1.
Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)
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Collectively, these municipalities comprise the Centre Region Council of Governments. By definition, the region is bounded by Nittany Valley to the northeast, Penns Valley to the east, the region is part of the State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area. Though the term Happy Valley is generally synonymous with State College Borough, the region includes the townships of College, Harris, Patton. The culture of Happy Valley is largely dominated by Penn State University, the activities that occur in this region largely surround the student activities, such as student arrivals, football Saturdays, Homecoming, and graduation. Though the region is home to the State College Spikes, a minor league baseball team. During the summer session, the student population is known to return to their home towns thus reducing the population significantly. During this time, the Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts, usually referred to as Arts Fest, is held for five days, streets are closed off and lined with booths where people can buy paintings, pottery, jewelry, and other hand-made goods. There are also musical performances and plays to take in. A number of events throughout the year pave the way to Februarys THON weekend, Blue-White Football Weekend occurs in April and includes a carnival, fireworks, food vendors, the student entertainment stage, live music, a parade, and more. On game day, a session with the football student-athletes is held in Beaver Stadium. According to the 2010 census, approximately 34% of the consists of people between the ages 20-34. In a 2014 comparison of 380 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, Happy Valley had the lowest vehicle theft rate
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania
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Bellefonte is a borough and the county seat of Centre County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. It lies about twelve miles northeast of State College and is part of the State College, the borough population was 6,187 at the 2010 Census. It houses the courthouse located downtown on the square, Bellefonte has also been home to five of Pennsylvanias governors as well as two other governors. All seven are commemorated in a monument overlooking Talleyrand Park, however, the spring, which serves as the towns water supply, has been covered to comply with DEP water purity laws. The early development of Bellefonte had been as a natural town and it started with one house and a crossroad, then iron was found and the town grew. William Lamb sold his mill to John Dunlop and the next year James Dunlop, Johns father, as the years went by, Bellefonte boomed and soon became the most influential town between Pittsburgh and Harrisburg. Bellefonte was a frequent stop in the airmail route. The route ran from New York to San Francisco and opened August 20,1920, currently Bellefonte is home to the Red Raiders, the Bellefonte School Districts mascot. The school colors are red and white, the Bellefonte Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The Bellefonte Academy was listed until 2008, after having been destroyed by fire in 2004, the Bush House Hotel was financed by Daniel G. Bush and built in 1868. It was one of the first hotels in the country to have electric lights, a man would stand at the train station and call out to the passengers, Walk ya to the Bush House. The Bush House, the Brockerhoff House, the Haag House, thomas Edison stayed at the Bush House. In the recent years, the Bush House had several businesses in it including Schnitzels Restaurant, the Bush House burned down on February 8,2006. Another fire heavily damaged one of the other landmark buildings less than four years later. The Cadillac Building, so named because it was built as a Cadillac dealership in 1916, was a mix use commercial and residential property hit by a devastating fire on December 22,2009. Christmas tree lights in one of the apartment units were determined to be the cause, Cadillac Building is being rebuilt to hold 11 housing units, an office building to maintain properties, and a floor of community space with a completion of Fall 2016. It will remain a part of the Bellefonte Historic District, the popular song After the Ball was said to have been first sung in public here. It was eventually used as a movie theater, first showing silent films
6.
State College, Pennsylvania
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State College is a home rule municipality in Centre County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is the largest designated borough in Pennsylvania, in the 2010 census, the borough population was 42,034 with approximately 105,000 living in the borough plus the surrounding townships often referred to locally as the Centre Region. Many of these Centre Region communities also carry a State College, State College is a college town, dominated economically and demographically by the presence of the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University. Though Happy Valley is another often-used term to refer to the State College area, the term includes the borough and the townships of College, Harris, Patton. In 2013, State College was ranked as the third-safest metropolitan area in the United States by the CQ Press, in 2016, State College was ranked the 8th best college town in the nation by Best College Reviews. State College evolved from a village to a town in order to serve the needs of the Pennsylvania State College, State College was incorporated as a borough on August 29,1896, and has grown with the college, which was renamed The Pennsylvania State University in 1953. The university has a post office address of University Park, Pennsylvania, when Penn State changed its name from College to University in 1953, its president, Milton S. Eisenhower, sought to persuade the town to change its name as well. A referendum failed to yield a majority for any of the choices for a new name, after this, Penn State requested a new name for its on-campus post office in the HUB-Robeson Center from the U. S. The post office, which has moved across an alley to the McAllister Building, is the official home of ZIP code 16802. State College is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,200 feet above sea level, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 4.5 square miles, all of it land. It is surrounded by large tracts of farmland, and an expanse of mountains, State College has a humid continental climate. Temperatures average 27.2 °F in January and 72.1 °F in July, annual precipitation averages 39.8 inches, with 45.9 inches of annual snowfall on average. With a period of dating back to 1893, the lowest temperature recorded was −20 °F on February 10,1899. According to the 2010 census, there are 42,034 people,12,610 households, the population density was 9,258.6 people per square mile. There were 13,007 housing units at a density of 2,865.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 83. 2% White,3. 8% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,9. 8% Asian,1. 0% Other,3. 9% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. 22,681 or 54. 0% of borough residents are males and 19,353 or 46. 0% are females,33. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the family size was 2.71
7.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias fifth district is the largest in area, and least densely populated, of all of Pennsylvanias congressional districts. Marys Titusville The district is rural and includes small towns with economies based on manufacturing. The district has trended more and more Republican since the 1990s, the district includes several universities such as Clarion University and Pennsylvania State University. The Energy Industry including Coal Mining and Natural Gas Fracking is an important segment of the districts economy, warren, Venango and Bradford Counties are all home to oil refineries and are the location of many operating oil wells. The district is home to a large and growing Amish population, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
16.
James Potter
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James Potter was a soldier, farmer, and politician from Colonial- and Revolutionary-era Pennsylvania. He rose to the rank of general of Pennsylvania militia during the Revolutionary War. James Potter was of Scots descent, born in County Tyrone and he came to Colonial America with his father, John Potter, in 1741, and the family settled in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, where his father became high sheriff in 1750. His first wife was Elizabeth Cathcart of Philadelphia, and his wife was Mary Patterson Chambers. His daughter Martha was married to Andrew Gregg and he also served during Pontiacs Rebellion. In 1776, he served as a colonel and as a member of the first Pennsylvania State Constitutional Convention, during the American Revolutionary War, he led militia troops at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine and Germantown. In April 1777, he was promoted to brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania militia, on this same day a group of Pennsylvania Militia under the command of General Potter defended the home of Thomas Wynne of Blockley from a band of British marauders. The graves of three British soldiers killed are on the Wynnestay property, after this day of service, Potter took a leave of absence to care for his sick wife. Accompanying General Potter through the Revolutionary War was his servant Hero Wade, Potters service, which had been effective at interdicting trade and trafficking between the countryside and British-occupied Philadelphia, was missed. Potter eventually returned to service in late May 1778, but the role of eastern Pennsylvania in the conflict declined after the British left Philadelphia for New York in June, when not engaged in military action, Potter was a farmer. Before the Revolution he was involved in opening former Indian territories to European settlement, in 1780, Potter was elected to Pennsylvanias Council of Censors or Supreme Executive Council. In that year he lost an election to William Moore. However, the year, on 14 November 1781, he was elected to the vice-presidency. But on 7 November 1782, he lost both the race to John Dickinson and the vice-presidential race to James Ewing. During his vice-presidential term he served as an ex member of the board of trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. Potter was named a major-general of the militia in 1782, and, in 1785, James Potter died near Greencastle, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, in 1789 as the result of a construction injury during a barn raising in Penns Valley. He left Penns Valley and travelled to Greencastle, seeking help from his family doctor. His oldest daughter also lived there and he was a resident of Mifflin County at his death, and was one of Pennsylvanias largest landowners
17.
Mount Nittany
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Mount Nittany is the common name for Nittany Mountain, a prominent geographic feature in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The mountain is part of a ridge that separates Nittany Valley from Penns Valley and this nomenclature is not always consistently applied to the same geologic formation, and there is a shorter Nittany Mountain ridge shown above the Sugar Valley as well. Penn State University lies at the foot of Mount Nittany, the teams and the mascot of the school. The word Nittany is derived from the Algonquian word Nit-A-Nee meaning single mountain, according to the Penn State folklore, Nit-A-Nee is also the name of an Indian maiden whose actions caused Mount Nittany to be formed. The original inhabitants of the area used Nit-A-Nee to describe the mountain, the word Nittany was already in use by the time Pennsylvania State University was founded. Some sources cite the word Nit-A-Nee as meaning barrier against the wind, in 1945, the landowners of Mount Nittany were preparing to sell the mountain, allegedly to use timber rights. The alumni of the Lions Paw Senior Society who heard of this bought an option to buy the mountain and it took the Lions Paw alumni until May 1946 to raise the money needed to buy the mountain. In 1981, Lions Paw established the Mount Nittany Conservancy, an organization intended to raise money from the public in addition to the money raised by Lions Paw members. Since its establishment, the Mount Nittany Conservancy has purchased hundreds of acres on Mount Nittany. Mount Nittany is part of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains and these layers were folded during the Appalachian orogeny. Nittany Mountain is part of a depression of the anticlinal Nittany Arch, which originally formed a huge mountain, since eroded. The present Nittany and Big Mountain ridges were originally a valley in this ancient mountain, the Nittany ridge line is topped by the erosion resistant Bald Eagle Sandstone. The more easily eroded Juniata Shale forms the depression between the lower and higher ridges, and the drainage from this area cut small ravines in the Nittany ridge line, the same three rock layers are exposed in the neighboring ridges. Beneath the sedimentary layers is a formation of dolomite and limestone, the Bald Eagle Sandstone topping Mt. Nittany prevents the erosion of the underlying limestone to the same level as the surrounding limestone valleys. Hike Mount Nittany History of Lions Paw Mount Nittany Conservancy Centre Region Parks & Recreation ClearWater Conservancy of Central Pennsylvania, Mount Nittany WebCam view from the Hetzel Union Building
18.
Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
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Huntingdon County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 45,913, the county was created on September 20,1787, mainly from the north part of Bedford County with the addition of territory on the east from Cumberland County. Huntingdon County comprises the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 889 square miles, of which 875 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. The population density was 52 people per square mile, there were 22,365 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 50% White,5. 21% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 87% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races. 1. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 9% were of German,17. 1% American,11. 1% Irish,7. 5% English and 5. 7% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 21. 70% under the age of 18,10. 10% from 18 to 24,29. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 109.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.20 males, almost everyone that lives in Huntingdon County speaks English as their first language. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Huntingdon County as the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 11th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, duBois Business College, Huntingdon County campus, located in the former Huntingdon High School building in the borough of Huntingdon. U. S. Route 22 enters Huntingdon County from the west at the Blair County line in Morris Township near Alexandria and it exits Huntingdon County at the Mifflin County line in Brady Township near Mount Union. The following boroughs and townships are located in Huntingdon County, Allenport McConnellstown The population ranking of the table is based on the 2010 census of Huntingdon County. Hugh Brady, U. S. Army general C. L. com Community Events and Business Directory for Huntingdon County, Pa
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Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
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Lycoming County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,111, Lycoming County comprises the Williamsport, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located about 130 miles northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles east-northeast of Pittsburgh, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County on April 13,1795. The county was larger than it is today and it took up most of the land that is now north central Pennsylvania. Lycoming County was originally named Jefferson County in honor of Thomas Jefferson and this name proved to be unsatisfactory. The name change went through several steps,1615, The first European in Lycoming County was Étienne Brûlé. He was a voyageur for New France, brule descended the West Branch Susquehanna River and was held captive by a local Indian tribe near what is now Muncy before escaping and returning to Canada. 1761, The first permanent homes were built in Muncy, three log cabins were built by Bowyer Brooks, Robert Roberts and James Alexander. 1772, The first gristmill is built on Muncy Creek by John Alward 1775, the road followed Indian trails from Fort Augusta in what is now Sunbury to Bald Eagle Creek near modern-day Lock Haven. 1786, The first church built in the county was Lycoming Presbyterian church in what was known as Jaysburg and is now the Newberry section of Williamsport,1792, The first sawmill was built on Lycoming Creek by Roland Hall. 1795, The first elections for Lycoming County government are held soon after the county was formed from Northumberland County, the elected officers were Samuel Stewart, county sheriff and the first county commissioners were John Hanna, Thomas Forster and James Crawford. 1823, The county government funded the construction of the first bridges over Loyalsock,1839, The first railroad is built. It connected Williamsport with Ralston in northern Lycoming County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,244 square miles, of which 1,229 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Lycoming County is the largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and second-largest by total area, Lycoming County is divided between the Appalachian Mountains in the south, the dissected Allegheny Plateau in the north and east, and the valley of the West Branch Susquehanna River between these. The West Branch of the Susquehanna enters Lycoming County from Clinton County just west of the borough of Jersey Shore, which is on the northwest bank of the river. The river flows just north of Bald Eagle Mountain through much of its course in Lycoming County and it continues south past the borough of Montgomery and leaves Lycoming County, where it forms the border between Union and Northumberland Counties. From there the West Branch merges with the North Branch Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, the major creeks of Lycoming County are all tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River. Loyalsock and Muncy Creeks are also the major watersheds of Sullivan County, finally there is White Deer Hole Creek, the only major creek in Lycoming County on the right bank of the river
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Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
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Mifflin County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 46,682, the county was created on September 19,1789, from parts of Cumberland County and Northumberland County and named after Thomas Mifflin, the first Governor of Pennsylvania. Mifflin County comprises the Lewistown, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 415 square miles, of which 411 square miles is land and 3.7 square miles is water. Mifflin County is located in, and has its boundaries defined by, US Route 322, a major divided highway, connects the county to the rest of the state on its route between Harrisburg and State College. US Route 522 also connects the county to the rest of the state on its route between Selinsgrove and Mount Union, the population density was 112.5 people per square mile. There were 21,537 housing units at a density of 51.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 53% White,0. 64% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 31% from other races, and 1. 03% from two or more races. 1. 14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,38. 8% were of German,19. 2% American,8. 0% Irish and 7. 5% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 5. 7% report speaking Pennsylvania German, Dutch, or German at home,26. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 2.99. The median age was 39 years, the population was 48. 93% male, and 51. 07% female. The dominant form of speech in Mifflin County is the Central Pennsylvania accent, almost everyone in Mifflin County speaks English. The Amish and some Mennonites speak Pennsylvania German also known as Pennsylvania Dutch, a West Central German dialect, the Amish and Mennonites also can speak English. Few non-Amish or Mennonites in Mifflin County today speak Pennsylvania German, for the Amish and Mennonite settlement, see Kishacoquillas Valley. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Mifflin County as the Lewistown, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 10th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, Mifflin County School District Mount Union Area School District Head Start is a federally and state funded preschool program for low income children. The program serves 3- and 4-year-olds, in order to participate the family income must be below federal poverty guidelines. Coleman Head Start Center McVeytown Head Start Center Sacred Heart provides a private, belleville Mennonite School, Beth-El Christian Day School, and Valley View Christian School provide Mennonite education through grade twelve
21.
Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
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Northumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 94,528, the county was formed in 1772 from parts of Lancaster, Berks, Bedford, Cumberland, and Northampton Counties and named for the county of Northumberland in northern England. Northumberland County is a fifth class county according to the Pennsylvanias County Code, Northumberland County comprises the Sunbury, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area. Among its famous residents, Joseph Priestley, the enlightenment chemist and theologian, left England in 1796 due to religious persecution and his former house is a historical museum. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 478 square miles. The county has mountains in the south and north, with the rest being mostly rolling hills, Interstate 80 Interstate 180 U. S. Route 11 U. S. The population density was 206 people per square mile, there were 43,164 housing units at an average density of 94 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 09% White,1. 52% Black or African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 47% from other races, and 0. 58% from two or more races. 1. 10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,32. 5% were of German,12. 9% Polish,9. 9% American,8. 2% Italian,8. 1% Irish and 5. 8% Dutch ancestry according to Census 2000. 95. 8% spoke English and 1. 5% Spanish as their first language,30. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 21. 90% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,27. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, Northumberland Countys live birth rate was 1,167 births in 1990. Northumberland Countys live birth rate in 2000 declined to 919 births, over the past 50 years, rural Pennsylvania saw a steady decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. In 1960,1.06 million rural residents, or 35 percent of the population, were children. 9% in 2014. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, from 2009-2014 Northumberland County saw a 62% increase in the number of families in the federal food assistance program called SNAP. The number of people or families receiving monthly SNAP assistance dollars rose from 2,965 in 2009 to 4,814 people in 2014, teen Pregnancy rate The Pennsylvania Department of Health reports the annual teens aged 15–19 birth rate
22.
Bald Eagle Valley
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It is southwest of the West Branch Susquehanna Valley that includes Williamsport and Northwest of the Nittany Valley that includes State College. The Bald Eagle Valley lies in the portion of Centre County. It runs from Port Matilda down to Lock Haven PA, It includes most of the Bald Eagle Area School District, the Bald Eagle State Park is also in the valley. The park includes the Joseph Foster Sayers Reservoir, around the town of Howard, long narrow farm fields lie along the river, and along the perpendicular side vallies of the creeks tributaries. Smaller irregular sloped fields also lie on the hills near the floodplain. Further down stream, the plain becomes wider, and larger farm fields are found there. Between the flood plain and the plateau, there are two distinct regions, nearer the flood plain, there are steeper wooded hills, generally not suitable for farming. Closer to the plateau, there are gently rolling hills, with fields. Corn, hay, alfalfa, and winter wheat are crops grown in the valley. The road north of there is now known as U. S.220 Alternate, i-80 runs east-west across the valley between Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania and Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. U. S. Route 322, Skytop Mountain Road, also crosses the valley through Port Matilda, and across the ridge in a cut at Skytop. I-99 runs through the valley mostly along the ridge, then wraps around Port Matilda to pick up U. S.322 in a tandem alignment. The Bald Eagle and Spring Creek Navigation began building up the Bald Eagle Valley from Lock Haven in 1834 and it reached Howard in 1837, but construction stalled, and it only reached Milesburg in 1847, and Bellefonte in 1848. Initially successful, the canal began to face railroad competition during the American Civil War, construction began in 1858 on Centre Countys first railroad, the Bellefonte and Snow Shoe Railroad, which entered the valley through the Spring Creek water gap at Milesburg. By 1862 the line up the Wallace Run side valley, from Wingate to the timber, the Pennsylvania Railroad financed the construction of the Bald Eagle Valley Railroad line through the valley, along the flood plain from Tyrone to Lock Haven. When completed in 1865, it used the Bellefonte & Snow Shoe Railroad track between Wingate and Milesburg, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought the Bellefonte & Snow Shoe Railroad in 1881, making its former line the Snow Shoe and Bellefonte branches. The Snow Shoe branch has been abandoned, but the Nittany and Bald Eagle Railroad short line runs the lines from Tyrone to Lock Haven. Ridge Soaring Gliderport, the airport in the valley, is active with pilot training
23.
Bald Eagle Mountain
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It lies along the southeast side of Bald Eagle Creek, and south of the West Branch Susquehanna River, and is the westernmost ridge in its section of the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The ridge line separates the West Branch Susquehanna Valley from the Nippenose and White Deer Hole Valleys, and Bald Eagle Valley from Nittany Valley. The Julian and Unionville Pikes are paved roads cross the ridge near State College, along with and U. S. Route 322. Most other major crossings are through gaps, including Interstate 80 which passes through the Curtin Gap east of Milesburg. There are water gaps in the ridge formed by Spring Creek in Milesburg, U. S. Route 15 crosses south of Williamsport near Bald Eagle Mountains eastern end. Bald Eagle Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes and this ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. The Ridge Soaring Gliderport lies at the foot of this ridge between Julian and Unionville, a mature oak and hickory forest covers the Bald Eagle Mountain. It is one of the best sites in the eastern United States for viewing the migration of the golden eagle, Bald Eagle Mountain is in the western part of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. During the Appalachian orogeny, these layers folded up with the underlying and overlying layers into the Nittany Arch, the arch was a Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now Nittany Valley, where the oldest rock layers from deep within the eroded mountain are now exposed. Younger rocks from the layers of the arch are exposed on the West side of the ridge in the Bald Eagle Valley. These sedimentary rock layers were tipped almost vertical on the side of the ancient mountain where Bald Eagle Mountain now lies, the Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than Bald Eagle sandstone, and both are more durable than the Juniata Shale sandwiched in-between. Softer rock layers on either side of these eroded, leaving the double crested Bald Eagle Mountain ridge, with a depression between the higher western and slightly lower eastern ridge lines. On the neighboring ridges that formed the opposite slope of the ancient mountain, since the rock layers on these ridges are not vertical, the Tuscarora Formation underlies a much higher crest, and the Bald Eagle Formation creates a series of lower terraces broken by small ravines. The southeast slope of the ridge is underlaid by Juniata Formation sandstone, the Bald Eagle sandstone is also laced with pyrite veins, and when exposed to air and water, these minerals produce sulfuric acid, contaminating both surface runoff and groundwater. The planned I-99/I-80 interchange further north in the Nittany Valley at the foot of the ridge was redesigned to avoid excavating contaminated rock from the same formation, list of mountains of the Alleghenies
24.
Nittany Valley
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The Nittany Valley is an eroded anticlinal valley in the central portion of Centre County, Pennsylvania in the United States. It is separated from the Bald Eagle Valley by Bald Eagle Mountain, the valley is closed to the north by a high plateau that joins these two mountain ridges, but is open to the south at the southern terminus of Mount Nittany. The valley drains to the Bald Eagle Creek through water gaps in Bald Eagle Mountain formed by Spring Creek, the Northwest side of the valley between the Bald Eagle Mountain ridge and the lower Sand Ridge is also known as the Little Nittany Valley. The valley has a mixture of farmland, woodlots, and a number of working, Bellefonte, the county seat of Centre County, is the largest municipality completely within the valley. The Pennsylvania State Correctional Institution - Rockview, the Nittany Mall, State College, Pennsylvania and the Pennsylvania State University main University Park campus lie at the southern end of the Nittany and Penns Valleys, and this area is also known as Happy Valley. The spur to Bellefonte follows Pennsylvania Route 144 and the line from Lemont to Pleasant Gap follows Pennsylvania Route 26, Route 26 is the primary north to south route through the valley, and the Interstate 99 extension will also run along its new alignment to I80. Nittany Valley is in the part of the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains. During the Appalachian orogeny, the rock layers folded up into the Nittany Arch anticline. The arch was an ancient Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now the valley, the oldest rock layers from deep within the eroded mountain are now exposed on Sand Ridge in the middle of the valley. Younger rocks from the layers of the arch are exposed on the West side of the Bald Eagle ridge in the Bald Eagle Valley. The Nittany Valley, formed in the area where the mountain once stood, is an example of inverse topography, see also, Geology of Mount Nittany and Geology of Bald Eagle Mountain
25.
Penns Valley
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Penns Valley is an eroded anticlinal valley of the Pennsylvania ridge and valley geologic region of the Appalachian Mountain range. The valley is located in southern Centre County, Pennsylvania, along with the Nittany Valley to the north and east, it is part of the larger Nittany Anticlinorium. It is bordered by Nittany Mountain to the north, the Seven Mountains range to the south, and connects to the larger Nittany Valley to the west. There are two smaller subordinate valleys typically associated with the valley, Georges Valley in the south, separated by Egg Hill. Since the collision event the mountains have been eroding from the break-up of Pangea and through sedimentation formed the plains to the east. The footprints of the formed the ridge and valley geological region in which Penns Valley was formed through glacial. Upon observing the valley from above he exclaimed, Penns Valley also hosts the oldest town of Centre County, Aaronsburg, which was planned out in 1786. The Penns Valley region is part of the Chesapeake watershed, the main waterway in the area is Penns Creek whose headwaters are located south of Centre Hall in Penns Cave. It travels downstream linking with Sinking Creek in Spring Mills and flows to the town of Coburn, there it joins Elk Creek whose headwaters are in eastern Brush valley. From Coburn it flows through the Seven Mountains and into Union County, there are also two lakes within Penns Valley, Poe Lake and Colyer Lake. Colyer Lake is located on the boundary of Penns Valley and has a surface area of 77 acres. As of March 2013 Colyer Lake has been slated for indefinite draining until deficiencies in the dam can be resolved, Poe Lake is a 25-acre lake at the southern boundary of Penns Valley. The Lake is located in Poe Valley State Park which, in turn, is surrounded by 198,000 acre Bald Eagle State Forest. Nittany Mountain is part of a depression of the anticlinal Nittany Arch, which originally formed a huge mountain. Topped by erosion resistant sandstone the mountain forms a barrier between Penns Valley, and Brush Valley, to the south and Nittany Valley to the north, the southern mountainous border of Penns Valley is created by Tussey Mountain which is one of the stratigraphic ridges of central Pennsylvania. Tussey Mountain is one of the longest running mountains of the Ridge and Valley complex starting in Flintstone, Maryland, Egg Hill is a mountain separating greater Penns Valley with the subordinate Georges Valley. Rising to 1,955 ft Egg Hill is located on the border of Spring Mills. As Egg Hill separates Georges Valley from Penns Valley so too does Brush Mountain from Brush Valley, Brush Mountain raises to an elevation of 1,936 ft and has one large pass, the Millheim Narrows, cut by Elk Creek
26.
Tussey Mountain
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Tussey Mountain is a stratigraphic ridge in central Pennsylvania, United States, trending east of the Bald Eagle, Brush, Dunning and Evitts Mountain ridges. The ridge line separates Morrison Cove from the Woodcock Valley and Friends Cove from the Black Valley, Tussey Mountain lies in, and the ridge line forms parts of the borders of, Centre, Blair, Bedford and Huntingdon counties. The Flintstone Creek runs around the end of the mountain in Maryland. North of there, small streams run through deep gorges, the Sweet Root and Rainsburg Gaps, the Yellow Creek runs through Loysburg Gap at Loysburg, Pennsylvania. Maple Run Road passes through a gap near Pulpit Hill and Coot Hill. Pennsylvania Route 164 runs east out of Martinsburg, and climbs the west slope with a switchback before crossing the crest, Galbraith Run passes through Galbraith Gap near the north end of the ridge, adjacent to the Tussey Mountain Ski Area in Boalsburg. The Tussey Mountain Ridge is popular with soaring birds and glider pilots ridge soaring along its slopes and this ridge is part of a chain of ridges that stretch south to Tennessee. It is one of the best sites in the eastern United States for viewing the migration of the golden eagle, pennsylvanias longest footpath, Mid State Trail, is atop or closely parallels Tussey Mountain for nearly its entire length. In Blair County, Tussey Mountain is sometimes called Huntingdon Mountain, conversely, in some parts of Huntingdon County it is called Williamsburg Mountain as one reaches Williamsburg by crossing it going west. Tussey Mountain is in the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian Mountains, during the Appalachian orogeny, these layers folded up with the underlying and overlying layers into the Nittany Arch. The arch was a Himalayan scale mountain that towered above what is now Nittany Valley, the Tuscarora Quartzite is more resistant to erosion than Bald Eagle Sandstone, and both are more durable than the Juniata Shale sandwiched in-between. Since the rock layers on these ridges slope down to the east, the Tuscarora Formation underlies the higher crest, drainage from the upper slope has cut a series of small ravines in the lower ridge line, leaving a terraced lower slope in the Bald Eagle Formation
27.
Clinton County, Pennsylvania
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Clinton County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,238 and its county seat is Lock Haven. The county was created on June 21,1839, from parts of Centre and its name is in honor of the seventh Governor of New York State, DeWitt Clinton, however some sources suggest the namesake is Henry Clinton. Clinton County comprises the Lock Haven, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 897 square miles, of which 888 square miles is land and 8.9 square miles is water. The population density was 43 people per square mile, there were 18,166 housing units at an average density of 20 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 29% White,0. 52% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 52% from two or more races. 0. 54% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,36. 0% were of German,15. 6% American,9. 6% Irish,8. 6% Italian and 7. 4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.90. In the county, the population was out with 21. 50% under the age of 18,13. 60% from 18 to 24,25. 50% from 25 to 44,22. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males, the United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Clinton County as the Lock Haven, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 16th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, Clinton County is also a part of the Williamsport-Lock Haven, PA Combined Statistical Area, which combines the population of both Clinton County and the Lycoming County areas. The Combined Statistical Area ranked 11th in the State of Pennsylvania, as of February 24,2014, there were 20,246 registered voters in Clinton County. Each of the three statewide winners carried Clinton in 2008. In 2006, Democrat Bob Casey Jr. received 54% of its vote when he unseated incumbent Republican US Senator Rick Santorum, the conservative tendencies of the county were again reestablished in 2008 when then-Senator Obama lost the county vote 47. 98% to John McCains 50. 73%. This was followed in 2010 with U. S. Senate candidate, Republican Pat Toomey, receiving 58. 69% to 41. 31% for Democrat Joe Sestak. In 2012, Mitt Romney carried the county 55. 05% to President Obamas 43. 23%, while incumbent Democratic Senator Bob Casey, Jr. received 44. 47% to his Republican challenger, Tom Smiths 53. 29%. Bucktail State Park Natural Area is a 75-mile scenic route along Pennsylvania Route 120 stretching from Lock Haven to Emporium in Cameron County. S, Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data
28.
Union County, Pennsylvania
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Union County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,947, the county was created on March 22,1813, from part of Northumberland County. Its name is an allusion to the federal Union, Union County comprises the Lewisburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Bloomsburg-Berwick-Sunbury, PA Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 318 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in Pennsylvania by area, lycoming County Northumberland County Snyder County Mifflin County Centre County Clinton County R. B. Winter State Park Sand Bridge State Park Shikellamy State Parks overlook is in Union County, the marina is across the Susquehanna River in Northumberland County. As of the census of 2000, there were 41,624 people,13,178 households, the population density was 131 people per square mile. There were 14,684 housing units at a density of 46 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 08% White,6. 91% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,1. 06% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 37% from other races, and 1. 37% from two or more races. 3. 90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,41. 2% were of German,13. 9% American,6. 5% Irish,5. 9% English and 5. 3% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 90. 4% spoke English,3. 7% Spanish,2. 0% Pennsylvania Dutch and 1. 2% German as their first language. 25. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 20. 10% under the age of 18,13. 90% from 18 to 24,30. 90% from 25 to 44,21. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 123.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.50 males, Union Countys live birth rate was 414 births in 1990. Union Countys live birth rate in 2000 declined to 395 births, over the past 50 years, rural Pennsylvania saw a steady decline in both the number and proportion of residents under 18 years old. The statewide poverty rate was 13. 6% in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, from 2009-2014 Union County saw a 68% increase in the number of families in the federal food assistance program called SNAP. The number of people or families receiving monthly SNAP dollars rose from 977 in 2009 to 1,641 people in 2014, teen Pregnancy rate The Pennsylvania Department of Health reports the annual teens aged 15–19 birth rate
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Blair County, Pennsylvania
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Blair County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 127,089, the county was created on February 26,1846, from parts of Huntingdon and Bedford Counties. Blair County comprises the Altoona, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 527 square miles, of which 526 square miles is land and 1.3 square miles is water. The population density was 246 people per square mile, there were 55,061 housing units at an average density of 105 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 18% White,1. 68% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 56% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 23% from other races, and 1. 22% from two or more races. 0. 97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,40. 0% were of German,12. 2% Irish,10. 7% Italian,9. 9% American and 6. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 27. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.96. The median age was 40 years, the population was 48. 55% male, and 51. 45% female. Bruce Erb, Chair, Republican Terry Tomassetti, Vice-chair, Republican Ted Beam, Secretary, Democrat Clerk of Courts and Prothonotary, Carol Newman, Republican Controller, there are 17 public cyber charter schools in Pennsylvania that are available statewide for free, to children K-12. Canoe Creek State Park Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities, cities, boroughs, townships and they are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well, the population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Blair County
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Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
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Clearfield County is a sixth-class county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 81,642, the county seat is Clearfield, and the largest city is DuBois. The county was created in 1804 and later organized in 1822, Clearfield County comprises the DuBois, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the State College-DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area. Clearfield County was formed by the Act of Assembly by the second Governor of Pennsylvania at the time, the county was created from parts of the already created counties of Huntingdon and Lycoming. The first board of county commissioners to the county were Roland Curtin, James Fleming and James Smith, the first act the commissioners did was to create a local government or seat of the newly created county. They came upon land owned at the time by Abraham Witmer at a known as Chincleclamousche. Clearfield became the new name of the old village, the two major industries of the county in the mid-1800s until the early 1900s was lumber and coal. Lumber was still being floated down the West Branch of the Susquehanna up until 1917, coal remains the main industry of the county to this day. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,154 square miles. It is the third-largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and fourth-largest by total area, the West Branch Susquehanna River flows through the county bisecting the county seat along the way. The mountainous terrain of the county made traffic difficult for early settlers, various Native American paths and trails crossing the area were used intermittently by settlers, invading armies, and escaped slaves travelling north along the Underground Railroad. The shape of Clearfield County bears a resemblance to that of the state of Arkansas. The population density was 73 people per square mile, there were 37,855 housing units at an average density of 33 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 40% White,1. 49% Black or African American,0. 12% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 26% from other races, and 0. 46% from two or more races. 0. 56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 9% were of German,13. 6% American,10. 2% English,9. 9% Irish,9. 1% Italian and 6. 0% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 22. 70% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,23. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 99.50 males
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
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1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
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1970 United States Census
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Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
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1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
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