1.
I Corps (United States)
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I Corps Americas Corps is a corps of the United States Army headquartered in Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. It is a formation of United States Army Forces Command. I Corps current mission is part of the United States Asia-Pacific Shift, the Pacific Rim Rebalance will involve several combined and joint military exercises in Japan, Korea, Thailand, Philippines, and Australia. Part of I Corps objectives for these exercises will be Joint Task Force certification in support of United States Pacific Command missions, activated in World War I in France, I Corps oversaw US Army divisions as they repelled several major German offensives and led them into Germany. The corps was deactivated following the end of the war, reactivated for service in World War II, the corps took command of divisions in the south Pacific, leading US and Australian forces as they pushed the Japanese army out of New Guinea. It went on to be one of the leading elements in the Battle of Luzon. It then took charge as one of the headquarters in the occupation of Japan. Following the end of the war, it remained in Korea for almost 20 years guarding the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Active today, the acts as a subordinate headquarters of United States Army Forces Command. Assisted by the French XXXII Corps, the headquarters was organized and trained, on 20 January, in February, the corps consisted of the 1st, 2nd, 26th, 32nd, 41st, and 42nd Infantry Divisions. From February to July,1918, the German Army launched four major offensives, attempting to secure victory before the full American forces could be mobilized. The final offensive, started in July 1918, was an attempt to cross the Marne, in the area of Château-Thierry, but I Corps and other formations on the American lines held, and the attack was rebuffed. Then followed another period on the defense in Lorraine as preparations advanced for what was to be the final Allied offensive of the war, on 26 September, I Corps troops began the attack northward that opened the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. From that day until 11 November 1918 when the war ended, the I Corps shoulder sleeve insignia was first worn by members of I Corps after approval from the AEF on 3 December 1918, but it was not officially approved until 1922. I Corps continued to train in France, until it was demobilized on 25 March 1919, also assigned to the corps were the French 62nd, 167th and 5th Cavalry Divisions. On 15 August 1927, XX Corps was reconstituted in the Regular Army, two months later, on 13 October 1927, the XX Corps was redesignated as I Corps. However, the headquarters remained inactive during peacetime, until the US Armys buildup following the outbreak of War in Europe. On 1 November 1940, I Corps was reactivated at Columbia, for the next nine months, the corps supervised training and large scale divisional maneuvers
2.
2nd arrondissement of Paris
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The 2nd arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. The arrondissement contains the former Paris Bourse and a number of banking headquarters, as well as a textile district, known as the Sentier. The 2nd arrondissement is also the home of most of Pariss surviving 19th-century glazed commercial arcades, at the beginning of the 19th century most of the streets of Paris were dark and muddy and lacked sidewalks. A few entrepreneurs copied the success of the Passage des Panoramas and its well-lit, dry, ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so we do not have figures before 1861. The French newspaper LObs has its office in the arrondissement. Bourbon has its office in the arrondissement. All Nippon Airways has its Paris Office in the arrondissement, china Airlines also has its France office in the arrondissement. Aigle Azurs registered office is in the arrondissement, in terms of state-operated schools, the second arrondissement has three nursery schools, five primary schools, and one high school. The nursery schools are École Maternelle Dussoubs, École Maternelle Saint Denis, the primary schools are École Élémentaire Beauregard, École Élémentaire Dussoubs, École Élémentaire Etienne Marcel, École Élémentaire Jussienne, and École Élémentaire Louvois. Collège César Franck is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement, École Élémentaire Privée Saint-Sauveur is the sole private primary school institution in the second arrondissement. 2nd arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
3.
2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
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The 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich was a division of the Nazi Waffen-SS during World War II. It was one of the thirty-eight divisions fielded by the Waffen-SS and it was then transferred to the West and took part in the fighting in Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge, ending the war in Hungary and Austria. Das Reich committed the Oradour-sur-Glane and Tulle massacres, in August 1939 Adolf Hitler placed the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler and the SS-Verfügungstruppe under the operational command of the OKH. Events during the Invasion of Poland raised doubts over the effectiveness of the SS-VT. Himmler insisted that the SS-VT should be allowed to fight in its own formations under its own commanders, Hitler was unwilling to upset either the army or Himmler, and chose a third path. He ordered that the SS-VT form its own divisions but that the divisions would be under army command, in October 1939 the SS-Verfügungstruppe regiments, Deutschland, Germania and Der Führer, were organized into the SS-Verfügungs-Division with Paul Hausser as commander. Thereafter, the SS-VT and the LSSAH took part in training while under army commands in preparation for Operation Fall Gelb against the Low Countries. Der Führer Regiment and LSSAH participated in the invasion of the Netherlands which began on 10 May. On the following day the rest of the SS-VT Division crossed into the Netherlands, participating in the drive for the Dutch central front and Rotterdam, after the fighting in the Netherlands ended, the SS-VT Division was ordered to make for France. A patrol from the SS-VT Division crossed the canal at Saint-Venant, a larger force from the SS-VT Division then crossed the canal and formed a bridgehead at Saint-Venant,30 miles from Dunkirk. On the following day, British forces attacked Saint-Venant, forcing the SS-VT Division to retreat, on 26 May the German advance resumed. On 27 May the Deutschland regiment of the SS-VT Division reached the defensive line on the Leie River at Merville. They forced a bridgehead across the river and waited for the SS Division Totenkopf to arrive to cover their flank, what arrived first was a unit of British tanks, which penetrated their position. The SS-VT managed to hold on against the British tank force, only the arrival of the Totenkopf Panzerjäger platoon saved the Deutschland from being destroyed and their bridgehead lost. By 30 May, most of the remaining Allied forces had pushed back into Dunkirk where they were evacuated by sea to England. The SS-VT Division next took part in the drive towards Paris, after the close of the Battle of France, the SS-VT was officially renamed the Waffen-SS in July 1940. In December 1940 the Germania Regiment was removed from the Verfügungs-Division and used to form the cadre of a new division and it was made up of mostly Danes, Norwegians, Dutch and Flemish volunteers from the occupied territories. By the start of 1941 the division was renamed Reich, in April 1941, Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Greece
4.
2raumwohnung
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2raumwohnung are a German electro-pop duo that was formed in 2000 in Berlin. Its two members are singer, Inga Humpe, and her partner, Tommi Eckart. They reached the point of their career to date with the album 36 Grad. Their most successful single has been the eponymous title song. 2raumwohnung have also appeared internationally, e. g. at Expo 2010, the band releases its music on their own record label it-sounds. 2raumwohnung first met in East Berlin where they both settled shortly after German reunification in 1990, the bands first appearance was in Sternradio in 2001, a legendary club at Alexanderplatz. Before their formation as a band, the duo had been collaborating as a studio project, recordings from that period were used in advertisements, such as for Imperial Tobaccos Cabinet brand and for HypoVereinsbank. The group released its debut album under the title Kommt zusammen on July 2,2001 and it included a total of 13 songs and was ultimately released by Goldrush on the record label BMG. The reviews were positive and ranged from a new feeling of lightness to esoteric childrens disco. Due to successful sales, a version of Kommt zusammen. In wirklich appeared in September of the year and ruthered the bands success that had been established with the debut album. Although some critics felt it was lacking the charm of their previous album. 2raumwohnung had the following to say during the release of In wirklich, in wirklich earned 2raumwohnung the German Dance Award for Best Album. Their next album, Es wird Morgen, soon followed in August 2004, reviewers felt the songs echoed the musical stylings of the 80s. Reviewers also felt that 2raumwohnung exhibited an impressive musical maturity, even though a lack of relevance was simultaneously mentioned. The record was performed live on tour throughout Germany and various neighboring European countries, with Jansen, the summer album, Melancholisch schön, followed in 2005 and featured twelve of the bands most well-known songs, which were re-recorded and remixed in Bossa Nova style. The album included Sexy Girl, a single that had previously released on Kommt zusammen. In 2005, 2raumwohnung also received the Goldene Stimmgabel for Best Duo, in February 2007, following after a short break, 2raumwohnung composed two singles with Peter Plate from Rosenstolz and producer Ulf Leo Sommer for the album 36 Grad
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III Corps (United States)
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III Corps is a corps of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Hood, Texas. It is a formation of the United States Army Forces Command. Activated in World War I in France, III Corps oversaw US Army divisions as they repelled several major German offensives, the corps was deactivated following the end of the war. For the next 50 years, the corps was a key training element for the US Army as it sent troops overseas in support of the Cold War, the Korean War, the corps saw no combat deployments, however, until Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2004. III Corps was first organized on 16 May 1918 in France and it was designed as three of the four newly activated corps of the American Expeditionary Force, which at that time number over 1,000,000 men in 23 divisions. The corps took command of US forces training with the French Seventh Army at the time that IV Corps took command of US forces training with the French Eighth Army. In July, the corps was rushed to the Villers-Cotterêts area in preparation for the Third Battle of the Aisne, the first major Allied counteroffensive of the year. There, it was put under the French Tenth Army and given command of the 1st Division. However, the group arrived in the area too late to exercise tactical command. On 18 July, the attack was launched, with the force spearheading the French Tenth Armys assault on the ground south of Soissons. During this attack, the Corps also cut rail lines supplying the German Army, the first day of the attack was a success, but on the second day, the Germans were reinforced with heavier weapons and were able to blunt the attack, inflicting high casualties. The force was successful despite heavy casualties, and German forces were forced to retreat. S, troops continued to advance until September when they withdrew to form the new First United States Army. First Army formed up in preparation to advance in the Meuse-Argonne campaign and it consisted of over 600,000 men in I Corps, III Corps, and V Corps. III Corps took the Armys east flank, protecting it as the Army advanced to Montfaucon, then Cunel, the offensive was slow and hampered by inexperience of many of the divisions under the Armys command, though III Corps was effective in protecting its sector. They advanced through September and October, taking a few weeks for rest after the formation of Second United States Army, on 1 November, the First Army went on a general offensive, pushing north to the Meuse River and the Barricourt Ridge. It was successful, pushing German forces back and advancing to the river until the end of the war, around that time, the division received its shoulder sleeve insignia, approving it by telegram, though the insignia would not be officially authorized until 1922. The corps was demobilized in Neuwied, Germany at the close of hostilities, following the end of World War I, III Corps remained in Europe for several months before it returned to the United States. It was demobilized at Camp Sherman, Ohio, on 15 August 1927 the XXII Corps was activated in the United States
6.
3 Doors Down
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3 Doors Down is an American rock band from Escatawpa, Mississippi, that formed in 1996. The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell, and they were soon joined by rhythm guitarist Chris Henderson. The band rose to fame with their first single, Kryptonite. The band then signed with Republic Records and released their album, The Better Life. The album was the 11th-best-selling album of the year and was certified 6x platinum in the United States and they were later joined by drummer Richard Liles, who played during the tour for their first album. The band toured extensively for two years, Daniel Adair played drums on tour from 2002 to 2005. This configuration played nearly 1,000 shows across the following the release of Away from the Sun. In 2005, Greg Upchurch joined to play drums to replace Adair,3 Doors Down released their third album, Seventeen Days in 2005. The album debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified platinum one month of release. Their fourth, self-titled album,3 Doors Down, also debuted at No.1 on the Billboard 200 chart, the bands fifth studio album, Time of My Life debuted at No.3 on the charts. Original guitarist Matt Roberts departed in 2012, owing to health issues and he was replaced by Chet Roberts, who was formerly Hendersons guitar tech. Harrell was fired from the band in 2013 after being charged with vehicular homicide, worldwide,3 Doors Down has sold more than 20 million albums. The band originally consisted of Brad Arnold, Todd Harrell and Matt Roberts, the band began to tour outside Escatawpa, and it was during a trip to Foley, Alabama that they came up with their official name. When the three men were walking through the town, they saw a building where some letters had fallen off its sign, since at the time they consisted of three people, they added the 3 to create 3 Doors Down. The cover of their 2011 album Time of My Life hints at the number of band members and current band members. A couple of years performing together, Todd Harrell asked rhythm guitarist Chris Henderson to join the band. They recorded a demo CD of their songs at Lincoln Recording in Pascagoula. When the band gave the CD to local radio station WCPR-FM they started playing the EP version of Kryptonite, the stations program director sent the song to manager Phin Daly who in turn showed it to Bill McGathy, his employer at In De Goot Entertainment
7.
3M
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The 3M Company, formerly known as the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation based in Maplewood, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul. 3M has operations in more than 65 countries including 29 international companies with manufacturing operations and 35 companies with laboratories, 3M products are available for purchase through distributors and retailers, and online directly from the company. Five businessmen founded 3M in Two Harbors, Minnesota, in 1902, originally a mining venture, the goal was to mine corundum, but this failed because the mines mineral holdings were anorthosite, which had no commercial value. Co-founder John Dwan solicited funds in exchange for stock and Edgar Ober, the company moved to Duluth and began research and producing sandpaper products. William L. McKnight, later a key executive, joined the company in 1907, 3M finally became financially stable in 1916 and was able to pay dividends. The company moved to St. Paul in 1910, where it remained for 52 years before outgrowing the campus and moving to its current headquarters at 3M Center in Maplewood, Minnesota in 1962. The new Maplewood campus is 475 acres and has over 50 buildings, the company began by mining stone from quarries for use in grinding wheels. Struggling with quality and marketing of its products, management supported its workers to innovate and develop new products, twelve years after its inception, 3M developed its first exclusive product, Three-M-ite cloth. Other innovations in this era included masking tape, waterproof sandpaper, by 1929, 3M had made its first moves toward international expansion by forming Durex to conduct business in Europe. The same year, the stock was first traded over the counter. The company is currently a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the founders original plan was to sell the mineral corundum to manufacturers in the East for making grinding wheels. In reality, however, Dwan and his associates were not selling what they thought, failing to make sandpaper with the anorthosite, the founders decided to import minerals like Spanish garnet, after which sale of sandpapers grew. In 1914, customers complained that the garnet was falling off the paper, the founders discovered that the stones had traveled across the Atlantic Ocean packed near olive oil, and the oil had penetrated the stones. Unable to take the loss of selling expensive inventory, they roasted the stones over fire to remove the olive oil, the companys late innovations include waterproof sandpaper and masking tape, as well as cellophane Scotch Tape and sound-deadening materials for cars. In 1947, 3M began producing PFOA by electrochemical fluorination, during the 1950s, the company expanded worldwide with operations in Canada, Mexico, France, Germany, Australia, and the United Kingdom in large part by Clarence Sampair. DuPont referred to PFOA as C8, in 1951, international sales were approximately $20 million. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, 3M published a line of board games and these games were marketed to adults and sold through department stores, with easily learned simple rules but complex game play and depth and with uniformly high-quality components. As such, they are the ancestors of the German Eurogames, the games covered a variety of topics, from business and sports simulations to word and abstract strategy games
8.
3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines
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3rd Battalion 3rd Marines, abbreviated as, is an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps, based out of Kāneohe, Hawaii. Known as either Trinity or Americas Battalion, the falls under the command of the 3rd Marine Regiment of the 3rd Marine Division. The unit consists of approximately 1124 U. S, Marines and United States Navy sailors. Like most battalions of the U. S. Marine Corps, Marines in the battalion were also awarded one Medal of Honor and seven Navy Crosses during the war. Following World War II, 3rd Battalion was disbanded until 1951, the battalion was alerted for possible deployment during the 1956 Suez War and the 1958 intervention in Lebanon. In 1965, the Marines of 3rd Battalion were deployed to the Vietnam War and participated in Operation Starlite, the battalion continued to see major action through Vietnam and was rotated back to the United States in 1969. Famous alumni from its time in Vietnam include Corporal Robert Emmett OMalley, the first Marine in Vietnam to be awarded the Medal of Honor, Oliver North, around the end of the Vietnam War, the Battalion was deactivated for a second time in 1974. In 1975, 3rd Battalion was reformed for the time at Marine Corps Base Hawaii. During this period, the battalion conducted numerous deployments in the Pacific, in 1983, 3rd Battalion deployed off the coast of Lebanon for several weeks during a particularly tense period in the civil war. 3rd Battalion deployed again in 1990 as part of Operation Desert Shield and saw action at the Battle of Khafji, one Marine from the battalion, Dakota Meyer, was awarded the Medal of Honor during the Global War on Terror. The rifle companies are designed to act as maneuver elements for the battalion, with attachments they can also be employed independently for short periods of time. Each rifle company ideally consists of six officers and 176 enlisted personnel and is commanded by a Captain who is assisted by a First Sergeant. The three rifle companies in 3rd Battalion have traditionally been I Company, K Company, and L Company, because the Marine Corps uses the NATO phonetic alphabet, these companies are commonly known as India, Kilo, and Lima. Prior to 1956, under the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, they were known as Item, King, H&S Company provides combat service support and consists of the battalion staff, including the headquarters element, communications, medical, and service platoons. Weapons Company provides fire support coordination, medium mortars, anti-armor weapons, generally, these elements of Weapons Company are directly employed by the battalion, but may also be attached to the rifle companies. 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines was activated on 1 June 1942 at New River, North Carolina as the 5th Training Battalion, Division Special Troops, 1st Marine Division, on 16 June, they were redesignated as the 3rd Battalion, 3rd Marines, Fleet Marine Force. From August to September 1942, 3rd Battalion deployed with the rest of the 3rd Marine Regiment to Tutuila, in 1943, they were reassigned to the Fleet Marine Force. In May 1943, they redeployed to Auckland, New Zealand, from July to August 1943, they redeployed to the island of Guadalcanal to begin training in preparation for the invasion of Bougainville in November
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4 Vesta
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Vesta, minor-planet designation 4 Vesta, is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometres. It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, Vesta is the second-most-massive and second-largest body in the asteroid belt after the dwarf planet Ceres, and it contributes an estimated 9% of the mass of the asteroid belt. It is slightly larger than Pallas, though more massive. Vesta is the last remaining rocky protoplanet of the kind that formed the terrestrial planets, numerous fragments of Vesta were ejected by collisions one and two billion years ago that left two enormous craters occupying much of Vestas southern hemisphere. Debris from these events has fallen to Earth as howardite–eucrite–diogenite meteorites, Vesta is the brightest asteroid visible from Earth. Its maximum distance from the Sun is slightly greater than the distance of Ceres from the Sun. NASAs Dawn spacecraft entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 for an exploration and left orbit on 5 September 2012 en route to its final destination. Researchers continue to examine data collected by Dawn for additional insights into the formation, Heinrich Olbers discovered Pallas in 1802, the year after the discovery of Ceres. He proposed that the two objects were the remnants of a destroyed planet and these orbital intersections were located in the constellations of Cetus and Virgo. Olbers commenced his search in 1802, and on 29 March 1807 he discovered Vesta in the constellation Virgo—a coincidence, because Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta are not fragments of a larger body. Because the asteroid Juno had been discovered in 1804, this made Vesta the fourth object to be identified in the region that is now known as the asteroid belt, the discovery was announced in a letter addressed to German astronomer Johann H. Schröter dated 31 March. Gauss decided on the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta was the fourth asteroid to be discovered, hence the number 4 in its formal designation. The name Vesta, or national variants thereof, is in use with two exceptions, Greece and China. In Greek, the name adopted was the Hellenic equivalent of Vesta, Hestia, in English, in Chinese, Vesta is called the hearth-god star, 灶神星 zàoshénxīng, in contrast to the goddess Vesta, who goes by her Latin name. Upon its discovery, Vesta was, like Ceres, Pallas, the symbol representing the altar of Vesta with its sacred fire and was designed by Gauss. In Gausss conception, this was drawn, in its modern form, after the discovery of Vesta, no further objects were discovered for 38 years, and the Solar System was thought to have eleven planets. However, in 1845, new asteroids started being discovered at a rapid pace and it soon became clear that it would be impractical to continue inventing new planetary symbols indefinitely, and some of the existing ones proved difficult to draw quickly. That year, the problem was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould, who suggested numbering asteroids in their order of discovery, thus, the fourth asteroid, Vesta, acquired the generic symbol ④
10.
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days
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4 Months,3 Weeks and 2 Days is a 2007 Romanian art film written and directed by Cristian Mungiu. It won the Palme dOr and the FIPRESCI Award at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, the film is set in Communist Romania in the final years of the Nicolae Ceaușescu era. It tells the story of two students, roommates in the university dormitory, who try to arrange an illegal abortion, after making its worldwide debut at Cannes, the film made its Romanian debut on 1 June 2007, at the Transilvania International Film Festival. It opened to acclaim, and has since been considered one of the major films of the 2000s. The film follows the story of Otilia Mihartescu and Gabriela Găbița Dragut, the film is set in 1987, one of the last years of the Ceaușescu government. When Găbița becomes pregnant, the two girls arrange a meeting with Mr. Bebe in a hotel, where he is to perform an illegal abortion. At the college dorm Găbița and Otilia review the items they need for the day, afterwards, Otilia takes a bus to visit her boyfriend Adi, from whom she borrows money. Adi asks Otilia to visit his family that night, as it is his mothers birthday, and to buy flowers on the way, to which Otilia initially declines, but she relents after Adi becomes upset. Otilia heads to a hotel where Găbița has booked a room, Otilia goes to another hotel, and after much begging and haggling is able to book a room at an expensive rate. Afterwards Otilia goes to a point to meet with Mr. Bebe, although he had asked Găbița that she meets him. Mr. Bebe grows angry upon hearing that Găbița is not at the planned hotel, Mr. Bebe discovers that Găbițas claim that her pregnancy was in its third month is a lie, in fact, it has been at least four months. The two women were certain that they would pay no more than 3000 lei for the abortion, however, it slowly becomes clear to the women that he expects both women to have sex with him. Otilia reluctantly has sex with Mr. Bebe so that he not walk out on them. Mr. Bebe then performs the abortion by injecting a probe and a fluid into Găbițas uterus. Otilia is exasperated by Găbițas lies, yet continues to help her, Otilia leaves Găbița at the hotel to go to Adis mothers birthday. She is still disturbed but stays and has dinner with Adis mothers friends and they all talk about trivial things while Otilia and Adi remain silent. The phone rings in the background, but no one answers it, after fighting with Adi, Otilia calls Găbița from Adis house. Găbița does not answer, so Otilia decides to go back to Găbița, when Otilia enters the room Găbița is lying on the bed, and she tells Otilia that the fetus has come out and is in the bathroom
11.
1st Cavalry Division (United States)
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The 1st Cavalry Division is a combined arms division and is one of the most decorated combat divisions of the United States Army, as well as the other four branches of the U. S. military. It is based at Fort Hood, Texas, as of 2013, the 1st Cavalry Division is subordinate to III Corps and is commanded by Major General John C. Thomson III. The history of the 1st Cavalry Division began in 1921 after the established a permanent cavalry division table of organization. Since 1st Cavalry Division was to assemble from existing units, it was able to go active in September 1921, even though the subordinate units did not arrive completely until as late as 1922. 1st Cavalry Division was assigned to the VIII Corps Area, with its headquarters and 2d Brigade located at Fort Bliss, Texas. The 1st Cavalry Division’s assembled at Douglas, Arizona, the 1st, 7th, and 8th Cavalry Regiments had previously been assigned to the wartime 15th Cavalry Division until they were returned to the VIII Corps Area troop list on 12 May 1918. 1st Cavalry Regiment remained assigned until it was transferred to 1st Cavalry Division on 20 August 1921 and this controversy continued until 18 December 1922, when the 5th Cavalry Regiment, then on the VIII Corps Area Troop List, swapped places with the 10th Cavalry Regiment. In 1923 the 1st Cavalry Division held division maneuvers for the first time, however, financial constraints made that impossible. Only in 1927, through the generosity of a few ranchers who provided land, was the division able to conduct such exercises again. In 1928 Major General Herbert B, crosby, Chief of Cavalry, faced with personnel cuts, reorganized the cavalry regiments, which in turn reduced the size of the 1st Cavalry Division. Crosbys goal was to decrease overhead while maintaining or increasing firepower in the regiment, the cavalry brigades machine gun squadrons were inactivated, while the responsibility for training and employing machine guns fell to the regimental commanders, as in the infantry. The new structure increased the size of the troop, expanded the medical unit to a squadron. A divisional aviation section, an armored car squadron, and tank company were added, the artillery battalion was expanded to a regiment. With the arrival of the 1930s, serious work started on the testing and refining of new equipment, to facilitate this, 1st Cavalry Division traded 1st Cavalry Regiment for 12th Cavalry Regiment on 3 January 1933. Like the 1937 infantry division test, the maneuvers concentrated on the cavalry regiments around which all other units were to be organized. The latter configuration allowed the division to deploy easily in two columns, which was accepted standard cavalry tactics, one headquarters would assume responsibility for the administration and disciplinary control for these forces. The special troops remained as structured in 1928, and no observation squadron or chemical detachment found a place in the division, with the paper changes in the cavalry divisions and other minor adjustments, the strength of a wartime divisional rose to 10,680. In order to prepare for war service, 1st Cavalry Division participated in the maneuvers, Toyahvale
