1.
Ottoman dynasty
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The Ottoman dynasty was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman. According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, the Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c.1299 to 1922. During much of the Empires history, the sultan was the regent, head of state. The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 after the Turkish War of Independence, the Republic of Turkey was declared the following year. The living members of the dynasty were sent into exile as persona non gratae, though some have been allowed to return. In its current form, the family is known as the Osmanoğlu family, before Orhans proclamation of the dynasty, the tribe was known as the Bilecik Söğüt Beylik or Beys but was renamed Osmanlı in honor of Osman. The Ottoman dynasty is known in modern Turkish as Osmanlı Hanedanı, meaning House of Osman, in Ottoman Turkish it was known as Hanedan-ı Âl-i Osman, thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the Seljuk Empire and its successor, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. The first Ottoman ruler to claim the title of Sultan was Murad I. The holder of the title Sultan was in Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad, the Ottoman sultans also claimed the title of Caliph starting with Murad I, who transformed the Ottoman state into a transcontinental empire. With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II Fatih claimed the title Kaysar-i-Rûm Emperor of Rome and he appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose status he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodox Christians. As Emperor of Rome he laid claim to all Roman territories, Sultan Mehmed II also took the title of Padishah, a Persian title meaning Master of Kings and ranking as Emperor, claiming superiority among the other kings. He was the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the title of Padishah. The Ottoman claim to caliphate was strengthened when they defeated the Mamluks in 1517, as the empire grew, sultans adopted secondary titles expressing the empires claim to be the legitimate successor of the absorbed states. Furthermore, they tended to enumerate even regular provinces, not unlike the long lists of -mainly inherited- feudal titles in the style of many Christian European monarchs. Some early Ottoman Sultans even had to accept the status in the eyes of a foreign overlord. However, the Ottoman Caliphate too was abolished soon afterwards, and Abdulmecid II was utterly deposed and expelled from Turkey with the rest of the Ottoman dynasty on 3 March 1924
2.
Abdul Hamid I
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Abdülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789. He was born in Istanbul, a son of Sultan Ahmed III. Ahmed III abdicated in favor of his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, as a potential heir to the throne, Abdül Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older brother, as was customary. During this period, he received his education from his mother Rabia Şermi. When his brother Mustafa III died, Abdül Hamid succeeded him on 21 January 1774, Abdül Hamids long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors. Yet he was very religious and a pacifist by nature. At his accession the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the Janissary Corps, the new Sultan told the Janissaries There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier sons should learn. Despite his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire was forced to renew the war with Russia almost immediately. This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans ceded territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox Christians in the Empire. Abdülhamid now sought to reform the Empires armed forces and he enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps and he was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval Engineering School. Abdülhamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over Syria, Egypt, Russia repeatedly exploited its position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against Russia in 1787, turkey held its own in the conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia. It is said that this sad defeat broke Abdül Hamids spirit, in spite of his failures, Abdülhamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman Sultan. He personally directed the brigade during the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his religious devotion, and was called a Veli. He also outlined a policy, supervised the government closely. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the war with Russia and Austria
3.
Abdulmejid II
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His name has various alternate spellings, including Abdul Mejid Effendi, Aakhir Khalifatul Muslimeen Abd-ul-Madjeed bin Abd-al-Aziz Khan. On 30 May 1868, he was born at Dolmabahçe Palace or at Beşiktaş Palace, Beşiktaş, in Islam Pole, Osmans Dream, to then Sultan Abdulaziz, according to custom, Abdulmecid was confined to the palace until he was 40. On 4 July 1918, his first cousin Mehmed VI became Sultan, following the deposition of his cousin on 1 November 1922, the Sultanate was abolished. But on 18 November 1922, the Crown Prince was elected Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly at Ankara and he established himself in Constantinople on 24 November 1922. On 3 March 1924, six months after the foundation of the Turkish Republic, the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished and the Ottoman dynasty was deposed and expelled from Turkey. Abdulmejid was given the title of General in the Ottoman Army, but did not in fact have strong military inclinations and he is considered as one of the most important painters of late period Ottoman art. His paintings of the Harem, showing a musical gathering. His personal self-portrait can be seen at Istanbul Modern, Abdulmejid was an avid collector of butterflies, an activity that he occupied himself with during the last 20 years of his life. His favourite magazine was Revue des deux Mondes, on 23 August 1944, Abdulmejid II died at his house in the Boulevard Suchet, Paris. His death coincided with the Liberation of Paris from Nazi occupation and he was buried in Medina, Saudi Arabia by the order of King Saud of Saudi Arabia. He married fourthly at Constantinople, Üsküdar, Çamlıca Palace, on 21 March 1921 to HH Behruze Kadın, without issue
4.
Abdulmejid I
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Abdülmecid I, also known as Abdulmejid and similar spellings, was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empires territories and he tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations. Abdulmejids biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat reforms which were prepared by his father, for this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him. Abdulmejid was born at the Beşiktaş Sahil Palace or at the Topkapı Palace and his mother was his fathers first wife in 1839, Valide Sultan Bezmiâlem, originally named Suzi, either a Circassian or Georgian slave. Abdulmejid received a European education and spoke fluent French, the first sultan to do so, like Abdulaziz who succeeded him, he was interested in literature and classical music. Like his father Mahmud II, he was an advocate of reforms and was enough to have the support of progressive viziers such as Mustafa Reşit Pasha, Mehmet Emin Ali Paşa. Throughout his reign he had to struggle against conservatives who opposed his reforms, Abdulmejid was also the first sultan to directly listen to the publics complaints on special reception days, which were usually held every Friday without any middlemen. Abdulmejid toured the territories to see in person how the Tanzimat reforms were being applied. He travelled to İzmit, Mudanya, Bursa, Gallipoli, Çanakkale, Lemnos, Lesbos and Chios in 1844, when Abdulmejid succeeded to the throne, the affairs of the Ottoman Empire were in a critical state. At the time his father died, the news reached Istanbul that the army had been defeated at Nizip by the army of the rebel Egyptian viceroy. The terms were finalised at the Convention of London, in compliance with his fathers express instructions, Abdulmejid immediately carried out the reforms to which Mahmud II had devoted himself. In November 1839 an edict known as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane, also known as Tanzimat Fermanı was proclaimed, the edict was supplemented at the close of the Crimean War by a similar statute issued in February 1856, named the Hatt-ı Hümayun. The scheme met with opposition from the Muslim governing classes and the ulema, or religious authorities. More than one conspiracy was formed against the life on account of it. European fashions were also adopted by the Court, samuel Morse received his first ever patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul, which was issued by Sultan Abulmejid who personally tested the new invention. When Kossuth and others sought refuge in Turkey after the failure of the Hungarian uprising in 1849, the sultan was called on by Austria and Russia to surrender them and he also would not allow the conspirators against his own life to be put to death. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica says of him, He bore the character of being a kind and honourable man, if somewhat weak, against this, however, must be set down his excessive extravagance, especially towards the end of his life
5.
Ahmed I
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Ahmed I was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617. Ahmeds reign is noteworthy for marking the end of the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide and he is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque, one of the most famous mosques in Turkey. Ahmed was born on 18 April 1590 at the Manisa Palace, Manisa, when his father Şehzade Mehmed was still a prince, after his grandfather Murad IIIs death in 1595, his father came to Istanbul and ascended the throne as Sultan Mehmed III. His father ordered the execution of nineteen of his brothers and half brothers and his elder brother Şehzade Mahmud was also executed by his own father on 7 June 1603, just before his own death on 22 December 1603. Mahmud was buried along with his mother in a mausoleum built by Ahmed in Şehzade Mosque. Ahmed ascended the throne after his fathers death in 1603, when ascended the throne, his powerful grandmother Safiye Sultan was still alive. He broke with the traditional fratricide and sent his brother Mustafa to live at the old palace at Bayezit along with their grandmother Safiye Sultan. A far lost uncle of Ahmed, Yahya, resented his accession to the Ottoman throne in 1603, in contrast to previous enthronements, Ahmed did not order the execution of his brother Mustafa, thus the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide was brought to an end. This was most likely due to Ahmeds young age - he had not yet demonstrated his ability to sire children and his brothers execution would have endangered the dynasty, and thus he was spared. In the earlier part of his reign Ahmed I showed decision and vigor, the new borders were drawn per exactly the same line as confirmed in the Peace of Amasya of 1555. Upon ascending the throne, Ahmed I appointed Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha as the commander of the eastern army, despite the conditions being favourable, Sinan Pasha decided to stay for the winter in Van, but then marched to Erzurum to stop an incoming Safavid attack. This caused unrest within the army and the year was practically wasted for the Ottomans, the Ottoman army was routed Urmia and had to flee firstly to Van and then to Diyarbekir. Here, Sinan Pasha sparked a rebellion by executing the Beylerbey of Aleppo, Canbulatoğlu Hüseyin Pasha and he soon died himself and the Safavid army was able to capture Ganja, Shirvan and Shamakhi in Azerbaijan. Under Mehmed Pasha, the army recaptured Pest and Vác, but failed to capture Esztergom as the siege was lifted due to unfavourable weather. Meanwhile, the King of Transylvania, Stephen Bocskay, who struggled for the independence and had formerly supported the Habsburgs. Upon the promise of help, his forces joined the Ottoman forces in Belgrade. With this help, the Ottoman army besieged Esztergom and captured it on 4 November 1605, bocskai, with Ottoman help, captured Nové Zámky and forces under Tiryaki Hasan Pasha took Veszprém and Palota. Sarhoş İbrahim Pasha, the Beylerbey of Nagykanizsa, attacked the Austrian region of Istria, however, with Jelali revolts in Anatolia more dangerous than ever and a defeat in the eastern front, Mehmed Pasha was called to Constantinople
6.
Ahmed II
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Ahmed II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695. Ahmed II was born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ibrahim by Hatice Muazzez Valide Sultan, Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643, the son of Sultan Ibrahim and Hatice Muazzez Sultan. During reigns of his brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in Kafes. During his short reign, Sultan Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the Habsburgs and related foreign policy, governmental, of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong tax farm system. Among the most important features of Ahmed’s reign was his reliance on Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, following his accession to the throne, Sultan Ahmed II confirmed Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha in his office as grand vizier. Like his father Köprülü Mehmed Pasha before him, he ordered the removal and execution of dozens of state officials of the previous regime. He overhauled the tax system by adjusting it to the capabilities of the affected by the latest wars. He also reformed troop mobilization and increased the pool of available for the army by drafting tribesmen in the Balkans. In the confrontation, recognized by contemporaries as “the bloodiest battle of the century, ” the Ottomans suffered heavy losses,20,000 men, including the grand vizier. With him, the sultan lost his most capable military commander and the last member of the Köprülü family, under Fazıl Mustafa Pasha’s successors, the Ottomans suffered further defeats. In June 1692 the Habsburgs conquered Várad, the seat of an Ottoman governor since 1660, in 1694 they attempted to recapture Várad, but to no avail. On January 12,1695, they surrendered the fortress of Gyula, with the fall of Gyula, the only territory still in Ottoman hands in Hungary was to the east of the River Tisza and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at Temesvár. Three weeks later, on February 6,1695, Ahmed II died in Edirne Palace, sons Şehzade Ibrahim, with Rabia Sultan, twin with Selim, became Crown Prince on 22 August 1703, Şehzade Selim, with Rabia Sultan, twin with Ibrahim. Daughters Asiye Sultan, with Rabia, Hatice Sultan, osmans Dream, The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. Michael Hochendlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence, War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1683–1797, media related to Ahmed II at Wikimedia Commons Works written by or about Ahmed II at Wikisource
7.
Ahmed III
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Ahmed III was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV. His mother was Emetullah Rabia Gülnûş Sultan, originally named Evmania Voria and he was born at Hajioglupazari, in Dobruja. He succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II, nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the Sultans daughter, Hatice Sultan directed the government from 1718 to 1730, a period referred to as the Tulip Era. Ahmed III cultivated good relations with France, doubtless in view of Russias menacing attitude and he afforded refuge in Ottoman territory to Charles XII of Sweden after the Swedish defeat at the hands of Peter I of Russia in the Battle of Poltava of 1709. In 1710 Charles XII convinced Sultan Ahmed III to declare war against Russia, the subsequent Ottoman victories against Russia enabled the Ottoman Empire to advance to Moscow, had the Sultan wished. However, this was halted as a report reached Istanbul that the Safavids were invading the Ottoman Empire, causing a period of panic, Ahmed voluntarily led his nephew Mahmud I to the seat of sovereignty and paid allegiance to him as Sultan of the Empire. He then retired to the Kafes previously occupied by Mahmud and died at Topkapı Palace after six years of confinement, the reign of Ahmed III lasted for twenty-seven years and was not unsuccessful. The Phanariotes constituted a kind of Dhimmi nobility, which supplied the Porte with functionaries in many important departments of the state. In the year 1712, the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah, a grandson of Aurangzeb sent gifts to the Ottoman Sultan Ahmad III, Şehzade Isa, son of Hurram Kadin Effendi. Şehzade Selim, son of Hurram Kadin Effendi, Şehzade Abdul Majid, twin with Abdul Malik. Şehzade Abdul Malik, twin with Abdul Majid, Şehzade Sultan Sulaiman Khan, son of Aminā Mihrişah Effendi. Şehzade Mehmed, son of Hurram Kadin Effendi, Şehzade Selim, twin with Saliha Sultan, son of Hatim Khanum Effendi. Şehzade Sultan Mehmed Khan, Crown Prince since 13 December 1754, Mustafa III, son of Aminā Mihrişah Effendi. Şehzade Sultan Bayazid Khan, Crown Prince since 30 January 1757, Şehzade Abdullah, son of Hurram Kadin Effendi. Şehzade Orkhan, son of Hurram Kadin Effendi, Şehzade Sultan Numan Khan, Second Crown Prince since 30 January 1757. Abdul Hamid I, son of Rabia Sharmi Effendi, fatma Sultan, daughter of Emetullah Banu Bas Kadin Effendi. Married, firstly 13 May 1709, H. H. Damad Fazil Ali Pasha, secondly 18 February 1717, H. H. Damad Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier. Khadija Sultan, daughter of Rukiya Kadin Effendi, Zainab Sultan, twin with Ümmügülsüm Sultan, daughter of Aminā Mihrişah Effendi
8.
Bayezid II
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Bayezid II or Sultân Bayezid-î Velî was the eldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son and he is most notable for evacuating Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree and resettling them throughout the Ottoman Empire. Bayezid II was the son of Mehmed II and Emine Gülbahar Hatun, Bayezid II married Gülbahar Hatun, who was the mother of Bayezid IIs successor, Selim I and nephew of Sitti Mükrime Hatun. Bayezid IIs overriding concern was the quarrel with his brother Cem, having been defeated by his brothers armies, Cem sought protection from the Knights of St. John in Rhodes. Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII, the Pope thought of using Cem as a tool to drive the Turks out of Europe, but as the papal crusade failed to come to fruition, Cem was left to languish and die in a Neapolitan prison. Bayezid II paid both the Knights Hospitaller and the pope to keep his brother prisoner, Bayezid II ascended the Ottoman throne in 1481. Like his father, Bayezid II was a patron of western and eastern culture, unlike many other Sultans, he worked hard to ensure a smooth running of domestic politics, which earned him the epithet of the Just. The last of these ended in 1501 with Bayezid II in control of the whole Peloponnese. Ottoman authority in Anatolia was indeed seriously threatened during this period and at one point Bayezid IIs grand vizier, in July 1492, the new state of Spain expelled its Jewish and Muslim populations as part of the Spanish Inquisition. Bayezid II sent out the Ottoman Navy under the command of Admiral Kemal Reis to Spain in 1492 in order to evacuate them safely to Ottoman lands and he sent out proclamations throughout the empire that the refugees were to be welcomed. He granted the refugees the permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire and he ridiculed the conduct of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in expelling a class of people so useful to their subjects. You venture to call Ferdinand a wise ruler, he said to his courtiers, he who has impoverished his own country and enriched mine. Bayezid addressed a firman to all the governors of his European provinces, ordering them not only to refrain from repelling the Spanish refugees and he threatened with death all those who treated the Jews harshly or refused them admission into the empire. Moses Capsali, who helped to arouse the sultans friendship for the Jews, was most energetic in his assistance to the exiles. He made a tour of the communities and was instrumental in imposing a tax upon the rich, the Muslims and Jews of al-Andalus contributed much to the rising power of the Ottoman Empire by introducing new ideas, methods and craftsmanship. The first printing press in Constantinople was established by the Sephardic Jews in 1493, on September 14,1509, Constantinople was devastated by an earthquake. During Bayezid IIs final years, a battle developed between his sons Selim I and Ahmet. Ahmet unexpectedly captured Karaman, an Ottoman city, and began marching to Constantinople to exploit his triumph, fearing for his safety, Selim staged a revolt in Thrace but was defeated by Bayezid and forced to flee back to the Crimean Peninsula
9.
Sultan Cem
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Sultan Cem or Cem Sultan, also referred to as Jem Sultan or Prince Jem, or Zizim by the French, was a pretender to the Ottoman throne in the 15th century. Cem was the favorite and third son of Sultan Mehmed II and younger half-brother of Sultan Bayezid II, and thus a half-uncle of Sultan Selim I of Ottoman Empire. After being defeated by Bayezid, Cem went on exile in Egypt and Europe, under the protection of the Mamluks, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John on the island of Rhodes, Cem was born on 22 December 1459 in Edirne. His mother, Çiçek Hatun, was probably of Turkish origin, in accordance with the custom for an Ottoman prince, Cem was appointed to a provincial governorship of Kastamonu in 1469. In December 1474, Cem replaced his deceased brother Mustafa as governor of Karaman in Konya, at the death of Mehmed the Conqueror, on May 3,1481, Bayezid was the governor of Sivas, Tokat and Amasya, and Cem ruled the provinces of Karaman and Konya. With no designated heir after Mehmed, conflict over succession to the throne erupted between Cem and Bayezid, contrary to Islamic law, which prohibits any unnecessary delay in burial, Mehmed IIs body was transported to Constantinople, where it lay three days. However, Bayezid had already established a network of influential pashas, the janissaries, and those opposed to the policies of Mehmed II. As a result, the Janissary corps rebelled, entering the capital, after the death of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha, there was widespread rioting among the janisseries in Constantinople as there was neither a sultan nor a grand vizier to control the developments. Understanding the danger of the situation, former grand vizier Ishak Pasha took the initiative of beseeching Bayezid to arrive with all due haste. In the meantime, Ishak Pasha took the measure of proclaiming Bayezids 11-year-old son, Sehzade Korkut. Prince Bayezid arrived at Constantinople on May 21,1481 and was declared Sultan Bayezid II, only six days later, Cem captured the city of Inegöl with an army of 4,000. Sultan Bayezid sent his army under the command of vizier Ayas Pasha to kill his brother, on May 28, Cem had defeated Bayezids army and declared himself Sultan of Anatolia, establishing his capital at Bursa. He proposed to divide the empire between him and his brother, leaving Bayezid the European side, Bayezid furiously rejected the proposal, declared that between rulers there is no kinship, and marched on to Bursa. The decisive battle between the two contenders to the Ottoman throne took place on June 19,1481, near the town of Yenişehir, Cem lost and fled with his family to the Mamluk Cairo. The Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy received Cem with honour in Cairo, in Cairo, Cem received a letter from his brother, offering Cem one million akçes to stop competing for the throne. Cem rejected the offer, and in the year he launched a campaign in Anatolia under the support of Kasım Bey, heir of the ruling house of Karaman. On May 27,1482, Cem besieged Konya but was defeated and forced to withdraw to Ankara. He intended to give it all up and return to Cairo, Cem then tried to renegotiate with his brother
10.
Cemile Sultan
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Cemile Sultan was an Ottoman princess, daughter of Sultan Abdülmecid I and his wife Empress Düzdidil Kadın, the daughter of Şıhım Bey Dişan. She was the sister of Sultans Mehmed VI, Murad V, Abdul Hamid II. Cemile Sultan was born as the daughter of Sultan Abdülmecid I, somewhat earlier, in 1845, Princess Cemiles mother, Düzdidil Kadın, died leaving Princess Cemile motherless at the age of two. She grew up together with her half brother Abdul Hamid II, on ceremonial occasions Princess Cemile took precedence as she was the eldest, and always took her place at Abdul Hamids right. A large armchair was reserved for her on the right-hand side, in processions she walked at the side of the Empress mother, Perestu, ahead of everyone else. She always wore brown-colored dresses and on her head a hotoz of the same color and she dressed in the Turkish style, with a long train fastened to her waist. Since the sumptuous fabrics she wore were always shades of brown. Despite this simplicity, her imperial bearing amply conveyed her rank of princess and those in a position to know said that she looked just like her father, Sultan Abdülmecid, and indeed from the photographs the eyes and the features are the same. Everyone in the palace felt great respect and fondness for Princess Cemile and she spoke so graciously and intelligently, not laughing when it was not called for, and exhibiting toward everyone the appropriate conduct due him or her. On 1 June 1858 she was married to Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha as his third wife, archived from the original on 2 May 2006. CS1 maint, Unfit url The Concubine, the Princess, the Ottoman Lady, A Social History from 1718 to 1918
11.
Hayme Hatun
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Hayme Hatun, also known as Hayme Ana, was the grandmother of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire and the mother of Ertuğrul Gazi, the leader of the Kayı clan of the Oghuz Turks. According to Necdet Sakaoğlu, she was a Yörük, the mother of Osman Gazi and her name appears as Haymana, Hayme Hatun, Hayme Sultan, Ayva Ana and Ayvana. The name Hayme Ana seems to be an obvious transference of the topographic term haymana, or prairie, Hayma Anas last resting place is at Çarşamba, a village near Domaniç, in a pasture area, close to a route connecting the lowlands east of Bursa with Tavşanlı. In 1892 Abdul Hamid II saw the recovery of the tomb of Hayma Ana Hatun, Abdul Hamids interest on the renovation of his ancestor resting places has clear political implications, and both recoveries may be equal fraudulent. She was of Turkish descent and the belonged to a Turkmen family
