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1. Salmonella – Salmonella /ˌsælməˈnɛlə/ is a genus of rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori, Salmonella enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,500 serotypes. S. enterica subspecies are found worldwide in all warm-blooded animals, S. bongori is restricted to cold-blooded animals, particularly reptiles. Strains of Salmonella cause illnesses such as fever, paratyphoid fever. Salmonella species are nonspore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 µm, lengths from 2 to 5 µm and they are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes, capable of surviving with or without oxygen, the genus Salmonella is part of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. Its taxonomy has been revised and has the potential to confuse, the taxonomic group contains more than 2500 serovars, defined on the basis of the somatic O and flagellar H antigens. The full name of a serovar is given as, for example, enterica serovar Typhimurium, but can be abbreviated to Salmonella Typhimurium. Historically, salmonellae have been categorized as invasive or noninvasive based on host preference. Salmonella was first visualized in 1880 by Karl Eberth in the Peyers patches, four years later in 1884 Georg Theodor Gaffky was able to successfully grow the pathogen in pure culture. A year after that, medical research scientist Theobald Smith discovered what would be known as Salmonella enterica. At the time, Smith was working as a laboratory assistant in the Veterinary Division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The department was under the administration of Daniel Elmer Salmon, a veterinary pathologist, initially, Salmonella Choleraesuis was thought to be the causative agent of hog cholera, so Salmon and Smith named it Hog-cholerabacillus. The name Salmonella was not used until 1900, when Joseph Leon Lignières proposed that the discovered by Daniel Salmons group be called Salmonella in his honor. Most subspecies of Salmonella produce hydrogen sulfide, which can readily be detected by growing them on media containing ferrous sulfate, most isolates exist in two phases, a motile phase I and a nonmotile phase II. Cultures that are nonmotile upon primary culture may be switched to the motile phase using a Craigie tube or ditch plate, Salmonella can also be detected and subtyped using multiplex or real-time polymerase chain reactions from extracted Salmonella DNA. Mathematical models of Salmonella growth kinetics have been developed for chicken, pork, tomatoes, Salmonella reproduce asexually with a cell division interval of 40 minutes. The bacteria are not destroyed by freezing, but UV light and they perish after being heated to 55 °C for 90 min, or to 60 °C for 12 min
2. Salmonella enterica – Salmonella enterica is a rod-shaped, flagellated, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a member of the genus Salmonella. A number of its serovars are serious human pathogens, raw chicken eggs and goose eggs can harbor S. enterica, initially in the egg whites, although most eggs are not infected. As the egg ages at room temperature, the yolk membrane begins to break down, refrigeration and freezing do not kill all the bacteria, but substantially slow or halt their growth. Pasteurizing and food irradiation are used to kill Salmonella for commercially produced foodstuffs containing raw eggs such as ice cream, foods prepared in the home from raw eggs such as mayonnaise, cakes, and cookies can spread salmonella if not properly cooked before consumption. Secreted proteins are of importance for the pathogenesis of infectious diseases caused by Salmonella enterica. A remarkable large number of fimbrial and non-fimbrial adhesins are present in Salmonella, secreted proteins are also involved in host cell invasion and intracellular proliferation, two hallmarks of Salmonella pathogenesis. Small non-protein coding RNAs are able to perform specific functions without being translated into proteins,97 bacterial sRNAs from Salmonella Typhi were discovered by Chinni et al. Salmonella enterica has 7 subspecies, and each subspecies has associated serovars that differ by antigenic specificity, there are over 2500 serovars for S. enterica. Salmonella bongori was previously considered a subspecies of S. enterica, most of the human pathogenic Salmonella serovars belong to the S. enterica subsp. These serogroups include Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Paratyphi, Salmonella Typhimurium, the serovars can be designated as written in the previous sentence, or as follows, S. enterica subsp. Type strain of Salmonella enterica at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
3. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica – Enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica, the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. Many of the pathogenic serovars of the S. enterica species are in this subspecies, enterica contains a large number of serovars which can infect a broad range of vertebrate hosts. The individual members range from being highly host-adapted to displaying a broad host range, a number of techniques are currently used to differentiate between serotypes. These include looking for the presence or absence of antigens, phage typing, molecular fingerprinting and biotyping, a possible factor in determining the host range of particular serovars is phage-mediated acquisition of a small number of genetic elements that enable infection of a particular host. A selection of serovars, with known hosts listed, since there are more than 2500 serovars of Salmonella enterica subsp. One strain of Salmonella that has recently been emerging in the United States is Salmonella javiana, an outbreak occurred in 2002, there were 141 cases that occurred among the participants of the U. S. Out of the 141 cases, most of the cases were either transplant recipients or people receiving immunosuppressive therapy, there is an increasing number of Salmonella serotypes that are multidrug resistant, which was identified by the CDCs National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Salmonella javiana causes 4% of nontyphodial Salmonella infections in the United States each year and it is thought that these metabolic capabilities are important for obtaining nutrients in the challenging and nutrient-limited inflamed gut environment. The serovars can be designated fully or in a shortened form, the short form lists the genus, Salmonella, which is followed by the capitalized and non-italicized serovar. The full designation for Salmonella Typhi is Salmonella enterica subsp, each serovar can have many strains, as well, which allows for a rapid increase in the total number of antigenically variable bacteria. Invasive strains of salmonella, such as Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 have recently been labelled as emerging diseases in Africa