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1. Trojan War – In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homers Iliad. The Iliad relates four days in the year of the decade-long siege of Troy. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the fairest, in exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the brother of Helens husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris insult. After the deaths of heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods wrath, few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, in 1868, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was a real city at what is now Hissarlik in Turkey. On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others, this claim is now accepted by most scholars, whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question. The events of the Trojan War are found in works of Greek literature. There is no single, authoritative text which tells the events of the war. Instead, the story is assembled from a variety of sources, the most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey, composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war, the Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey concerns Odysseuss return to his home island of Ithaca, following the sack of Troy. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics, the Cypria, Aethiopis, Little Iliad, Iliou Persis, Nostoi, and Telegony. Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from an included in Proclus Chrestomathy. The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain, both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the Iliad, Odyssey, and the Cyclic Epics, events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems
2. Idomeneo – Idomeneo, re di Creta ossia Ilia e Idamante is an Italian language opera seria by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto was adapted by Giambattista Varesco from a French text by Antoine Danchet, Mozart and Varesco were commissioned in 1780 by Karl Theodor, Elector of Bavaria for a court carnival. He probably chose the subject, though it might have been Mozart, the work premiered on 29 January 1781 at the Cuvilliés Theatre in Munich, Germany. The sacrifice and oracle scenes are similar to Glucks Iphigénie en Aulide and it was first performed at the Cuvilliés Theatre of the Munich Residenz on 29 January 1781, under the musical direction of its 25-year-old composer. Idomeneo was Mozarts first mature opera, with it he demonstrated a mastery of orchestral color, accompanied recitatives, and melodic line. Mozart fought with the librettist, the court chaplain Varesco, making cuts and changes, even down to specific words. Idomeneo was performed three times in Munich, later in 1781 Mozart considered revisions that would have brought the work closer into line with Glucks style, this would have meant a bass Idomeneo and a tenor Idamante. A concert performance was given in 1786 at the Palais Auersperg in Vienna, for this, Mozart wrote some new music, made some cuts, and changed Idamante from a castrato to a tenor. The British premiere was given by the amateur Glasgow Grand Opera Society in 1934, the first performance in the United States was produced by Boris Goldovsky at the Berkshire Music Festival at Tanglewood during the summer of 1947. Today Idomeneo is part of the operatic repertoire. There are several recordings of it, and it is regularly performed, in 2006 there was a controversy over the cancelling of a 2003 production directed by Hans Neuenfels at the Deutsche Oper Berlin. Strauss replaced about 1/3 of Mozarts score with some of his own music, a few major changes to the plot were made as well, such as changing princess Elettra to priestess Ismene. Critics have noted that Strausss additions contain a blend of the classical style of composition. In 1984, New Yorks Mostly Mozart Festival presented Strausss version with Jerry Hadley in the role, Delores Ziegler as Idamante. The instrumentation is, Woodwinds,2 flutes, piccolo,2 oboes,2 clarinets,2 bassoons, B clarinets are used in No.15 and No.19. Other conventional hallmarks of the form are apparent, the exposition modulates from the tonic to the dominant. The overture concludes with an ending in D major chords. These chords, soft and tentative, turn out not to be a resolution of the overture in the tonic but chords in the dominant of G minor, island of Crete, shortly after the Trojan War
3. Judgement of Paris – The Judgement of Paris is a story from Greek mythology, which was one of the events that led up to the Trojan War and to the foundation of Rome. As with many tales, details vary depending on the source. The later writers Ovid, Lucian, The Bibliotheca and Hyginus, retell the story with skeptical and it appeared wordlessly on the ivory and gold votive chest of the 7th-century BC tyrant Cypselus at Olympia, which was described by Pausanias as showing. It is recounted that Zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of Peleus, however, Eris, goddess of discord was not invited, for it was believed she would have made the party unpleasant for everyone. Angered by this snub, Eris arrived at the celebration with an apple from the Garden of the Hesperides. According to some versions, upon the apple was the inscription καλλίστῃ. Three goddesses claimed the apple, Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, thus it happened that, with Hermes as their guide, the three candidates bathed in the spring of Ida, then confronted Paris on Mount Ida in the climactic moment that is the crux of the tale. After failing to judge their beauty with their clothing on, the three goddesses stripped nude to convince Paris of their worthiness and this was Helen of Sparta, wife of the Greek king Menelaus. Paris accepted Aphrodites gift and awarded the apple to her, receiving Helen as well as the enmity of the Greeks, the Greeks expedition to retrieve Helen from Paris in Troy is the mythological basis of the Trojan War. The bribery involved is ironic and a late ingredient, according to a tradition suggested by Alfred J. Van Windekens, objectively, cow-eyed Hera was indeed the most beautiful, not Aphrodite. However, Hera was the goddess of the order and of cuckolded wives. She was often portrayed as the shrewish, jealous wife of Zeus and she had fidelity and chastity in mind and was careful to be modest when Paris was inspecting her. Aphrodite, though not as beautiful as Hera, was the goddess of sexuality. Thus, she was able to sway Paris into judging her the fairest, athenas beauty is rarely commented in the myths, perhaps because Greeks held her up as an asexual being, being able to overcome her womanly weaknesses to become both wise and talented in war. Her rage at losing makes her join the Greeks in the battle against Paris Trojans, the subject became popular in art from the late Middle Ages onwards. All three goddesses were usually shown nude, though in ancient art only Aphrodite is ever unclothed, the opportunity for three female nudes was a large part of the attraction of the subject. It appeared in illuminated manuscripts and was popular in art, including 15th-century Italian inkstands and other works in maiolica. As a subject for paintings, it was more common in Northern Europe
4. Trojan Horse – The Trojan Horse is a tale from the Trojan War about the subterfuge that the Greeks used to enter the city of Troy and win the war. In the canonical version, after a fruitless 10-year siege, the Greeks constructed a wooden horse. The Greeks pretended to sail away, and the Trojans pulled the horse into their city as a victory trophy and that night the Greek force crept out of the horse and opened the gates for the rest of the Greek army, which had sailed back under cover of night. The Greeks entered and destroyed the city of Troy, ending the war, metaphorically a Trojan Horse has come to mean any trick or stratagem that causes a target to invite a foe into a securely protected bastion or place. A malicious computer program which tricks users into willingly running it is called a Trojan horse or simply a Trojan. The main ancient source for the story is the Aeneid of Virgil, the event is also referred to in Homers Odyssey. In the Greek tradition, the horse is called the Wooden Horse, according to Quintus Smyrnaeus, Odysseus thought of building a great wooden horse, hiding an elite force inside, and fooling the Trojans into wheeling the horse into the city as a trophy. Under the leadership of Epeius, the Greeks built the wooden horse in three days, odysseuss plan called for one man to remain outside the horse, he would act as though the Greeks had abandoned him, leaving the horse as a gift for the Trojans. An inscription was engraved on the reading, For their return home. Then they burned their tents and left to Tenedos by night, Greek soldier Sinon was abandoned, and was to signal to the Greeks by lighting a beacon. In Virgils poem, Sinon, the only volunteer for the role, successfully convinces the Trojans that he has left behind. Sinon tells the Trojans that the Horse was built to be too large for them to take it into their city, however, the god Poseidon sends two sea serpents to strangle him and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus before any Trojan heeds his warning. According to Apollodorus the two serpents were sent by Apollo, whom Laocoon had insulted by sleeping with his wife in front of the divine image. King Priams daughter Cassandra, the soothsayer of Troy, insists that the horse will be the downfall of the city and she too is ignored, hence their doom and loss of the war. 8.487 ff The most detailed and most familiar version is in Virgils Aeneid and they secretly hide a picked body of men, chosen by lot, there, in the dark body, filling the belly and the huge cavernous insides with armed warriors. Then Laocoön rushes down eagerly from the heights of the citadel, to confront them all, a crowd with him. Do you think the enemys sailed away, or do you think any Greek gifts free of treachery. Whatever it is, Im afraid of Greeks even those bearing gifts, Book II includes Laocoön saying, Equo ne credite, Teucri
5. Les Troyens – Les Troyens is a French grand opera in five acts by Hector Berlioz. The libretto was written by Berlioz himself from Virgils epic poem the Aeneid, Les Troyens is Berliozs most ambitious work, the summation of his entire artistic career, but he did not live to see it performed in its entirety. Berlioz began the libretto on 5 May 1856 and completed it toward the end of June 1856 and he finished the full score on 12 April 1858. Berlioz had an affection for literature, and he had admired Virgil since his childhood. The Princess Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein was a motivator to Berlioz to compose this opera. At that time I had completed the dramatic work I mentioned earlier, I added that I was all too aware of the pain that such an undertaking would inevitably cause me ever to embark on it. Indeed, the replied, the conjunction of your passion for Shakespeare and your love of antiquity must result in the creation of something grand. You must write this opera, this poem, call it what you like. You must start work on it and bring it to completion and this was more than enough to decide me. Once back in Paris I started to write the lines for the poem of Les Troyens, then I set to work on the score, and after three and a half years of corrections, changes, additions etc. everything was finished. Elsewhere he wrote, The principal merit of the work is, in my view, for Berlioz, truthful representation of passion was the highest goal of a dramatic composer, and in this respect he felt he had equalled the achievements of Gluck and Mozart. In his memoirs, Berlioz described in excruciating detail the intense frustrations he experienced in seeing the work performed, for five years, the Paris Opéra – the only suitable stage in Paris – vacillated. Finally, tired of waiting, he agreed to let Léon Carvalho, director of the smaller Théâtre Lyrique and it consisted of Acts 3 to 5, redivided by Berlioz into five acts, to which he added an orchestral introduction and a prologue. As Berlioz noted bitterly, he agreed to let Carvalho do it despite the manifest impossibility of his doing it properly and he had just obtained an annual subsidy of a hundred thousand francs from the government. None the less the enterprise was beyond him and his theater was not large enough, his singers were not good enough, his chorus and orchestra were small and weak. Even with this version of the opera, many compromises and cuts were made, some during rehearsals. The new second act was the Chasse Royale et Orage, an elaborate pantomime ballet with nymphs, sylvans, and fauns and a chorus. Since the set change for this took nearly an hour, it was cut, despite the fact its staging had been greatly simplified with a painted waterfall
6. Heracleion – Heracleion is also a spelling of Heraklion, Cretes largest city and capital. Heracleion, also known as Thonis, was an ancient Egyptian city located near the Canopic Mouth of the Nile and its ruins are located in Abu Qir Bay, currently 2.5 km off the coast, under 10 m of water. Its legendary beginnings go back to as early as the 12th century BC and its importance grew particularly during the waning days of the Pharaohs. In the Late Period, it was Egypts main port for international trade, Heracleion was originally built on some adjoining islands in the Nile Delta, and was intersected by canals. It had a number of harbors and anchorages and was the city of Naucratis until it was superseded by Alexandria. Heracleion was said by Herodotus to have been visited by Paris, also, it was believed that Heracles himself had visited the city, resulting in the Greeks calling it by the Greek name Heracleion rather than its original Egyptian name Thonis. Until very recently the site had been only from a few literary and epigraphic sources, one of which interestingly mentions the site as an emporion. The city was mentioned by the ancient historians Diodorus and Strabo, Herodotus was told that Thonis was the warden of the Canopic mouth of the Nile, Thonis arrested Alexander, the son of Priam, because Alexander had abducted Helen of Troy and taken much wealth. The city is mentioned in the Decree of Canopus honoring Pharaoh Ptolemy III. The city of Heracleion was also the site of the celebration of the ‘mysteries of Osiris each year during the month of Khoiak, the god in his ceremonial boat was brought in procession from the temple of Amun in that city to his shrine in Canopus. The city had a temple of Khonsou, son of Amun. Later, the worship of Amun became more prominent, Heracleion flourished especially from the 6th to the 4th century BC, as revealed by numerous archaeological finds. Pharaoh Nectanebo I made many additions to the temple in the 4th century B. C, the city sank in the 3rd or 2nd century AD, probably due to liquefaction of the silts on which it was built following earth tremors. The ruins submerged in the sea were located by the French underwater archaeologist Franck Goddio in 2000, until then, the scholars were not sure if Heracleion and Thonis were in fact one and the same city. Canopus, Egypt Menouthis Spectacular finds of lost city revealed, sunken Egyptian city reveals 1, 200-year-old secrets. Photos of underwater treasures of Heracleion
7. Returns from Troy – The Returns from Troy are the stories of how the Greek leaders returned after their victory in the Trojan War. Many Achaean heroes did not return to their homes, but died or founded colonies outside the Greek mainland. The most famous returns are those of Odysseus, whose wanderings are narrated in the Odyssey, the Achaeans entered the city using the Trojan Horse and slew the slumbering population. Aeneas took his father on his back and fled and he was left alone because of his piety. The city was razed and the temples were destroyed, of the women of the royal family, Locrian Ajax violated Cassandra on Athenas altar while she was clinging to her statue, which since looks upward. Neoptolemus got Andromache, wife of Hector and Odysseus took Priams widow Hecuba, news of Troys fall quickly reached the Achaean kingdoms through a system of fire relays. But though the message was brought fast and with ease, the heroes were not to return this way, the Gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Achaeans and decided that most would not return. A storm fell on the fleet off Tenos island. Also Nauplius, in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes by Odysseus, set up false lights in Cape Caphereus, Agamemnon had made it back to his kingdom safely with Cassandra in his possession after some stormy weather. He and Cassandra were slain by Aegisthus or by Clytemnestra or by both of them, Electra and Orestes later avenged their father, but Orestes was the one who was chased by the Furies. Nestor, who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting, was the hero who had a good, fast. Those of his army survived the war also reached home with him safely. Locrian Ajax, who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods and his ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena who borrowed one of Zeus thunderbolts and tore it to pieces. The crew managed to land in a rock but Poseidon smote it and he was buried by Thetis on Myconos or Delos. The archer Teucer stood trial by his father for his brothers death and he was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms. He was disowned and wasnt allowed back on Salamis Island and he left with his army and was at sea near Phreattys in the Peiraeus where he later founded Salamis on Cyprus. The Athenians later created a myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus sons. Neoptolemus, following Helenus advice traveled over land, always accompanied by Andromache and he met Odysseus and they buried Achilles teacher Phoenix on the land of the Ciconians
8. Lusus Troiae – The Lusus Troiae, also as Ludus Troiae and ludicrum Troiae was an equestrian event held in ancient Rome. It was among the ludi, celebrated at imperial funerals, temple foundings, the lusus was occasionally presented at the Saecular Games, but was not attached regularly to a particular religious festival. Participation was a privilege for boys of the nobility and it was a display of communal skill, not a contest. The fullest description of the exercise is given by Vergil, Aeneid 5. 545–603, as the event in the games held to commemorate the anniversary of the death of Aeneass father. The Troy Game, however, was purely ceremonial and involved youths too young for military service, given the mythological setting, the description of the lusus Troiae in the Aeneid is likely to have been the Augustan poets fictional aetiology. Historically, the event cannot be shown to have been held before the time of Sulla, a similar-sounding event during the ludi Romani at the time of the Second Punic War is also uncertain as evidence for an earlier staging. Vergil explicitly compares the patterns of the drill to the Cretan Labyrinth, in myth and ritual, the labyrinth, and hence the lusus, has been interpreted as a return from danger, a triumph of life over death, or more specifically as an initiation ritual. The geranos of Theseus serves as a prototype for the escape of initiates from the rigors of initiation. The Troy Game was performed on a purification day, the game may have connections to Mars, who was associated with horses through his Equirria festivals and the ritual of the October Horse, as a patron of warrior youth. Mars youthful armed priests the Salii performed dance steps expressed by forms of the verb truare, here perhaps meaning to perform a truia dance, the Troy Game was supervised by the Tribunes of the Celeres, who are connected to the Salii in the Fasti Praenestini. Augustus established the lusus Troiae as a regular event, the young Tiberius led a turma at the games celebrating the dedication of the Temple of the Divine Julius,18 August 29 BC. The lusus was also performed at the dedication of the Theater of Marcellus in 13 BC, the children in eastern dress on the Ara Pacis have sometimes been interpreted as Gaius and Lucius Caesar in Trojan garb for the game in 13 BC. The Troy Game continued to be staged under other emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, seneca mentions the event in his Troades. Nero participated in 47 AD, at the age of nine, hippika gymnasia Taurian Games Troy Town
9. Tabula iliaca – A Tabula Iliaca is a generic label for a calculation of the days of the Iliad, probably by Zenodotus, of which twenty-two fragmentary examples are now known. Little can be said about their sizes, since none survives complete and it appears that the largest rectangular tablet is 25 cm by 42 cm. Another six panels depict the sack of Ilium, one of the most complete examples surviving is the Tabula Iliaca Capitolina, which was discovered around Bovillae, near Rome. The tablet dates from the Augustan period, around 15 BCE, the carvings depict numerous scenes of the Trojan War, with captions, including an image of Aeneas climbing aboard a ship after the sacking of Troy. The carvings caption attributes its depiction to a poem by Stesichorus in the 6th century BCE, theodor Schreibers Atlas of Classical Antiquities included a line-by-line description of the tablet with line-drawings. The Tabula Iliaca Capitolina is currently in the Capitoline Museums in Rome, theodor Bergk Commentatio de tabula Iliaca Parisiensi. Nicholas Horsfall Tabulae Iliacae in the Collection Froehner, Paris, the Journal of Hellenic Studies 103, pp. 144–47. Michael Squire, The Iliad in a Nutshell, Visualizing Epic on the Tabulae Iliacae, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press,2011. David Petrain, Homer in Stone, The Tabulae Iliacae in their Roman Context
10. Trojan Battle Order – The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is an epic catalogue in the second book of the Iliad listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted to balance the preceding Catalogue of Ships, Denys Page summarizes the prevailing explanation that the Catalogues are substantially Mycenaean compositions rather expanded than altered by the Ionians. Some examples of Mycenaean knowledge are, Alybe in the catalog is the birthplace of silver, yet Hecataeus, the catalog mentions Mount Phthires near Miletus and the Maeander. Hecataeus supposes it was the name of Latmus. The major Trojan leaders, Priam, Paris, Helenus and a few others do not appear in the catalog at all, at Il.2.858 the Mysians are commanded by Chromis and Ennomos, at 14.511 ff. by Gyrtios. At 2.858 the Mysians live in Asia Minor, at 13.5,2.827 Apollo gives Pandaros his bow, at 4.105 ff it is made by a craftsman. Page cites several more instances of the disconnectedness of the Trojan catalog from the Iliad. Another like it appears in the Cypria, the catalogue lists sixteen contingents from twelve different ethnonyms under 26 leaders. They lived in 33 places identified by toponyms, the list includes the Trojans themselves, led by Hector, and various allies. The allied contingents are said to have multiple languages, requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders. The classical Greek historian Demetrius of Scepsis, native of Scepsis in the hills above Troy, the work is lost, brief extracts from it are quoted by Athenaeus and Pausanias, while Strabo cites it frequently in his own discussion of the geography of northwestern Anatolia. Vol.1, books 1-4, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28171-7 Luce, J. V. Homer and the Homeric Age, New York, Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-012722-8 Page, Denys, History and the Homeric Iliad, Berkeley, Los Angeles, University of California Press Rieu, E. V. tr. Homer, The Iliad, Harmondsworth, Baltimore, Penguin Watkins, Calvert, The language of the Trojans in Troy and the Trojan War, a symposium held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984 ed. M. J. Mellink
