1.
Month
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A month is a unit of time, used with calendars, which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon, month and Moon are cognates. The traditional concept arose with the cycle of phases, such months are synodic months. From excavated tally sticks, researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moons phases as early as the Paleolithic age. Synodic months, based on the Moons orbital period with respect to the Earth-Sun line, are still the basis of many calendars today, the following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy, most of them first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy. The sidereal month is defined as the Moons orbital period in a frame of reference. The exact duration of the period cannot be easily determined. However, it is equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a fixed star. A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle, defined as the interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase as seen by an observer on Earth. The mean length of the month is 29.53059 days. Due to the eccentricity of the orbit around Earth, the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours. The tropical month is the time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky. It is 27.32158 days, very slightly shorter than the sidereal month days, unlike the sidereal month, it can be measured precisely. An anomalistic month is the time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee - the point in the Moons orbit when it is closest to Earth. An anomalistic month is about 27.55455 days on average and its duration is about 27.21222 days on average. A synodic month is longer than a month because the Earth-Moon system is orbiting the Sun in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. The Sun moves eastward with respect to the stars and it takes about 2.2 days longer for the Moon to return to the apparent position with respect to the Sun. An anomalistic month is longer than a month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. Therefore, the Moon takes a longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star
2.
December
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December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars. It is the seventh and last month to have the length of 31 days, December got its name from the Latin word decem because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the Roman calendar, which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month, later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name. In Ancient Rome, one of the four Agonalia, this day in honor of Sol Indiges was held on December 11 and these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. The Anglo-Saxons referred to December/January as Ġēolamonaþ, the French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. December contains the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the fewest daylight hours, and the summer solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, December in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to June in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the winter is traditionally 21 December or the date of the solstice. The zodiac signs for the month of December are Sagittarius and Capricorn, decembers birth flower is the narcissus. Decembers birthstones are the turquoise, zircon, and tanzanite and this list does not necessarily imply either official status or general observance. December 18, Amavasya In Catholic tradition, December is the Month of the Advent of Christ
3.
12 (number)
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12 is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. The product of the first three factorials, twelve is a highly composite number, divisible by 2,3,4. It is central to systems of counting, including the Western calendar and units of time. The word twelve is the largest number with a name in English. Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance and it derives from the Old English twelf and tuelf, first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language, whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twaliƀi, from *twa and suffix *-lif- or *-liƀ- of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian dvýlika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19, every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of two+ten, such as the Latin duōdecim. The usual ordinal form is twelfth but dozenth or duodecimal is also used in some contexts, similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a dozen but may also be referred to as a duodecad. The adjective referring to a group of twelve is duodecuple, as with eleven, the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic *liƀan or *liƀan, with the implicit meaning that two is left after having already counted to ten. The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to share a similar development, the suffix *-lif- has also been connected with reconstructions of the Proto-Germanic for ten. While, as mentioned above,12 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English and German, it is a number in many other languages, e. g. Italian dodici. In Germany, according to an old tradition, the numbers 0 through 12 were spelt out, the Duden now calls this tradition outdated and no longer valid, but many writers still follow it. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words, Twelve is a composite number, the smallest number with exactly six divisors, its divisors being 1,2,3,4,6 and 12. Twelve is also a composite number, the next one being twenty-four. Twelve is also a highly composite number, the next one being sixty. It is the first composite number of the form p2q, a square-prime,12 has an aliquot sum of 16. Accordingly,12 is the first abundant number and demonstrates an 8-member aliquot sequence,12 is the 3rd composite number in the 3-aliquot tree, the only number which has 12 as its aliquot sum is the square 121. Only 2 other square primes are abundant, Twelve is a sublime number, a number that has a perfect number of divisors, and the sum of its divisors is also a perfect number
4.
Year
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A year is the orbital period of the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earths axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by changes in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar regions around the globe, four seasons are recognized, spring, summer, autumn. In tropical and subtropical regions several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons, but in the seasonal tropics, a calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earths orbital period as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian, or modern, calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a year of 366 days, as do the Julian calendars. For the Gregorian calendar the average length of the year across the complete leap cycle of 400 years is 365.2425 days. The ISO standard ISO 80000-3, Annex C, supports the symbol a to represent a year of either 365 or 366 days, in English, the abbreviations y and yr are commonly used. In astronomy, the Julian year is a unit of time, it is defined as 365.25 days of exactly 86400 seconds, totalling exactly 31557600 seconds in the Julian astronomical year. The word year is used for periods loosely associated with, but not identical to, the calendar or astronomical year, such as the seasonal year, the fiscal year. Similarly, year can mean the period of any planet, for example. The term can also be used in reference to any long period or cycle, west Saxon ġēar, Anglian ġēr continues Proto-Germanic *jǣran. Cognates are German Jahr, Old High German jār, Old Norse ár and Gothic jer, all the descendants of the Proto-Indo-European noun *yeh₁rom year, season. Cognates also descended from the same Proto-Indo-European noun are Avestan yārǝ year, Greek ὥρα year, season, period of time, Old Church Slavonic jarŭ, Latin annus is from a PIE noun *h₂et-no-, which also yielded Gothic aþn year. Both *yeh₁-ro- and *h₂et-no- are based on verbal roots expressing movement, *h₁ey- and *h₂et- respectively, the Greek word for year, ἔτος, is cognate with Latin vetus old, from the PIE word *wetos- year, also preserved in this meaning in Sanskrit vat-sa- yearling and vat-sa-ras year. Derived from Latin annus are a number of English words, such as annual, annuity, anniversary, etc. per annum means each year, anno Domini means in the year of the Lord. No astronomical year has an number of days or lunar months. Financial and scientific calculations often use a 365-day calendar to simplify daily rates, in the Julian calendar, the average length of a year is 365.25 days. In a non-leap year, there are 365 days, in a year there are 366 days
5.
Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
6.
December 1900
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The following events occurred in December 1900, A census of the German Empire was taken. Data released on February 26,1901, showed a population of 56,345,014 of which number 27,731,067 were males, the growth rate of 7. 70% in five years was the highest increase in 30 years. The President of Switzerland resolved a dispute between French Guiana and Brazil, awarding most of the 101, 000-square-mile territory to Brazil. An oath of allegiance to the United States was taken by 2,200 Filipino rebels at Vigan, john Hossack, a farmer near Indianola, Iowa, was killed with an ax while he slept in bed. His wife Margaret was charged with the murder and convicted on April 11,1901, but the verdict was overturned and a second trial ended with a hung jury. Susan Glaspell, who covered the case for the Des Moines Daily News, later fictionalized it in her 1916 one-act play Trifles, the U. S. Supreme Court released its decision in Cheasapeake and Ohio Railroad Company v. Kentucky. By an 8–1 margin, the Court upheld a law requiring racial segregation even on interstate transportation. The census was taken in Norway, at time a part of a union with Sweden. Military Academy, from injuries sustained four days earlier during hazing. Booz refused to name his tormentors, and the outcry over his death would lead to a U. S. Congressional investigation that would lead to the cadets pledging to discontinue the practice of hazing of newly admitted cadets. Mercier suggested that his plan could be held over the head of England. The Ashanti War of 1900 was declared over, with most of the British troops, leopold Godowsky made his professional debut as pianist, in Berlin. Caisse Populaire, the first cooperative bank in North America, opened in Levis, the U. S. Navy Department invited bids for construction of new ships to double the size of the American Navy, calling for five battleships and six armored cruisers. Nikola Tesla claimed to have received intelligent communication from Mars, pope Leo XIII issued Conditae a Christo, redefining the rights of Catholic nuns. The U. S. called off scheduled plans to send a warship to Morocco to force the sultanate to pay its debts, the Sultan could not, without risking his soul, pay any debts, or even receive an infidel who came on diplomatic business. The State Department called off the operation until the middle of February and his son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, was an 18-year-old student at Harvard University at the time. Karla Albos birthday *Claude Debussys first two Nocturnes, Nuages and Fêtes, had their world premiere, performed by the Lamoureux Orchestra as conducted by Camille Chevillard in Paris
7.
December 1909
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The following events occurred in December 1909, The United States severed diplomatic relations with Nicaragua, with Secretary of State Knox ordering the Nicaraguan charge daffaires to leave. Aleksandër Xhuvani University, the first university in Albania, was founded in Elbasan as a teachers college, the payout from the first Christmas club was made, by the Carlisle Trust Company. The National Hockey Association, forerunner of the National Hockey League, was founded, giovanni Giolitti resigned as Prime Minister of Italy. He was succeeded by Sidney Sonnino, the first airplane flight in Turkey was made by Baron De Cotters. The New York Amsterdam News, an African-American newspaper founded by James H. Anderson, Edward Sheldons play The Nigger opened on Broadway. Later made into a novel and a film, the play was described by critic George Jean Nathan as one the ten dramatic shocks of the century. One historian notes that the play is, despite its politically incorrect title, the chemical manufacturer later diversified, producing products such as Centrum vitamins, Old Spice after shave, and Pine-Sol cleaner. King Gustaf V of Sweden disguised himself and spent a day working as a stevedore, mr. Bernadotte spent the day unloading sacks of coal at a Stockholm harbor. The first manned glider flights in Australia and Japan took place on the same day, at Narrabeen, New South Wales, George Augustine Taylor flew in a glider of his own design, and his wife Florence Mary Taylor flew the same day. A boy near Tokyo flew on a glider built by Yves le Prieur. In a duel fought between two members of the Senate of Bolivia, Senator Adolfo Trigo Acha whot and killed Senator Emilio Fernandez Molina, Trigo continued to serve as the Senator from Tarija Department. Saratov State University was founded in the Russian city of Saratov, antonio Fernandez of Spain became only the fourth person in history to die in an airplane crash, when his aircraft fell apart while he was flying at Nice. 2, a 350-foot-long ferry, departed from Conneaut, Ohio, at 11,00 a. m. bound for Port Stanley, Ontario, one of the 49 persons on board was carrying $32,000 in a briefcase. The ship went down in Lake Erie and had not been located as of 2009, calvin Coolidge defeated Henry E. Bicknell to win election as Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts, his first political office. The town of Anderson, Missouri, was incorporated, aleksandr Petrov, a Bolshevik who had infiltrated the Okhrana, planted the bomb that killed the security chief. Under the new service, money could be wired between British post offices and Western Union telegraph stations in the United States, with orders transmitted via transatlantic cable, American film actor, in New York City The University of Queensland was established by Act of State Parliament. In 1911,83 students began their first classes in Brisbane, died, Red Cloud,88, Oglala Sioux leader Twenty-six Moslems, found guilty of the massacre of Armenians in Adana on April 14,1909, were publicly executed in Constantinople. The first Canadian football game played in the United States took place in New York City at Van Courtland Park, the Hamilton Tigers beat the Ottawa Rough Riders 11–6
8.
December 1910
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The following events occurred in December 1910, Porfirio Diaz was inaugurated for his eighth term as President of Mexico. Foreign Minister Sergei Sazonov and Finance Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov persuaded the Council to delay on an action that would have led to war, voting began on elections for the British House of Commons, with 135 races decided on the first day. The Paris Motor Show commenced, where modern neon lighting was first demonstrated publicly by French inventor Georges Claude, claudes neon-filled glass tubes opened a new era in signage and led to fluorescent lighting. Died, Mary Baker Eddy,89, American religious leader and founder of Christian Science, died, John H. Barker, auto manufacturer and owner of Haskell-Barker Motor Company, and his wife, in an accident in Michigan City, Indiana. The Barkers 14-year-old daughter, Catherine, was the heir to an estate of $30,000,000 making her one of the richest girls in the world. In the Mexican city of Chihuahua, Mexico, an attempt by a peace commission, the Italian Nationalist Association, a right wing party which would, in 1921 merge with Benito Mussolinis National Fascist Party, was founded by Luigi Federzoni. The Government of Australia introduced a nationwide Invalid Pension plan, now called the Disability Support Pension, died, Jerome Coleman, American musical composer and former millionaire who reportedly lost $3,000,000 in later years, by suicide from natural gas. An antitrust suit was brought in Detroit against the manufacturers of bathtubs and plumbing supplies. George W. Wickersham, the U. S. Attorney General, obtained an indictment against 16 firms said to have control of 35% of enamel, ironware, tubs, sinks and lavatories in the United States. Bolivian troops ambushed a garrison of Peruvian guards in a battle at the border region at Guayabal. Aviator Georges Legagneux became the first person to fly a higher than 10,000 feet. Two members of the Cuban House of Representatives traded gunfire on a street in Havana, sr. Molen died at the scene, and Gen. Sanchez Figuera was mortally wounded. A methane gas explosion at the Western Canadian Collieries mine in Bellevue, Alberta, the proposed state constitution for Arizona was adopted by a vote of 40–12 by delegates, and submitted for voter approval on February 9,1911. A controversial provision, permitting the recall of judges, was included, divide County, North Dakota, was established. The results of the 1910 United States Census were announced by the U. S. Census Bureau, which reported that on April 15,1910, the population of the continental United States, was 91,972,266. Adding Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, American Samoa, two hundred mutineers killed or seriously wounded. The government of Turkey survived a vote of confidence in the Chamber of Deputies by a margin of 123 to 63, the city of San Joaquin was incorporated in the Iloilo province of the Philippines. In Paris, French inventor Georges Claude first demonstrated the neon lamp, using a current and a sealed tube of neon gas
9.
December 1911
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The following events occurred in December 1911, At Urga, a new Mongolian Empire was declared independent from the Chinese Empire. Chinese officials of the Qing dynasty were expelled from what had been Outer Mongolia, unlike other provinces of China that would become part of the Republic of China, Mongolia remained a separate nation. Los Angeles Times bombing, James B. McNamara and John J. James was sentenced to life imprisonment, the first International Opium Conference opened at the Hague. George V, who was not only the King of the United Kingdom, eladio Victoria was elected as President of the Dominican Republic. Maurice Prevost and a passenger reached an altitude of 9,800 feet over Courcy, France, the General Plan for the Organization of the Provisional Government was promulgated by Chinas Republican revolutionaries, proposing an American-style presidential system. On March 11,1912, the Provisional Constitution would change to a cabinet headed by a Prime Minister. The Turkish Army retaliated by attacking Bulgarian nationalists whom they blamed for the bombing, wounding 171, an antitrust suit was brought against the National Cash Register company, alleging conspiracy to restrain trade. Voters in Los Angeles rejected the prospect of electing a Socialist government, mayor George Alexander, whose re-election had been uncertain, defeated Job Harriman by a more than 2-1 margin, and voters rejected the entire slate of city councilmen and Board of Education members. The Aerial Experiment Association, headed by aviator Glenn Curtiss, was awarded U. S, patent No.1,011,106 for the aileron after being successful in litigation against the Wright Brothers. The town of Blackdom, New Mexico, a community located in Chaves County, was incorporated. The town was abandoned in the 1920s, Joseph Stalin was sent into exile for the third and last time, being sent to Vologda for a five-year stretch. Born, Władysław Szpilman, Polish Jewish composer and pianist who avoided capture during the Holocaust and his story was dramatized in the film The Pianist, and Carlos Marighella, Brazilian guerilla leader, in Salvador Prince Chun, the regent for the Emperor of China, resigned from office. He was succeeded by Prince Shi-Hsu, former National Assembly president, Western Union introduced discount rates for its trans-Atlantic cable service between New York and London. More than 150 construction workers were killed in the collapse of a bridge over Russias Volga River at Kazan, pressured by a buildup of ice, the supports for the structure gave way without warning, throwing the men into the icy waters. New Zealand general election,1911, The New Zealand Liberal Party, headed by Prime Minister Joseph Ward, lost its majority of 50 of the 80 seats in Parliament, falling to 33. The Reform Party won 37, and, after the Liberals were unable to maintain a government, the mandatory requirement for Chinese men to wear their hair in a queue was abolished by Imperial edict, and provisions were announced for implementing the Western calendar. The San Francisco Symphony, conducted by Henry Kimball Hadley, held its first concert, Shortly after their shift had started, an explosion occurred at 7,30 am, entombing all but five survivors. The Persians initially ignored the demand, bringing the Devil to the silver screen for the first time, the Italian made film was a success
10.
December 1912
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To that point, Gandhi had been a lawyer in Pretoria during his adult life, and had worn traditional Western clothing. Hiram Bingham completed his first Peruvian expedition, during which he had discovered the Inca ruins at Machu Picchu, pianist Mike Bernard made the first recording of a ragtime song, with Everybody Two Step for Columbia Records. General Uehara Yūsaku resigned as Japans Minister of War after the rest of the refused to agree to increasing the army by an additional two divisions. Uyeheras departure preceded the resignation of the entire ministry, at Çatalca, Turkey signed an armistice with Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, but Greece did not participate. The ceasefire took effect at 7,00 pm local time, part of the ceasefire was to hold a peace conference in London, but the discussions failed and hostilities would resume on February 3,1913. The impeachment trial of U. S. District Judge Robert Wodrow Archbald began in the U. S. Senate, fifteen people were killed in a train wreck near Dresden, Ohio. Died, Alice Bunker Stockham, M. D.79, obstetrician, gynecologist, the Marquis Saionji Kinmochi resigned as Prime Minister of Japan, and the other cabinet followed suit, after the ministers were unable to find a replacement for War Minister Uyehera. Italys Chamber of Deputies approved the treaty with Turkey, 335-24. African-American boxer Jack Johnson shocked much of America by marrying outside his race to white American Lucille Cameron, the two would divorce in 1924. The Triple Alliance agreement was renewed in Vienna between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, persian religious leader Abdul-Bahá completed the trip to the United States and Canada that had started with his arrival in New York City on April 11. Having introduced the Bahai faith to North America, he departed from New York on the steamer Celtic, the U. S. Department of Justice dropped further antitrust proceedings against the American Sugar Refining Company. Born, Kate Simon, Polish-American author and travel writer, as Kaila Grobsmith in Warsaw Died, J. Scott Mason, Governor of North Borneo, in excavations at Tell al-Amarna in Egypt, the Nefertiti Bust was unearthed, intact, after a burial of 32 centuries. Count Terauchi Masatake, the Governor General of Korea, was asked by the Emperor to form a new government as Prime Minister of Japan, vladimir, the Metropolitan of Moscow, was appointed President of the Russian Orthodox Synod and Metropolitan of St. Petersburg as well. German-born American banker Paul Warburg presented the blueprint, for what would become the Federal Reserve System, for presentation to Congress, hassan Riaz Pasha, the Turkish Governor of Scutari, refused to accept his nations armistice and continued fighting the First Balkan War. Turkish cavalry and artillery withdrew from Tripoli, which had ceded to Italy. Lt. Commander Paparrigopoulos ordered the firing of the missile from a distance of 500 meters. General Moritz von Auffenberg resigned as the War Minister of Austria, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who would later anglicize his name to Louis Mountbatten, was appointed as the new British First Sea Lord. The Austro-Hungarian Empire issued a mobilization to all of its military men
11.
December 1914
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The following events occurred in December 1914, A colliery accident at a mine in Hokkaido, Japan killed 437 miners. Battle of Kolubara — Austro-Hungarian forces occupied Belgrade while the Serbian army withdrew to Niš and their actions delayed the Ottoman Empires plans to uproot the entire Armenian population until March 1915. B. Jimmie Mercer, a county ranger for Pima County, Arizona, was wounded in Pantano. Mercer died of his gunshot wound ten days later in a Tucson hospital, Mercer was such a respected lawman and pioneer in southern Arizona that a memorial of him was established at the Ciénega Creek Natural Preserve. Borden Harriman, American banker, president of Harriman & Co, despite making steady advances on open ground, British soldiers could not find a suitable crossing at the Tigris river and so delayed in assaulting the town directly. Mexican Revolution — Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata met in Xochimilco, Mexico to negotiate an alliance against Venustiano Carranza. C, tashi would rule for several decades, and advocated for closer ties with India, resulting in Sikkim becoming part of the Indian Union in 1975. The Irish Volunteers appointed Eoin MacNeill as chief of staff for its main headquarters, the Toronto Argonauts won their first Grey Cup, defeating the University of Toronto Varsity Blues 14 to 2 at the 6th Grey Cup at Varsity Stadium in Toronto. Born, Odette Joyeux, French actor and writer, in Paris Died, William E. Haynes, American politician, representative from Ohio from 1889 to 1893 Battle of Łódź — German forces occupied Łódź, the second largest city in Poland after Warsaw, effectively ending the battle. German casualties were 35,000, while Russian losses were double at 70,000 along with 25,000 prisoners and 79 captured guns. Mexican Revolution — Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata entered Mexico City at the head of an army of 60,000 men, forcing Venustiano Carranza and his supporters to retreat to Veracruz. Battle of Qurna — The British attempted an assault on Qurna. President Adolfo Díaz was elected for a term following general elections in Nicaragua. U. S. naval officer Charles Armijo Woodruff became the 11th Governor of American Samoa, pope Benedict XV called for an official truce between the warring nations of World War One by Christmas, asking that the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang. The ship Endurance encountered pack ice further north than expected and was forced to maneuver, the first feature-length film composed entirely of indigenous North Americans was released as In the Land of the Head Hunters. The film is a depiction of Kwakwakawakw peoples that lived in the Queen Charlotte Strait region of British Columbia. The film was written and directed by Edward S. Curtis and it was selected in 1999 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. The last film Charlie Chaplin did for Keystone Studios was released, His Prehistoric Past was a comedy written. Chaplin had asked for an increase in salary to $1,000 a week when his contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, only the German light cruiser Dresden cruiser and a third auxiliary escaped
12.
December 1915
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A mob of soldiers vandalized the German Club in Sydney, Australia by throwing stones and breaking every facade window of the club. Police broke up the mob shortly after, arresting one soldier and charging him with malicious damage, italian forces suffered 49,500 casualties including 7,500 dead, while Austro-Hungarian forces had 32,100 casualties including 4,000 dead. He was able to out a letter warning command in German East Africa of mounting Allied action around the African lake. The conference was disbanded in 1959, British Indian forces under Major-General Charles Townshend arrived at Kut, located on the Tigris in what is now eastern Iraq. Since the Battle of Ctesiphon weeks earlier, the army had reduced to a third of its strength and 400 miles deep into Ottoman territory. The Serbian army lost 30,000 soldiers,199 guns,150 vehicles, the remaining Serbian army was transported to the Greek island of Corfu where thousands more died from exhaustion and other health complications related to the retreat. The Panama–Pacific International Exposition officially closed in San Francisco, after receiving close to 19 million visitors over ten months, the Son of Tarzan, the fourth Tarzan novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs, began serial publication in the magazine All-Story Weekly. It would be published in form in 1917. French submarine Fresnel was scuttled after running aground on the Bojana River that fed into the Adriatic Sea, Austro-Hungarian naval destroyer Warasdiner completed the destruction of the ship and took the French crew prisoner. The Sunshine Special luxury passenger train made its inaugural run on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain. A second Chantilly Conference for the Allied military organizations was held to formulate a strategy for the upcoming year against the Central Powers. Workers returning the following week discovered the fire and tries to extinguish it by blocking off its air supply by pouring sand in the area, however, the fire persisted and spread, continuing to burn well into the 21st-century. In many cases, rifles were rigged to self-fire to disguise the departure, Battle of Kosturino — The Bulgarian army launched a bayonet attacked on British defenders at Kosturino using the cover of fog. Both British and French soldiers regrouped to repel the attack, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered his 1915 State of the Union Address to the 64th United States Congress. Siege of Mora – British soldiers burned an African village that had been supplying food supplies to German defenders at Mora in Kamerun in a means to starve German troops and force them to surrender. Swedish composer Jean Sibelius premiered his Symphony No.5 with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra at a concert held on his birthday. British cargo ship Orteric was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea 140 nautical miles southeast of Gavdos, the French tested the Breton-Prétot machine on the former battlefield of Souain, France. The machine was designed to maneuver over trenches and shell craters while cutting through barbed wire and it was the first and only time two members of the same family received the prize, with William Lawrence Bragg also being the youngest person ever to receive it
13.
December 1916
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Capture of Yanbu – Ottoman forces under command of Fakhri Pasha attempted to capture the British-held port of Yanbu on the Red Sea. An Order in Council authorized an increase of Canadian troops to 500,000 for World War One, a side collision between an express train and passenger train in Herceghalom, Hungary killed 69 people, the deadliest rail disaster in the countrys history. British submarine HMS E37 was lost in the North Sea with all 30 of her crew and his death was considered a martyrdom and he was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005. Twelve members of the Industrial Workers of the World, known as the Sydney Twelve, were convicted of conspiring to commit arson and sedition in Sydney. E. M. French submarine Kanguroo was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine SM U-38, in all,41 sailors died in the attack. The Bratsberg Line rail began operating between the municipalities of Eidanger and Telemark, Norway. The final property of the Whitewater Shaker Settlement was sold, dissolving the Shaker settlement near New Haven, Hamilton County, many of the original sites were purchased by the Great Parks of Hamilton County and are registered under the National Register of Historic Places. British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigned from office, U. S. President Woodrow Wilson delivered the 1916 State of the Union Address to the 64th United States Congress, the first presidential address after winning re-election in November. The last recorded stagecoach robbery occurred in Jarbidge, Nevada where wagon driver Fred Searcy was ambushed by Ben Kuhl, the three men robbed $4,000 from a mining payroll transported on the coach and shot Search dead. The three were arrested shortly after and Kuhl was tried and convicted of Searcys murder, U. S. Navy destroyer USS Allen was launched by Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine and would serve in both world wars. The chamber opera Savitri by Gustav Holst premiered at Wellington Hall in London, in total, the Romanian army lost 40 percent of its 150,000 force in battles against the Central Powers. Royal Navy HMS Ariel sank German submarine SM UC-19 using depth charges in the English Channel, German raiding ship SMS Möwe captured and scuttled Canadian cargo ship Mount Temple in the Atlantic Ocean north of the Azores Islands. The cargo included military equipment, calvary horses, and newly discovered fossils of the dinosaur Corythosaurus en route to the British Museum, Born, Richard Fleischer, American film director, known for big budget epics including Barabbas, Fantastic Voyage, Doctor Dolittle, and Tora. Tora. in New York City, T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist, established the Economic and Social Research Institute of Ireland, in Rostrevor, Ireland Born, Robert N. S. Navy destroyer USS Shaw was launched by Mare Island Naval Shipyard in California, the Yiddish drama The Dybbuk by S. Ansky premiered at the Elizeum Theater in Warsaw. A story about a Yiddish woman being possessed by a malicious spirit, Ansky would later translate the play to Yiddish, where is was performed in that language by Vilna Troupe in 1920 shortly after his death. W. Dumas, American politician, Mayor of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana from 1965 to 1980, in Opelousas, Louisiana, World War One prevented the Nobel Prize Committee from awarding prizes to the science community. Swedish poet Verner von Heidenstam was chosen to receive Nobel Prize for Literature, German raiding ship SMS Möwe captured and scuttled British cargo ship Georgic off the coast of Newfoundland
14.
December 1917
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As of the start of 1917, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Below, events of World War I have the WWI prefix, January 1 – The University of Oregon defeats the University of Pennsylvania 14–0 in U. S. college footballs 3rd Annual Rose Bowl Game. January 2 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank, the cause was found to be inadequate signalling procedures. January 9 – WWI, The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces Desert Column at the Battle of Rafa. January 11 – Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, January 16 – The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million. January 19 – Silvertown explosion, A blast at a factory in London kills 73. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage, January 22 – WWI, President of the United States Woodrow Wilson calls for peace without victory in Germany. January 25 WWI, British armed merchantman SS Laurentic is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard, an anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco occurs and police close about 200 prostitution houses. January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all, January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa. January 30 – Pershings troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States and they reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5. February 1 – WWI, Atlantic U-boat Campaign, Germany announces its U-boats will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, February 3 – WWI, The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. February 5 – The new constitution of Mexico is adopted, February 13 Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. WWI, Beginning of the Raid on Nekhl by units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, February 21 – British troopship SS Mendi is accidentally rammed and sunk off the Isle of Wight, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps. March 1 The U. S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public, Japanese city of Ōmuta is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship, march 4 Woodrow Wilson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States. Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives. March 7 – Livery Stable Blues, recorded with Dixie Jazz Band One Step on February 26 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first jazz recording commercially released, on August 17 the band records Tiger Rag. March 8 – The February Revolution begins in Russia, Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, the United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters
15.
December 1927
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The following events occurred in December 1927, Chinese actress Soong Mei-ling married General Chiang Kai-shek, and became known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek. After General Chiang became Chinas leader the following year, she was the First Lady for the next 48 years, an Episcopal Christian wedding was conducted, in English, at Miss Soongs home, followed by a Chinese civil ceremony at the Majestic Hotel in Shanghai. Miss Soongs sister was the widow of Chinas first President, Sun Yat-sen, following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveiled the Model A as its new automobile. Frances Chamber of Deputies rejected a proposal to abolish the death penalty, France would finally abolish the death penalty on October 9,1981. Marcus Garvey was deported from the United States, placed on the SS Saramacca at New Orleans, the first film of the Laurel and Hardy series of Hal Roach comedies was released. Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy had appeared in the films as early as 1918. The first official Laurel & Hardy film was a two-reel silent, the mystery film London After Midnight starring Lon Chaney was released. Today it is one of the most famous lost films, born, Andy Williams, American singer, as Howard Andrew Williams in Wall Lake, Iowa Duke Ellington and his orchestra opened at the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York City. Ellington proved so popular that he was featured at the Cotton Club for five years, in 1929, the CBS Radio Network began broadcasting a live show from the Club, taking the 28-year-old jazz musician on his way to worldwide fame. The Illini had a 7-0-1 record, second place was held by the University of Pittsburgh Panthers, for the nations only bowl game, the Rose Bowl, Pitt was selected to play Stanford University, whose teams were known at that time as the Indians. Born, Bhumibol Adulyadej, officially Rama IX, King of Thailand from 1946 to 2016, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, flames blocked both stairways leading from the upper floor, and all of the victims were found in a room where they had fled to escape the smoke. Colonel Juan Aberle and Major Alfaro Noguera attempted to stage a coup in El Salvador and they took control of the central police barracks in San Salvador, but the badly planned putsch was quickly suppressed. Bodies of some were recovered in the spring, but the ship remained missing until August 21,1977, Brookings, the Institute for Government Research, the Institute of Economics, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School. Days later, Hearst provided documentation revealing the names of the four Senators, William Borah, J. Thomas Heflin, Robert M. La Follette, Jr. and George W. Norris, who all denied any payment from Mexico, while the Mexican government questioned the authenticity of the documents possessed by the Herald. Born, Pierre Henry, French electronic music composer, in Paris Died, Dr. Paul Jeserich,73, the Grand Ole Opry received its name, after the NBC Radio Network show The WSM Barn Dance followed a presentation of the Grand Opera on NBCs Music Appreciation Hour. Day told audiences that after listening, the House voted to confer the Medal of Honor upon Colonel Charles Lindbergh. The Red Guards and their sympathizers seized control of stations and the city prison, murdering police and guards, seizing control of the arsenal
16.
December 1933
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The following events occurred in December 1933, Clarence Norris, the first of the Scottsboro Boys to receive a new trial, was found guilty of rape and sentenced to death for the third time. His attorney, Samuel S. Leibowitz, appealed the verdict of the Decatur, Michigan, which had finished 7–0–1 the week before, would become the recognized national champion the next week. According to Bruno Hauptmann, it was on this date that his business associate, Isidor Fisch, left a shoebox with him while Fisch went to Germany. Hauptmann would tell FBI investigators that, eight months later, he opened the shoebox and found $15,000 in cash, the press would dub the account the Fisch story. In the last convictions for conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act, Frank Cornero and they were sentenced to two years in prison and fined $500 apiece, but U. S. District Judge Paul J. McCormick suspended the prison sentences. Born, Mike Larrabee, American Olympic track athlete,1964 gold medalist, in Hollywood, California The first concrete was poured for the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River. Born, Paul J. Crutzen, Dutch chemist,1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate, in Amsterdam The radio soap opera Ma Perkins began a 27-season run with 7,065 episodes and it would last until November 25,1960. At 3,32 pm local time, the convention in Utah, whose 21 delegates had been elected on November 7. Earlier in the day, Ohio and Pennsylvania had become the 34th and 35th states, respectively, to ratify the amendment. Popular in Britain, Mr. Chips was reprinted in the United States in the Atlantic Monthly in 1934, the Fleet Marine Force of the United States Marine Corps was established by General Order Number 241 of the Department of the Navy as an amphibious strike force. Bernadette Soubirous, who had seen the first vision of the Virgin Mary at Lourdes on February 1,1858, was canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Died, Karl Jatho,60, German airplane pioneer who claimed that he had been the first man to fly an airplane, Jatho briefly took to the air on August 18,1903, three months before the Wright Brothers. John Joly,76, Irish physicist The most publicized romance of its day officially came to an end as Mary Pickford filed for divorce from Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. The University of Michigan, at 7–0–1 the only major college football team, was awarded the mythical national championship under the Dickinson System. General Gheorghe-Granicerul Cantacuzino warned Duca that he had signed his own death sentence, Died, János Hadik,70, Hungarian politician who briefly served as that nations Prime Minister Chaco War, The last two of Bolivias three tanks were captured by Paraguay. Seven years earlier, Bolivia had signed a contract worth 1.25 million British pounds to purchase 3 six-ton Vickers Mk E tanks, one tank had been destroyed on July 4. At Campo Via, the two tanks had been immobilized by Paraguays 7th Cavalry in thick vegetation, after soldiers cut down trees in front. The Bolivian crews surrendered after their ammunition ran out and the heat inside the vehicles became unbearable
17.
December 1939
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The following events occurred in December 1939, Risto Ryti replaced Aimo Cajander as Prime Minister of Finland. The Soviet Union created the Finnish Democratic Republic, a puppet state operating in Soviet-occupied parts of Finland, a recruitment office for volunteers to fight for the Finns opened in Stockholm, Sweden. The Roosevelt Administration imposed an embargo on the Soviet Union. Navy defeated Army 10-0 in the Army–Navy Game in Philadelphia, born, Harry Reid, politician, in Searchlight, Nevada Finland appealed to the League of Nations for intervention. 24 Vickers Wellington bombers raided German warships at Heligoland, a German anti-aircraft battery was hit, probably the first British bomb of the war to land on German soil. Died, Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll,91, sixth child of Queen Victoria, the Soviet 7th Army reached the Mannerheim Line. Off the coast of Uruguay, the captain of the German passenger steamer Ussukuma decided to scuttle the ship when it was intercepted by the British cruiser Ajax, the Ajax rescued the 107 crew of the Ussukuma and interned them as enemy civilians. Fritz Julius Kuhn was sentenced to 2½ to 5 years in prison for larceny, the stage musical DuBarry Was a Lady with music by Cole Porter opened at the 46th Street Theatre on Broadway. The Battles of Kollaa and Suomussalmi began, SS Untersturmführer Herbert Lange began overseeing the euthanization of mentally disabled patients at the Dziekanka Psychiatric Hospital in Gniezno. Between this day and January 12,1940, a total of 1,043 patients were loaded into a van, the Roosevelt administration sent Britain a diplomatic note protesting the British policy of seizing German goods on neutral ships. Manuel Prado Ugarteche became President of Peru, the 1940 NFL draft was held. The Chicago Cardinals selected George Cafego of the University of Tennessee as the first overall pick, the German auxiliary cruiser Orion was commissioned. The 1939 Nobel Prizes were awarded in Stockholm, the Peace Prize was not awarded. Nazi Germany forced Butenandt and Domagk to refuse their awards at the time, lawrence did not travel to Europe because of the war but accepted his prize on February 29,1940 at University of California, Berkeley. The first convoy of Canadian troops departed Halifax, Nova Scotia for England, the Green Bay Packers beat the New York Giants 27-0 in the NFL Championship Game. The League of Nations sent the Soviet Union a telegram calling for a cessation of hostilities with Finland, born, Thomas McGuane, author, in Wyandotte, Michigan The British destroyer HMS Duchess sank in a collision with the battleship Barham off the Mull of Kintyre. The Battle of Tolvajärvi was fought, resulting in Finnish victory, the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations after it was declared the aggressor in the war with Finland. Of the main powers on the world stage Britain and France were now the ones left in the League, since Germany, Italy and Japan had already quit
18.
December 1940
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The following events occurred in December 1940, Greek troops captured Pogradec. The last of the three worst nights of the Southampton Blitz occurred, manuel Ávila Camacho became 45th President of Mexico. Allied convoy HX90 was sighted by German submarine U-101, the Germans would sink a total of 11 ships from the convoy from this day through December 3. Born, Richard Pryor, stand-up comedian and actor, in Peoria, the cargo ship Wihelmina was torpedoed and sunk in the North Atlantic by the German submarine U-94. Died, Nikolai Koltsov,68, Russian biologist, Bernard Revel,55, Lithuanian-American Orthodox rabbi, Died, Wolff von Stutterheim,47, German Generalmajor The Greeks took Përmet and captured 500 Italians. The swashbuckler film The Son of Monte Cristo starring Louis Hayward, born, Freddy Cannon, rock and roll singer, in Revere, Massachusetts, Gary Gilmore, murderer, in McCamey, Texas The Hundred Regiments Offensive ended in Chinese victory. The Greek II Army Corps broke into Albania, the fantasy film The Thief of Bagdad was released. He was replaced by Ugo Cavallero, benito Mussolini called Dino Alfieri, the Italian ambassador to Berlin, and told him to request any immediate help the Germans could provide. Alfieri met with Joachim von Ribbentrop, who gave him a lecture about the Italian government ignoring Hitlers warning not to attack Greece. British submarine HMS Regulus was lost near Taranto, probably to a naval mine, the comedy film Go West starring the Marx Brothers was released. Ambassador Alfieri met with Adolf Hitler, who gave him a lecture against Italy attacking Greece. Hitler said that Mussolini should resort to mobile courts-martial and executions if he wanted to turn the situation around, Hitler did agree to authorize fifty heavy troop transport planes to move fresh units from Italy to Albania. The British Fairey Barracuda dive bomber plane had its first test flight, the Ottawa Rough Riders defeated the Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers 12-5 in the second of the two-game series for the 28th Grey Cup of Canadian football. Born, Gerry Cheevers, ice hockey player, in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada The Greeks occupied Gjirokastër, domenico Cavagnari resigned as Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy and was replaced by Arturo Riccardi. The British passenger and cargo steamship Calabria was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-103 off County Galway, the Chicago Bears beat the Washington Redskins 73-0 in the NFL Championship Game at Griffith Stadium in Washington, D. C. It remains the most lopsided victory in NFL history, the Allies began Operation Compass in North Africa. German submarines U-75 and U-76 were commissioned, John Philip Sousa Bridge opened in Washington, D. C. Died, Pietro Maletti,60, Italian military officer The Battle of Sidi Barrani began as British forces launched an offensive to retake the Egyptian port of Sidi Barrani, Hitler issued Directive No.19 on the German occupation of Vichy France, codenamed Operation Attila
19.
December 1941
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The following events occurred in December 1941, The Battle of Pljevlja was fought in the Italian governorate of Montenegro. Italian military forces repulsed an attack by Montenegrin Partisans, Field Marshal Gerd von Runstedt resigned following the German retreat from Rostov. The German 15th Panzer Division routed the 20th Battalion of the 2nd New Zealand Division at Belhamed, Libya, Japan rejected the latest U. S. proposals as fantastic and unrealistic. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt cut short his vacation in Warm Springs, Georgia, karl Jäger wrote the Jäger Report, the most precise surviving document of the activities of an Einsatzkommando unit. The Battle of Hanko ended in Finnish victory, the Red Army set up the Moscow Defence Zone. 38, ordering reinforcement of the Luftwaffe presence in the Mediterranean, Japanese Rear Admiral Matome Ugaki received an order authorizing the Combined Fleet to attack any time after midnight on December 7, Japan time. Based on this order, Ugaki sent a communication with the coded message Climb Mount Niitaka. President Roosevelt sent Japan a request for an explanation for the heavy Japanese troop concentrations in French Indochina, magic cryptologists intercepted Japanese orders to destroy codes at the Japanese embassy in Washington. Erwin Rommels assault toward the garrisons at Bardia, Sallum and Halfaya Pass was repulsed by the Allies, the Japanese carrier fleet tasked with the Pearl Harbor attack began approaching the Hawaiian Islands with increased speed. The first issue of the Chicago Sun was published, Died, Christian Sinding,85, Norwegian composer Japanese invasion fleets departed from various locations for their destinations in Malaya and Thailand. Japanese aircraft scouted Wake Island undetected, rainbow Five, the U. S. governments top-secret war plan, was leaked on the front pages of the Chicago Tribune and Washington Times-Herald. Senator Burton K. Wheeler, without mentioning his own role in the leak, Born, David Johnston, television news presenter, in Melbourne, Australia Britain declared war on Finland, Hungary and Romania. War Secretary Henry L. Stimson said during a conference that those responsible for the previous days leaking of American war plans were wanting in loyalty. The White House made no comment on the matter and it would quickly be forgotten about after the events of December 7. President Roosevelt wrote an appeal to Emperor Hirohito to avoid war between the United States and Japan. Developments are occurring in the Pacific area which threaten to deprive each of our Nations and all humanity of the beneficial influence of the long peace between our two countries. I address myself to Your Majesty at this moment in the fervent hope that Your Majesty may, as I am doing, Finnish II Corps and Group O captured Medvezhyegorsk. The British submarine HMS Perseus struck a mine and sank in the Ionian Sea off Cephalonia. m,21 American ships and over 300 aircraft were sunk or damaged and 2,403 people were killed
20.
December 1943
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Before the crew could evacuate, the John Harvey exploded and sent the deadly gas in all directions in the harbor, injuring another 628 military personnel and an unknown number of Italian civilians. Labour Minister Ernest Bevin announced that one out of ten men called up between the ages of 18 and 25 would be ordered to work in British coal mines. These conscript miners would be known as Bevin Boys, the night before, Murrow had been allowed to ride along aboard the Lancaster bomber D for Dog. Toward the close of his report, he commented Men die in the sky while others are raosted alive in their cellars, Berlin last night wasnt a pretty sight. In about 35 minute it was hit with three times the amount of stuff that ever came down on London in a night-long blitz. On the Belorussian front, Soviet forces captured Dovsk north of Gomel, Major League Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw M. The Congress of Bolivia ratified the decree by President Enrique Peñaranda after a six-month debate. In that 70 percent of the wholesale and large retail sellers in Bolivia were German-operated, Bolivian authorities sent supervisors to monitor their work, peñarandas decrees after the declaration of war, however, would lead to his overthrow later in the month. Bolivia became the 44th nation to join the Allies against the Axis nations, nine independent nations— Afghanistan, Argentina, Ireland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey— remained neutral. The Moro River Campaign began in Italy, the Japanese escort carrier Chūyō was torpedoed and sunk in the Pacific Ocean by the American submarine Sailfish. The Allies began Operation Crossbow in an effort to stop Germanys V-1 rocket program. The first launch sites targeted were near Ligescourt, France, where U. S. Army Air Force B-26 bombers made an attempt to put a dent in the program. The Battle of Sio began in New Guinea, italys Jews were interned for the first time at the Fossoli di Carpi concentration camp. The Indian city of Calcutta was attacked in an aerial bombardment for the first time. There had been seven previous bombings of Calcutta, but all had taken place at night, the British Indian government announced that 167 civilians and one soldier were killed. Singer Dinah Shore and film actor George Montgomery were married in Las Vegas, between 19 and 29 inmates of the Jaworzno concentration camp were hanged in front of the other internees after their plans to build a tunnel were betrayed to the authorities. Soviet troops in the Ukrainian sector captured Znamianka and cut the line to Smela. According to wintesses at the scene, the President told General Eisenhower, Well, Ike, you are going to command Overlord, chiara Lubich started the humanitarian Focolare Movement in Trento, Italy
21.
December 1945
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The following events occurred in December 1945, British military police swept the Ruhr and Rhineland and arrested 76 Nazi industrialists. The Army–Navy Game was played in Philadelphia between two undefeated teams ranked the best two in the country, army defeated Navy 32-13 before a crowd of over 100,000 that included President Truman. It was the first Army-Navy game to be televised, although only in the New York, the Toronto Argonauts beat the Winnipeg Blue Bombers 35-0 to win the 33rd Grey Cup of Canadian football. Born, Bette Midler, singer and actress, in Honolulu, Hawaii Died, Anton Dostler,54, the Communist-led Democratic Front won all 82 seats. General elections were held in Brazil in which Eurico Gaspar Dutra of the Social Democratic Party was elected president, born, Tex Watson, murderer and member of the Manson family, in Dallas, Texas The Arab League voted in Cairo to boycott all goods from Jewish Palestine. The United States Senate approved the United Nations Participation Act by a vote of 65 to 7, doc Blanchard of the United States Military Academy became the first junior to win the Heisman Trophy. He also became the athlete to win both the Heisman and the James E. Sullivan Award prior to Charlie Ward in 1993. Born, Roberta Bondar, astronaut, in Sault Ste, marie, Ontario, Canada Died, Thomas Hunt Morgan,79, American evolutionary biologist, geneticist, embryologist and Nobel laureate The French government nationalized five banks. Flight 19, Five Grumman TBF Avengers of the U. S. Navy disappeared during a flight over the Bermuda Triangle. Died, Cosmo Gordon Lang,81, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1928 to 1942 U. S, General George C. Marshall testified at the Pearl Harbor inquiry that he did not anticipate the attack but that an alert defense would have prevented all but limited harm. General MacArthur ordered the arrest of former Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe, the drama film The Bells of St. Marys starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman was released. Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita was found guilty of war crimes in a Manila court, the U. S. State Department announced plans to resettle 6.6 million Germans from Eastern Europe in the U. S. and Soviet occupation zones of Germany in the next eight months. Born, Clive Russell, actor, in Reeth, England Four people were killed in Buenos Aires when armed Perónists fired on an opposition rally, General MacArthur ordered that Masaharu Homma and four other Japanese commanders be put on trial for their role in the Bataan Death March. General George S. Patton broke his neck in a minor auto accident near Mannheim. The United States granted Britain a reconstruction loan of about $4.4 billion U. S, a bomb-damaged school in Mainz collapsed and killed 18 children. Born, Michael Nouri, actor, in Washington, D. C, the Nobel Prizes were awarded in Stockholm. Alcide De Gasperi became Prime Minister of Italy, the Netherlands ratified the United Nations Charter. Died, Theodor Dannecker,32, German SS captain United Steelworkers voted unanimously to begin a nationwide strike on January 14
22.
December 1946
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The 15 parties signing represented Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US. U. S. Secretary of State James F, nicknamed Bizonia, the Anglo-American occupation zone contained the German states of Schleswig-Holstein, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Niedersachsen, Bavaria, Hesse, and Württemberg-Baden. The French zone would join the merger on April 8,1949, in second place was Army, with 1,659 1⁄2 points and 48 first-place votes. Georgia and UCLA were third and fourth, all four teams were unbeaten in 1946, Notre Dame and Army were unbeaten, but not untied, having played a 0–0 game on November 9. The John Ford-directed Western film My Darling Clementine starring Henry Fonda, Linda Darnell, Lewis was fined $10,000 personally, and the union was fined $3,500,000. Ten months later, the committee would deliver its report, To Secure These Rights, order was restored after 400 city police moved in, but the next day, demonstrators attacked the police. It was believed that the sub had struck a sea mine set adrift following a storm, the Korean Central News Agency, state news organ for North Korea, was established. Its stated mission was to all members of society into juche communist revolutionaries unconditionally loyal to the Great Leader. The conversations held by His Majestys Government, British India became independent as the separate nations of India and Pakistan. The first known reference to the sport of basketball was published in the Framingham, Massachusetts News. The demonstration took place at the Boston Garden, with players from the Cushing Veterans Hospital going up against the Boston Celtics, in the regular game, before 2,509 fans, the Celtics lost to the Detroit Falcons, 65–61. Born, Nancy Brinker, American diplomat and activist, in Peoria, the fire broke out on the third floor of the 15-story building, in front of Room 326, before spreading to the floors above. The Atlanta Fire Department received the first call at 3,42 a. m, built before strict fire codes were put in place, the luxurious Winecoff Hotel had no alarms, no sprinklers, and no fire escape. Final records concluded that 46 people died of their burns,40 died of smoke inhalation, the United Nations emblem was approved by the General Assemblys Resolution 92. The flag, which has the emblem in white against a blue background, was adopted on October 20,1947. Facing a huge fine for contempt of court, United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis called an end to a walkout of 400,000 coal miners that he had called on November 20. The 49,746 ton ship, third largest ocean liner in the world broke loose from its moorings, collided with the wreckage of thesunken liner Paris and it was finally put back into service on August 2,1950. He was succeeded by Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, boycotting the session were the 76 Muslim League members
23.
December 1947
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The sit-down strike finally ended at 6 a. m. the next morning when the Communists got up and marched out just as forty Republican Guards entered the chamber to eject them by force. University of Notre Dame quarterback Johnny Lujack was named the winner of the Heisman Trophy,20 Jews and 15 Arabs were killed. The ruling body of Al-Azhar University in Cairo called on the Muslim world to proclaim jihad against the partition of Palestine. Born, Isaac Bitton, musician, in Casablanca, Morocco 16 were killed and about 30 injured in a derailment in Arras. Authorities reported that the disaster was an act of sabotage and accused communists of being responsible in the midst of the ongoing labor strife. The Motion Picture Association of America voted for stronger regulations to prevent glorification of crime on the screen, the Tennessee Williams play A Streetcar Named Desire starring Jessica Tandy and rising star Marlon Brando premiered at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway. The Judges Trial ended in Nuremberg,10 of the 15 German jurists and lawyers on trial were found guilty of Nazi war crimes and given prison sentences of varying lengths, including life for four of them. The Egyptian government banned public demonstrations in Cairo after police clashed with 15,000 marchers protesting against the partition of Palestine, jackson,76, United States consul and eyewitness to the Armenian Genocide More rioting between Arabs and Jews in Aden killed 75 people. A federal grand jury in Washington indicted The Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress for refusing to tell the House Un-American Activities Committee whether or not they were Communists, the University of Cambridge voted to accept women for the first time. Leo Durocher was reinstated as manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers after serving his one-season suspension and that night the Interior Ministry reported that nearly 1,000 arrests had been made. Twelve former directors of the Krupp Group stood accused of having participated in the Nazis plans for a war of aggression as well as for having used slave labor. The US Supreme Court decided Patton v. Mississippi, ordering a new trial for Eddie Patton, the 9-0 decision found that blacks had been excluded from the jury that convicted Patton of killing a white man. Nations of the Arab League meeting in Cairo promised immediate measures to help Palestinian Arabs resist partition, the Western Taian Campaign began during the Chinese Civil War. The romantic comedy film The Bishops Wife starring Cary Grant, Loretta Young, born, Tom Daschle, politician, in Aberdeen, South Dakota The 1947 Nobel Prizes were given out in Stockholm. The recipients were Edward Victor Appleton for Physics, Robert Robinson for Chemistry, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori and Bernardo Houssay for Medicine and André Gide for Literature. In Oslo, the Friends Service Council and American Friends Service Committee were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of the Religious Society of Friends, an estimated 500,000 workers participated in Romes general strike. The Interior Ministry announced that 100 arrests had been made during clashes with Communists trying to keep workers from their jobs, Britain announced that it would end its mandate over Palestine on May 15. A reshuffle of the Bulgarian cabinet gave 13 of 23 ministerial posts to communists, in Jerusalem, members of the Jewish underground killed six more Arabs and threw grenades at the office of the newspaper of the exiled Grand Mufti Amin al-Husseini
24.
December 1959
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The following events occurred in December 1959, The Antarctic Treaty was signed by all 12 nations that had stations in Antarctica. It came into force on June 23,1961, article I provides that Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. Humble Oil Company was acquired by Standard Oil of New Jersey, allegheny Airlines Flight 371, flying from Philadelphia to Cleveland, crashed, killing 24 of the 25 persons on board. The childrens bedtime program Das Sandmännchen premiered on West German television channels SFB, BR, WDR and NDR, production for it ceased in 1991 because of the German Reunification. At 9,14 pm,48 million cubic metres of water were released twelve kilometers from Fréjus, kurt Franz, who had been a deputy commander of the Treblinka concentration camp, was arrested in Düsseldorf after 14 years working as a cook. He was released from prison in 1993, behind the Great Wall, presented by Walter Reade, Jr. in AromaRama, made its debut at the DeMille Theater in New York. The Italian film was edited by Reade to include various scents circulated by the air conditioning system. The release preceded, by three weeks, the debut of Scent of Mystery, in Smell-O-Vision, the American president visited Italy, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, India, Greece, Tunisia, France, Spain and Morocco. Sam, a monkey, was launched toward space from Wallops Island, Virginia. At 19 miles altitude, the capsule was jettisoned and climbed further to reach 53 miles, the capsule was recovered by the USS Borie. Died, Hubert Marischka,77, Austrian director The Syracuse University Orangemen defeated the UCLA Bruins 36–8 to finish as college footballs only unbeaten, the following Monday, Syracuse became the national champion, finishing No.1 in both the AP and UPI polls. The Stadio San Paolo, with a capacity for 85,012 fans, opened in Fuorigrotta, Italy, the Azzurri beat visiting Juventus, 2–1. Canton, Ohio, began its quest to host a Pro Football Hall of Fame, with an editorial in the Canton Repository. Born, Satoru Iwata, Japanese CEO of Nintendo, in Sapporo Olongapo and its 60,000 Filipino residents became citizens of the Philippines, and the area became the municipality of Olongapo City. The Politburo approved the proposal on December 14, followed by the CPSU Central Committee on December 26, louis G. Cowan was fired from his job as President of the CBS Television Network as a result of the quiz show scandals of 1959. Cowan had become President after the success of a show that he had created, a Colombian airliner with 45 persons on board disappeared while bringing vacationers home from the San Andrés island resort. U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower continued his foreign trip, No American President visited Afghanistan again until 2006. The Norwegian freighter Oslo Motorship Buffalo was turned over by high winds, all 20 persons on board were killed
25.
December 1960
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The following events occurred in December 1960, Patrice Lumumba, deposed premier of the Congo, was arrested by the Congolese Army while on his way to Stanleyville to meet his supporters. Lumumba would be moved around the country and then shot to death on January 17,1961, sputnik 6, a 5-ton Soviet satellite, was launched into orbit with two dogs, Pchelka and Mushka, plus mice, insects and plants. The next day, the capsule was reported to have burned up on re-entry into the atmosphere at too steep an angle. According to later reports, a system had been built to destroy the satellite if it did not re-enter at the correct time. U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the use of $1M for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees, who have been arriving in Florida at the rate of 1,000 a week. Camelot, the most expensive production to that time, made its Broadway debut, at the Majestic Theatre, with Richard Burton as King Arthur. In 1961, Sierra Leone would become the 100th member, followed by Mongolia and Mauritania, the case had arisen when a law student at Howard University, Bruce Boynton, was fined for refusing to leave a whites only restaurant at the Trailways bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia. The QH-50 DASH, a drone that could be guided by remote control, at the request of the government of Dade County, Florida, the U. S. government opened the first federal Cuban Refugee Center, located in Miami, with a staff of 14. By the end of 1961, the center had 300 employees, died, Clara Haskil,65, Romanian classical pianist Hayato Ikeda began his second term as Prime Minister of Japan. The North Dakota Agricultural College was officially renamed North Dakota State University The first episode of the long-running ITV drama Coronation Street aired and it was originally planned to be a 16-part drama but became such a success that it is still running five times or more per week. French President Charles de Gaulles visit to French Algeria was marked by bloody European and Muslim mob riots by in Algerias largest cities, the park covers 178 square miles and protects coral reefs, seagrass, and mangroves inside its boundaries. Kennedy, waiting for Kennedy to depart for Sunday mass, pavlick changed his mind after seeing that Kennedy was accompanied by his wife and two small children. Pavlick was arrested four days later by Palm Beach city police, the most commonly used Spanish-language version of the Holy Bible, the 1960 revision of the Reina-Valera, was released. The original version had been published in 1569, a more recent, but not as popular, revision was released in 1995. The decision came two hours after federal judge Ben C, connally rejected a Republican lawsuit seeking a recount. The coup failed within a few days, and Haile Selassie reigned as emperor until another coup in 1975, guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras founded Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana, the Central American Integration System, often called the Central American Common Market. Commander Leroy A. Heath and his navigator, Lt. Henry L. Monroe, established a new record for highest altitude attained in an airplane. At the end of the First Innings on December 10, Australia had a 505-453 lead, in the Second Innings, however, the West Indies had outscored Australia 284 to 232
