1.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
2.
National Historical Museum (Albania)
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The National Historical Museum of Albania in Tirana, Albania, is the countrys largest museum. It was opened on 28 October 1981 and is 27,000 square metres in size, the Pavilion of Antiquity is the most important and one of the richest with objects in the National Historical Museum, with 585 objects. The displayed objects start with the Late Paleolithic, where culture is proved lively and powerful in our lands. The objects of the settlement of Maliq represent the Neolithic flourishing since the middle of the fourth millennium until about 2600 BC. Impressive are sculptures of the Apolloniates school or God Apollo, one of the most beautiful sculptures of the time, the findings of Monumental Tomb of Lower Selca, Pogradec occupy an important place. In the Pavilion of the Middle Ages, visitors have access to the economic, a special corner in this pavilion is dedicated to the Principality of Arber. The handover of power from Skuraj to Topiaj is expressed in the emblem of Karl Topia located in the monumental portal of the monastery of John Vladimir in Elbasan. A special object of the Pavilion of the Middle Ages is the Epitaph of Gllavenica, the Renaissance Pavilion is one of the richest with original objects, documents, books, photographs, national flags, weapons, banknotes, and other cultural objects. Most of the objects are unique to the history and culture of the Albanians. The objects displayed in the showcases of the pavilion during the period from the century until 1912. An object with national value is the flag of the patriotic Society Desire of the Albanian colony of Sofia in Bulgaria. Visitors have the opportunity to look closely the desk and the collection of books that are there, the Pavilion of Independence reflects the key historical moments after the Declaration of Independence in 1912 until 1939. In the areas of this pavilion is reflected the Conference of Ambassadors in London, the short reign of Prince Wied in Albania in 1914 marks an important moment in the history of the establishment of the foundations of the Albanian state. The political clashes between the governing elite culminated in the movement of June 1924 led by Fan Noli. In the areas of this pavilion is the corner dedicated the patriotic contribution of Fan S. Noli one of the figures in the history of the Albanian nation. A collection of 70 items of the Post-Byzantine art in Albania, icons, a proskynetarion, some pairs of Holy Doors and these objects belonged to different churches in Albania, Gjirokastra, Elbasani, Fieri, Berati etc. dating from the 16th century until the early 19th century. The iconostasis comes from the church of the monastery of Saint John Vladimir in Elbasan and this pavilion, through its 220 objects, reflects the events starting from the War of Vlora in1920 until the end of World War II in 1945. It shows the reaction of several Albanian intellectuals in the ’20-s and ’30-s against the rise to power in Italy of fascism
3.
Bahrain National Museum
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The Bahrain National Museum is the largest and one of the oldest public museums in Bahrain. It is constructed near the King Faisal Highway in Manama and opened in December 1988, the US$30 million museum complex covers 27,800 sq meters and consists of two buildings. The National Theatre of Bahrain lies next to the museum, the museum possesses a rich collection of Bahrains ancient archaeological artifacts acquired since 1988, and covers nearly 5000 years of Bahrains history. The complex includes three halls devoted to archaeology and the ancient civilisation of the Dilmun, while two other halls depict the culture and lifestyle of Bahrains recent pre-industrial past, a notable exhibit is the Durand Stone, a long black basalt sculpture dating back to the Babylonian era. In 1993 a further hall was opened, the Natural History Hall and this hall features specimens of Bahrains flora and fauna. Among the exhibits in the ancient history section is a burial mound which was transported from its site in the desert. Another feature is a tableau which depicts a scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh, old Quranic manuscripts, notes on astronomy and historical documents and letters are exhibited in the Documents and Manuscripts Hall. The building was designed by KHR Arkitekter of Denmark, beit Al Quran History of Bahrain Tourism in Bahrain List of tourist attractions in Bahrain Official government website Photographs of Bahrain National Museum on Flickr
4.
Bangladesh National Museum
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It is located at Shahbag, Dhaka. The museum also has a conservation laboratory. The ground floor consists of old guns at the entrance. The hall leads to a grand staircase, beside the hall, there is a smaller room which also acts like the hall and a simple staircase. The 1st floor is divided into 22 rooms, the first room displays a large map showing the map of Bangladesh and its 64 districts. The 2nd room consists of an under going work of a statue of a royal Bengal tiger. These rooms consist of natural beauties found in Bangladesh, in one of the room there is showcase of a tongue of a whale. The other rooms contain some historic relics of Bengal up to 1900, there is a room which shows the different boats used by the rural people. The 2nd floor consists of photos of people and showcases the Bangladesh Liberation War. There are posters used in the war, a torture machine, the 3rd floor consists of pictures of international politicians, artists, scientists, famous pictures and four international galleries - Chinese, Korean, Iranian and Swiss. Official website Banglapedia article Bangladesh Heritage Museum
5.
Bardo National Museum (Tunis)
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The Bardo National Museum is a museum located in Tunis, Tunisia. It is one of the largest museums in North Africa, the Bardo National Museum building was originally a 15th-century Hafsid palace, located in the suburbs of Tunis. The Bardo is one of the most important museums of the Mediterranean basin, and it traces the history of Tunisia over several millennia and through many civilizations through a wide variety of archaeological pieces. Being in the palace, it offers many major works discovered since the beginnings of archaeological research in the country. Originally called Museum Alaoui, the name of the bey at the time. In addition to works such as the Blue Koran of Kairouan. The mosaics represent a source for research on everyday life in Roman Africa. The Museum also contains a collection of marble statues representing the gods and Roman emperors found on various sites including those of Carthage. The Bardo has also rich pieces discovered during the excavations of Libyco-Punic sites including mainly Carthage, the main parts of this Department are grimacing masks, terracotta statues and stelae of major interest for the Semitic epigraphy, the stele of the priest and the child being the most famous. The Museum also houses Greek works discovered in particular in the excavations of the ship of Mahdia, the museum underwent a major refurbishment, completed in 2011, that was interrupted due to the Tunisian revolution. It contains a collection of Roman mosaics and other antiquities of interest from Ancient Greece, Carthage, Tunisia. The museum displays objects ranging from pre-historical artifacts to modern jewellery, on 18 March 2015,24 people were killed in a terrorist attack when three terrorists in civil uniform attacked the Bardo National Museum in the Tunisian capital city of Tunis, and took hostages. Twenty-one people, mostly European tourists, were killed at the scene, police treated the event as a terrorist attack. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant claimed responsibility for the attack, many Tunisians were praised by the tourists for saving many lives. Famous Mosaic Pieces in The Ground Floor Roofs of Oudna Room Culture of Tunisia List of museums in Tunisia The National Bardo Museum
6.
National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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The National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in central Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was established in 1888, having originally been conceived around 1850, in 1913, the museum was enlarged by the Czech architect Karel Pařík who designed a structure of four symmetric pavilions with a facade in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The four pavilions contain the departments of archaeology, ethnology, natural history, after being closed for several years due to heavy damage in the recent war, the museum has re-opened and is in the process of mounting new and pre-existing exhibits. The museum is a cultural and scientific institution covering a range of areas including archaeology, art history, ethnology, geography, history. It has a library with 162,000 volumes, on 4 October 2012, after 124 years of operation the institution closed its doors due to ongoing disputes about its funding. It did not get any funding in 2011, and in January 2012, the museum is the cultural and scientific institution in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Though conceived in 1850 as an idea by the Ottomans when they ruled Sarajevo, it was not until the rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire that the museum was officially established, part of the Austro-Hungarian policy goals was to raise literacy levels and maintain European-standard education. Under their administration, a Museum Society was formed on February 1,1888 in order to further this agenda in the form of a museum, the first director of the museum was Mr. Kosta Hörmann, an advisor to the Austro-Hungarian government. By the early 20th century, the museum began to outgrow its premises and in 1908. Construction on the new building completed in 1913 and the Museum was officially opened on October 4 of that year, throughout this all, the museum was funded by the Austro-Hungarians departments of education and culture as well as by private donations and charity events led by the Museum Society. Two years later in 1914, as World War I began and this led to an abrupt socio-economic, political and cultural decay in Sarajevo as it found itself in the margins of the Kingdom. The National Museum thus lost much of its funding and clout and was beginning to lose its ability to maintain, as World War II approached in 1941, the National Museums troubles further developed as its opportunities to operate diminished. It was during this period that the National Museum experienced the least activity. After World War II, under a Socialist Yugoslavia, the National Museum made slow progress until the part of the 1960s. The publications include, Zbornik srednjovjekovnih natpisa Bosne i Hercegovine I, II, III, IV, Sergejevski, D. Bazilika u Dabravini, Benac, A. & Čović, B. Glasinac I, II, Pašalić, E. Antička naselja i komunikacije u BiH, Čulić, Z. Narodne nošnje u BiH, Buturović, Narodne pjesme Muslimana u BiH, Vuković, T. & Ivanović, B. Slatkovodne ribe Jugoslavije, Đurović, E, Vuković, T. & Pocrnjić, Z. Vodozemci BiH, Šilić, monografija rodova Satureja L, Calamintha Miller, Micromeria Bentham, Acinos Miller i Clinopodium L. u flori Jugoslavije, Trubelja, F. & Barić, LJ. Minerali BiH Vol. I, Silikati, Čović, B, naselje bronzanog i željeznog doba u centralnoj Bosni I, Rano bronzano dobA
7.
National Museum of Cambodia
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The National Museum of Cambodia in Phnom Penh is Cambodias largest museum of cultural history and is the countrys leading historical and archaeological museum. The museum houses one of the worlds largest collections of Khmer art, including sculptural, ceramics, bronzes, and ethnographic objects. The National Museum of Cambodia is located on Street 13 in central Phnom Penh, to the north of the Royal Palace, the visitors entrance to the compound is at the corner of Streets 13 and 178. The Royal University of Fine Arts is located on the west side of the museum, the museum is under the authority of the Cambodian Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts. The museum buildings, inspired by Khmer temple architecture, were constructed between 1917 and 1924, the museum was inaugurated in 1920, and it was renovated in 1968. It is perhaps described as a building enlarged from Cambodian temple prototypes seen on ancient bas-reliefs. The foundation stone for the new museum was laid on 15 August 1917, the original design of the building was slightly altered in 1924 with extensions that added wings at either end of the eastern façade that made the building even more imposing. In 1966 Chea Thay Seng was the first Cambodian Director of the Museum, during the Khmer Rouge regime, all aspects of Cambodian life including the cultural realm were devastated. The Museum, along with the rest of Phnom Penh, was evacuated and abandoned, the Museum was quickly tidied up and reopened to the public on 13 April 1979. However, many of the Museums employees had lost their lives during the Khmer Rouge regime, the Museum also serves a religious function, its collection of important Buddhist and Hindu sculpture addresses community religious needs as a place of worship. A permanent exhibition, Post-Angkorian Buddha, supported by UNESCO and a number of individuals and local businesses, opened in 2000 to extend the religious function of the Museum. Under the auspices of the Cambodian Department of Museums, the Museum not only manages its own collection, staff and its activities are further supported by private individuals, foreign governments, and numerous philanthropic organizations. Looting and illicit export of Cambodian cultural material are a continuing concern, outside of Cambodia, the Museum promotes the understanding of Cambodian arts and culture by lending objects from its collection for major international exhibitions. This practice was in place before Cambodia’s recent decades of unrest and was reinstituted in the 1990s, subsequent exhibitions have been held in France, the USA, Japan, South Korea, and Germany. Masterpieces of the National Museum of Cambodia, norfolk, CT, Friends of Khmer Culture. ISBN 978-99950-836-0-1, ISBN 99950-836-0-4 Khun, Samen, the New Guide to the National Museum—Phnom Penh
8.
Chichiri Museum
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The Chichiri Museum, also known as the Museum of Malawi, is a historical and cultural museum located in Blantyre, Malawi. The Museums of Malawi, initially known as the Nyasaland Museum, was established through legislation in May 1957, the current museum building was constructed in 1965 at Chichiri Hill in Blantyre, using funds from the Beit Trust and the Government of Malawi. The museum was opened officially in June 1966
9.
National Museum of Denmark
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The National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen is Denmark’s largest museum of cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures, alike. The museums main building is located a distance from Strøget at the center of Copenhagen. It contains exhibits from around the world, from Greenland to South America, additionally, the museum sponsors SILA - The Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark to further archaeological and anthropological research in Greenland. Danish coins from Viking times to the present and coins from ancient Rome and Greece, as well as examples of the coinage, the National Museum keeps Denmark’s largest and most varied collection of objects from the ancient cultures of Greece and Italy, the Near East and Egypt. For example, it holds a collection of objects that were retrieved during the Danish excavation of Tell Shemshara in Iraq in 1957, the Danish pre-history section was re-opened in May 2008 after years of renovating. In 2013, an exhibition on the Vikings was opened by Queen Margrethe. It has toured to other museums, including the British Museum in London, larsen Per Kristian Madsen Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark is the title of the museums yearbook which has been published since 1928 and contains articles and other contributions. ISSN 0084-9308 Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1807 -2007
10.
Egyptian Museum
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The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum or Museum of Cairo, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities. It has 120,000 items, with an amount on display. The edifice is one of the largest museums in the region, as of February 2017, the museum is open to the public. The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history and it houses the world’s largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established the museum, built in 1835 near the Ezbekeyah Garden, in 1855 Archduke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts by the Egyptian government, these are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. A new museum was established at Boulaq in 1858 in a former warehouse, the building lay on the bank of the Nile River, and in 1878 it suffered significant damage in a flood of the Nile River. In 1891, the collections were moved to a royal palace. They remained there until 1902 when they were moved, for the last time, during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the museum was broken into, and two mummies were destroyed. Several artifacts were shown to have been damaged. Since then 25 objects have been found and those that were restored were put on display in September 2013 in an exhibition entitled Damaged and Restored. There are two floors in the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground there is an extensive collection of papyrus. The numerous pieces of papyrus are generally small fragments, due to their decay over the past two millennia, several languages are found on these pieces, including Greek, Latin, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian. The coins found on floor are made of many different metals, including gold, silver. The coins are not only Egyptian, but also Greek, Roman and this has helped historians research the history of Ancient Egyptian trade. Also on the floor are artifacts from the New Kingdom. These artifacts are generally larger than items created in earlier centuries, two special rooms contain a number of mummies of kings and other royal family members of the New Kingdom. In the garden adjacent to the building of the museum a memorial to famous egyptologists of the world is located, the Murder of Tutankhamen, A True Story
11.
National Museum of Finland
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The National Museum of Finland presents Finnish history from the Stone Age to the present day, through objects and cultural history. The Finnish National Romantic style building is located in central Helsinki and is a part of the National Board of Antiquities, under the Ministry of Culture, the permanent exhibitions of the National Museum are divided into six parts. The Treasure Troves presents the collections of coins, medals, orders and decorations, silver, jewellery, Prehistory of Finland is the largest permanent archeological exhibition in Finland. The Realm presents of the development of Finnish society and culture from the Middle Ages 12th century to the early 20th century, the Land and Its People presents Finnish folk culture in the 18th and 19th centuries, life in the countryside before the industrialisation. Exhibition on 20th century Finland and Finns called Suomi Finland 1900 was open from 26 April 2012 to 1 March 2015, the planning and construction of the new permanent exhibition at The National Museum is in progress. Due to this The Treasure Troves exhibition is closed from 9 November 2015, the new permanent exhibition will open 2017-2018. The first part, The Profane Middle Ages, has opened in room 105. Workshop Vintti - Easy History, is an exhibition, where visitors can study the history of Finland and its culture using their hands. It is based on experimentation and personal experience, and the tasks, the museums entrance hall ceiling has ceiling frescoes in the national epic Kalevala theme, painted by Akseli Gallén-Kallela, which can be seen without an entrance fee. The frescoes, painted in 1928, are based on the frescoes painted by Gallén-Kallela in the Finnish Pavilion of the Paris World Fair in 1900, the building of the National Museum was designed by architects Herman Gesellius, Armas Lindgren, and Eliel Saarinen. The appearance of the building reflects Finlands medieval churches and castles, the architecture belongs to national romanticism and the interior mainly to art nouveau. The museum was built from 1905 to 1910 and opened to the public in 1916, the museum was named the Finnish National Museum after Finlands independence in 1917. After the last thorough renovation, the Museum was re-opened in July 2000, the museum collections include also the Mesa Verde artifacts from the cliff dwellings of Colorado. These were donated to the museum by the Swedish-speaking Finnish explorer Gustaf Nordenskiöld and they comprise the most-extensive collection of Mesa Verde items outside the United States and one of the largest collections of native Americana outside the American continents. These artifacts were on display until May 2013 at the Museum of Cultures in Helsinki, there were two possible sources for the methane, a leak from a gas pipe under the nearby Museokatu street, or gas that developed on its own in the sewer. Later, police found the cause to be a gas pipe leak. Most display cases and only 49 pieces out of more than 200 silver objects in the museums Silver Room were damaged in the explosion, all objects have been repaired during 2006. The Silver Room was re-opened to the public in early 2007, the National Museum of Finland Homepage Emporis – The National Museum of Finland Panoramic virtual tour inside the museum http, //www. nba. fi/en/museum_of_cultures Museum of Cultures Helsinki
