1.
10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles
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The 10th Princess Marys Own Gurkha Rifles, was originally a rifle regiment of the British Indian Army comprising Gurkha soldiers of Nepalese origin. The regiment was first formed in 1890, taking its lineage from a police unit and over the course of its existence it had a number of changes in designation and composition. It took part in a number of campaigns on the Indian frontiers during the 19th and early 20th centuries, before fighting in the First World War, the Third Anglo-Afghan War and the Second World War. Following Indias independence in 1947, the regiment was one of four Gurkha regiments to be transferred to the British Army, in the 1960s it was active in the Malayan Emergency and Indonesian Confrontation. It was amalgamated with the other three British Gurkha regiments to form the Royal Gurkha Rifles in 1994, at the end of the Third Burmese War in 1887, it was decided to withdraw the regular army battalions and replace them with a freshly recruited military police force. Recruited in India, it was intended that the police would be a temporary force which would establish order in districts of upper Burma. The military police would then be used to form additional battalions of the Indian Army. The Kubo Valley Military Police were raised on 9 April 1887 by Sir F. B, norman at Manipur in India and was composed in equal numbers of Gurkha recruits and Assam hillmen. The first commander was Lieutenant C. W. Harris, the battalion moved to Burma and was initially stationed at Tamu. In 1890, it was decided to convert the Kubo Valley Military Police Battalion in Burma into a new battalion with the title of 10th Madras Infantry, the 10th Madras Infantry, one of the oldest battalions in the Indian Army, had recently been disbanded. The new battalion had no association with the old except for the name, the relics of the battalion were eventually taken back to India. The 10th Madras Infantry was formed from the Kubo Valley Military Police on 1 June 1890 under the command of Major Macgregor at Mandalay Palace, the battalion did not inherit the precedence or honours of the 10th Madras Infantry at that time by decision of the army authorities. Their reasoning being that it would be incorrect to give such a new battalion the precedence, but it was also true that the composition of the 10th Madras Infantry had been through similar drastic changes in composition. For example, after the Mahratta wars, its composition was changed from Northern Indian to Southern Indian, the initial strength of the battalion was three British officers, eight Indian officers and 277 other ranks. It was not at first exclusively Gurkha in composition, the non-Gurkhas were gradually wasted out of the regiment. In its first few years of existence, the regiment was referred to by two different names in the Indian Army Lists, in 1890 it was called the 10th Regiment of Madras Infantry and the following year it was called the 10th Regiment of Madras Infantry. But in reality, the name was the one used by the battalion until 1892. It became the 10th Regiment of Madras Infantry on 9 February 1892 at Maymyo in Burma, on 3 May 1895 the name of the regiment was changed again to 10th Regiment of Madras Infantry to reflect its now all-Gurkha composition
2.
38th (Welsh) Infantry Division
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The 38th Division of the British Army was active during both the First and Second World Wars. The 43rd was renamed the 38th Division on 29 April 1915 and it arrived in France with a poor reputation, seen as a political formation that was ill-trained and poorly led. The divisions baptism by fire came in the first days of the Battle of the Somme and this strongly held German position needed to be secured in order to facilitate the next phase of the Somme offensive, the Battle of Bazentin Ridge. Despite securing its objective, the reputation was adversely affected by miscommunication among senior officers. A year later it made an attack in the Battle of Pilckem Ridge. This action redeemed the division in the eyes of the hierarchy of the British military. In 1918, during the German Spring Offensive and the subsequent Allied Hundred Days Offensive, the division attacked several fortified German positions. It crossed the Ancre River, broke through the Hindenburg Line and German positions on the River Selle, ended the war on the Belgian frontier, the division was not chosen to be part of the Occupation of the Rhineland after the war, and was demobilised over several months. It ceased to exist by March 1919, on paper, the division was recreated as the 38th Infantry Division, a duplicate of the 53rd Infantry Division, it formed in September. It was never deployed overseas as a division, having been restricted to home defence duties around the United Kingdom, in 1944, it was disbanded and its units were either deployed or broken up to reinforce the 21st Army Group in Normandy during Operation Overlord. The 38th Division was recreated on 1 September 1944 as the 38th Infantry Division, in this form, the division completed the training of recruits, who were then dispatched overseas as reinforcements. At the end of the war, the division was stood down. On 28 July 1914, the First World War began and on 4 August, Germany invaded Belgium, on 5 August, Herbert Kitchener was appointed Secretary of State for War. This position allowed Kitchener a largely independent role within the war cabinet and his first act, the next day, was to request parliamentary approval to increase the strength of the British Army by 500,000 men. The first wave, originally termed the New Expeditionary Force, became the First New Army, historian Peter Simkins wrote that Kitchener held the Territorial Force in disdain, calling it an ill-trained Town Clerks Army, and this was partially why he set up a parallel recruitment system. Simkins noted that it would be a gross oversimplification to ascribe Kitcheners decision merely to prejudice and ignorance, on 19 September 1914, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George stated publicly that he should like to see a Welsh Army in the field. This thought quickly picked up support from politicians and from Kitchener, the recruits were to be drawn from Wales as well as Monmouthshire and from Welshmen living in Liverpool, London and Manchester. The creation of the corps became a source of dispute between Lloyd George and Kitchener and was never realised due to a lack of potential recruits
3.
Bryan Adams
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Bryan Guy Adams, OC OBC is a Canadian singer, songwriter, record producer, guitarist, photographer, philanthropist and activist. Adams also had the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles Heaven, Adams has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. In 2008, Adams was ranked 38th on the list of All-Time top artists in the Billboard Hot 100 50th Anniversary Charts. Bryan Guy Adams was born in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, to British parents, Elizabeth Jane and Captain Conrad J. Adams, Adams travelled with his parents to diplomatic postings in Portugal and Vienna, Austria, during the 1960s, and to Israel during the early 1970s. Adams has a brother, Bruce. Before that at age 15–16 he fronted various pub bands like Sweeney Todd that released If Wishes Were Horses and was seen sitting in with other cover bands. He and his guitarist Keith Scott met during those club years, in 1978, at 18, Adams met Jim Vallance through a mutual friend in a Vancouver music store. Vallance was the drummer and principal songwriter for Vancouver-based rock band Prism and had recently quit that band to focus on a career as a studio musician. They agreed to meet at Vallances home studio a few days later, later in 1978, Adams signed to A&M records for one dollar. Some of the first demos written in 1978 have surfaced over the years, most notably Im Ready and Remember, both songs were covered by other artists even before his first album was released. Also recorded during time was the disco song Let Me Take You Dancing featuring Adamss vocal sped up to meet the 122BPM dance tempo. The song made the Canadian RPM chart in March 1979 along with its B-Side Dont Turn Me Away, straight From The Heart was also written during this period. The song was recorded for Adamss third album Cuts Like A Knife in 1983 and released as a single. Adamss self-titled debut album was released in February 1980, and marked the beginning of what was to become a long songwriting partnership between Adams and co-writer Jim Vallance. With the exception of Remember and Wastin Time, most of the album was recorded from 29 October up until 29 November 1979 at Manta Studios and co-produced by Adams, the album was certified gold in Canada in 1986. Adamss second album, You Want It You Got It, was recorded in two weeks and it marked Adamss first album co-produced by Bob Clearmountain. It was released in 1981 and contained the FM radio hit Lonely Nights, Adams also co-wrote songs for other artists during this time including Billboard charted songs like No Way to Treat a Lady for Bonnie Raitt and Dont Let Him Know for Prism. Cuts Like a Knife, which was released in January 1983, was Adamss breakout album due mainly to the lead singles, straight from the Heart was the most successful song, reaching number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100
4.
John Couch Adams
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John Couch Adams FRS was a British mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, near Launceston, Cornwall, the Cornish name Couch is pronounced cooch. His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, the calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranuss orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton. At the same time, but unknown to other, the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier. He was Lowndean Professor in the University of Cambridge from 1859 until his death and he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866. In 1884, he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain, a crater on the Moon is jointly named after him, Walter Sydney Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams. Neptunes outermost known ring and the asteroid 1996 Adams are also named after him, the Adams Prize, presented by the University of Cambridge, commemorates his prediction of the position of Neptune. His personal library is held at Cambridge University Library, Adams was born at Lidcot, a farm at Laneast, near Launceston, Cornwall, the eldest of seven children. His parents were Thomas Adams, a tenant farmer, and his wife. Tabitha was a daughter but had received a rudimentary education from John Couch, her uncle. John was intrigued by the books from an early age. John attended the Laneast village school where he acquired some Greek, from there, he went, at the age of twelve, to Devonport, where his mothers cousin, the Rev. John Couch Grylls, kept a private school. There he learned classics but was largely self-taught in mathematics, studying in the Library of Devonport Mechanics Institute and reading Reess Cyclopædia and Samuel Vinces Fluxions. In 1836, his mother inherited an estate at Badharlick. In October 1839 he entered as a sizar at St Johns College, graduating B. A. in 1843 as senior wrangler and first Smiths prizeman of his year. In 1821, Alexis Bouvard had published astronomical tables of the orbit of Uranus, subsequent observations revealed substantial deviations from the tables, leading Bouvard to hypothesize some perturbing body. Adams learnt of the irregularities while still an undergraduate and became convinced of the perturbation theory, on 3 July 1841, he noted his intention to work on the problem. After his final examinations in 1843, Adams was elected fellow of his college, while he worked on the problem back in Cambridge, he tutored undergraduates, sending money home to educate his brothers, and even taught his bedmaker to read
5.
H. Montagu Allan
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Hugh Andrew Montagu Allan, CVO, of Ravenscrag in Montreals Golden Square Mile. He was the heir of his father, Sir Hugh Allan. He was president of several major Canadian financial institutions and the Montreal General Hospital and he co-founded and was president of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Montreal. In 1942, he and his wife donated their home, Ravenscrag, to the McGill University Faculty of Medicine and he is best remembered as a sportsman who donated the Allan Cup, the trophy that is still awarded today to the Canadian mens amateur ice hockey champions. From 1878 he was known as H. Montagu Allan to avoid confusion with his cousin Hugh Andrew Allan and he studied at Bishops College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, then in Paris, before joining the familys shipping business, the Allan Line. Sir Montagu rose to Deputy Chairman of the Allan Steamship Line, by then he was President of the Royal Securities Corporation, Acadia Coal Company, the Canadian Rubber Company, the Canadian Paper Company, and the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, which he co-founded. He was a director and the President of the Merchants Bank of Canada during its amalgamation into the Bank of Montreal in 1922 and he also served as a Councillor and Treasurer of the Montreal Board of Trade. He was a leader in the Charity Organization Society and a director for the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Allan was an avid sportsman and outdoor enthusiast, and a member of a number of sporting clubs. He owned a thoroughbred horse-racing stable, and his horses won several Queens Plates, Montreal Hunt Cups, Members Plates, Montagu Allan was created a Knight Bachelor by King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in 1906 and the following year was decorated Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. Among other clubs, Sir Montagu was a member of the St. James Club, the Mount Royal Club, the Forest and Stream, The Toronto Club, the Rideau Club and the Manitoba Club. At New York City he was a member of the Knickerbocker Club, when the Stanley Cup was restricted to competition between professional ice hockey clubs, amateur teams no longer had a championship to which they could aspire. Allan was an ice hockey enthusiast and in 1908 he donated the Allan Cup. The Cup is awarded annually to the National Senior Amateur Mens Ice Hockey Champions of Canada, but when challenges for the Allan Cup grew so frequent that they became unmanageable the format was altered in 1914 so that regional champions would compete for this prestigious national trophy. Beginning in 1920, when hockey was first introduced to the Olympic Games and this continued until David Bauer introduced a National Hockey program that produced a team of selects at the Innsbruck 1964 Winter Olympics. For his contribution to the sport of Ice Hockey, in 1945 Allan was made a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builders category. His cousin, Brenda, Lady Meredith donated the Lady Meredith Cup in 1920, Lady Allans father was President of J. G. Montreal, director of the Hudsons Bay Company, vice-president of the Merchants Bank, vice-president of the Montreal Telegraph Company, Lady Allan was a niece of The Hon. Frederick Mackenzie and sister-in-law of Edward Ermatinger, of Montreal. The Allans were the parents of four children, all of whom they outlived, Martha Allan, educated at Eton and McGill University
6.
Hugh Allan
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Sir Hugh Allan, KCMG was a Scottish-Canadian shipping magnate, financier and capitalist. By the time of his death, the Allan Shipping Line had become the largest privately owned shipping empire in the world and his home, Ravenscrag was the principal residence of the Golden Square Mile. Born at Saltcoats, Ayrshire, he was the son of Captain Alexander Allan. He was a first cousin of Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt and his father was a first cousin of the Scottish bard, in 1819, Allans father established the Allan Shipping Line, which became synonymous with running goods and passengers between Scotland and Montreal. Hugh Allan received an education at Saltcoats before starting work in 1823 at the familys counting house of Allan. Three years later he was sent by his father to Montreal to work as a clerk for the grain merchant, in 1830, he took a year off to travel through his native Scotland and continued via London, New York and Upper Canada. By 1835, Allan was made a partner in the firm that from then was known as Millar, with his fathers encouragement and capital, Allan expanded the companys shipping operations, and J & A Allan became closely involved with building of the merchant fleet. By the time Hughs younger brother, Andrew, had joined now Edmonstone, by the 1850s, Edmonstone & Allan was described by a credit-rating service as an old, safe and respectable House. One of the wealthiest concerns in the Province, known for its management and its links to trading houses in London, Liverpool. Helped by Allans spreading influence into allied shipping, railway and banking concerns, from 1863, the company became known as H & A Allan, of Montreal — one segment, but an important and intricate part of the Allan familys empire. In 1851, Hugh Allan had been elected President of the Montreal Board of Trade, the service, Allan declared, would deliver Royal Mail to both sides of the Atlantic Ocean while transporting immigrants to North America. Though it was Allans idea, competition for the contract was fierce, despite significant support on both sides of the Atlantic and careful preparation, Allan lost the bid in 1853. However, the consortium won the contract, headed by Samuel Cunard, ran into trouble almost immediately. These ships formed the nucleus of Allans Montreal Ocean Steamship Company, incorporated by him and his brother, Andrew and it was carefully created to be Canadian, but it was inextricably linked by the Allan family in Scotland. By 1859, service was weekly, and Allan reported his capital investment in the company at £3.5 million, beyond mail and emigrating passengers, the Allan Line carried royalty, troops, general cargo, manufactured goods and much needed Canadian wheat to Britain. After the Victoria Bridge opened in 1859, Allan became dependent on the Grand Trunk Railway, by 1873, Allan expressed a desire to protect ourselves. At the same time that Allan was falling out with the Grand Trunk Railway, though slow to move into the railway business, by the 1870s Allan had become Canadas most flamboyant railway entrepreneur. He helped to place trusted colleagues in senior positions with railways connected to the venture, Allan himself invested heavily, particularly in those that would link the Port of Montreal to the Canadian West, and became president of the Montreal Northern Colonization Railway in 1871
7.
25th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
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The 25th Infantry Brigade was a war-formed infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service during both World War I and World War II. The 25th Brigade was formed in October 1914 just after the outbreak of the First World War with battalions withdrawn from overseas garrisons and it was disbanded in March 1919. The brigade was reformed in November 1939 just after the outbreak of the Second World War and it saw action during the battles of France and Belgium in May 1940, predominantly with the 50th Infantry Division. After being evacuated at Dunkirk, it remained in the United Kingdom with the 47th Infantry Division until it was disbanded at the end of August 1944. The 25th Brigade came into existence on 5 October 1914 as part of the 8th Division shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, the brigade concentrated at Hursley Park near Winchester and on 5 and 6 November 1914 it landed at Le Havre. It remained on the Western Front with the 8th Division for the rest of the war, in early 1916, the brigade gained a trench mortar battery and a machine gun company. It then fought on the Somme, notably the Battle of Albert on the first day, in 1917, the brigade took part in operations to follow the Germans in their retreat to the Hindenburg Line. The brigades machine gun company was moved to the divisional 8th Battalion, in addition, British divisions on the Western Front were reduced from a 12-battalion to a 9-battalion basis in February 1918 and the brigade from four to three battalions. Thereafter, the brigade commanded three battalions and a trench mortar battery. 1918 saw the return of the war of movement and it then switched over to counter-attack in the Second Battle of Arras and the Final Advance in Artois in which the 8th Division captured Douai. By the time of the armistice of 11 November 1918, the brigade was Pommeroeul, on 16 November it moved back to Tournai and by 18 December had completed a move to the Ath–Enghien area. Here the division commenced demobilization, a process that was completed on 20 March 1919, initially under War Office Control, on 18 November it moved to France where it joined the Lines of Communication Troops of the British Expeditionary Force. In May 1940, the brigade was assigned to a succession of infantry divisions, 5th, 50th, 3rd, back to the 50th, 46th. The brigade saw action at the Battle of St Omer-La Bassée before it was evacuated at Dunkirk on 31 May 1940, on return to the United Kingdom, the brigade joined the 47th Infantry Division. It remained with the division in the United Kingdom for the rest of its existence, order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. Regiments of the British Army 1939–1945, orders of Battle, Second World War, 1939–1945. The history of 8th Division in 1914-1918
8.
John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton
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He was the only son of Sir Ferdinand Dalberg-Acton, 7th Baronet and a grandson of the Neapolitan admiral Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet. He is perhaps best known for the remark, Power tends to corrupt, great men are almost always bad men. This idea has been tested in laboratory settings, however, by the extinction of the elder branch, the admiral became head of the family. After Sir Richard Actons death in 1837, she became the wife of the 2nd Earl Granville, marie Louise Pelline de Dalberg was heiress of Herrnsheim in Germany. She became the mother of John Dalberg-Acton who was born in Naples, from an old Roman Catholic family, young Acton was educated at Oscott College under future-Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman until 1848 and then at Edinburgh where he studied privately. His attempt to be admitted to the University of Cambridge failed because he was a Catholic, Döllinger had inspired in him a deep love of historical research and a profound conception of its functions as a critical instrument, particularly in the history of liberty. In politics, he was always an ardent Liberal, through extensive travels, Acton spent much time in the chief intellectual centres reading the actual correspondence of historical personalities. Among his friends were Montalembert, Tocqueville, Fustel de Coulanges, Bluntschli, von Sybel, in 1855, he was appointed Deputy Lieutenant of Shropshire. A year later, he was attached to Lord Granvilles mission to Moscow as British representative at the coronation of Alexander II of Russia, in 1859, Acton settled in England, at his country house, Aldenham, in Shropshire. He returned to the House of Commons that same year as member for the Irish Borough of Carlow and became a devoted admirer and adherent of Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. However, Acton was not an active MP, and his career came to an end after the general election of 1865. Acton defeated Conservative leader Henry Whitmore, who petitioned for a scrutiny of the ballots. After the Reform Act 1867, Acton again contested Bridgnorth, this reduced to a single seat, in 1868. Acton took a great interest in the United States, considering its structure the perfect guarantor of individual liberties. His notes to Gladstone on the subject helped sway many in the British government to sympathise with the South, after the Souths surrender, he wrote to Robert E. In 1869 Queen Victoria raised Acton to the peerage as Baron Acton and his elevation came primarily through the intercession of Gladstone. The two were friends and frequent correspondents. Matthew Arnold said that Gladstone influences all round him but Acton, Acton was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Commander in the 1897 Birthday Honours
9.
Christiane Amanpour
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Christiane Amanpour, CBE is a British-Iranian journalist and television host. Amanpour is the Chief International Correspondent for CNN and host of CNN Internationals nightly interview program Amanpour, Amanpour is also a Global Affairs Anchor of ABC News. In 2013, she moved from New York City to live permanently in London, England, with her husband, former US Assistant Secretary of State James Rubin, born in London, England, Amanpour was raised in Tehran. Her father, Mahmoud Amanpour, is a Muslim from Iran, her mother and she is fluent in English and Persian. After completing the larger part of her education in Iran. She attended Holy Cross Convent, a school located in Chalfont St. Peter, Buckinghamshire. Christiane and her returned to England not long after the Islamic Revolution began. She has stressed that they were not forced to leave the country, the family ultimately remained in England, finding it difficult to return to Iran. After leaving New Hall, Amanpour moved to the United States to study journalism at the University of Rhode Islands Harrington School of Communication, during her time there, she worked in the news department at WBRU-FM in Providence, Rhode Island. She also worked for NBC affiliate WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1983, Amanpour graduated from the university summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa with a B. A. degree in journalism. In 1983, she was hired by CNN on the desk in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1989, she was assigned to work in Frankfurt, Germany, through this position, she was able to move up in the company and by 1990 served as a correspondent for CNNs New York bureau. Following Iraqs occupation of Kuwait in 1990, Amanpours reports of the Persian Gulf War brought her wide notice while also taking the network to a new level of news coverage, thereafter, she reported from the Bosnian war and other conflict zones. Objectivity doesnt mean treating all sides equally and it means giving each side a hearing. Amanpour gained a reputation for being fearless during the Gulf and Bosnian wars, from 1992 to 2010, Amanpour was CNNs chief international correspondent as well as the anchor of Amanpour, a daily CNN interview program that aired 2009–2010. After 9/11, she was the first international correspondent to interview British Prime Minister Tony Blair, French President Jacques Chirac, additional interview partners are Hillary Clinton, Nicolás Maduro, Hassan Rouhani and Moammar Gadhafi. She also conducted interviews with Constantine II of Greece, Reza Pahlavi, Ameera al-Taweel, from 1996 to 2005, she was contracted by 60 Minutes creator Don Hewitt to file four to five in-depth international news reports a year as a special contributor. These reports garnered her a Peabody Award in 1998, hewitts successor Jeff Fager was not a fan of her work and terminated her contract
