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This category has the following 12 subcategories, out of 12 total.
The following 34 pages are in this category, out of 34 total, this list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
1. Assembly of the Delegates of the Slovene Nation – The assembly elected the legislative body of the Slovene liberated areas. During its deliberations, the Assembly elected the 120-member legislative body known as the Slovene National Liberation Committee, the Committee sent representatives to the second session of AVNOJ held at Jajce, in central Bosnia on 29 November 1943. They were instrumental in adding the clause to the resolution on the establishment of the future federal Yugoslavia. At the Črnomelj Session on 19–20 February 1944, the Slovene National Liberation Committee renamed itself to the Slovene National Liberation Council and it was the Slovene equivalent of similar councils established by the Partisans in other regions of Yugoslavia. After its creation, SNOS acceded to all decisions of the session of AVNOJ. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945, Occupation and Collaboration
2. Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia – The Slovenes were loyal to the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, while the Austrians were loyal to the newly proclaimed Republic of German Austria. The disputed territory had belonged to the Austro-Hungarian empire, at the centre of conflict was the position of the border that separated the two new states. In Slovene-language historiogaphy, the conflict is known as the Boj za severno mejo, slovene-speaking regions were integrated into several Austrian states throughout much of the 2nd millennium. As a consequence of Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbian Kingdom the Yugoslav committee was formed, in 1916 the Serbian parliament in exile voted in favour of creating a Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a plan of post-world war governance of the Balkan peninsula. As a consequence of the World War, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to even before an official end to war was declared. In period between 5–8 October 1918 a pro-Yugoslav National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs took control over the administration in Zagreb. On 29 October the National Council declared the formation of a Yugoslav state, no formal border was yet recognised among the newly created entities, with both sides claiming that they are in control of the area along the ethnically mixed settlements. The National Government in Ljubljana did not pay any attention to the border issue. The municipal council of the largely German-speaking town of Maribor declared the municipality to be a part of German-Austria on 30 October 1918. The National Council for Styria gave permission to take control of the branch in Maribor to Rudolf Maister, a veteran of the World War. He also gained the rank of a General, and was given authority over all military forces located in Styria under control of the Kingdom of SHS. On 9 November Maister announced full mobilization of Lower Styria, which was disagreed with by both, the German-Austrian government and authorities in Ljubljana. The mobilization decree was successful as the forces grew to about 4,000 fighters. First Lieutenant Franjo Malgaj and his unit entered Carinthia on November 6, captain Alfred Lavričs unit was designated to be in charge of capturing Carinthia, and began taking control of the territory on 13 November, when his units entered the Jaun Valley and Ferlach. The Loibl Pass was captured the following day, on November 23 Maisters fighters began to seize control of guard posts throughout the Maribor region by disarming the local guardsmen controlled by the Maribor municipality. Captain Rudolf Knez entered Sittersdorf and settled his units there, all the areas captured were agreed upon by General Rudolf Passy of Carinthia and General Maister on November 27. Units from Ljubljana took control of Dravograd, Lavamünd and Sankt Paul, the capture of Völkermarkt on November 30 sparked much criticism, as it allegedly wasnt included in the demarcation line plans. First armed clashes already occurred under command of Malgaj during the attack on Bleiburg, Lučane was the site of a first major clash between the two factions on January 14,1919
3. Brioni Agreement – The agreement sought to create an environment in which further negotiations on the future of Yugoslavia could take place. However, ultimately it isolated the federal prime minister Ante Marković in his efforts to preserve Yugoslavia and this meant the Yugoslav Peoples Army would focus on combat in Croatia, creating a precedent of redrawing international borders and staking the ECs interest in resolving the Yugoslav crisis. The agreement put an end to hostilities between the JNA and Slovene forces in the Ten-Day War, Slovenia and Croatia agreed to suspend activities stemming from their 25 June declarations of independence for a period of three months. The document also resolved border control and customs inspection issues regarding Slovenias borders, resolved air-traffic control responsibility, the Brioni Agreement also formed the basis for an observer mission to monitor implementation of the agreement in Slovenia. Eleven days after the agreement was made, the federal government pulled the JNA out of Slovenia, conversely, the agreement made no mitigating impact on fighting in Croatia. The EC viewed the declarations as unilateral moves and offered assistance in negotiations regarding the future of the SFR Yugoslavia instead, at the same time, the EC decided to suspend direct talks with Slovenia and Croatia. The move was welcomed by the Yugoslav federal government, Slovenia and Croatia declared independence on 25 June, and the Yugoslav Peoples Army units began to deploy from its bases in Slovenia the next day. On 27 June, armed conflict broke out as the JNA, a three-strong EC delegation made three visits to the region in late June and early July to negotiate a political agreement which would facilitate further negotiations. The delegation consisted of the ministers of Luxembourg, as the incumbent holder of the EC presidency, and Italy. The delegation members were Jacques Poos, Gianni de Michelis, prior to the delegations arrival in Belgrade, Poos told reporters that the EC would take charge of the crisis. There, the delegation was met by Serbian president Slobodan Milošević who dismissed the prospect of Croatia leaving the Yugoslav federation because its population contained 600,000 Serbs, on 29 June, Croatia and Slovenia agreed to suspend their declarations of independence to allow time for a negotiated settlement. The appearance of a success was reinforced when the JNA ordered its troops posted in Slovenia to return to their barracks, a further result of the EC delegations mission were talks attended by representatives of the EC, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia and the Yugoslav government. The talks were held at Brijuni Islands on 7 July, besides the EC delegation, headed by van den Broek, five out of eight members of the federal presidency attended the talks—Mesić, Bogić Bogićević, Janez Drnovšek, Branko Kostić and Vasil Tupurkovski. Croatia was represented by President Franjo Tuđman while President Milan Kučan attended on behalf of Slovenia, Serbia was represented by Borisav Jović, a former Serbian member of the federal presidency who had resigned from the position on 15 June, instead of Milošević who refused to attend. Starting at 8 am, the EC delegation held separate talks with Kučan and his assistants, then with Tuđman and his assistants, and finally with Jović. In the afternoon, a meeting was held with the federal, Slovene and Croatian delegations in attendance. The agreement was prepared at the EC council of ministers in The Hague on 5 July and it consisted of a Joint Declaration, and two annexes detailing the creation of an environment suitable to further political negotiations and guidelines for an observer mission to Yugoslavia. The ECMM helped calm several standoffs around military barracks in Slovenia, in Croatia, armed combat continued and the JNA shelled the city of Osijek the same evening the agreement was signed
4. Carinthian plebiscite, 1920 – The Carinthian plebiscite was held on 10 October 1920 in the area predominantly settled by Carinthian Slovenes. It determined the final border between the Republic of Austria and the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after World War I. After the defeat of the multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the ruling Habsburg dynasty in World War I, the rising tensions culminated in clashes of arms, as on Marburgs Bloody Sunday in Lower Styria and the continued fighting of paramilitary groups in southeastern Carinthia. These claims were rejected by the Carinthian provisional Landtag assembly on 25 October 1918, from November 5, Yugoslav forces moved into the settlement area of the Carinthian Slovenes from the Karavanke mountain range down to the Drava River and beyond. With the occupation of southeastern Carinthia by Yugoslav troops, the confrontation evolved into armed clashes, the provisional Carinthian government under Governor Arthur Lemisch decided to lead off the armed struggle in order to preserve the southern Carinthian border on the Karavanke range. Bitter fighting of paramilitary groups around Arnoldstein and Ferlach alarmed the Entente powers and they arbitrated a ceasefire, whereafter a nine-day U. S. Army commission under Lt. Col. Yugoslav representatives urged for a border on the Drava, American delegates however spoke in favor of preserving the unity of the Klagenfurt Basin and convinced the British, until May 7, all occupied Carinthian territories were vacated. When Yugoslav forces under General Rudolf Maister made an attempt to re-enter the region on 28 May 1919, a common state with other southern Slavic peoples seemed the most acceptable compromise toward fulfillment of nationalist strivings. The Treaty of Saint-Germain with the Republic of Austria, signed on 10 September 1919 and it ascertained that some small parts of Carinthia—i. e. Wanting to resolve the conflict peacefully, the Allied victors in World War I divided southeastern Carinthia into two zones, A in the south and B in the north, german speakers were concentrated in the town of Völkermarkt and certain smaller localities, especially around Bleiburg and Ferlach. Before the plebiscite, both sides waged intensive propaganda campaigns and it nevertheless also had an anti-Yugoslav tendency, picturing the conditions in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes as chaotic. Yugoslav propaganda almost exclusively used arguments emphasizing Slovene national awareness and it took an aggressive anti-German view from the beginning and turned to economic issues only in the last few weeks before the plebiscite. The campaigners were not capable of using the political instability of the young Austrian republic, despite the six-months term determined by the Treaty of Saint-Germain, the referendum was not held in Zone A until October 10,1920. Instead the Yugoslav army had to withdraw from Zone A in accord with the decision of the commission on 18 September 1920. Changes may also have made in electoral registers which allowed people from northern Zone B voting in Zone A. In the following decades both sides would continue to interpret and instrumentalize the plebiscites circumstances in their own way. The outcome of the held on 10 October, was 22,025 votes in favor of adhesion to Austria and 15,279 in favor of annexation by the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats. Assumed that the whole German-speaking minority had voted for Austria, also every second Carinthian Slovene had decided to remain with the Republic, another Yugoslav foray was fiercely rejected by the Entente powers
5. Constitution of Slovenia – The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia is the fundamental law of the Republic of Slovenia. The large part of the work was completed at Podvin Castle near Radovljica in August 1990 under the leadership of the lawyer Peter Jambrek, the Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia on 23 December 1991. In a disputed decision, the Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that if any law is to be passed, in the political events that followed the time was running out and changing the constitution seemed like a good escape from status quo. In March 2003, the amendment was passed that enabled for the transmission of certain legal powers to international organisations. This would allow Slovenia to enter the European Union and NATO if it be the will of the people, a referendum on such was held on 23 March 2003. As of December 2012, these have not been established yet
6. Inner Austria – The residence of the Inner Austrian archdukes and stadtholders was at the Burg castle complex in Graz. In the west, the Carinthian lands stretched to the Archbishopric of Salzburg and the Habsburg County of Tyrol, while in the east, the Mur River formed the border with the Kingdom of Hungary. In the south, the County of Görz, which had passed to the House of Habsburg in 1500, the Imperial Free City of Trieste on the Adriatic Coast linked to assorted smaller possessions in the March of Istria around Pazin and the free port of Rijeka in Liburnia. In 1335 Rudolphs grandson Duke Albert II of Austria also received the Carinthian duchy with the adjacent March of Carniola at the hands of Emperor Louis the Bavarian as Imperial fiefs. Both sides came to an agreement to maintain the Neuberg division, therefore, from 1404 William acted as Austrian regent for his minor nephew Albert V. The Tyrolean and Further Austrian lands passed to Williams younger brother Duke Leopold IV the Fat,1490 saw the reunification of all Habsburg lines, when Archduke Sigismund of Further Austria and Tyrol resigned in favour of Fredericks son Maximilian I. In 1512, the Habsburg territories were incorporated into the Imperial Austrian Circle, the dynasty however was split up again in 1564 among the children of deceased Emperor Ferdinand I of Habsburg. Under the Inner Austrian line founded by his younger son Archduke Charles II and his intentions to translate the absolutist and anti-reformationist Inner Austrian policies to the Crown of Bohemia sparked the Thirty Years War. The political administration of Inner Austria was centralized at Graz in 1763, Inner Austrian stadtholders went on to rule until the days of Empress Maria Theresa in the 18th century. Ferdinand became Archduke of Austria in 1619, all Habsburg territories again united in 1655. History of Austria History of Slovenia
7. League of Communists of Slovenia – The League of Communists of Slovenia was the Slovenian branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the sole legal party of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1989. It was established in April 1937 as the Communist Party of Slovenia and its initial autonomy was further amplified with the Yugoslav constitution of 1974, which devolved greater power to the various republic level branches. In 1989 Slovenia passed amendments to its constitution that asserted its sovereignty over the federation and these amendments were bitterly opposed by the leadership of Serbia under Slobodan Milošević. On 23 January 1990, the Slovene delegation, headed by Milan Kučan, left the Party Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, in April 1990, the reformed Communists lost the elections to the DEMOS coalition. In 1992, they ceased to be the largest left wing party and entered a period of radical transformation, which gained momentum with the election of Borut Pahor as the party chairman
8. Nagode Trial – The Nagode Trial was a political show trial in Slovenia in 1947. In May 1947 the Slovenian secret police arrested 32 highly educated intellectuals and these included some former members of the Communist Party of Slovenia, but the majority were liberal democrats that were inclined toward western-style parliamentary democracy. They were interrogated and tortured for two months in Ljubljanas prisons, the trial against the accused began on July 29, and the proceedings were broadcast to the public via special loudspeakers on the streets. The public prosecutor in the trial was Viktor Avbelj, later a president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, the trial became known as the Nagode trial after the principal defendant. Nagode was shot on September 12,1947 and the sentences against Furlan. Two of those sentenced committed suicide
9. Patria case – There is currently a criminal investigation underway, and two employees of Patria have been arrested on charges of bribery. The CEO stepped down from his position as a result of the affair and is being investigated by the Finnish police on charges of bribery, the Patria case has a European and NATO horizon, and it cannot be understood outside this horizon. First, the rush to modernize the infantry armored vehicles for most Western armies since 2002, second, the consolidation of the European armored vehicles suppliers through General Dynamics acquisitions. Third, the war between General Dynamics and Patria in this field. Last, the status of arms deals that implies state secret protection on arms trade. However, the abuse of secrecy to conceal unlawful practices such as fake offset agreement, is not a Slovenian issue, the Patria case is a chance to look at what happens in the most politically sensitive and covered areas of Western democracies, arms and state security. The historic decision of the U. S, administration to move the conflict against terrorisms outside United States at the end of 2001 led to the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. It is a change, U. S. had not deployed large infantry on hostile grounds since 1983. The decision had implications for U. S. allies, ground troops need modern types of equipment to fight new infantry wars. Modern armored vehicles become a priority, more protected, faster, easily deployable, new vehicles must be capable to inter-operate at several communication levels. Air superiority was no longer the decisive issue, the capability to control the ground became paramount. The human cost of the new occupation wars is mainly due to lack of adequate protection. More than half of the deaths of U. S. General Dynamics is the U. S leader in infantry vehicles, for the so-called mechanized infantry. General Dynamics quickly detected a growth opportunity in the NATO and European Armored Vehicles market, after 2002 General Dynamics planned a profitable campaign of acquisitions of smaller European defense companies. Between 2002 and 2003 General Dynamics bought everything it could, MOWAG in Switzerland, Steyer-Daimler-Puch Speazialfahrung in Austria, Santa Barbara in Spain. Then General Dynamics tried also a big shot, in 2004 launched a takeover of U. K Alvis plc, but BAE reacted. In just five years General Dynamics shares grew from about $30 to $90, the turnover of the company climbed from $13 billion in 2002 to $32 billions in 2009. Major European nations such as France, the UK, Germany, smaller nations on the other hand initiated process of international tender and procurement for new advanced armored personal carriers
10. Prince's Stone – The Princes Stone is the reversed base of an ancient Ionic column that played an important role in the ceremony surrounding the installation of the princes of Carantania in the Early Middle Ages. The column probably originates from the nearby Roman city of Virunum, during the Middle Ages the coat of arms of the Duchy of Carinthia were engraved at its top surface. Till 1862, when it was transferred to the Landhaus provincial assembly at Klagenfurt, it stood northwest of the Kaiserpfalz of Karnburg in the Zollfeld plain, built by Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia. The ceremony involving this notion was confirmed by sources, including the medieval reports. In Ireland, the Lia Fáil was used, the peasant, sitting on the Stone, was representing the people during the ceremony and he had to ask in the Slovene language, Who is he, that comes forward. Those sitting around him had to reply, He is the prince of the land, is he an upright judge seeking the well-being of the country, is he freeborn and deserving. Is he a foster and defender of the Christian faith, the representative of the people had to ask them. He is and he will be, they had to reply, by what right can he displace me from this my seat. He had to ask them and they had to reply, He will pay you sixty denarii and he give you your home free. The peasant then had to give the duke a gentle blow on the cheek, after which the duke was allowed to draw his sword, mount the Stone and turn full circle, so as to face ritually in all directions. While this was being done, all had to sing the Slovenian Kyrie and praise God for the gift of a new ruler, finally, the ruler had to be placed on horseback and conducted around the Stone three times. In Thomas Jeffersons personal copy of Bodins book, Jeffersons initials appear next to the description of the ceremony, a myth has developed that this inspired Jefferson during the creation of the US constitution. However, there is no evidence for theory and it has been dismissed by mainstream scholars. The first mention of a sedes Karinthani ducatus in the course of the installation of Herman II of Sponheim in 1161 possibly referred to the Princes Stone. Not before Meinhard had assured him he was worthy to accede to the throne, the partition of Carinthia after World War I made the Princes stone a part of the common and therefore disputed Carantanian heritage. When in 2005 the Slovenian government of prime minister Janez Janša decided to depict the Princes Stone on the side of the Slovenian 2 cent coin. In 2006 the Carinthian governor Jörg Haider had the stone, that since 1905 had been displayed at the Carinthian State Museum, dukes Chair Stone of Scone Lia Fail Conn of the Hundred Battles Stones of Mora
11. Slovene Lands – Slovene Lands or Slovenian Lands is the historical denomination for the territories in Central and Southern Europe where people primarily spoke Slovene. The Slovene Lands were part of the Illyrian provinces, the Austrian Empire and they encompassed Carniola, southern part of Carinthia, southern part of Styria, Istria, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, and Prekmurje. Their territory more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, in the areas where present-day Slovenia borders to neighboring countries, they were never homogeneously ethnically Slovene. Like the Slovaks, the Slovenes preserve the self-designation of the early Slavs as their ethnonym and it started to be used only from the 1840s on, when the quest for a politically autonomous United Slovenia within the Austrian Empire was first advanced during the Spring of Nations. Slovenia became a de facto distinctive administrative and political entity for the first time in 1918, with the declaration of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Consequently, most Slovene scholars prefer to refer to the Slovene Lands in English rather than Slovenia to describe the territory of modern Slovenia, the use of the English term Slovenia is generally considered by Slovene scholars to be anachronistic due to its modern origin. Not all of the referred to as Slovene Lands have always had a Slovene-speaking majority. Several towns, especially in Lower Styria, maintained a German-speaking majority until the late 1910s, most notably Maribor, Celje and Ptuj. A similar German linguistic island within an ethnically Slovene territory existed in what is now the Italian comune of Tarvisio, the city of Trieste, whose municipal territory has been regarded by Slovenes to be an integral part of the Slovene Lands, has always had a Romance-speaking majority. A similar case is that of the town of Gorizia, which served as a religious center of the Slovene Lands for centuries. In southern Carinthia, a process of Germanization started by the end of the 1840s, since the late 1950s, most of southern Carinthia has had a German-speaking majority, with the local Slovene minority living in a scattered pattern throughout the area. The same goes for the Slovene communities in south-west Friuli which extinguished themselves by the end of the 16th century, history of Slovenia Carinthian Slovenes Hungarian Slovenes Bogo Grafenauer, Slovensko narodno vprašanje in slovenski zgodovinski položaj Josip Gruden & Josip Mal, Zgodovina slovenskega naroda I. -II. Janko Prunk, A brief history of Slovenia, Historical background of the Republic of Slovenia Peter Kozlers map of the Slovene Lands on Geopedia
12. Slovene National Liberation Committee – The Slovene National Liberation Committee was formed as the highest governing organ of anti-fascist movement in Slovenia during World War II. The president of its presidium was Josip Vidmar, one of its most important decisions was that after the end of the war Slovenia would become a state within the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. In spite of the fact that Slovenia was occupied by Axis forces, several important institutions functioned under its supervision. For example, it established even a Statistical Bureau of Slovenia on its session on August 19,1944, province of Ljubljana Slovene Partisans Communist Party of Slovenia AVNOJ Peoples Liberation War of Yugoslavia
13. Slovene People's Party (historical) – The Slovene Peoples Party was a Slovenian political party in the 19th and 20th centuries, active in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1907 and 1941, it was the largest and arguably the most influential party in the Slovene Lands. It was dissolved by the Yugoslav Communist authorities in 1945, but continued to be active in exile until 1992, the contemporary Slovene Peoples Party, founded in 1988, was named after it. The Slovene People’s Party was founded under the name Catholic National Party in 1892 in Ljubljana with the aim of working in the Carniola region, on 27 November 1905, the ruling body of the party adopted a motion changing the name to Slovene People’s Party. The main plank of its programme was support for workers and farmers, Šusteršič, Krek and their colleagues worked to establish a broad network of cooperatives and lenders, which offered credit on favourable terms and assistance. By 1907, they had already established 433 collectives, in October 1909, the Carniolan SLS joined with related Catholic organisations from Lower Styria, Carinthia, Gorizia and Gradisca and Istria. It was renamed to Pan-Slovene Peoples Party and became the leading, in the last elections for the Reichsrat in the Habsburg Monarchy, the SLS won some 87% of all Slovene mandates. Until World War I, the party campaigned for autonomy for Slovene within the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1917, the SLS had a influence on the adoption of the May Declaration. Anton Korošec became the leader of the party in the same year, in 1920, the party reverted to its original name Slovene Peoples Party. In the general Yugoslav elections of November 1920, the SLS lost its majority in Slovenia for the first time since 1907. From 87% of all Slovenian mandates before the elections, it fell to just 36% of the vote after the elections. Thereafter, the party shifted its orientation, it quit the Yugoslav government and began to agitate for greater autonomy for Slovenes within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats. In this period, the SLS formed the Federalist Bloc together with the Croatian Republican Peasant Party, Yugoslav Muslim Organization, the coalition was however too heterogeneous, and was held together by a single issue, the wish of decentralization of the Yugoslav State. Following the breakdown of the Federalist Bloc, the SLS was forced to redefine its tactics, from a federalist program, it turned back on the defence of purely Slovenian interests, trying to form a compromise with the centralist establishment. After multiple unsuccessful attempts, the SLS was included in the Yugoslav government in 1927, the roles were now reversed, with the Slovene Peoples Party in government, and its former Croatian agrarian allies in opposition. After the assassination of Stjepan Radić in 1928, which was followed by the resignation of the Prime Minister Velja Vukićević, Korošec however only held the premiership for less than one year, until King Alexander declared a dictatorship in January 1929. Following the royal coup détat, all parties, including the SLS, were forced to stop their activities, by 1931, however, the relations between them and the royalist regime worsened
14. Socialist Republic of Slovenia – The Socialist Republic of Slovenia was one of the 6 republics forming the post-World War II country of Yugoslavia. It existed under different names from 29 November 1945 until 25 June 1991, the official name of the republic was Federal Slovenia until 20 February 1946, when it was renamed to the Peoples Republic of Slovenia. It retained this name until 9 April 1963, when it was again renamed, in September 1989, numerous constitutional amendments were passed by the Assembly, which introduced parliamentary democracy to the country. The word Socialist was removed from the name of the state on 7 March 1990. The socialist infrastructure was largely dissolved, the first open democratic election was held on 8 April 1990. The parliamentary elections were won by the opposition, known as the DEMOS coalition led by the dissident Jože Pučnik, at the same time, Milan Kučan, the former chairman of the League of Communists of Slovenia, was elected President of the Republic. The democratically elected parliament nominated the Christian Democratic leader Lojze Peterle as Prime Minister, during this period, Slovenia retained its old flag and coat of arms, and most of the previous symbols as it awaited the creation of new symbols that would eventually come after independence. The old national anthem, Naprej zastava slave was however replaced by the Zdravljica already in March 1990, on 23 December 1990, a referendum on independence was held in Slovenia, at which 94. 8% of the voters voted in favour of secession of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, the acts about the Slovenian independence were passed by the Assembly, following a short Ten-Day War, the military of Slovenia secured its independence, by the end of the year, its independence was recognized by the wider international community
15. Treaty of London (1915) – London Pact, or more correctly, the Treaty of London,1915, was a secret pact between the Triple Entente and the Kingdom of Italy. The treaty was signed in London on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the French Third Republic, the Russian Empire, and its intent was to gain the alliance of Italy against its former allies, including German empire and Austro-Hungary. The main lure was promising large swaths of Austria-Hungary to the north of Italy, Italy promised to enter the war the next month. The Allies could easily outbid Austria-Hungary and thereby won a military alliance with 36 million Italians, the secret provisions were published by the Bolsheviks when they came to power in Russia in late 1917. The First World War was a development that forced Italy to decide whether to honour the alliance with Germany. For six months Italy remained neutral, saying that the Triple Alliance was only for defensive purposes, Italy took the initiative in entering the war in spring 1915, despite strong popular and elite sentiment in favor of neutrality. Italy was a large, poor country whose political system was chaotic, its finances were heavily strained, the Triple Alliance meant little either to Italians or Austrians – Vienna had declared war on Serbia without consulting Rome. Two men, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino made all the decisions and they operated in secret, enlisting the king later on, but keeping military and political leaders entirely in the dark. They negotiated with both sides for the best deal, and got one from the Entente, which was willing to promise large slices of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, including the Tyrol. Russia vetoed giving Italy Dalmatia and Albania, Britain was willing to pay to get 36 million Italians as new allies who threatened the southern flank of Austria. When the Treaty of London became public in May 1915, there was an uproar from antiwar elements, Salandra resigned but no one could form a majority against him, and he returned to office. Most politicians, and indeed most Italians opposed the war, including most Catholics, reports from around Italy showed the people feared war, and cared little about territorial gains. Rural folk saw war is a disaster, like drought, famine or plague, businessmen were generally opposed, fearing heavy-handed government controls and taxes, and loss of foreign markets. Reversing the decision seemed impossible, for the Triple Alliance did not want Italy back, pro-war supporters mobbed the streets with tens of thousands of shouting by nationalists, Futurists, anti-clericals, and angry young men. Benito Mussolini, an important Socialist Party editor took a leadership role, apart from Russia this was the only far left party in Europe that opposed the war. The fervor for war represented a bitterly hostile reaction against politics as usual, and the failures, frustrations, according to the pact, Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join Triple Entente, Italy was to declare war against Germany and Austria-Hungary within a month. The entire Austrian Littoral, including the port of Trieste and the Cherso-Lussino archipelago, but without the island of Krk, northern Dalmatia, including Zara, Sebenico, and most of the Dalmatian islands, except Arbe and Brač. The districts of Vipava, Idrija and Ilirska Bistrica in the Austrian Duchy of Carniola, the townships of Pontebba and Malborghetto Valbruna in the Austrian Duchy of Carinthia
16. Treaty of Rapallo (1920) – The treaty was signed on 12 November 1920 in Rapallo, near Genoa, Italy. Tension between Italy and Yugoslavia arose at the end of World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved and these territories had an ethnically mixed population, with Slovenes and Croats composing over the half of the population of the region. The pact was therefore nullified with the Treaty of Versailles under pressure of President Woodrow Wilson, the objective of the Treaty of Rapallo was to find a compromise following the void created by the non-application of the London pact of 1915. This part of the treaty was revoked in 1924, when Italy and Yugoslavia signed the Treaty of Rome, which gave Fiume to Italy, the treaty left a large number of Slovenes and Croats in Italy. According to author Paul N. Hehn, the treaty left half a million Slavs inside Italy while only a few hundred Italians in the fledgling Yugoslav state. Indeed, according to the 1910 Austrian census 480,000 South Slavs became citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, while around 15,000 Italians became citizens of the new Yugoslav state
17. United Slovenia – United Slovenia is the name of an unrealized political programme of the Slovene national movement, formulated during the Spring of Nations in 1848. The programme failed to meet its objectives, but it remained the common political program of all currents within the Slovene national movement until World War I. Following the Vienna Rebellion that forced Ferdinand I to abolish feudalism and adopt a constitution, after the Congress of Vienna in 1815, for the first time in centuries, all Slovenes were under the rule of one emperor. In such a fragmentation, a self-government on national basis was impossible, in the same period, the geographer Peter Kozler issued a map of all the Slovene Lands with ethnic-linguistic lines. Janez Bleiweis presented these demands to the Austrian Emperors younger brother Archduke John, the three key points of the programme were signed as a petition. 51 signed sheets still exist, showing that the programme was well-supported by the masses, the signed petition was presented to the Austrian parliament, however, due to the uprising in Hungary, the Parliament was dissolved before it could even discuss the Slovene issue. The political aspirations of the Slovenes were suppressed by Baron Alexander von Bachs absolutism in 1851, after the First World War and dissolution of Austria-Hungary, it was partially replaced by the idea of integration with other South Slavs in the common country of Yugoslavia. Therefore, the programme of United Slovenia remained very much present in the political and intellectual debates of the interwar period, in April 1941, it was incorporated in the manifesto of the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People. Pošta Slovenije issued a stamp on the occasion of 150th anniversary of the United Slovenia movement, Slovenski državnopravni programi 1848–1918, in Slovenci in država. Stane Granda, Prva odločitev Slovencev za Slovenijo, Peter Kovačič Peršin, ed.150 let programa Zedinjene Slovenije. Vasilij Melik, Ideja Zedinjene Slovenije 1848–1991, in Slovenija 1848–1998, stane Granda and Barbara Šatej, eds. Janko Prunk, Slovenski narodni programi, Narodni programi v slovenski politični misli od 1848 do 1945, fran Zwitter, O slovenskem narodnem vprašanju, edited by Vasilij Melik. Stamp on 150th Anniversary of United Slovenia – with background information
