1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
2.
Ice hockey
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Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
3.
Forward (hockey)
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In ice hockey, a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals. Generally, the try to stay in three different lanes, also known as thirds, of the ice going from goal to goal. It is not mandatory, however, to stay in a lane, staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle. One forward obtains the puck and then the pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side. This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities and this strategy allows for a constant flow of the play, attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone. The forwards can pass to the players playing at the blue line, thus freeing up the play. This then begins the triangle again, each team has three forwards in each line, Left Wing Centre Right Wing Rover Power forward Defenceman Goaltender List of NHL players
4.
Ice hockey rink
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An ice hockey rink is an ice rink that is specifically designed for ice hockey, a team competing sport. Alternatively it is used for sports such as broomball, ringette. It is rectangular with rounded corners and surrounded by a wall approximately 1 meter high called the boards, Rink, a Scots word meaning course, was used as the name of a place where another game, curling, was played. Early in its history, ice hockey was played mostly on rinks constructed for curling, the name was retained after hockey-specific facilities were built. There are two sizes for hockey rinks, one used primarily in North America, the other used in the rest of the world. The two sizes are known as NHL, and Olympic, Hockey rinks in most of the world follow the International Ice Hockey Federation specifications, which is 61 metres ×30.5 metres with a corner radius of 8.5 metres. The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 4 metres, the distance from each goal line to the nearest blue line is 17.3 metres. The distance between the two lines is also 17.3 metres. Most North American rinks follow the National Hockey League specifications of 200 feet ×85 feet with a radius of 28 feet. The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 11 feet, the NHL attacking zones are expanded, with blue lines 64 feet from the goal line and 50 feet apart. Canadian rinks may vary from NHL ones, especially in the goal crease shape, in Finland the rink should be 60 metres long and between 26–30 metres wide. The rink specifications originate from the ice surface of the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, constructed in 1862 and its ice surface measured 204 feet ×80 feet. The curved corners are considered to originate from the design of the Montreal Arena, also in Montreal, the centre line divides the ice in half crosswise. It is used to judge icing, meaning if a team sends the puck across the centre line, blue line. It is a line, and in the NHL must contain regular interval markings of a uniform distinctive design. When discussing differences in the rules of the game, it is said that a game is played with no red line. This simply means there is no two-line pass violation. The centre line is used to judge icing violations
5.
Checking (ice hockey)
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Checking in ice hockey is any one of a number of defensive techniques, aimed at disrupting an opponent with possession of the puck, or separating them from the puck entirely. It is usually not a penalty and this is often referred to as simply checking or hitting and is only permitted against an opponent with possession of the puck. Body checking can be penalized when performed recklessly, hip-checking When a player drops to a near-crouching stance and swings his hips toward an opposing player, sending the opponent off balance, often falling to the ice. Mostly done up against the boards, a hit at or below the knees is considered an infraction in the National Hockey League, and called clipping. Shoulder-checking A player puts his shoulder into his opponent to muscle the opponent out of position, the elbow must be tucked in, or the player risks taking a penalty for elbowing. Poke checking Using the stick to poke the puck away from an opponent, mostly done while the defensive player goes straight at the puck carrier and hitting the puck out of his possession before making physical contact. Sweep checking Using the stick in a motion to knock the puck away from opponents or deter them from passing. Stick checking Using the stick to interfere with an opponents stick, forechecking It refers to skating done in the offensive zone, often to recover possession of the puck after a dump in or turnover. Backchecking Rushing back to the zone in response to an opposing teams attack. Players often try to rub up behind the player with the puck to bother them, at the same time they try to hit the puck away with their stick. Cross-checking The act of checking an opponent with the shaft of the held in both hands and with arms extended. This is illegal and earns a minor or major penalty depending on the severity of the infraction, lift checking A player lifts or knocks an opponents stick upwards with his/her stick followed immediately by an attempt to steal the puck. This may also be used by a defenseman to keep a player from deflecting shots when both players are positioned in front of the net. Press checking A type of hockey stick check used to stop or control the movement of a stick by placing stick pressure over the top of the opponents stick. Charging, hitting from behind and boarding are examples of illegal hits, charging occurs when a player takes three or more strides going into the check, and sometimes includes leaving the feet to deliver the hit. Boarding is when a check violently throws a defenseless player into the boards, in womens ice hockey, any body checking is a penalty and is also not allowed in leagues with young children. Mens amateur leagues typically allow checking unless stipulated otherwise in league rules, some intramural university leagues do not permit body checking, in order to avoid injury and incidents of fighting. Leaning against opponents is an alternative to body checking but can be penalized for holding if abused, many studies have been done regarding injuries in hockey that have caused stricter rule enforcement in the past few years
6.
Power play (sporting term)
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Power play is a sporting term used in many various games. In several team sports, situations arise where following a rules infraction, the term power play is commonly applied to the state of advantage the unpenalized team enjoys during this time. Specialized tactics and strategies can apply while a team is on the power play, in ice hockey, a team is said to be on a power play when at least one opposing player is serving a penalty, and the team has a numerical advantage on the ice. Up to two players per side may serve in the penalty box, giving a team up to a possible 5-on-3 power play, if a goaltender commits a foul, another player who was on the ice at the time of the penalty serves. There are two types of penalties that can result in a play for the non-offending team, minor and major. For such penalties, the player is ruled off the ice. A power play resulting from a minor penalty ends if the team more players on the ice scores. If the penalty is instead a double minor, a goal scored by the team with advantage ends the first minor penalty, so that 2 goals by the team with more players are needed to end the power play. If a player is given a penalty, a power play occurs, but if the team on the power play scores. Major penalties only end when five minutes have elapsed or the game has ended, if a team is still on a power play at the end of a regulation period, or at the end of a playoff overtime period, the power play will continue into the following period. Misconduct penalties, and game misconduct penalties allow for substitution of the offending player, however in practice, misconduct and game misconduct penalties are often assessed in addition to a major or minor penalty. A match penalty results in the player being ejected for the balance of the game. The power play does not end if the team scores a goal, identical to major penalties. A goal scored by the team during a power play is called a short-handed goal. If a power play ends without a goal against the shorthanded team, if a team scores on the power play, it is said to have converted the power play. During a power play, the team may launch the puck to the opposite end of the rink. Depending on the infraction, the penalty may release early if a goal is scored by either team, or may be non-releasable, the term extra man is used more frequently than powerplay. In box lacrosse, a powerplay is very similar to ice hockey and this situation is also often called an extra man offense or man up, or man down, depending on the team penalised
7.
New Jersey Devils
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The New Jersey Devils are a professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the club was founded as the Kansas City Scouts in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1974. The Scouts moved to Denver, Colorado in 1976 and became the Colorado Rockies, in 1982, they moved to East Rutherford, New Jersey and took their current name. For their first 25 seasons in New Jersey, the Devils were based at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, beginning with the 2007–08 season, the Devils relocated to Newark and now play their home games at the Prudential Center. Their fortunes began to turn following the hiring of president. They have won the Atlantic Division regular season title nine times, most recently in 2009–10, the Devils have reached the Stanley Cup Finals five times, winning in 1994–95, 1999–00 and 2002–03. The Devils were known for their defense-first approach throughout their years of Cup contention, the Devils have a rivalry with their cross-Hudson River neighbor, the New York Rangers, as well as a rivalry with the Philadelphia Flyers. The Devils are one of three NHL teams in the New York metropolitan area, the two teams are the New York Islanders and New York Rangers. The franchise is the major league team in any sport that explicitly identifies itself as a New Jersey team. In 1972, the NHL announced plans to add two teams, including one in Kansas City, Missouri. Edwin G. Thompson led the group that purchased ownership of the team, with 41 points in their inaugural season, the Scouts finished last in the Smythe Division, only the Capitals had fewer points in the NHL. Kansas City fell to 36 points the season, and had a 27-game losing streak. The Scouts had difficulty drawing fans to games, and National Hockey League Players Association leader Alan Eagleson publicly expressed concerns about whether Scouts players would be paid. After two seasons in Kansas City, the moved to Denver and was renamed the Colorado Rockies it played at the McNichols Sports Arena. The team won its first game as the Rockies, 4–2, the Rockies were in position to qualify for the playoffs 60 games into the 1976–77 season, but a streak of 18 games without a win caused them to fall from contention. The Rockies ended the campaign last in the division with a 20–46–14 record and 54 points, despite having the sixth-worst record in the League, the Rockies beat-out the Vancouver Canucks for second in the Division by two points and gained a playoff berth. The Philadelphia Flyers eliminated the Rockies from the playoffs in the preliminary rounds, a lack of stability continually plagued the team. The franchise never won more than 22 games and did not return to the playoffs after 1977–78 in its six seasons in Colorado
8.
Carolina Hurricanes
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The Carolina Hurricanes are a professional ice hockey team based in Raleigh, North Carolina. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the Hurricanes play their home games at the 18, 680-seat PNC Arena. The franchise was formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association, the team relocated to North Carolina in 1997 and won its first Stanley Cup during the 2005–06 season, beating the Edmonton Oilers, four games to three. The New England Whalers were established in November 1971 when the World Hockey Association awarded a franchise to play in Boston. For the first two years of their existence, the club played their games at the Boston Arena. With the increasing difficulty of scheduling games at Boston Garden, the decided to move the team to Hartford, Connecticut. While waiting for the completion of a new arena in Hartford, on January 11,1975, the team played its first game in front of a sellout crowd at the Hartford Civic Center Coliseum, and would maintain its home there through 1997. As one of the most stable WHA teams, the Whalers, along with the Edmonton Oilers, Quebec Nordiques, however, under pressure from the extant NHL team in the New England area, the Boston Bruins, the Whalers were compelled to rename the team the Hartford Whalers. The Whalers were never as successful in the NHL as they had been in the WHA, the next year, the club secured the regular-season Adams Division title, only to fall to the Nordiques in six games in the first round of the playoffs. In 1992, the Whalers made the playoffs for the final time, the Whalers were plagued for most of their existence by limited marketability. Hartford was the smallest American market in the league, and was located on the dividing line between the home territories for New York City and Boston teams. It did not help matters that the Hartford Civic Center was one of the smallest arenas in the league, the Whalers off-ice problems were magnified when the start of the 1990s triggered a spike in player salaries. On May 6,1997, Karmanos announced that the Whalers would move to the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, the Hurricanes inherited the Whalers place in the Northeast Division. Unfortunately for the team, the ESA would not be complete for two more years, the only arena in the Triangle area with an ice plant was 45-year-old Dorton Arena, at 5,100 seats, it was completely inadequate even for temporary use. The Hurricanes were thus forced to play games in Greensboro,90 minutes west of Raleigh. However, the team would be based in Raleigh and practice in nearby Hillsborough—effectively saddling the Hurricanes with 82 road games for the two years. This choice was disastrous for the attendance and reputation. With a capacity of over 21,000 people for hockey, however, Triangle-area fans balked at making the 80-mile drive down I-40 to Greensboro
9.
Stanley Cup
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The Stanley Cup is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League playoff winner. The first Cup was awarded in 1893 to Montreal HC, and subsequent winners from 1893 to 1914 were determined by challenge games, Professional teams first became eligible to challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1906. After a series of mergers and folds, it was established as the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926. There are actually three Stanley Cups, the bowl of the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the authenticated Presentation Cup. The NHL has maintained control over both the trophy itself and its associated trademarks. Nevertheless, the NHL does not actually own the trophy, the original bowl was made of silver and is 18.5 centimetres in height and 29 centimetres in diameter. The current Stanley Cup, topped with a copy of the bowl, is made of a silver and nickel alloy, it has a height of 89.54 centimetres. Unlike the trophies awarded by the major professional sports leagues of North America. Originally, the winners kept it until a new champion was crowned, currently, winning teams get the Stanley Cup during the summer and a limited number of days during the season. It is unusual among trophies to include winning members names, every year since 1924, a select portion of the winning players, coaches, management, and club staff names are engraved on its bands. However, there is not enough room to include all the players and non-players, initially a new band added each year, though this caused the trophy to grow in size, earning the nickname Stovepipe Cup. In 1958 the modern one-piece Cup was designed with a barrel which could contain 13 winning teams per band. To prevent the Stanley Cup from growing, when the band is full, the oldest band is removed and preserved in the Hockey Hall of Fame. It has been referred to as The Cup, Lord Stanleys Cup, The Holy Grail, the Stanley Cup is surrounded by numerous legends and traditions, the oldest of which is the celebratory drinking of champagne out of the cup by the winning team. Since the 1914–15 season, the Cup has been won a combined 100 times by 18 active NHL teams, prior to that, the challenge cup was held by nine different teams. The Montreal Canadiens have won the Cup a record 24 times and are the most recent Canadian-based team to win the cup, the Stanley Cup was not awarded in 1919 because of a Spanish flu epidemic, and in 2005, as a consequence of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. After the Lord Stanley of Preston was appointed by Queen Victoria as Governor General of Canada on June 11,1888, he, Stanley was first exposed to the game at Montreals 1889 Winter Carnival, where he saw the Montreal Victorias play the Montreal Hockey Club. The Montreal Gazette reported that he expressed his delight with the game of hockey
10.
Face-off
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A face-off is the method used to begin play in ice hockey and some other sports. The two teams line up in opposition to other, and the opposing skaters attempt to gain control of the puck after it is dropped between their sticks by an official. Face-offs are generally handled by centres, although some wingers handle face-offs and very rarely, one of the referees drops the puck at centre ice to start each period and following the scoring of a goal. The linesmen are responsible for all other face-offs, one player from each team stands at the face-off spot to await the drop of the puck. All teammates must be lateral to or behind the player taking the face-off, however, where the face-off occurs at one of the five face-off spots that have circles marked around them, only the two opposing players responsible for taking the face-off may be in the circle. This is not mandatory, however, and other formations are seen—especially where the face-off is in one of the four corner face-off spots, face-offs are typically conducted at designated places marked on the ice called face-off spots or dots. There are nine such spots, two in each attacking zone, two on each end of the zone, and one in the centre of the rink. Face-offs did not always take place at the marked face-off spots, if a puck left the playing surface, for example, the face-off would take place wherever the puck was last played. On June 20,2007, the NHL Board of Governors approved a change to NHL Rule 76.2, the rule now requires that all face-offs take place at one of the nine face-off spots on the ice, regardless of what caused the stoppage of play. Rule 76.2 also dictates that, with some exceptions, an official may remove the player taking the face-off if the player or any players from the same team attempt to gain an unfair advantage during the face-off. When a player is removed, one of the not originally taking the face-off is required to take the face-off. In the NHL, the player from the team is required to place his stick on the ice for the face-off first when it takes place at the centre-line dot. For all other face-offs, the player from the team must place his stick first. Before the leagues 2015–16 season, the player was required to place his stick first on all face-offs. In the first organized ice hockey rules, both faced the centre line of the ice rink, like the winners do today. At that time, another forward position existed, the rover, who faced forward like centres did today, face-offs were first called faces of the puck, or a puck-off. In bandy, the game is restarted with a face-off when the game has been temporarily interrupted, the face-off is executed on the place where the ball was situated when the game was interrupted. If the ball was inside the penalty area when the game was interrupted, in a face-off one player of each team place themselves opposite each other and with their backs turned to their own end-lines
11.
Yanic Perreault
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Yanic Jacques Perreault is a retired professional ice hockey player who played thirteen seasons in the National Hockey League. He was drafted in the round, 47th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1991 NHL Entry Draft. Carrying a reputation as too slow a skater to succeed in the NHL, Perreault played three years for the St. Johns Maple Leafs, Torontos American Hockey League affiliate. Perrault led the St. Perrault made his NHL debut in third season with the Leafs, showing some flash in spot duty. He spent most of season with the Kings minor league affiliate. He played three seasons in Los Angeles before being sent back to Toronto in 1999, for Jason Podollan. He signed after that season with the Phoenix Coyotes and was selected to play in the 2007 NHL All-Star Game. Perreault signed with the Chicago Blackhawks as an agent on July 1,2007. However with his skills diminishing, he retired at the end of the 2007-08 season. Perreault is often considered one of the best faceoff men in recent NHL history, on October 4,2013 − one day ahead of the second game of the season - the Blackhawks announced they had hired Perreault to help the team improve its face-off success rate. Also is a coach for the Chicago mission 05 team. 1989 QMJHL - Michel Bergeron Trophy 1989 Canadian Major Junior - Rookie of the Year 1991 QMJHL - First All-Star Team 1991 QMJHL - Frank J
12.
Defenceman
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Defence in ice hockey is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring. They are often referred to as defencemen, D, D-men or blueliners, a good defenceman is both strong in defensive and offensive play and for defenceman pairing also need to be good at defending and attacking. In regular play, two defencemen complement three forwards and a goaltender on the ice, organized play of ice hockey originates from the first indoor game in Montreal in 1875. In subsequent years, the players per side were reduced to seven per side, positions were standardized, and two correspond to the two defencemen of current six-man rules. These were designated as cover point and point, although they lined up behind the center, decades later, defencemen were standardized into playing left and right sides of the ice. According to one of the earliest books on ice hockey, Farrells Hockey, Canadas Royal Winter Game, Mike Grant of the Montreal Victorias and he should not stray too far from his place, because oftentimes he is practically a second goal-minder. Although he should remain close to his goal-keeper, he should never obstruct that mans view of the puck, in his capacity of a defence player, he should linger around his goals as long as the puck is near. It is by playing far up under these circumstances that a clever cover-point can chine to the advantage of his team. If he has an opening he should shoot well for the goals. Each year the NHL, the ice hockey league in the world. Bobby Orr of the Boston Bruins – an eight-time Norris Trophy recipient – is often considered to be the greatest defenceman in NHL, in addition to his Norris Trophy honours, he is the only defenceman in NHL history to capture the Art Ross Trophy as the leagues leading scorer. In 1998, Orr was selected as the best defenceman of all-time in The Hockey News Top 100 NHL Players of all-time, conversely, according to the IIHF Centennial All-Star Team, the greatest defencemen to play in IIHF-sanctioned international competition are Vyacheslav Fetisov and Börje Salming. Defence players are often described by the amount they participate in the offence, the extreme of non-participation in offence is a Stay-at-home defender, who takes few risks and does not score much, instead focusing on defending against the opposing team. The extreme of participation is a defenceman, who gets aggressively involved in the teams offence. To accomplish this, the defence player often pinches in to keep the play from going offside and moves towards the halfboards. This makes it difficult for the team to protect their net from being scored upon if the team can maintain control of the puck. However, this can lead to more odd man rushes and breakaway opportunities for the team if the defender does not succeed. Bobby Orrs end-to-end rushing allowed him to defend effectively as well as attack, by contrast, Paul Coffey enjoyed high offensive production but his defensive play was considered mediocre for most of his career
13.
Winger (ice hockey)
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Winger, in the game of ice hockey, is a forward position of a player whose primary zone of play on the ice is along the outer playing area. They typically work by flanking the centre forward, originally the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Nowadays, there are different types of wingers in the game — out-and-out goal scorers, checkers who disrupt the opponents and they tend to be bigger than centreman and smaller than defenceman. This position is referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes. On the backcheck, it is essential that they cover the last free opposing player rushing in, once the puck is controlled by the opposing team in the defensive zone, however, wingers are responsible for covering the defenceman on their side of the ice. Prior to the puck being dropped for a face-off, players other than taking the face-off must not make any physical contact with players on the opposite team. After the puck is dropped, it is essential for wingers to engage the players to prevent them from obtaining possession of the puck. Once a team has established control of the puck, wingers can set themselves up into an appropriate position, some wingers are also employed to handle faceoffs. Rover Centre Defenceman Forward Goaltender Power forward List of NHL players
14.
Forward (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, a forward is a player position on the ice whose primary responsibility is to score and assist goals. Generally, the try to stay in three different lanes, also known as thirds, of the ice going from goal to goal. It is not mandatory, however, to stay in a lane, staying in a lane aids in forming the common offensive strategy known as a triangle. One forward obtains the puck and then the pass it between themselves making the goalie move side to side. This strategy opens up the net for scoring opportunities and this strategy allows for a constant flow of the play, attempting to maintain the control of play by one team in the offensive zone. The forwards can pass to the players playing at the blue line, thus freeing up the play. This then begins the triangle again, each team has three forwards in each line, Left Wing Centre Right Wing Rover Power forward Defenceman Goaltender List of NHL players
15.
Rover (ice hockey)
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A rover was a position in ice hockey used from its formation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. At the time ice hockey consisted of seven positions, along with the goaltender, unlike all the others, the rover did not have a set position, and roamed the ice at will, going where needed. As the skill level of players increased, the need to have a rover decreased, shortly after it was formed in 1910, the National Hockey Association decided to exclude the rover. The leagues successor, the NHL, did the same in 1917, however, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, formed in 1911, kept the rover. The Western Canada Hockey League also used a rover when it was founded in 1921. As the NHA and later NHL did not have a rover, but the PCHA did, a compromise was made during Stanley Cup matches, games would alternate between the NHA/NHL rules and PCHA versions, allowing each team an advantage and disadvantage during games. The first Olympic ice hockey tournament in 1920 used a rover, in 1923, both the PCHA and the WCHL decided to drop the rover position, as it was seen to be crowding the ice and therefore reducing the speed of play. With the decision to remove the rover, it disappeared from professional hockey forever, the term is also used to describe the extra attacker, who roams the ice instead of assuming one of the usual positions
16.
Goaltender
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In ice hockey, the goaltender is the player responsible for preventing the hockey puck from entering their teams net, thus preventing the opposing team from scoring. The goaltender usually plays in or near the area in front of the net called the goal crease, goaltenders tend to stay at or beyond the top of the crease to cut down on the angle of shots. In todays age of goaltending there are two styles, butterfly and hybrid. Because of the power of shots, the goaltender wears special equipment designed to protect the body from direct impact, the goalie is one of the most valuable players on the ice, as their performance can greatly change the outcome or score of the game. One-on-one situations, such as breakaways and shootouts, have the tendency to highlight a goaltenders pure skill, only one goaltender is allowed to be on the ice for each team at any given time. The goaltender is also known as the goalie, goaler, goalkeeper, net minder, in the early days of the sport, the term was spelled with a hyphen as goal-tender. The art of playing the position is called goaltending and there are coaches, the variation goalie is typically used for items associated with the position, such as goalie stick and goalie pads. Goaltending is a position in ice hockey, at higher levels in the game, no goalies play other positions. A typical ice hockey team may have two or three goaltenders on its roster, the NHL requires each team have a list of emergency goalies. The list provides goalie options for both the home and visiting teams and these goalies are to be called to a game if a team does not have two goalies to start the game. An emergency goalie may also be called if both roster goalies are injured in the same game, Jennings Trophy for fewest goals allowed. Martin Brodeur was the first goaltender in the National Hockey League to score a game-winning goal, the goaltender has special privileges and training that other players do not. He or she wears special goaltending equipment that is different from that worn by players and is subject to specific regulations. Goalies may use any part of their bodies to block shots, the goalie may legally hold the puck with his hands to cause a stoppage of play. If a player from the team hits the goaltender without making an attempt to get out of his way. In some leagues, if a goalies stick breaks, he can continue playing with a stick until the play is stopped. Additionally, if a goaltender acts in such a way that would cause a player to be given a penalty, such as slashing or tripping another player. Instead, one of the teammates who was on the ice at the time of the infraction is sent to the penalty box in his or her place
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Enforcer (ice hockey)
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Enforcer is an unofficial role in ice hockey. The term is used synonymously with fighter, tough guy. An enforcers job is to deter and respond to dirty or violent play by the opposition, when such play occurs, the enforcer is expected to respond aggressively, by fighting or checking the offender. Enforcers are expected to react particularly harshly to violence against star players or goalies, enforcers are different from pests, players who seek to agitate opponents and distract them from the game, without necessarily fighting them. The pests primary role is to draw penalties from opposing players, thus getting them off their game, pests and enforcers often play together on the same line, usually the fourth line. Presently in the NHL, teams generally do not carry more than one player whose role is enforcer. Enforcers can play either forward or defense, although they are most frequently used as wingers on the 4th forward checking line, prized for their aggression, size, checking ability, and fists, enforcers are typically less gifted at skill areas of the game than their teammates. Enforcers are typically among the lowest scoring players on the team and they are also not highly paid compared to other players, and tend to move from team to team. Enforcers nevertheless are often popular on their teams, players and coaches enjoy being with those who fight for their teams, not for themselves. The enforcer, sometimes mocked as a goon or euphemized as a guy, may be hockeys favorite archetype. Enforcers are seen as working-class superheroes—understated types with an alter ego willing to do the sports most dangerous work to protect others, and they are underdogs, men who otherwise might have no business in the game. And Fighting skills can help a less-talented or smaller player play in leagues that their hockey alone would not, enforcers sometimes take boxing lessons to improve their fighting. Some players combine aspects of the role with strong play in other areas of the game. Tiger Williams, Bob Probert, and Chris Simon are examples of enforcers who showed an occasional scoring flair, with Williams, sometimes enforcers can do their job by virtue of their reputation. As well, some skilled players, such as legends Gordie Howe and current NHL all-star Jarome Iginla, are also capable fighters, a Gordie Howe hat trick is a player scoring a goal, assisting on a goal, and being involved in a fight during one game. In the 1970s, the Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers were known respectively as the Big Bad Bruins and Broad Street Bullies, the role of the enforcer has diminished since rule enforcement changed following the 2004–05 NHL lockout to increase game speed and scoring. With fighting decreased, teams are less inclined to keep a spot available for a one-dimensional fighter who is a liability as a scorer and defender. This has led to a decrease in the number of players whose predominant role is enforcer, instead, more well-rounded players are expected to contribute aspects of the enforcer role
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Grinder (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, a grinder is a player better known for his hard work and checking than his scoring. A grinder is often a player who has limited offensive skills, the grinder is not in the spotlight as would be the offensively skilled scoring stars, but they are often fan favorites due to their work effort in games. Thus the grinder is often the player who, by their willingness to endure the abuse of going into the corners to dig out the puck. It is common belief in hockey that a team needs a balance of scoring stars and grinders. While grinder often refers to a player of lesser offensive skills, NHL Hall of Fame inductee Bobby Clarke of the 1970s and 80s Philadelphia Flyers was considered a grinder, but was also a highly productive offensive player. While a grinder plays a style of hockey they are distinguished from an enforcer, whose role is more physical intimidation. A grinder refers specifically to a style of hockey which is within the rules of the game. Sometimes grinder is used in combination with mucker to describe a player as a mucker, in this context, mucker is largely synonymous with grinder. Bobby Clarke was a significant factor in Team Canadas victory in the 1972 Super Series as was Mike Eruzione as Captain for United States Olympic team in the 1980 Miracle on Ice victory, Clarke received the Selke Trophy as best defensive forward late in his playing career. In 2012, the Hockey News named Dave Bolland of the NHL Chicago Blackhawks as Best Grinder
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Pest (ice hockey)
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A pest in ice hockey is a player who attempts to antagonize opponent players either by physical play or verbal incitation. Pests employ legal, illegal, or borderline tactics to accomplish their goals, some common tactics include trash talk or slashing and hooking while referees are not looking. They may employ the tactic of goading opponents into a fight, some pests may not only use these tactics against opposing skaters, but opposing goaltenders as well. Pest and agitator are sometimes used synonymously, as both are characterized by short bursts of intensity and speed with the intention of creating havoc. George McPhee, former manager of the Washington Capitals, said. They start stuff and dont back it up, in February 2001, Hockey Digest published a list of the NHLs best pests. In 2009, Sports Illustrated also compiled their own list of Notable Pests of the NHL
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Two-way forward
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In ice hockey, a two-way forward is a forward who handles the defensive aspects of the game as well as the offensive aspects. Typically, a frame is not an issue in whether he can be a two-way forward. Perseverance is key to being a forward, as it is an attribute that gives rise to battling in the corners or preventing odd-man rushes by the opposing team. As such, good two-way forwards are often capable playmakers, two-way forwards are sometimes left in the shadows of star players, but commentators often reiterate their importance to a team. The National Hockey League presents its best two-way forward with the Frank J. Selke Trophy, ryan Kesler, Currently Anaheim Ducks formerly Vancouver Canucks. Won in 2011, Mike Richards, Currently Los Angeles Kings formerly Philadelphia Flyers, nominated in 2009, Jordan Staal, Currently Carolina Hurricanes formerly Pittsburgh Penguins. Nominated in 2010, Jonathan Toews, Chicago Blackhawks, won in 2013, Henrik Zetterberg, Detroit Red Wings. Nominated in 2008, David Backes, Boston Bruins, nominated in 2012, Patrice Bergeron, Boston Bruins. Won in 2012 and 2014,2015 Anže Kopitar, Los Angeles Kings, nominated in 2014 and 2015 won in 2016
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Stay-at-home defenceman
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In ice hockey, a stay-at-home defenceman is one who plays a very defensive-minded game. The player often has limited offensive skills and thus does not rack up many goals or assists, however, a stay-at-home defenceman provides value to his team with his ability to ease pressure on the goaltender in defensive situations. These players usually play with a physical style and are often used to neutralize the opposing teams offensive players by landing strong hits. Stay-at-home defencemen normally are put in penalty kill situations, and are partnered with offensive-minded defencemen. Typically, effective stay-at-home defensemen have high plus/minus ratings
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Captain (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey the captain is the player designated by his team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when he is on the ice. At most levels of each team must designate one captain. The captain wears a C on his sweater, while the alternate captains wear an A, as with most team sports that designate captains, the captain is usually a well-respected player and a de facto team leader. The captain is a dressing room leader, and also represents the players concerns to management, NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game, though most teams do. For instance, in the 1985–86, when Boston Bruins captain Terry OReilly retired, Ray Bourque, Middleton wore the C during home games and Bourque for road games during the seasons first half, and the two switched for the second half. This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain, some teams name two or three captains for a season. Some teams rotate captains rather than one for an extended period of time. During each NHL game, however, only one player can officially be designated as captain. Captains are selected by different means, in instances, teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain, while on other occasions. Captains are often due to their seniority in the game. However, franchise players—current or emerging stars—have also been named captains, though not required, many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team. The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947–48 season, in the NCAA, there is no position-based restriction on the team captain. Teams may designate alternate captains, also erroneously called assistant captains. Alternate captains wear the letter A on their jerseys in the manner that team captains wear the C. In the NHL, teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains, or they may appoint three alternate captains and no captain. A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain, or when the captain is injured. International and USA amateur rules do not allow this, they stipulate that each team shall appoint a Captain, if the team chooses to not appoint a captain, they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain. When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game, NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season
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Coach (ice hockey)
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Coach in ice hockey is the person responsible for directing the team during games and practices, prepares strategy and decides which players will participate in games. The specific responsibilities of a coach vary according to the level at which they are coaching, for example, unique to coaching at the professional level, coaches need to have skills in dealing with the media. At the professional level, as game is given great importance. Coaches also are important in determining the style of hockey the team plays, while winning is a primary responsibility at the professional level, at the other extreme of minor hockey, teaching is given greater importance. Head coach Coach NHL & WHA Coach Directory at Sports Reference Hockey Canada Coaching Program USA Hockey coaching International Ice Hockey Federation Coaches Corner
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Official (ice hockey)
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In ice hockey, an official is a person who has some responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink and they are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white striped shirt. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a whistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, off-ice officials, both verbally and via hand signals, starting in 1955 with the introduction of the black-and-white jersey, NHL on-ice officials wore numbers on their back for identification. In 1977, NHL officials removed the number and had their surnames on the back of their jerseys for identification, starting in 1994, however, NHL officials returned to wearing numbers on their shirts, a procedure adopted by other leagues. In the early days of hockey when the NHL was born, in those days, penalties were assessed more on common sense rather than following strict rules, and the official would deem what was allowed and not, as well as the length of the penalties. Later, NHL referees wore cream-colored sweaters over a shirt and tie and they then briefly wore orange sweaters with half-zip fronts, until the black-and-white-striped jersey was introduced in 1955. A referee is responsible for the supervision of the game. Under most officiating systems, he is the official with the authority to assess penalties for violations of the rules. However, the linesmen can report a variety of penalties, such as too many players and major penalties, to the referee, who may then assess the penalty. The referee also conducts the opening face-off in each period and face-offs that follow after a goal is scored, linesmen are primarily responsible for watching for violations involving the centre line and the blue line. Such infractions include icing and offside infractions, after which the linesmen conduct faceoffs and they are also expected to break up scuffles, fistfights and other altercations that occur during the game. Ice hockey rules allow linesmen to call some penalties, while others allow them to report the infraction to the referee. In some leagues, the linesmen are given the title of assistant referee, when given this title, they are given more responsibility to stop play and to call penalties that the referee may not see. The NCAA previously used this designation prior to altering its officiating systems in 2006, the three-official system uses one referee and two linesmen. This is the most commonly used system, the NHL previously used this system until changing to the four-official system in the late 1990s. The highest level for this system is the AHL, which does official development for the NHL, the four-official system adds a second referee for a total of two referees and two linesmen. In this system, each referee works either the lead/front or the trail/back position, the lead position is normally in corner of the end zone, while the trail position is the neutral zone, diagonally opposite each other
