1.
Promotional single
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A promotional recording, or promo, is an audio or video recording distributed for free, usually in order to promote a recording that is or soon will be commercially available. Promos are often distributed in plain packaging, without the text or artwork that appears on the commercial version, typically a promo is marked with some variation of the following text, Licensed for promotional use only. It may also state that the promo is still the property of the distributor and is to be returned upon demand, however, it is not illegal to sell promotional recordings, and recalls of promos are extremely rare and unenforced. Because promos are produced in quantity than releases made available to the general public. They are never intended for sale in record stores, a song may be released as a promotional single even if no commercial version of the single is available to buy. This is usually for the purpose of promoting an entire album, while intended specifically for use by professional disc jockeys and not for resale, they are frequently sought out by music collectors nonetheless. The promo single is recognized by its limited liner notes. Quite often, vinyl records will be issued in a generic cardboard jacket or white paper sleeve while CDs will be issued in a jewel case or cardboard sleeve. There may also be promotion-specific terms stamped on the disc or its cover, unlike a finished promo single, these are commonly test pressings or white labels and thus are manufactured in limited runs. Traditionally, these copies were supplied to DJs through music pools. Despite the good intention, there has been some dispute within the industry whether a promotion is a good thing or not. Building interest is naturally a good thing, but it may have the effect when interested persons are unable to find a new song in the record stores for quite some time. In music, a single or advance single is a track or promotional song. The song are released in order to bring attention to an albums release, buzz singles are not typically issued to radio as promotional singles, but this will not prevent radio stations from playing the songs. Buzz singles are not always included on an album, on rare occasions a special type of demonstration record known as an acetate disc has been distributed to radio stations as a promo. Instead of being mass-produced these records are cut one at a time in the studio from a master tape source. They were generally made in low quantity with hand-written labels. The soft acetate surface of these discs can be played no more than about 10 times before they start to wear out, another type of rare item which has occasionally been used as a promo is a test pressing or white label
2.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
3.
The Ultimate Collection (Michael Jackson album)
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The Ultimate Collection is a box set by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was released on November 16,2004 by Epic Records and consist of four audio CDs and one DVD. Selling over a million copies, the DVD marked the first appearance of Live in Bucharest, The Dangerous Tour, the album has been certified Platinum by RIAA for the shipments of at least 1 million units in the USA. Notable tracks on the box set include the first release of the demos of songs such as P. Y. T, shake Your Body, Cheater and the original demo of We Are the World featuring Jackson as a soloist. The set also contains 8 unreleased songs, including In the Back, Beautiful Girl, The Way You Love Me and Weve Had Enough. The song The Way You Love Me was updated for the posthumous album Michael with the title The Way You Love Me, the Ultimate Collection box set also contains songs previously out of print, Enjoy Yourself is 15 seconds longer than the album version. The full version of You Cant Win was only available on the 12-inch single, sunset Driver was originally set to be one of the track listings for the album Off the Wall, but was set for this album instead. Someone in the Dark was first released as a song on the E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial double LP. Both the early version of Dangerous and Monkey Business were previously only on the rare 2001 special edition acetate of the Dangerous album. Someone Put Your Hand Out is a Pepsi-supported cassette single released in Europe to promote the Dangerous World Tour, on the Line was part of the Ghosts boxset released in 1997, but containing an earlier fade out. You Are Not Alone is 15 seconds longer than the album version and we Are Here to Change the World is a previously unreleased song from the Disney short film Captain EO. Fourteen previously unreleased songs and demos are included, such as Beautiful Girl, Cheater, the Jackson 5 perform tracks 1-3 and 7. The Jacksons perform tracks 8, 11-12, 18-19 and track 8, the addition of Another Part of Me pushes the number of tracks down by one. It was released May 1992 in Europe as an exclusive Pepsi promotional single,500,000 (copies were made available by collecting a winning token from certain Pepsi products. It was also released as part of an exclusive Pepsi promotional pack in June 1992 throughout Europe, the promotional pack included a Michael Jackson poster, a promotional sticker, a press release about Jackson’s upcoming Dangerous World Tour and a cassette single of Someone Put Your Hand Out. In 1993 the song was planned to be released in the United States as a promotional CD for the Sony Walkman. Customers who purchased a special Michael Jackson signature Sony Walkman would receive a bonus CD featuring Someone Put Your Hand Out as well as other rare Jackson songs, however, this promotion was withdrawn following the 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson
4.
12-inch single
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The 12-inch single is a type of gramophone record that has wider groove spacing and shorter playing time compared to typical LPs. This allows for levels to be cut on the disc by the cutting engineer, which in turn gives a wider dynamic range. This record type is used in disco and dance music genres. They are played at either 33 1⁄3 or 45 rpm, 12-inch singles typically have much shorter playing time than full-length LPs, thus require fewer grooves per inch. This extra space permits a broader dynamic range or louder recording level as the grooves excursions can be greater in amplitude. Many record companies began producing 12-inch singles at 33 1⁄3 rpm, although 45 rpm gives better treble response and was used on many 12-inch singles, the gramophone records cut especially for dance-floor DJs came into existence with the advent of recorded Jamaican mento music in the 1950s. With the 1967 Jamaican invention of remix, called dub on the island, those specials became valuable items sold to allied sound system DJs, who could draw crowds with their exclusive hits. The popularity of sound engineer King Tubby, who singlehandedly invented and perfected dub remixes from as early as 1967. By then 10-inch records were used to cut those dubs, by 1971, most reggae singles issued in Jamaica included on their B-side a dub remix of the A-side, many of them first tested as exclusive dub plates on dances. Those dubs basically included drum and bass-oriented remixes used by sound system selecters, the 10-inch acetate specials would remain popular until at least the 2000s in Jamaica. Most likely, the use of exclusive dub acetates in Jamaica also led American DJs to do the same. In the United States, the 12-inch single gramophone record came into popularity with the advent of music in the 1970s after earlier market experiments. In early 1970, Cycle/Ampex Records test-marketed a 12-inch single by Buddy Fite, the experiment aimed to energize the struggling singles market, offering a new option for consumers who had stopped buying traditional singles. The record was pressed at 33 rpm, with run times to the 7-inch 45-rpm pressing of the single. Several hundred copies were available for sale for 98 cents each at two Tower Records stores. Another early 12-inch single was released in 1973 by soul/R&B musician/songwriter/producer Jerry Williams, 12-inch promotional copies of Straight From My Heart were released on his own Swamp Dogg Presents label, with distribution by Jamie/Guyden Distribution Corporation. It was manufactured by Jamie Record Co. of Philadelphia, PA, the B-side of the record is blank. The first 12-inch single made specifically for DJs was actually a 10-inch acetate used by a mix engineer in need of a Friday-night test copy for famed disco mixer Tom Moulton, the song was Ill be holding on by Al Downing
5.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
6.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
7.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
8.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
9.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
10.
Epic Records
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Epic Records is an American record company owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. Epic was founded predominantly as a jazz and classical music label in 1953 and it later expanded its scope to include a more diverse range of musical genres, including pop, R&B, rock and hip hop. Historically, the label has housed popular acts such as Boston, ABBA, Michael Jackson, Celine Dion, Dave Clark Five, Gloria Estefan, Pearl Jam, Shakira, Anastacia, and Sly & the Family Stone. Along with Columbia and RCA Records, Epic is one of Sony Music Entertainments three main record labels, L. A. Reid has served as chairman and CEO of Epic since July 2011. Sylvia Rhone was appointed president in March 2014, Epic Records was launched in 1953 by Columbia Records for the purpose of marketing jazz, pop and classical music that did not fit the theme of its more mainstream Columbia Records label. Initial classical music releases were from Philips Records which distributed Columbia product in Europe, pop talent on co-owned Okeh Records were transferred to Epic which made Okeh a rhythm and blues label. Epics bright-yellow, black, and blue became a familiar trademark for many jazz. By 1960, the musical base had been expanded to include all genres. This was done in part to prevent the roster of Columbia Records from being overstuffed with newer artists, subsequently, Epic became better known for its signing of newer, fledgling acts. By the end of the 1960s, Epic earned its first gold records and had evolved into a formidable hit-making force in rock and roll, R&B and country music. Among its many acts, it included Roy Hamilton, Bobby Vinton, The Dave Clark Five, The Hollies, Tammy Wynette, Donovan, The Yardbirds, Lulu, July, Helen Shapiro and Jeff Beck. Also during the 1960s, Epic oversaw the smaller subsidiary CBS labels including Okeh Records, in 1968, Epic recordings began being distributed in the UK by CBS after the distribution deal with EMI expired that year, Epic itself launched in England around 1971. Epic was involved in a trade of artists. Graham Nash was signed to Epic because of his membership in The Hollies, when the newly formed Crosby, Stills & Nash wanted to sign with Atlantic Records, Ahmet Ertegün worked out a deal with Clive Davis whereby Richie Furays new band Poco would sign with Epic. Also contributing to the success was its distribution of Philadelphia International Records. Sony bought CBS Records in 1987, and the company was renamed Sony Music in 1991. In 2004, Sony merged with another powerhouse music distributor, BMG, bringing labels such as RCA, Arista, Columbia, Epic, Jive, in February 2009, singer and songwriter Amanda Ghost was appointed president of Epic Records. Later in the year, Sony BMG Music merged Epic and Columbias operations, Sony BMGs Legacy Recordings reissues the companys classic and catalog titles
11.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
12.
Greg Phillinganes
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Gregory Arthur Greg Phillinganes is an American keyboardist, singer, songwriter, and musical director based in Los Angeles, California. A prolific session musician, Phillinganes has contributed tracks to numerous albums representing a broad array of artists. He has toured with artists such as Stevie Wonder, Eric Clapton, and Toto, served as musical director for Michael Jackson. Gregory Arthur Phillinganes was born on May 12,1956, in Detroit and he began playing a neighbors piano by ear at the age of two, beginning lessons a few years later after his mother purchased a piano for him. Phillinganes credits Kotler with showing him proper hand posture and for influencing him to play with a sense of dexterity, Phillinganes was discovered by Stevie Wonder after drummer Ricky Lawson gave him a cassette of instrumental renditions of his own songs done by Phillinganes. Phillinganes auditioned for Wonders band, Wonderlove, and subsequently played with them from 1976 to 1981,1978 began a three-decade-long involvement with Michael Jackson and The Jacksons for Phillinganes. He arranged The Jacksons 1978 album Destiny and played keyboard on the 1980s Triumph album, in the process, he became close with the Jackson family, accompanying them to Walt Disney World and referring to Katherine Jackson as mom. He contributed to one of Michael Jacksons solo albums. In an interview with Atlanta, Phillinganes recalled, I did the bass part. When I listen to it now, I just think about all the fun we had creating all those layers in the studio. Although paid as a musician for his contributions to Thriller, the best-selling album of all time, Phillinganes noted that he. He was the director for Michael Jacksons Bad and Dangerous concert tours, as well as the Michael Jackson. He describes his involvement with the 30th Anniversary Special as particularly emotional considering his history with the family. Phillinganes has spoken at length about how much of his life he had spent with the Jacksons, in 1981, Phillinganes released his first solo album, Significant Gains. The Boston Globe reviewer Richard Cromonic noted that Stevie Wonders influence on the sound is pronounced. He criticized the lyrics as being creative, and said that Significant Gains might be too close to Wonders sound. While the album itself was not very successful, the song Baby, three years later, Phillinganes released his follow-up album Pulse, which featured another minor hit, a cover of Yellow Magic Orchestras song Behind the Mask. This single was successful on the dance music charts
13.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
14.
Bad (album)
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Bad is the seventh studio album by American singer and songwriter Michael Jackson. It is his studio album released through Epic Records. It was released on August 31,1987, nearly five years after Jacksons previous solo studio album, as of 2012, Bad had reportedly sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide and has been cited as one of the 30 best-selling albums of all time. In 2017, the album was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America, the album produced a record five Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, the first of two albums to do so, the second being Katy Perrys 2010 album Teenage Dream. Bad was recorded during the first half of 1987, the lyrical themes on the record relate to media bias, paranoia, racial profiling, romance, self-improvement and world peace. Nine of the songs on Bad were released as singles, one was a promotional single and another was released outside of the United States. Five of the hit number one in the United States, while a sixth charted within the top ten. Bad peaked at one in thirteen countries and charted within the top twenty in other territories. The only songs on the album which were not released as a single were Speed Demon and Just Good Friends, Bad saw Jackson exercise even more artistic freedom than he did with his two previous Epic releases. On Bad, Jackson composed nine of the eleven tracks. The album continued Jacksons commercial success in the late 1980s and garnered six Grammy Award nominations, aside from commercial success, the album was well received by contemporary critics. Bad was ranked number 43 in the 100 Greatest Albums of All Time of the MTV Generation in 2009 by VH1, the album marked the final collaboration between Jackson and producer Quincy Jones. Jacksons previous albums, Off the Wall and Thriller, were critically and commercially successful, eventually selling over 20 million and 65 million units worldwide, Jacksons aim for Bad was that it would sell 100 million copies. The first studio album Jackson released in almost five years since the release of Thriller, Bad was the third and it was produced by Jones, with co-production credit given to Jackson. Jackson wrote a reported sixty songs for the new album and recorded thirty, Jones had suggested that the album be cut down to a ten-track single LP. When the album was released on CD, a bonus 11th track and it was later released as a single. Later reissues of the LP also include this song, Jackson was credited for writing nine out of eleven of the songs on the album. Other writing credits included Terry Britten and Graham Lyle for Just Good Friends and Siedah Garrett, the albums song lyrics relate to romance and paranoia, the latter being a recurring theme in Jacksons albums
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AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
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Special edition
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A limited edition is restricted in the number of copies produced, although in fact the number may be very low or very high. A special edition implies there is material of some kind included. The term is used on DVD film releases, often when the so-called special edition is actually the only version released. Collectors edition may just be another term for special edition, popular culture widely employs Special, Deluxe, Expanded and Limited Edition in marketing, releasing subsequent, improved versions of film DVDs, music, and video games. Companies widely use special editions and incremental improvements to sell the products to consumers multiple times. In many cases, successful releases have had items made in limited numbers. These limited editions contain the best DVD edition possible of a film with special items in a box set. It is also common to have such items packaged with unique designs, with the success of DVDs, special editions of films themselves have also become fairly common. Sharing similarities with the concept of a directors cut and these generally feature additional in-movie material. The material may be footage originally deleted from the final cut, the Doctor Who television movie The Five Doctors was edited, recut, amongst various other changes, to make the Special Edition in 1999 for the first DVD release of the episode. Limited edition prints, also known as LEs, have been standard in printmaking from the century onwards. A limit to the print run is crucial, as many traditional printmaking techniques can produce a limited number of best quality impressions. Edition sizes higher than about 500 are likely to be of print reproductions of paintings, of less value. As in other fields, the use of the concept has become largely driven by marketing imperatives and these need to be distinguished from the original artists print, carefully produced directly from his work, and printed under the artists supervision. In the United States limited editions are regulated under state consumer protections laws, California became the first state to regulate the sale of limited edition art prints with the California Print Law of 1971. The state of Illinois later expanded on the California statute, however, it was not until 1986 that more comprehensive provisions, still in place today, were enacted with the passage of the Georgia Print Law. That law became the template for statutes subsequently enacted by other states, the Georgia Print Law written by State Representative Chesley V. Morton, became effective July 1,1986. The penalty for violation of the law ranges from simple reimbursement to treble damages and those found to be in violation of the law are also liable for court costs, expenses, and attorney fees
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Box set
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A box set or boxed set is a set of items packaged in a box, for sale as a single unit. Artists and bands with a long and successful career often have anthology or essential collections of their boxes of music released as box sets. These often include rare and never-before-released tracks, some box sets collect previously released boxes of singles or albums by a music artist, and often collect the complete discography of an artist such as Pink Floyds Oh, by the Way. Other music box sets focus on a compilation of boxes of different artists from a genre such as Big Band jazz, 1960s rock and roll. They generally feature a collection of various hits from some of the top artists of a particular genre. The scope of such box sets varies widely, with some genre-specific box sets focusing on boxes of a specific style, two of the best known companies for making box sets are Legacy Recordings and Rhino Records, both have won multiple Grammy Awards. Prior to Rhino and Legacy, companies such as Time-Life Records, in rare cases, box sets contain all original material such as In Search of The, a 13-disc set by Buckethead, or Klaus Schulzes Contemporary Works duo. In classical music, box sets contain all works of a certain composer or all works in a certain genre, like symphonies or chamber music, performed by a certain orchestra. Films, television, and other programs on Blu-ray and DVD are sometimes sold as box sets, as were certain titles on the now discontinued VHS. Some box sets contain different versions of one film, as in the case of Blade Runner, for example, one can buy box sets of the plays of Shakespeare, collection of J. R. R. Tolkien novels, or Ansel Adams photographic prints, there are now also digital boxed set collections, such as 21 Shades of Night
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Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour
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Live in Bucharest, The Dangerous Tour is a live concert DVD by American recording artist Michael Jackson released on July 25,2005. The DVD was previously included with The Ultimate Collection box set in 2004, the concert took place during Jacksons first leg on his Dangerous World Tour on October 1,1992 at the Bucharest National Stadium, with a sold-out attendance of 90,000. This concert is the first concert by Jackson that has officially released on DVD in the United States. There are various versions of the footage of the concert that exist. The first version was broadcast the day by BBC, following Jacksons death. All the footage in this version is from the Bucharest concert, the version that appears on the DVD was broadcast on HBO in 1992, which became the highest audience in the channels history for a single broadcast. This version, while mostly having footage of Jackson performing at the Bucharest Concert, also consisted of footage from concerts in other such as Madrid. Also missing were the Brace Yourself video introduction and the We Are the World Interlude, the crowd screaming and intro before Wanna Be Startin Somethin is featured in Michaels 2010 song Behind the Mask. TV Ratings,3.7 million households/21.4 rating/34 share, the concert special set a record for HBO at the time, becoming the channel’s highest rated special. The DVD has sold three million copies worldwide
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One More Chance (Michael Jackson song)
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One More Chance is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It was penned by R. Kelly and co-produced by Jackson and Kelly for inclusion on Jacksons compilation album Number Ones, released in 2003. The song was included on the Australian, French, Swedish and Indonesian editions of King of Pop. Released on November 20,2003, One More Chance was the last original single released during Jacksons lifetime and it received a positive reception from music critics and reached the top ten in Italy and the United Kingdom. It was released as a single on November 20,2003, the song also managed to reach the top 30 in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, and peaked at number 83 on the US Billboard Hot 100. One More Chance is a mid-tempo R&B ballad penned by R. Kelly, the song is played in the key of G major at 80 bpm. Jackson had already two other songs called One More Chance with the Jackson 5 on the ABC album and with The Jacksons on the Victory album. Victory album version was written and performed by younger brother Randy Jackson, Janet Jackson also made a version of the song on the album Janet in her single If as a B-side. Michael Jacksons Neverland Ranch was raided by the Santa Barbara County Sheriffs Office, Michael Jackson had been shooting the video late into the night of November 17,2003, but following the raid, production was stopped. The music video was directed by Nicholas Brandt, the single was instead promoted using a montage video of highlights from Jacksons career to date. On October 13,2010, the website of Michael Jackson announced that the music video would be released in a deluxe DVD box set Michael Jacksons Vision on November 22,2010. A rough 2 minute cut of the video leaked online on November 15,2010, on November 19,2010, the full length of the video premiered on Jacksons official website. As with the song being the last brand new single released during his lifetime, the video is also Jacksons last music video. The video begins with a group of people walking onto a stage, the curtain opens to reveal a cafe that Jackson starts dancing in with the group of people watching. The lack of closeups on Jacksons face is a result of scheduling conflicts that were brought about by the raid, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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R. Kelly
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Robert Sylvester Kelly, known professionally as R. Kelly, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and former professional basketball player. A native of Chicago, Illinois, Kelly began performing during the late 1980s, in 1993, Kelly went solo with the album 12 Play. In 1998, Kelly won three Grammy Awards for I Believe I Can Fly and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous hip hop and contemporary R&B artists. Kelly became the first musician to play basketball, when he was signed in 1997. Kelly has written, produced, and remixed songs and albums for artists, including Aaliyahs 1994 debut album Age Aint Nothing. In 1996, Kelly was nominated for a Grammy for writing Michael Jacksons song You Are Not Alone. In 2002 and 2004, Kelly released collaboration albums with rapper Jay-Z and has been a guest vocalist for other hip hop artists like Nas, Sean Combs, in March 2011, R. Kelly was named the most successful R&B artist of the last 25 years by Billboard. Kelly has released 12 solo studio albums, and sold over 100 million records worldwide making him the most successful R&B male artist of the 1990s and he has been credited for helping redefine R&B and hip hop, earning the nicknames King of R&B and King of Pop-Soul. He is listed by Billboard as the most successful R&B/Hip Hop artist of the past 25 years and also the most successful R&B artist in history. Throughout his career, Kelly has won awards, including a Guinness World Records as well as countless of other awards like Grammy, BET, Soul Train, Billboard, NAACP. Robert Sylvester Kelly was born on January 8,1967 at Chicago Lying-in Hospital in Hyde Park, Kelly is the third of four children. Kellys single mother, Joanne, was a singer, Kellys father was absent throughout his sons life. Kellys family lived in the Ida B, wells Homes public housing project in Chicagos Bronzeville neighborhood. Lena McLin described Kellys childhood home, It was bare, there was no father there, I knew that, and they had very little. Kelly began singing in the choir at age eight. Kelly grew up in a full of women, whom he said would act differently when his mother. At a young age Kelly was often abused by a woman who was at least ten years older than himself. I was too afraid and too ashamed, Kelly wrote in his autobiography about why he never told anyone, at age 11, he was shot in the shoulder while riding his bike home, the bullet is reportedly still lodged in his shoulder
