *yeh₁-ro- and *h₂et-no- are based on verbal roots expressing movement, *h₁ey- and *h₂et- respectively, the Greek word for year, ἔτος, is cognate with Latin vetus old, from the PIE word *wetos- year, also preserved in this meaning in Sanskrit vat-sa- yearling and vat-sa-ras year. Derived from Latin annus are a number of English words, such as annual, annuity, anniversary, etc. per annum means each year, anno Domini means in the year of the Lord. No astronomical year has an number of days or lunar months. Financial and scientific calculations often use a 365-day calendar to simplify daily rates, in the Julian calendar, the average length of a year is 365.25 days. In a non-leap year, there are 365 days, in a year there are 366 days
5.
Gregorian calendar
–
The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
6.
December 1900
–
The following events occurred in December 1900, A census of the German Empire was taken. Data released on February 26,1901, showed a population of 56,345,014 of which number 27,731,067 were males, the growth rate of 7. 70% in five years was the highest increase in 30 years. The President of Switzerland resolved a dispute between French Guiana and Brazil, awarding most of the 101, 000-square-mile territory to Brazil. An oath of allegiance to the United States was taken by 2,200 Filipino rebels at Vigan, john Hossack, a farmer near Indianola, Iowa, was killed with an ax while he slept in bed. His wife Margaret was charged with the murder and convicted on April 11,1901, but the verdict was overturned and a second trial ended with a hung jury. Susan Glaspell, who covered the case for the Des Moines Daily News, later fictionalized it in her 1916 one-act play Trifles, the U. S. Supreme Court released its decision in Cheasapeake and Ohio Railroad Company v. Kentucky. By an 8–1 margin, the Court upheld a law requiring racial segregation even on interstate transportation. The census was taken in Norway, at time a part of a union with Sweden. Military Academy, from injuries sustained four days earlier during hazing. Booz refused to name his tormentors, and the outcry over his death would lead to a U. S. Congressional investigation that would lead to the cadets pledging to discontinue the practice of hazing of newly admitted cadets. Mercier suggested that his plan could be held over the head of England. The Ashanti War of 1900 was declared over, with most of the British troops, leopold Godowsky made his professional debut as pianist, in Berlin. Caisse Populaire, the first cooperative bank in North America, opened in Levis, the U. S. Navy Department invited bids for construction of new ships to double the size of the American Navy, calling for five battleships and six armored cruisers. Nikola Tesla claimed to have received intelligent communication from Mars, pope Leo XIII issued Conditae a Christo, redefining the rights of Catholic nuns. The U. S. called off scheduled plans to send a warship to Morocco to force the sultanate to pay its debts, the Sultan could not, without risking his soul, pay any debts, or even receive an infidel who came on diplomatic business. The State Department called off the operation until the middle of February and his son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was an 18-year-old student at Harvard University at the time. Karla Albos birthday *Claude Debussys first two Nocturnes, Nuages and Fêtes, had their world premiere, performed by the Lamoureux Orchestra as conducted by Camille Chevillard in Paris
7.
December 1909
–
The following events occurred in December 1909, The United States severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua, with Secretary of State Knox ordering the Nicaraguan charge daffaires to leave. Aleksandër Xhuvani University, the first university in Albania, was founded in Elbasan as a teachers college, the payout from the first Christmas club was made, by the Carlisle Trust Company. The National Hockey Association, forerunner of the National Hockey League, was founded, giovanni Giolitti resigned as Prime Minister of Italy. He was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino, the first airplane flight in Turkey was made by Baron De Cotters. The New York Amsterdam News, an African-American newspaper founded by James H. Anderson, Edward Sheldons play The Nigger opened on Broadway. Later made into a novel and a film, the play was described by critic George Jean Nathan as one the ten dramatic shocks of the century. One historian notes that the play is, despite its politically incorrect title, the chemical manufacturer later diversified, producing products such as Centrum vitamins, Old Spice after shave, and Pine-Sol cleaner. King Gustaf V of Sweden disguised himself and spent a day working as a stevedore, mr. Bernadotte spent the day unloading sacks of coal at a Stockholm harbor. The first manned glider flights in Australia and Japan took place on the same day, at Narrabeen, New South Wales, George Augustine Taylor flew in a glider of his own design, and his wife Florence Mary Taylor flew the same day. A boy near Tokyo flew on a glider built by Yves le Prieur. In a duel fought between two members of the Senate of Bolivia, Senator Adolfo Trigo Acha whot and killed Senator Emilio Fernandez Molina, Trigo continued to serve as the Senator from Tarija Department. Saratov State University was founded in the Russian city of Saratov, antonio Fernandez of Spain became only the fourth person in history to die in an airplane crash, when his aircraft fell apart while he was flying at Nice. 2, a 350-foot-long ferry, departed from Conneaut, Ohio, at 11,00 a. m. bound for Port Stanley, Ontario, one of the 49 persons on board was carrying $32,000 in a briefcase. The ship went down in Lake Erie and had not been located as of 2009, calvin Coolidge defeated Henry E. Bicknell to win election as Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts, his first political office. The town of Anderson, Missouri, was incorporated, aleksandr Petrov, a Bolshevik who had infiltrated the Okhrana, planted the bomb that killed the security chief. Under the new service, money could be wired between British post offices and Western Union telegraph stations in the United States, with orders transmitted via transatlantic cable, American film actor, in New York City The University of Queensland was established by Act of State Parliament. In 1911,83 students began their first classes in Brisbane, died, Red Cloud,88, Oglala Sioux leader Twenty-six Moslems, found guilty of the massacre of Armenians in Adana on April 14,1909, were publicly executed in Constantinople. The first Canadian football game played in the United States took place in New York City at Van Courtland Park, the Hamilton Tigers beat the Ottawa Rough Riders 11–6
8.
December 1910
–
The following events occurred in December 1910, Porfirio Diaz was inaugurated for his eighth term as President of Mexico. Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov and Finance Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov persuaded the Council to delay on an action that would have led to war, voting began on elections for the British House of Commons, with 135 races decided on the first day. The Paris Motor Show commenced, where modern neon lighting was first demonstrated publicly by French inventor Georges Claude, claudes neon-filled glass tubes opened a new era in signage and led to fluorescent lighting. Died, Mary Baker Eddy,89, American religious leader and founder of Christian Science, died, John H. Barker, auto manufacturer and owner of Haskell-Barker Motor Company, and his wife, in an accident in Michigan City, Indiana. The Barkers 14-year-old daughter, Catherine, was the heir to an estate of $30,000,000 making her one of the richest girls in the world. In the Mexican city of Chihuahua, Mexico, an attempt by a peace commission, the Italian Nationalist Association, a right wing party which would, in 1921 merge with Benito Mussolinis National Fascist Party, was founded by Luigi Federzoni. The Government of Australia introduced a nationwide Invalid Pension plan, now called the Disability Support Pension, died, Jerome Coleman, American musical composer and former millionaire who reportedly lost $3,000,000 in later years, by suicide from natural gas. An antitrust suit was brought in Detroit against the manufacturers of bathtubs and plumbing supplies. George W. Wickersham, the U. S. Attorney General, obtained an indictment against 16 firms said to have control of 35% of enamel, ironware, tubs, sinks and lavatories in the United States. Bolivian troops ambushed a garrison of Peruvian guards in a battle at the border region at Guayabal. Aviator Georges Legagneux became the first person to fly a higher than 10,000 feet. Two members of the Cuban House of Representatives traded gunfire on a street in Havana, sr. Molen died at the scene, and Gen. Sanchez Figuera was mortally wounded. A methane gas explosion at the Western Canadian Collieries mine in Bellevue, Alberta, the proposed state constitution for Arizona was adopted by a vote of 40–12 by delegates, and submitted for voter approval on February 9,1911. A controversial provision, permitting the recall of judges, was included, divide County, North Dakota, was established. The results of the 1910 United States Census were announced by the U. S. Census Bureau, which reported that on April 15,1910, the population of the continental United States, was 91,972,266. Adding Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, American Samoa, two hundred mutineers killed or seriously wounded. The government of Turkey survived a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies by a margin of 123 to 63, the city of San Joaquin was incorporated in the Iloilo province of the Philippines. In Paris, French inventor Georges Claude first demonstrated the neon lamp, using a current and a sealed tube of neon gas
