1.
Inner Austria
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The residence of the Inner Austrian archdukes and stadtholders was at the Burg castle complex in Graz. In the west, the Carinthian lands stretched to the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Habsburg County of Tyrol, while in the east, the Mur River formed the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. In the south, the County of Görz, which had passed to the House of Habsburg in 1500, the Imperial Free City of Trieste on the Adriatic Coast linked to assorted smaller possessions in the March of Istria around Pazin and the free port of Rijeka in Liburnia. In 1335 Rudolphs grandson Duke Albert II of Austria also received the Carinthian duchy with the adjacent March of Carniola at the hands of Emperor Louis the Bavarian as Imperial fiefs. Both sides came to an agreement to maintain the Neuberg division, therefore, from 1404 William acted as Austrian regent for his minor nephew Albert V. The Tyrolean and Further Austrian lands passed to Williams younger brother Duke Leopold IV the Fat,1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines, when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favour of Fredericks son Maximilian I. In 1512, the Habsburg territories were incorporated into the Imperial Austrian Circle, the dynasty however was split up again in 1564 among the children of deceased Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg. Under the Inner Austrian line founded by his younger son Archduke Charles II and his intentions to translate the absolutist and anti-reformationist Inner Austrian policies to the Crown of Bohemia sparked the Thirty Years War. The political administration of Inner Austria was centralized at Graz in 1763, Inner Austrian stadtholders went on to rule until the days of Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century. Ferdinand became Archduke of Austria in 1619, all Habsburg territories again united in 1655. History of Austria History of Slovenia
2.
Patria case
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There is currently a criminal investigation underway, and two employees of Patria have been arrested on charges of bribery. The CEO stepped down from his position as a result of the affair and is being investigated by the Finnish police on charges of bribery, the Patria case has a European and NATO horizon, and it cannot be understood outside this horizon. First, the rush to modernize the infantry armored vehicles for most Western armies since 2002, second, the consolidation of the European armored vehicles suppliers through General Dynamics acquisitions. Third, the war between General Dynamics and Patria in this field. Last, the status of arms deals that implies state secret protection on arms trade. However, the abuse of secrecy to conceal unlawful practices such as fake offset agreement, is not a Slovenian issue, the Patria case is a chance to look at what happens in the most politically sensitive and covered areas of Western democracies, arms and state security. The historic decision of the U. S, administration to move the conflict against terrorisms outside United States at the end of 2001 led to the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. It is a change, U. S. had not deployed large infantry on hostile grounds since 1983. The decision had implications for U. S. allies, ground troops need modern types of equipment to fight new infantry wars. Modern armored vehicles become a priority, more protected, faster, easily deployable, new vehicles must be capable to inter-operate at several communication levels. Air superiority was no longer the decisive issue, the capability to control the ground became paramount. The human cost of the new occupation wars is mainly due to lack of adequate protection. More than half of the deaths of U. S. General Dynamics is the U. S leader in infantry vehicles, for the so-called mechanized infantry. General Dynamics quickly detected a growth opportunity in the NATO and European Armored Vehicles market, after 2002 General Dynamics planned a profitable campaign of acquisitions of smaller European defense companies. Between 2002 and 2003 General Dynamics bought everything it could, MOWAG in Switzerland, Steyer-Daimler-Puch Speazialfahrung in Austria, Santa Barbara in Spain. Then General Dynamics tried also a big shot, in 2004 launched a takeover of U. K Alvis plc, but BAE reacted. In just five years General Dynamics shares grew from about $30 to $90, the turnover of the company climbed from $13 billion in 2002 to $32 billions in 2009. Major European nations such as France, the UK, Germany, smaller nations on the other hand initiated process of international tender and procurement for new advanced armored personal carriers
3.
Carinthian plebiscite, 1920
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The Carinthian plebiscite was held on 10 October 1920 in the area predominantly settled by Carinthian Slovenes. It determined the final border between the Republic of Austria and the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after World War I. After the defeat of the multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the ruling Habsburg dynasty in World War I, the rising tensions culminated in clashes of arms, as on Marburgs Bloody Sunday in Lower Styria and the continued fighting of paramilitary groups in southeastern Carinthia. These claims were rejected by the Carinthian provisional Landtag assembly on 25 October 1918, from November 5, Yugoslav forces moved into the settlement area of the Carinthian Slovenes from the Karavanke mountain range down to the Drava River and beyond. With the occupation of southeastern Carinthia by Yugoslav troops, the confrontation evolved into armed clashes, the provisional Carinthian government under Governor Arthur Lemisch decided to lead off the armed struggle in order to preserve the southern Carinthian border on the Karavanke range. Bitter fighting of paramilitary groups around Arnoldstein and Ferlach alarmed the Entente powers and they arbitrated a ceasefire, whereafter a nine-day U. S. Army commission under Lt. Col. Yugoslav representatives urged for a border on the Drava, American delegates however spoke in favor of preserving the unity of the Klagenfurt Basin and convinced the British, until May 7, all occupied Carinthian territories were vacated. When Yugoslav forces under General Rudolf Maister made an attempt to re-enter the region on 28 May 1919, a common state with other southern Slavic peoples seemed the most acceptable compromise toward fulfillment of nationalist strivings. The Treaty of Saint-Germain with the Republic of Austria, signed on 10 September 1919 and it ascertained that some small parts of Carinthia—i. e. Wanting to resolve the conflict peacefully, the Allied victors in World War I divided southeastern Carinthia into two zones, A in the south and B in the north, german speakers were concentrated in the town of Völkermarkt and certain smaller localities, especially around Bleiburg and Ferlach. Before the plebiscite, both sides waged intensive propaganda campaigns and it nevertheless also had an anti-Yugoslav tendency, picturing the conditions in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes as chaotic. Yugoslav propaganda almost exclusively used arguments emphasizing Slovene national awareness and it took an aggressive anti-German view from the beginning and turned to economic issues only in the last few weeks before the plebiscite. The campaigners were not capable of using the political instability of the young Austrian republic, despite the six-months term determined by the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the referendum was not held in Zone A until October 10,1920. Instead the Yugoslav army had to withdraw from Zone A in accord with the decision of the commission on 18 September 1920. Changes may also have made in electoral registers which allowed people from northern Zone B voting in Zone A. In the following decades both sides would continue to interpret and instrumentalize the plebiscites circumstances in their own way. The outcome of the held on 10 October, was 22,025 votes in favor of adhesion to Austria and 15,279 in favor of annexation by the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats. Assumed that the whole German-speaking minority had voted for Austria, also every second Carinthian Slovene had decided to remain with the Republic, another Yugoslav foray was fiercely rejected by the Entente powers
4.
Slovene People's Party (historical)
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The Slovene Peoples Party was a Slovenian political party in the 19th and 20th centuries, active in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1907 and 1941, it was the largest and arguably the most influential party in the Slovene Lands. It was dissolved by the Yugoslav Communist authorities in 1945, but continued to be active in exile until 1992, the contemporary Slovene Peoples Party, founded in 1988, was named after it. The Slovene People’s Party was founded under the name Catholic National Party in 1892 in Ljubljana with the aim of working in the Carniola region, on 27 November 1905, the ruling body of the party adopted a motion changing the name to Slovene People’s Party. The main plank of its programme was support for workers and farmers, Šusteršič, Krek and their colleagues worked to establish a broad network of cooperatives and lenders, which offered credit on favourable terms and assistance. By 1907, they had already established 433 collectives, in October 1909, the Carniolan SLS joined with related Catholic organisations from Lower Styria, Carinthia, Gorizia and Gradisca and Istria. It was renamed to Pan-Slovene Peoples Party and became the leading, in the last elections for the Reichsrat in the Habsburg Monarchy, the SLS won some 87% of all Slovene mandates. Until World War I, the party campaigned for autonomy for Slovene within the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1917, the SLS had a influence on the adoption of the May Declaration. Anton Korošec became the leader of the party in the same year, in 1920, the party reverted to its original name Slovene Peoples Party. In the general Yugoslav elections of November 1920, the SLS lost its majority in Slovenia for the first time since 1907. From 87% of all Slovenian mandates before the elections, it fell to just 36% of the vote after the elections. Thereafter, the party shifted its orientation, it quit the Yugoslav government and began to agitate for greater autonomy for Slovenes within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats. In this period, the SLS formed the Federalist Bloc together with the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, Yugoslav Muslim Organization, the coalition was however too heterogeneous, and was held together by a single issue, the wish of decentralization of the Yugoslav State. Following the breakdown of the Federalist Bloc, the SLS was forced to redefine its tactics, from a federalist program, it turned back on the defence of purely Slovenian interests, trying to form a compromise with the centralist establishment. After multiple unsuccessful attempts, the SLS was included in the Yugoslav government in 1927, the roles were now reversed, with the Slovene Peoples Party in government, and its former Croatian agrarian allies in opposition. After the assassination of Stjepan Radić in 1928, which was followed by the resignation of the Prime Minister Velja Vukićević, Korošec however only held the premiership for less than one year, until King Alexander declared a dictatorship in January 1929. Following the royal coup détat, all parties, including the SLS, were forced to stop their activities, by 1931, however, the relations between them and the royalist regime worsened
5.
Slovene Lands
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Slovene Lands or Slovenian Lands is the historical denomination for the territories in Central and Southern Europe where people primarily spoke Slovene. The Slovene Lands were part of the Illyrian provinces, the Austrian Empire and they encompassed Carniola, southern part of Carinthia, southern part of Styria, Istria, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, and Prekmurje. Their territory more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, in the areas where present-day Slovenia borders to neighboring countries, they were never homogeneously ethnically Slovene. Like the Slovaks, the Slovenes preserve the self-designation of the early Slavs as their ethnonym and it started to be used only from the 1840s on, when the quest for a politically autonomous United Slovenia within the Austrian Empire was first advanced during the Spring of Nations. Slovenia became a de facto distinctive administrative and political entity for the first time in 1918, with the declaration of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Consequently, most Slovene scholars prefer to refer to the Slovene Lands in English rather than Slovenia to describe the territory of modern Slovenia, the use of the English term Slovenia is generally considered by Slovene scholars to be anachronistic due to its modern origin. Not all of the referred to as Slovene Lands have always had a Slovene-speaking majority. Several towns, especially in Lower Styria, maintained a German-speaking majority until the late 1910s, most notably Maribor, Celje and Ptuj. A similar German linguistic island within an ethnically Slovene territory existed in what is now the Italian comune of Tarvisio, the city of Trieste, whose municipal territory has been regarded by Slovenes to be an integral part of the Slovene Lands, has always had a Romance-speaking majority. A similar case is that of the town of Gorizia, which served as a religious center of the Slovene Lands for centuries. In southern Carinthia, a process of Germanization started by the end of the 1840s, since the late 1950s, most of southern Carinthia has had a German-speaking majority, with the local Slovene minority living in a scattered pattern throughout the area. The same goes for the Slovene communities in south-west Friuli which extinguished themselves by the end of the 16th century, history of Slovenia Carinthian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Bogo Grafenauer, Slovensko narodno vprašanje in slovenski zgodovinski položaj Josip Gruden & Josip Mal, Zgodovina slovenskega naroda I. -II. Janko Prunk, A brief history of Slovenia, Historical background of the Republic of Slovenia Peter Kozlers map of the Slovene Lands on Geopedia
