1.
Butler, Missouri
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Butler is a city in Bates County, Missouri, United States. The population was 4,219 at the 2010 census, the county seat of Bates County, the city is named for William Orlando Butler, a noted American military and political figure of the early and mid-19th century. It is located fifty miles south of Kansas City, Missouri on U. S. Route 71-Interstate 49. When originally laid out in April 1852, Butler was a distance from its later and current location. Kennett being recognized as the first settler to build a home, the plat for Butler was filed in August,1853 and consisted of five lots on fifty-five acres of donated land. The first county seat for Bates County was Papinville, after a large portion of the county was split off to form Vernon County in 1855, Papinville was no longer near the geographic center, and Butler was selected in 1856 as the county seat. County officials shortly thereafter selected the firm of Fitzpatrick & Hurt to construct a fifty-by-fifty foot brick courthouse at a cost of $5,000. This building served the county until being gutted by fire in 1861, the year 1856 also saw the establishment of Butlers first general mercantile store was established in 1856, with several others following in the years prior to the Civil Wars outbreak in 1861. During the Civil War western Missouri was engulfed in insurgent Confederate actions, personal conflicts were also played out in the wars violence. Early in the conflict a major fire destroyed not only the Bates County courthouse but nearly all of the square of businesses. The arson fire was the handiwork of a squad of volunteer Kansas cavalry acting on orders of Jayhawker Colonel James Montgomery. A company of pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard cavalry under Sidney D. Jackman arrived too late to stop the arson, during much of the spring and summer of 1862, the town was occupied by Union Colonel Fitz Henry Warren and elements of the 1st Regiment Iowa Volunteer Cavalry. Arriving in April, they stayed until mid-August when they left for Clinton, Missouri, followed closely by Confederate troops under Colonel Jackman, the opposing groups would finally meet a few days later at the Battle of Lone Jack in Jackson county. Two months later a Civil War milestone took place in Bates County at a site approximately eight miles southwest of Butler and this was the first combat against Confederates by African Americans fighting for the Union. The Union forces crossed into Missouri on a mission to clear Confederate guerrillas from a known as Hog Island. The Union troops commandeered and fortified the homestead of Confederate guerrilla Enoch John Toothman, the next day a detachment engaged with mounted Confederate cavalry, but stood their ground. The Confederates withdrew from the area on October 29, eight Union men were killed and an estimated 30-40 Confederates. On August 25,1863 Union Army General Thomas Ewing issued his controversial Order No,11, requiring evacuation of all rural residents from the county
2.
St. Helena, California
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St. Helena is a city in Napa County, California. It is part of the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the population was 5,814 at the 2010 census. The citys American Viticultural Area includes 416 vineyards encompassing 6,800 acres of planted vineyards, St. Helena is also the location of The Culinary Institute of America at Greystone and a campus of Napa Valley College. Ellen White, co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, had a home called Elmshaven near St. Helena and she died there in 1915 and the site is now a National Historic Landmark. Both the Beringer Vineyards and the Charles Krug Winery are California Historical Landmarks, St. Helenas community center was built as a Carnegie library, it served as the city library from 1908 to 1978. St. Helena has an area of 5.03 sq mi. The National Weather Service has a weather station in St. Helena. Winters are cool and wet, while summers have hot days, average temperatures in December, the coldest month, range from 57 °F to 38 °F. Average temperatures in July and August, the warmest months, range from 89 °F to 55 °F, there are an average of 55.7 days with highs of 90 °F or higher and an average of 34.7 days with lows of 32 °F or lower. The record high temperature was 115 °F on July 13,1972, average annual precipitation is 36.64 inches. There are an average of 68 days with measurable precipitation, the wettest year was 1983 with 75.40 inches and the driest year was 1976 with 10.41 inches. The wettest month on record was February 1986 with 25.60 inches, the most rainfall in 24 hours was 6.83 inches on January 21,1967. Although snow rarely falls in St. Helena, there is an average snowfall of 0. 2-inch. The most snowfall in one month was 4.0 inches, recorded in January 1974, the most snowfall in 24 hours was 4.0 inches on March 2,1976. The 2010 United States Census reported that St. Helena had a population of 5,814, the population density was 1,156.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of St. Helena was 4,525 White,25 African American,35 Native American,98 Asian,9 Pacific Islander,978 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,914 persons. The Census reported that 98. 3% of the lived in households and 1. 7% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 96 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 20 same-sex married couples or partnerships,805 households were made up of individuals and 411 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
3.
Photographer
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A photographer is a person who makes photographs. As in other arts, the definitions of amateur and professional are not entirely categorical, a professional photographer is likely to take photographs to make money, by salary or through the display, sale or use of those photographs. An amateur photographer may take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, as a person without a monetary motivation. A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a planned event such as a wedding or graduation. Others, including paparazzi and fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making a picture, some workers, such as crime scene detectives, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, an amateur may make considerable sums entering work in contests for prize money or through occasional inclusion of their work in magazines or the archive of a photo agency. The term professional may also imply preparation, for example, by academic study, Photographers are also categorized based on the subjects they photograph. Some photographers explore subjects typical of such as landscape, still life. The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright, countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees, an additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph. The contract may be for one year, or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, the contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph or for exclusive use of the photograph. The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. A royalty is also based on the size at which the photo will be used in a magazine or book. Photos taken by a photographer working on assignment are often work for hire belonging to the company or publication unless stipulated otherwise by contract. There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images, commercial photographers may also promote their work to advertising and editorial art buyers via printed and online marketing vehicles. Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites and those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses, the dictionary definition of photographer at Wiktionary Media related to Photographers at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Bliss (image)
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Bliss is the name of the default computer wallpaper of Microsofts Windows XP operating system. It is a photograph of a green hill and blue sky with clouds in the Los Carneros American Viticultural Area of Sonoma County, California. Charles ORear originally sent Bliss to Corbis in 1996, and Microsoft bought the rights to the picture in 2000. Former National Geographic photographer Charles ORear, a resident of the nearby Napa Valley, while it was widely believed later that the image was digitally manipulated or even created with software such as Adobe Photoshop, ORear says it never was. He sold it to Corbis for use as a stock photo, several years later, Microsoft engineers chose a digitized version of the image and licensed it from ORear. Over the next decade it has claimed to be the most viewed photograph in the world during that time. Since it was taken, the landscape in it has changed, with grapevines planted on the hill and field in the foreground and that has not stopped other photographers from trying, and some of their attempts have been included in art exhibits. He was working with Irwin on a book about wine country and he was being particularly alert for a photo opportunity that day, since a storm had just passed over and other recent winter rains had left the area especially green. Driving along the Sonoma Highway he saw the hill, free of the vineyards that covered the area. My God, the grass is perfect, the sun is out, theres some clouds, he remembered thinking. ORear credits that combination of camera and film for the success of the image and it made the difference and, I think, helped the Bliss photograph stand out even more, he said. I think that if I had shot it with 35 mm, while he was setting up his camera, he said it was possible that the clouds in the picture came in. Everything was changing so quickly at that time and he took four shots and got back into his truck. According to ORear, the image was not digitally enhanced or manipulated in any way, since it was not pertinent to the wine-country book, ORear made it available through Corbis as a stock photo, available for use by any interested party willing to pay an appropriate licensing fee. I have no idea what were looking for, he recalls, were they looking for an image that was peaceful. Were they looking for an image that had no tension, Microsoft said they wanted not just to license the image for use as XPs default wallpaper, but to buy all the rights to it. They offered ORear what he says is the second-largest payment ever made to a photographer for an image, however he signed a confidentiality agreement. It has been reported to be in the low six figures, so the software company bought him a plane ticket to Seattle and he personally delivered it to their offices
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Windows XP
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Windows XP is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24,2001, however, in January 2000, both projects were shelved in favor of a single OS codenamed Whistler, which would serve as a single OS platform for both consumer and business markets. Windows XP was an advance from the MS-DOS based versions of Windows in security, stability. It introduced a significantly redesigned graphical user interface and was the first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce its copyright infringement. Despite some initial concerns over the new licensing model and product activation system, Windows XP eventually proved to be popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 400 million copies of Windows XP were sold globally within its first five years of availability, sales of Windows XP licenses to original equipment manufacturers ceased on June 30,2008, but continued for netbooks until October 2010. Windows XP remained popular even after the release of newer versions, vistas 2009 successor, Windows 7, only overtook XP in total market share at the end of 2011. Extended support for Windows XP ended on April 8,2014, as of November 2016, Windows XP desktop market share makes it the fourth most popular Windows version after Windows 7, Windows 10 and Windows 8.1. Windows XP is still popular in some countries, Africa as a whole and in Asia, e. g. in China. A number of activity centers were planned, serving as hubs for email communications, playing music, managing or viewing photos, searching the Internet, however, the project proved to be too ambitious. Microsoft discussed a plan to delay Neptune in favor of an interim OS known as Asteroid, which would have been an update to Windows 2000, and since Neptune and Odyssey would be based on the same code-base anyway, it made sense to combine them into a single project. In June 2000, Microsoft began the technical beta testing process, Whistler was expected to be available in Personal, Professional, Server, Advanced Server. At PDC on July 13,2000, Microsoft announced that Whistler would be released during the half of 2001. Build 2257 featured further refinements to the Watercolor theme, along with the introduction of the two-column Start menu. Microsoft released Whistler Beta 1, build 2296, on October 31,2000, build 2410 in January 2001 introduced Internet Explorer 6.0 and the Microsoft Product Activation system. Making it very friendly for the user to use. Builds 2416 and 2419 added the File and Transfer Settings Wizard, on February 5,2001, Microsoft officially announced that Whistler would be known as Windows XP, where XP stands for experience. As a complement, the version of Microsoft Office was also announced as Office XP
7.
Emporia Gazette
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The Emporia Gazette is a daily newspaper in Emporia, Kansas. William Allen White bought the newspaper for $3,000 in 1895, through his editorship, over the next five decades, he became an iconic figure in American journalism and political life. The paper rose to prominence and influence in the Republican Party following the 1896 publication of Whats the Matter With Kansas. A White editorial that harshly criticized Populism and the Presidential campaign of William Jennings Bryan, White struck up a friendship with US President Theodore Roosevelt who stayed at the White home, called Red Rocks, during cross country trips. White won the 1923 Pulitzer Prize for editorials after he was arrested for a free speech violation of a newly enacted law pushed by Kansas Governor Henry Justin Allen, whites autobiography, published posthumously, won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize. The newspaper is published by the White family. The White Corporation added the Junction City Union, the Abilene Reflector-Chronicle, William Allen White William Lindsay White http, //cjonline. com/news/business/2016-03-01/junction-city-daily-union-sells-emporia-newspaper-group Official website
8.
The Kansas City Star
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The Kansas City Star is a newspaper based in Kansas City, Missouri, in the United States. Published since 1880, the paper is the recipient of eight Pulitzer Prizes, the Star is most notable for its influence on the career of President Harry Truman and as the newspaper where a young Ernest Hemingway honed his writing style. It was also central to government-mandated divestiture of radio and television outlets by newspaper concerns in the late 1950s, Kansas City Star is also the name of a song by the musician Roger Miller, released in 1965. The paper, originally called The Kansas City Evening Star, was founded September 18,1880, by William Rockhill Nelson, Morss quit the newspaper business within a year and a half because of ill health. At the time there were three daily competitors – the Evening Mail, The Kansas City Times and the Kansas City Journal. Competitor Times editor Eugene Field wrote this about the new newspaper, Twinkle, twinkle, little Star Bright and gossipy you are and he purchased the Kansas City Evening Mail in 1882. The paper name was changed to The Kansas City Star in 1885, Nelson started the Weekly Kansas City Star in 1890 and the Sunday Kansas City Star in 1894. In 1901 Nelson also bought the morning paper The Kansas City Times, Nelson announced the arrival of the 24 Hour Star. President Harry S. Truman worked two weeks in August 1902 in the mailroom, making $7.00 the first week, the paper was first printed on the second story of a three-story building at 407–409 Delaware. In 1881 it moved 14 W. 5th Street, in 1882 it moved to 115 W. 6th. In 1889 it moved to 804–806 Wyandotte, in 1911 it moved into its Jarvis Hunt-designed building at 18th and Grand. Nelson provided in his will that his newspaper was to support his wife and daughter, Ernest Hemingway was a reporter for the Star from October 1917 to April 1918. Pete Wellington with changing a wordy high-schoolers writing style into clear, throughout his lifetime he referred to this admonition from The Star Copy Style, the papers style guide, Use short sentences. Nelsons wife died in 1921, his daughter Laura Kirkwood died in a Baltimore hotel room in 1926 at the age of 43, lauras husband Irwin Kirkwood, who was editor of the paper, led the employee purchase. Kirkwood in turn died of an attack in 1927 in Saratoga Springs, New York. Stock in the company was distributed among other employees. Virtually all proceeds from the sale and remains of Nelsons $6 million personal fortune were donated to create the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art on the site of Nelsons home, both papers were purchased by the employees in 1926 following the death of Nelsons daughter. Editor Roy A. Roberts was to make the newspaper a major force in Kansas politics, Roberts joined the paper in 1909 and was picked by Nelson for the Washington bureau in 1915
9.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
10.
National Geographic
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National Geographic is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 and it primarily contains articles about science, geography, history, and world culture. The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a rectangular border. The magazine is published monthly, and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions and it is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition. On occasion, special editions of the magazine are issued and this includes a US circulation of 3.5 million. From the 1970s through about 2010 the magazine was printed in Corinth, Mississippi, the current Editor-in-Chief of the National Geographic Magazine is Susan Goldberg. Goldberg is also Editorial Director for National Geographic Partners, overseeing the print and she is responsible for News, Books, National Geographic Traveler magazine, National Geographic History magazine, Maps, and all digital content with the exception of National Geographic Kids. Goldberg reports to Declan Moore, CEO of National Geographic Partners, the first issue of National Geographic Magazine was published on September 22,1888, nine months after the Society was founded. The June 1985 cover portrait of the presumed to be 12-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula, shot by photographer Steve McCurry, in the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic, a digital compilation of all the past issues of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 it resumed publishing a compilation containing all issues through December 2008. The compilation was updated to make more recent issues available. National Geographic Kids, the version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World. The January 2017 issue of National Geographic has a nine-year-old transgender girl on the cover, the magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria, the Soviet Union, and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race, National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also articles in the 1930s, 40s and 50s about the individual states and their resources. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich, there were also articles about biology and science topics. In later years articles became outspoken on issues such as issues, deforestation, chemical pollution, global warming
