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Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Henry Thomas Alken
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Henry Thomas Alken was an English painter and engraver chiefly known as a caricaturist and illustrator of sporting subjects and coaching scenes. His most prolific period of painting and drawing occurred between 1816 and 1831, Alken was born on 12 October 1785 in Soho, Westminster, and baptised on 6 November at St Jamess Church, Piccadilly. He was the son of Samuel Alken, a sporting artist. Two of his brothers were George and Samuel Alken the Younger, in 1789, the Alken family moved from Soho to 2, Francis Street East, Bedford Square. Young Henry first studied under his father and then with the miniature painter John Thomas Barber Beaumont, in 1801, Alken sent a miniature portrait of Miss Gubbins to the Royal Academy Exhibition. He exhibited a miniature at the Royal Academy before abandoning miniature painting and taking on painting and illustrating. Early in his career, he painted sporting subjects under the name of Ben Tally-O, Alken married Maria Gordon on 14 October 1809 at St Clement’s Church, Ipswich. On 22 August of the year later the couples first son was baptised. Alken went on to five children, of whom two were artists, Samuel Henry, also a sporting artist, known as Henry Alken junior. When Alken was 26, he and his family lived over a shop in Haymarket that belonged to print publisher Thomas McLean of the Repository of Wit. McLean paid Alken a daily wage of thirty shillings, considered a good income at the time, Alken died in April 1851 and was buried in Highgate cemetery. Although fairly affluent for most of his career, he fell on hard times towards the end of his life and was buried at his daughters expense, Alken worked in both oil and watercolor and was a skilled etcher. Alken provided the plates picturing hunting, coaching, racing and steeplechasing for The National Sports of Great Britain, Alken, known as an avid sportsman, is best remembered for his hunting prints, many of which he engraved himself until the late 1830s. Nimrods Life of a Sportsman, with 32 etchings by Alken, was published by Ackermann in 1842. One of his best known paintings, The Belvoir Hunt, Jumping Into And Out Of A Lane, hangs in the Tate Britain, a collection of his illustrations can be seen in the print department of the British Museum. Volume 2 By Pierce Egan The Art and Practice of Etching by Henry Alken,1849 Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Alken. Walter Shaw Sparrow, Henry Alken Henry Thomas Alken, The Grove Dictionary of Art
5.
Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema
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Laura Theresa Alma-Tadema was an English painter specialising in domestic and genre scenes of women and children. She was, from 1871, the wife of the painter Lawrence Alma-Tadema. A daughter of Dr George Napoleon Epps, she had two sisters who were painters, while Edmund Gosse and Rowland Hill were her brothers-in-law. It was at Madox Browns home that Alma-Tadema first met her in December 1869, during one of these, he proposed marriage. As he was then thirty-four and Laura was now only eighteen, Dr Epps finally agreed on the condition that they should wait until they knew each other better. The Paris Salon in 1873 gave Laura her first success in painting and her other venues included the Royal Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery and others in London. She also had work as an illustrator, particularly for the English Illustrated Magazine. A memorial exhibition of her work was held at the Fine Art Society in 1910 and she studied the works of Vermeer and de Hooch on visits to the Low Countries. She also numbered her work chronologically by giving them Opus numbers, retrieved 2008-08-07. in the New York Times Images of Laura Alma Tadema at the National Portrait Gallery
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Percy Anderson
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Beginning with The Yeomen of the Guard, Anderson designed the costumes for all the original productions of the Savoy Operas. He continued to design costumes for DOyly Carte revivals in the twentieth century, including for Trial by Jury. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance, Patience, Iolanthe, Princess Ida, Ruddigore, The Yeomen of the Guard and he designed the costumes for Henry James’s ill-fated theatrical effort, Guy Domville, The Times was not impressed by either the play or the costumes. He designed the costumes for the hit musical San Toy in 1899, The Duchess of Dantzic in 1903, the Royal Opera House also commissioned Anderson to design costumes in 1900. Andersons designs were used in a number of Broadway productions. Described as a dainty, naughty, rococo man, Anderson had private means, and for a time roomed with Morton Fullerton and he was part of a circle of rich, artistic homosexual men, who included Lord Ronald Gower, the courtier Alec Yorke and Hamilton Aïdé. In the 1910s, Anderson was closely associated with the young novelist Hugh Walpole, as a painter, Anderson achieved a modest success, and his portraits hang in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, the Louvre, and the British Museum. He illustrated the 1907 book, Costume, Fanciful, Historical and Theatrical, Anderson died in Kings College Hospital, London, in 1928, aged 76 or 77. Hugh Walpole Sutton Publishing, Stroud, ISBN 0-7509-1491-2 Mainwaring, Marion, mysteries of Paris, the Quest for Morton Fullerton, University of New England Press,2001 Rollins, Cyril and R. John Witts. The DOyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas London, Michael Joseph Ltd
7.
Eugene Ankomah
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Eugene Ankomah is a self-taught British contemporary visual artist of Ghanaian descent, with an art career that has spanned more than eighteen years. Born and raised in the London Borough of Brent, northwest London and he spent his early childhood living in Ghana with his parents and four siblings, before his family relocated to the United Kingdom in 1990. Ankomah first realised his love for art as a child of four, when he recalls being obsessed with drawing boxes, from the very early beginnings he was recognised and described by many as an artistic child prodigy. Ankomah was a pupil at Willesden High School from 1991, where he completed his secondary education, hi unusual artistic talent was noticed by his art teacher, Mr Blackburn. At the age of 17 Ankomah became the first ever recipient of the Peter Evans Award, awarded by his school for best student, after completing his secondary education Ankomah followed a Foundation course at Central Saint Martins College of Art & Design. He graduated in Illustration and Fine Art at the University of Westminster, during this period Ankomah’s works were taken up by the art dealer Karl Barrie of the Kaleidescope Gallery, North-West London, who exposed Ankomah’s works at The Affordable Art Fair. Barrie was later quoted as saying of Ankomah, Hes so talented you just want to be sick, in 1996 Ankomah became a member of the Brent Artists Register in Willesden, London, which connected local artists with the local community. Ankomahs Nail Paintings series of works include such as 2+2=This Used To Be My Playground, 1+6=Nemeses and File+36=Warrior Dance to name. In these works Ankomah used materials such as rusty nails, chicken heads, pigs ears, pigs feet, bamboo, in 2007 and 2008 Ankomah attended both the 5th and 6th annual Screen Nation Awards where he showcased a selection of his works. British Beat poet and author Michael Horovitz also owns one of Ankomah’s signature artworks, age 17 Ankomah was the first ever recipient of the Peter Evans Award, awarded by his school for best student. He has been awarded from The Apthorp Fund for Young Artists, Urban Tension Prize, to date Eugene Ankomah has taken part in more than 90 shows and exhibitions. He was one of the few chosen by the NCA National Campaign for the Arts to showcase his work in a major solo show entitled The Birth of. At Londons Carnaby Street in 2003, the NCA is chaired by Melvyn Bragg, in 2008 Ankomah took part in a group show entitled An Expo of Artful Dodgers among a list of UK visual artists. He was part of a group of artists described as the cream of up-and-coming talent by The Daily Telegraph. During this period Ankomah took part in other group shows including Graffiti Express. During this period he appeared as a special guest on Life FM Radios Culture Show his live radio interview was broadcast in March 2008, on a visit to Germany in 2008 he took part in a group show entitled Feinprobe Honigüss with the European Roots Movement. In December 2011 Ankomahs works were featured at an exhibition themed Visual Grandeur, produced by Visual Collaborative in Washington. In June 2009 Ankomah went on to begin his third artist residency to date at Salmon Youth Centre and this work was auctioned for the charity Oxfam later in the year
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Henry Hugh Armstead
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Henry Hugh Armstead RA was an English sculptor and illustrator, influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites. Armstead was born in Bloomsbury, central London, the son of John Armstead and he trained first under his father, then at the Government School of Design at Somerset House and afterwards at private art schools. He also studied with Edward Hodges Baily and he both made the clay models for the objects, and chased the cast silver. In the late 1850s Armstead was commissioned to make a statue of Aristotle in Caen stone for the Museum of Natural History in Oxford, after this he increasingly concentrated on sculpture rather than metalwork. He subsequently executed a number of public statues, funerary works. At the Palace of Westminster he carved eighteen oak panels in the Queenss Robing Room illustrating the legend of King Arthur beneath a series of murals by William Dyce. When it came to the sculpture on the monument, he was chosen to make half of the Frieze of Parnassus. Armstead carved the poets and musicians and artists on the side of the monument. The other two sides were executed by John Birnie Philip, Armstead took great care over the details of the subjects, asking surviving friends of Goethe, Beethoven and Mendelsohn for advice, and working from Webers death-mask. The sculpture was carved in situ, out of already installed in the podium of the monument. The relief was completed, and the temporary sheds removed. Armstead also made some of the bronze statues symbolising the sciences on the levels of the memorial. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1875, Armstead died at his home 52 Circus Road, St Johns Wood in north London on 4 December 1905. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Armstead. British Pre-Raphaelite Illustrators p.57 ff, H H Armstead online Designs by Armstead Biographical sketch for Henry Hugh Armstead provided by Victorian Web Henry Hugh Armstead at Find a Grave
