1.
Church of Christ (Fettingite)
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It is informally referred to as the Church of Christ, after its founder, Otto Fetting, but this sect has never officially been named as such. The Fettingites subsequently established their own church organization, as with the Church of Christ, each of these groups declares itself to be the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth. Otto Fetting was born on 20 November 1871 in Casco, St. Clair County, Michigan. Making his home in Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9,1891, and ordained a High Priest on February 15,1899. In 1925, disgruntled by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, at the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ, in a second alleged visitation one month later, this being identified himself as John the Baptist. The angels messages advised construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 6 April 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried 98 years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. He also indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that he was silenced in October 1929 by the quorum of the Temple Lot church. Fetting was censured for alleged arrogant behavior by demanding that the church comply with his twelfth message, Fetting claimed to have been visited some thirty times by the messenger prior to his death on 30 January 1933. While initially receptive to new messages, the leadership of the existing Fettingite faction ultimately rejected all of them. Draves adherents formed the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, Draves himself claimed a total of ninety messages prior to his death on June 28,1994, these were combined with Fettings into a book entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel. The original Fettingite faction continues to publish its own compendium of Fettings revelations, simply entitled The Word of the Lord and this latter group is colloquially known as the Thirty-message church
2.
Independence, Missouri
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Independence is the fifth-largest city in the state of Missouri. It lies within Jackson County, of which it is the county seat, Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2010, it had a population of 116,830. Independence is known as the Queen City of the Trails because it was a point of departure for the California, Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. Independence was also the hometown of U. S. President Harry S. Truman, the Truman Presidential Library and Museum is located in the city, and Truman and First Lady Bess Truman are buried here. The city is also sacred to many Latter Day Saints, with Joseph Smiths 1831 Temple Lot being located here, Independence was originally inhabited by Missouri and Osage Indians, followed by the Spanish and a brief French tenure. It became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, Lewis and Clark recorded in their journals that they stopped in 1804 to pick plums, raspberries, and wild apples at a site that would later form part of the city. Named after the Declaration of Independence, Independence was founded on March 29,1827, Independence immediately became a jumping-off point for the emerging fur trade, accommodating merchants and adventurers beginning the long trek westward on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1831, members of the Latter Day Saint movement began moving to the Jackson County, Missouri area. Shortly thereafter, founder Joseph Smith declared a spot west of the Courthouse Square to be the place for his temple of the New Jerusalem. Tension grew with local Missourians until the Latter Day Saints were driven from the area in 1833, several branches of this movement gradually returned to the city beginning in 1867, with many making their headquarters there. These include the Community of Christ, the Church of Christ, the Church of Jesus Christ, Independence saw great prosperity from the late 1830s through the mid-1840s, while the business of outfitting pioneers boomed. Between 1848 and 1868, it was a hub of the California Trail, on March 8,1849, the Missouri General Assembly granted a home-rule charter to the town and on July 18,1849, William McCoy was elected as its first mayor. In the mid-19th century an Act of the United States Congress defined Independence as the start of the Oregon Trail. The war took its toll on Independence and the town was never able to regain its previous prosperity, United States President Harry S. Truman grew up in Independence, and in 1922 was elected judge of the county Court of Jackson County, Missouri. Although he was defeated for reelection in 1924, he won back the office in 1926 and was reelected in 1930 and he would later return to the city after two terms as President. His wife, First Lady Bess Truman, was born and raised in Independence, the Harry S. Truman National Historic Site and the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum are both located in Independence, as is one of Trumans boyhood residences. Independence is located at 39°4′47″N 94°24′24″W and it lies on the south bank of the Missouri River, near the western edge of the state
3.
Latter Day Saint movement
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The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
4.
Schism
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A schism is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a religious body. It is also used of a split within an organization or movement or, more broadly. A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies. In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy, since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of, however, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy. In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy is a schism, while there may be some free of the added guilt of heresy. Liberal Protestantism, however, has often preferred heresy over schism, mcCord drew a distinction between them, teaching, If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ, in Buddhism, the first schism was set up by Devadatta, during Buddhas life. This schism lasted only a short time, later, the early Buddhist schools came into being, but were not schismatic, only focusing on different interpretations for the same monastic community. In the old texts,18 or 20 early schools are mentioned, later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin, for example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups, of which the Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in a state of schism from the other Tibetan schools. The words schism and schismatic have found their heaviest usage in the history of Christianity, to denote splits within a church and these words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular. A distinction is made between heresy and schism, heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. But, when for any reason people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities may result, each of which then, or at least some of its members, may accuse the other of heresy. In Roman Catholic Church canon law, an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy, as stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the Code of Canon Law, this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity, the First Council of Nicaea distinguished between schism and heresy
5.
W. A. Draves
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William August Draves was the founder and an apostle of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, a successor to the organization founded by former Church of Christ Apostle Otto Fetting. Like Fetting, Draves claimed to have received visits and messages from John the Baptist, although accepted by many Fettingites, Draves was rejected by portions of the Fettingite leadership, leading him to found his own church in 1939. He continued to produce a total of ninety messages from the alleged angelic visitor throughout succeeding decades, William Oley Draves was born in Keystone, Nebraska on 12 May 1912, the third of eight children born to Wilhelm August Heinrich Draves and Sylvia Stella Dunwoody. Draves paternal grandfather Leopold Friedrich Johann Drews/Draves was born in Coburg, Germany January 10,1848 and died January 12,1904 in Dows, Iowa. Days later, a prophetess at this same reunion reemphasized Draves destiny to him, much later, Draves reported the prophecy came true — to the day — exactly as specified, confirming to him the truth of what he had experienced in 1922. Three years after his baptism in the RLDS church, Draves moved with his family to Nucla, Colorado and he reported that he continued to study the Bible and Book of Mormon during these years, preparing himself for an as-yet unknown mission within the Latter Day Saint movement. Fettings messages—allegedly coming from John the Baptist-- excited the Draves family, according to Draves, Bartons words at his confirmation almost exactly echoed those spoken by the RLDS elder who had confirmed him seven years earlier. However, a crisis brewing within the Temple Lot organization would alter Draves plans—eventually leading to an alleged prophetic calling. Although the Temple Lot church had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all individuals coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that Fetting himself was silenced in October 1929 by the Temple Lot organization. Draves reported that upon confronting Apostle Barton with his own questions about Fetting and his twelfth message, Draves chose to proceed with his inquiry, which led to his baptism into Fettings organization in 1931. Later, he was ordained an elder in Fettings church, Otto Fetting would receive a total of thirty messages prior to his death in January 1933. Four years after Fettings death, in October 1937, Draves claimed that the messenger had appeared to him further instruction for the Fettingite church. While many of Fettings adherents accepted Draves and his missives, some did not, Draves and his followers formed the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, currently headquartered in Independence, Missouri. This church operates missions in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland, India, Kenya, Draves continued to allegedly receive visits and messages from John the Baptist up to his death in 1994. Draves messages, together with the ones from Otto Fetting, were published in a book entitled The Word of the Lord Brought to Mankind by an Angel
6.
Otto Fetting
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Fetting claimed to have been visited by John the Baptist thirty or more times between February 4,1927 and his death on January 30,1933. Otto Fetting was born in Casco, Michigan, in 1925, dismayed by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, Fetting switched his allegiance to the Temple Lot organization. At the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood, in the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ. On February 4,1927, Otto Fetting claimed that he had visited by John the Baptist. This message commanded construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on April 6,1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried ninety-eight years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. He also indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith. Controversy over the meaning and application of Fettings twelfth message became so great that Fetting himself was silenced in October 1929 by the Temple Lot organization, Fetting would be visited a total of 30 times by his messenger prior to his death on January 30,1933. To the end of his life, Fetting insisted upon the veracity of his heavenly visitor, the manifestation and words of the visits of the Messenger are true. I have seen him time to time. I heard his voice, Ive seen his face, I saw the light, I felt his hand on my head and the slap on my shoulder. I was enwrapt in that wonderful Heavenly and Divine power, and the words I have given you are not my words, others may make statements about me, but I want this to be understood that this statement is true. And I shall abide by the advice and instructions given by the Messenger regardless of what men may say. Signed Otto Fetting Independence, Missouri, October 9,1929 Four other people claimed to have seen John the Baptist during his visit to Fetting
7.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
8.
Mississippi
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Mississippi /ˌmɪsᵻˈsɪpi/ is a state in the southern region of the United States, with part of its southern border formed by the Gulf of Mexico. Its western border is formed by the Mississippi River, the state has a population of approximately 3 million. It is the 32nd most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States, located in the center of the state, Jackson is the state capital and largest city, with a population of approximately 175,000 people. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, before the American Civil War, most development in the state was along riverfronts, where slaves worked on cotton plantations. After the war, the bottomlands to the interior were cleared, by the end of the 19th century, African Americans made up two-thirds of the Deltas property owners, but timber and railroad companies acquired much of the land after a financial crisis. Clearing altered the Deltas ecology, increasing the severity of flooding along the Mississippi, much land is now held by agribusinesses. The states catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States, since the 1930s and the Great Migration, Mississippi has been majority white, albeit with the highest percentage of black residents of any U. S. state. From the early 19th century to the 1930s, its residents were mostly black, whites retained political power through Jim Crow laws. In 2010, 37% of Mississippians were African Americans, the highest percentage of African Americans in any U. S. state, since gaining enforcement of their voting franchise in the late 1960s, most African Americans support Democratic candidates in local, state and national elections. Conservative whites have shifted to the Republican Party, African Americans are a majority in many counties of the Mississippi-Yazoo Delta, an area of historic settlement during the plantation era. Since 2011 Mississippi has been ranked as the most religious state in the country, the states name is derived from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary. Settlers named it after the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi, in addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake, Mississippi is entirely composed of lowlands, the highest point being Woodall Mountain, in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains,807 feet above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Gulf coast, the states mean elevation is 300 feet above sea level. Most of Mississippi is part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the coastal plain is generally composed of low hills, such as the Pine Hills in the south and the North Central Hills. The Pontotoc Ridge and the Fall Line Hills in the northeast have somewhat higher elevations, yellow-brown loess soil is found in the western parts of the state. The northeast is a region of black earth that extends into the Alabama Black Belt. The coastline includes large bays at Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, the northwest remainder of the state consists of the Mississippi Delta, a section of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
9.
Church of Christ With the Elijah Message
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It split from the Church of Christ in 1943 in a dispute over claimed revelations given to its founder William A. Draves. While many Fettingites accepted these new missives, some did not and his adherents claim it to be the sole legitimate continuation of Fettings organization, as well as that of the Temple Lot church. As of 1987, the church had approximately 12,500 adherents spread between Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas, the churchs name originates in the alleged visitations of John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and William Draves. In Matthew 11,14, Jesus Christ identifies John with the prophet Elijah in the Book of Malachi, Malachi 4, 5-6 says, Behold, I will send you Elijah the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord. And He shall turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers, lest I come and smite the land with a curse. Members believe that the visits of this messenger fulfill Malachis prophecy, as well as others found in Revelation 14,6, Malachi 3,1, Deuteronomy 18, 15-19. Otto Fetting was born on 20 November 1871 in Casco, St. Clair County, Michigan. Making his home in Port Huron, Michigan, he was baptised into the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints on February 9,1891, and ordained to its priesthood in 1899. In 1925, dismayed by the Supreme Directional Control controversy within the RLDS church, at the time, this did not require rebaptism or reordination, as each group accepted the priesthood and sacraments of the other. In the spring of 1926, he was among seven men ordained to be Apostles in the Church of Christ. On February 4 of 1927, Otto Fetting claimed that he had visited by John the Baptist. This missive directed construction of the long-awaited Temple in Independence, Missouri and they also began work on the temple with a groundbreaking ceremony held on 6 April 1929. According to Fetting, the Hedrickites were given seven years to complete the structure, Fettings visitor revealed various architectural details for the building, and specifically directed surveyors to move their markers ten feet to the east of where they had originally been placed. The angel also revealed the location of two of Joseph Smiths original marker stones, which Smith had buried 98 years before to indicate the location for his planned temple. Another revelation indicated that the Articles of Faith and Practice of the Temple Lot church were correct, on other occasions, the messenger indicated particular men to be ordained within the organization, including to its Quorum of Twelve Apostles. Although the Temple Lot organization had accepted the first eleven of Fettings messages. In verse four of this missive, John the Baptist states that all persons coming into the Church of Christ must be rebaptized, as the Lord has rejected all creeds and factions of men. This message equally declared Fetting to have given the same keys to the priesthood that were given to Joseph Smith
10.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
11.
St. Clair County, Michigan
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St. Clair County is a county located in the U. S. state of Michigan bordering the St. Clair River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 163,040 and it is the 13th-most populous county in the state, and the county seat is Port Huron, located at the north end of the St. Clair River at Lake Huron. The county was created September 10,1820, and its government was organized in 1821, St. Clair County is part of the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area. Geographically, it lies in the Thumb area of eastern Michigan, the lake is named on English maps as early as 1710 as Saint Clare. By the Mitchell Map of 1755, the spelling was given as St. Clair, located along the western shores of Lake Saint Clair and the St. Clair River, the county was named for them. See also, List of Michigan county name etymologies, the name has sometimes been attributed to honoring Patrick Sinclair, a British officer who purchased land on the St. Clair River at the outlet of the Pine River. In 1764, he built Fort Sinclair there, which was in use for nearly 20 years before being abandoned. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 837 square miles. St. Clair County is one of five counties that form the peninsula, known as the Thumb, St. Clair County is closely connected in terms of economy with its neighbors, Metropolitan Detroit and Sanilac County in Michigan, and Lambton County in Ontario, Canada. Saint Clair County is the county in the The Blue Water Area. I-94 enters St. Clair County from the southwest, having traversed the entire Metro Detroit region, on the Canadian side of the border, in Sarnia, Ontario, the route heads easterly designated as Highway 402. BL I-69 BL I-94 M-19 M-25 follows the Lake Huron–Saginaw Bay shoreline, beginning in Bay City and ending at a junction with |I-94/|I-69, m-29 M-136 M-154 serves Harsens Island, in Lake St. Clair. The 2010 United States Census indicates St. Clair County had a 2010 population of 163,040 and this is a decrease of -1,195 people from the 2000 United States Census. Overall, the county had a -0. 7% growth rate during this ten-year period, in 2010 there were 63,841 households and 44,238 families in the county. The population density was 226.1 per square mile, there were 71,822 housing units at an average density of 99.6 per square mile. 93. 9% were White,2. 4% Black or African American,0. 5% Asian,0. 4% Native American,0. 7% of some other race and 2. 0% of two or more races. 25. 9% were of German,10. 2% Polish,9. 3% Irish,8. 5% English,6. 5% French,6. 5% American and 5. 1% Italian ancestry. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.01
12.
Port Huron, Michigan
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Port Huron is a city in the U. S. state of Michigan and the county seat of St. Clair County. The population was 30,184 at the 2010 census, the city is adjacent to Port Huron Township but is administratively autonomous. Located along the St. Clair River, it is connected to Point Edward, the city lies at the southern end of Lake Huron and is the easternmost point on land in Michigan. Port Huron is home to two mills, Mueller Brass, and many businesses related to tourism and the automotive industry. The city features a downtown area, boardwalk, marina, museum, lighthouse. In 1814 following the War of 1812, the United States established Fort Gratiot at the base of Lake Huron, French colonists had a temporary trading post and fort at this site in the 17th century, but this developed as the first settled European-American population in the area. Until 1836, an Ojibwa reservation occupied land in part of the area of Port Huron. They were removed to west of the Mississippi in Wisconsin and Minnesota, in 1857, Port Huron became incorporated. Its population grew rapidly after the 1850s due a high rate of immigration attracted by the successful shipbuilding, in 1859 the city had a total of 4.031 residents,1855 were of foreign birth or their children. By 1870, Port Hurons population exceeded that of surrounding villages, in 1871, the State Supreme Court designated Port Huron as the county seat. On October 8,1871, the city, as well as places north in Sanilac and Huron counties, a series of other fires leveled Holland and Manistee, Michigan, as well as Peshtigo, Wisconsin and Chicago on the same day. The Thumb Fire that occurred a decade later, also engulfed Port Huron, in 1895 the village of Fort Gratiot, in the vicinity of the former Fort Gratiot, was annexed by the city of Port Huron. The following historic sites have been recognized by the State of Michigan through its historic marker program, the fort was built in 1686 by the French explorer Duluth. This fort was the second European settlement in lower Michigan and this post guarded the upper end of the St. Clair River, the vital waterway joining Lake Erie and Lake Huron. Intended by the French to bar English traders from the upper lakes, in 1688 the French abandoned this fort. The site was incorporated into Fort Gratiot in 1814, a park has been established at the former site of the fort. The Fort Gratiot Lighthouse was built in 1829 to replace a tower destroyed by a storm, in the 1860s workers extended the tower to its present height of 84 feet. The light, automated in 1933, continues to guide shipping on Lake Huron into the narrow and it was the first lighthouse established in the State of Michigan
13.
Community of Christ
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Community of Christ is an American-based international church with roots in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports approximately over 250,000 members in 60 nations, the church traces its origins to Joseph Smiths establishment of the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, with the church formally reorganizing on April 6,1860, following the death of Smith in 1844. The Community of Christ is rooted in Restorationist traditions, although in some respects it is congruent with mainline Protestant Christian attitudes, it is in many ways theologically distinct, continuing such features as prophetic revelation. It is the second-largest denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement, Community of Christ follows a largely non-liturgical tradition based loosely on the Revised Common Lectionary. From its headquarters in Independence, Missouri, the church offers a focus on evangelism, peace and justice ministries, spirituality and wholeness, youth ministries. Church teachings emphasize that all are called as persons of worth to share the peace of Christ, the church was legally organized on April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York. The formal reorganization occurred on April 6,1860, in Amboy, Illinois, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to the church name in 1872. The Community of Christ today considers the period from 1830 to 1844 to be a part of its history and from 1844. Since 1844, the doctrines and practices of the Community of Christ have evolved separately from the denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. Since the 1960s, the churchs proselytizing outside North America forced a re-assessment, howard estimated that 25,000 members had left to join such groups. Between the mid-1960s and the late 1990s, there was a decline in new baptisms in the United States along with a 50 percent drop in contributions in the decade before 1998. The church owns two temples, the Kirtland Temple, dedicated in 1836 in Kirtland, Ohio, and the relatively new Independence Temple and these structures are open to the public and are also used for education and gatherings. The church also owns and operates some Latter Day Saint historic sites in Lamoni, Iowa, the Auditorium in Independence houses the Childrens Peace Pavilion and is the site of the major legislative assembly of the Community of Christ, which convenes during the World Conference. The church sponsors Graceland University, with a campus in Lamoni and another in Independence, where the School of Nursing, in its mission statement, the church declares that e proclaim Jesus Christ and promote communities of joy, hope, love and peace. The vision statement states that We will become a church dedicated to the pursuit of peace, reconciliation. The Community of Christ states that it recognizes that perception of truth is qualified by human nature and experience. Nevertheless, the Community of Christ offers a number of the commonly held beliefs of its members and leaders as the generally accepted beliefs of the church. As Stephen M. Veazey, current president of the church states, the Community of Christ generally accepts the doctrine of the Trinity and other commonly held Christian beliefs
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Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, priesthood is the power and authority of God given to man, including the authority to perform ordinances and to act as a leader in the church. A body of priesthood holders is referred to as a quorum, Priesthood denotes elements of both power and authority. The priesthood includes the power Jesus gave his apostles to perform such as the casting out of devils. As an authority, priesthood is the authority by which a bearer may perform ecclesiastical acts of service in the name of God. Latter Day Saints believe that acts performed by one with priesthood authority are recognized by God and are binding in heaven, on earth, in addition, Latter Day Saints believe that leadership positions within the church are legitimized by the priesthood authority. For most of the history of the Latter Day Saint movement, the first exception to this policy was within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a faction founded by James J. Strang that flourished between 1844 and 1856. In Strangs church, women were—and still are—permitted to hold the offices of priest, in 1984, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the second largest denomination of the movement, began ordaining women to all of its priesthood offices. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest church in the movement, still restricts its priesthood to men, Mormon feminist Kate Kelly was excommunicated for campaigning to allow womens ordination in the LDS Church. An apostle of the LDS Church has taught that en have no greater claim than women upon the blessings that issue from the Priesthood, Latter Day Saint theology has recognized at least three orders of priesthood, the Aaronic priesthood, the Melchizedek priesthood, and the Patriarchal priesthood. Although these are different orders, they are, in reality, all subsumed under the priesthood held by Jesus Christ, that is, the Aaronic priesthood, is considered to be a lesser priesthood tracing its roots to Aaron, the brother of Moses, through John the Baptist. In 1835, Smith and Cowdery clarified that this authority was the Aaronic, by early 1831, Latter Day Saint theology also recognized a higher order of priesthood, or the high priesthood. Rigdon believed the teachings of the early Mormon missionaries who taught him, in response to Rigdons concern, the churchs first high priests were ordained at a special conference held in June 1831. By 1835, Latter Day Saints began referring to high priesthood as the Melchizedek priesthood, or. This one of the 3 grand orders of priesthood, Smith said, was second in greatness between the lower Aaronic and the higher Melchizedek. The priesthood included, according to Smith, the keys to endowment—tokens, etc. the ability to walk with God, Smith taught that this order of priesthood was passed from father to son, and held by Abraham and the biblical patriarchs. However, Smith provided little information about this third order. Latter Day Saints believe that as a prerequisite to receiving the priesthood, when a person is called, it is the persons opportunity or destiny to hold the priesthood. In his Wentworth letter, Smith stated, We believe that a man must be called of God, to preach the Gospel and administer in the ordinances thereof
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Supreme directional control
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The Supreme directional control controversy was a dispute among the leadership quorums of the Community of Christ, the Latter Day Saint movements second largest denomination. It occurred during the 1920s and caused lasting repercussions, President Frederick Madison Smith asserted that First Presidency decisions were binding on the church, preempting even General Conference votes. Some church leaders and hundreds of members left the Community of Christ for other Latter Day Saint churches. By 1931, the debts and the onset of the Great Depression allowed the Bishopric to reassert its authority over church finances. Frederick Smith, president of the Community of Christ during the 1920s, wished to apply principles of the emerging fields of sociology. In this way, Smith hoped to modernize his predecessors vision of building a city of Zion in Independence. More authoritarian and blunt-spoken than his father, Joseph Smith III, Frederick Smith accepted the right of members to debate church policy prior to its formulation, but not afterwards. The ongoing dispute spilled over from the presiding quorums into the membership, with some laity siding with President Smith, the crisis came to a head during the April 1925 General Conference. Smiths brother Israel A. Smith, a member of the Presiding Bishopric, the document was debated for a full five days, April 7–11, and finally passed on a vote of 915 to 405, becoming General Conference Resolution 849. On April 18, Smith issued a revelation indicating divine approval of his course of action with regard to the Supreme Directional Control document, the First Presidencys successful assertion of Supreme Directional Control allowed Frederick M. Smith to commence his Zionic endeavor. He began by increasing the administrative apparatus, expanding its social programs. New projects included the Auditorium and a rebuilt Independence Sanitarium hospital, the church borrowed heavily to finance these programs, with its debt reaching $1.9 million by 1931. This resolution, GCR915, effectively reversed Supreme Directional Control, the Bishopric instituted a series of severe austerity measures, drastically cutting church staff and services, and the debt was finally retired in 1942. The Protest Movement and its church organization dissolved within a decade, beginning in 1918, the Community of Christ and the Church of Christ had entered into an Agreement of Working Harmony. Macgregor was followed by hundreds of other RLDS opponents of Supreme Directional Control, by the time of the Church of Christ s October 1925 General Conference, its membership had grown from about 100 to about 500, mostly at the expense of the Community of Christ. Today, members of the Community of Christ tend to subscribe to the social gospel advocated by Smith, while rejecting his authoritarian approach to church administration. R. Jean Addams, The Church of Christ and the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,130 Years of Crossroads and Controversies, The Journal of Mormon History, Vol.36, No. Charles Patterson Curry, The Seesaw Shifts, The 1932 Reversal of Supreme Directional Control, The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal, Vol.27, paul M. Edwards, The Chief, An Administrative Biography of Fred M. Smith, Herald House,1988
16.
Sacrament
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A sacrament is a Christian rite recognised as of particular importance and significance. There are various views on the existence and meaning of such rites, many Christians consider the sacraments to be a visible symbol of the reality of God, as well as a means by which God enacts his grace. Sacraments signify Gods grace in a way that is observable to the participant. The Catholic Church recognises seven sacraments, Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Marriage, many Protestant denominations, such as those within the Reformed tradition, identify two sacraments instituted by Christ, the Eucharist and Baptism. The Lutheran sacraments include these two, often adding Confession as a third sacrament, the English word sacrament is derived indirectly from the Ecclesiastical Latin sacrāmentum, from Latin sacrō, from sacer. This in turn is derived from the Greek New Testament word mysterion and these seven sacraments were codified in the documents of the Council of Trent, which stated, CANON I. During the Middle Ages, sacraments were recorded in Latin, even after the Reformation, many ecclesiastical leaders continued using this practice into the 20th century. On occasion, Protestant ministers followed the same practice, since W was not part of the Latin alphabet, scribes only used it when dealing with names or places. In addition, names were modified to fit a Latin mold, for instance, the name Joseph would be rendered as Iosephus or Josephus. The Catholic Church indicates that the sacraments are necessary for salvation, the Church applies this teaching even to the sacrament of baptism, the gateway to the other sacraments. It states that Baptism is necessary for salvation for those to whom the Gospel has been proclaimed, catechumens and all those who, even without knowing Christ and the Church, still sincerely seek God and strive to do his will can also be saved without Baptism. The Church in her liturgy entrusts children who die without Baptism to the mercy of God, in the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, the sacraments are efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us. The visible rites by which the sacraments are celebrated signify and make present the proper to each sacrament. They bear fruit in those who receive them with the required dispositions, the Church teaches that the effect of the sacraments comes ex opere operato, by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, nourish, strengthen, through each of them, Christ bestows that sacraments particular grace, such as incorporation into Christ and the Church, forgiveness of sins, or consecration for a particular service. The Eastern Orthodox tradition does not limit the number of sacraments to seven, however it recognizes these seven as the major sacraments, which are completed by many other blessings and special services. Some lists of the sacraments taken from the Church Fathers include the consecration of a church, monastic tonsure, more specifically, for the Eastern Orthodox the term sacrament is a term which seeks to classify something that may, according to Orthodox thought, be impossible to classify. According to Orthodox thinking God touches mankind through material means such as water, wine, bread, oil, incense, candles, altars, icons, how God does this is a mystery
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John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
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Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
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Oliver Cowdery
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Oliver H. P. Cowdery was, with Joseph Smith, an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormons golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, in 1838, Cowdery left and was excommunicated from the church founded by Smith and later became a Methodist. In 1848, he returned to the Latter Day Saint movement and was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Cowdery was born October 3,1806, in Wells, Vermont. His father, William, a farmer, moved the family to Poultney in Rutland County, in his youth, Cowdery hunted for buried treasure using a divining rod. At age 20, Cowdery left Vermont for upstate New York and he clerked at a store for just over two years and in 1829 became a school teacher in Manchester, New York. Cowdery met Joseph Smith on April 5, 1829—a year and a day before the founding of the church—and heard from him how he had received golden plates containing ancient Native American writings. Cowdery told Smith that he had seen the plates in a vision before the two ever met. From April 7 to June 1829, Cowdery acted as Smiths primary scribe for the translation of the plates into what would become the Book of Mormon. Cowdery also unsuccessfully attempted to translate part of the Book of Mormon by himself, before meeting Cowdery, Smith had virtually stopped translating after the first 116 pages had been lost by Martin Harris. But working with Cowdery, Smith completed the manuscript in a short period. Cowdery and Smith said that on May 15,1829, they received the Aaronic priesthood from the resurrected John the Baptist, one of the three announced that he was the Apostle Peter and said the others were the apostles James and John. Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, Martin Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day. Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect and their testimony has been published in nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon. When the church was organized on April 6,1830, Smith became First Elder, Cowdery held the position of Assistant President of the Church from 1834 until his resignation/excommunication in 1838. Cowdery was also a member of the first presiding high council of the church, organized in Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834. On December 18,1832, Cowdery married Elizabeth Ann Whitmer and they had five children, of whom only one daughter survived to maturity. Cowdery helped Smith publish a series of Smiths revelations first called the Book of Commandments and later, as revised and expanded, the Doctrine and Covenants. Cowdery was also the editor, or on the board, of several early church publications, including the Evening and Morning Star, the Messenger and Advocate
20.
Nucla, Colorado
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Nucla is a Statutory Town in Montrose County, Colorado, United States. The population was 734 at the 2000 census, Nucla is located at 38°16′0″N 108°32′50″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.7 square miles. Nucla is located in an area of land, surrounding the Uncompahgre National Forest. As of the census of 2000, there were 734 people,311 households, the population density was 1,036.0 people per square mile. There were 369 housing units at a density of 520.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 94. 69% White,1. 09% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 54% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 68% of the population. 30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the town, the population was out with 28. 6% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,24. 3% from 25 to 44,27. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.9 males, the median income for a household in the town was $28,466, and the median income for a family was $33,636. Males had an income of $32,417 versus $21,726 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,982, about 14. 4% of families and 17. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 4% of those under age 18 and 12. 1% of those age 65 or over. Tabeguache Cave is another prehistoric rock shelter, tabeguache Pueblo is an example of an early, dispersed Ancient Pueblo settlement, inhabited about AD1100 and later abandoned. The town was established by socialists, who emphasized the sharing of things, the name of the town comes from the word nucleus. In May 2013, the Nucla Town Board passed an ordinance that required every non-exempted head of household in the town to own a firearm. W. A. Draves, founder and an apostle of the Church of Christ with the Elijah Message, now headquartered in Independence, Draves is believed by his church to have received ninety messages from John the Baptist, some of them while he lived in Nucla. Bill Symons, Canadian Football Hall of Famer
21.
Sabbath in seventh-day churches
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The seventh-day Sabbath, observed from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset, is an important part of the beliefs and practices of seventh-day churches. They hold that the Old and New Testament show no variation in the doctrine of the Sabbath on the seventh day, Saturday, or the seventh day in the weekly cycle, is the only day in all of scripture designated using the term Sabbath. The seventh day of the week is recognized as Sabbath in many languages, calendars and it is still observed in modern Judaism in relation to Mosaic Law. Catholic, Orthodox, and most Protestant denominations believe the Mosaic Law to be superseded, Seventh-day Sabbatarians are Christians who seek to reestablish the practice of some early Christians who kept the sabbath according to normal Jewish practice. The sabbath was first described in the account of the seventh day of creation. Observation and remembrance of the sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments and this rule also applies to strangers within their gates, a sign in respect for the day during which God rested after having completed creation in six days. According to Justin Martyr, Christians also worshiped on Sunday because it possessed a certain mysterious import, According to R. J. Bauckham, the post-apostolic church contained diverse practices regarding the sabbath. Emperor Aurelian began a new Sun cult in 274 A. D and pagan ordinances were instituted in order to transform the old Roman idolatry, emperor Constantine then enacted the first Sunday Laws, for the venerable Day of the Sun in 321 A. D. So that the advantage given by heavenly providence may not for the occasion of a short time perish, early Christian observance of both the spiritual seventh-day sabbath and a Lords Day assembly is evidenced in Ignatiuss letter to the Magnesians ca. The Pseudo-Ignatian additions amplified this point by combining weekly observance of spiritual seventh-day sabbath with the Lords assembly, if Pseudo-Ignatius dates as early as 140, its admonition must be considered important evidence on 2nd-century sabbath and Lords Day observance. According to classical sources, widespread seventh-day sabbath rest by gentile Christians was also the mode in the 3rd. But while many God-fearing Christians were gradually led to regard Sunday as possessing a degree of sacredness, Bauckham also states some church authorities continued to oppose this as a judaizing tendency. In the 5th century, Sozomen, referencing Socrates Scholasticus, added to his description, Assemblies are not held in all churches on the same time or manner. The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria. The Sabbath in Africa Study Group, founded by Charles E. Bradford in 1991, taddesse Tamrat has argued that this practice predates Saint Ewostatewoss advocacy of observing both Saturday and Sunday as days of sabbath, which led to his eventual exile from Ethiopia around 1337. Emperor Zara Yaqob convened a synod at Tegulet in 1450 to discuss the sabbath question, in Bohemia, as much as one quarter of the population kept seventh-day the sabbath in 1310. This practice continued until at least the 16th century, when Erasmus wrote about the practice, the Unitarian Church condemned Sabbatarianism as innovation in 1618. Sabbatarianism also expanded into Russia, where its adherents were called Subbotniks, and, from there, some of the Russian Subbotniks maintained a Christian identity doctrinally, while others formally converted to Judaism and assimilated within the Jewish communities of Russia
22.
President of the Church
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the movement, and the office assumed by many of Smiths claimed successors, such as Brigham Young, Joseph Smith III, Sidney Rigdon. Joseph Smith was known by all of these titles in his lifetime, Smith died in 1844 without having indisputably established who was to be his successor. Therefore, his death was followed by a crisis in which various groups followed leaders with succession claims. Some smaller denominations, such as the Church of Christ, reject the office as an unscriptural creation, the concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831. Initially, after the formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as merely an apostle of Jesus Christ. However, there was one other apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, as high priests, these men were higher in the priesthood hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smith and Cowderys calling as apostles gave them superior authority than that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, which had since been added to the church hierarchy. The only president of the church brought before the Common Council was Joseph Smith, the Council determined that Joseph Smith had acted in every respect in an honorable and proper manner with all monies and properties entrusted to his charge. The President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. In the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Prophet-President is the highest priesthood leader of the church
23.
Doctrine and Covenants
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The Doctrine and Covenants is a part of the open scriptural canon of several denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. The doctrine portion of the book, however, has been removed by both the LDS Church and the Community of Christ, controversy has existed between the two largest denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement over some sections added to the 1876 LDS edition, attributed to founder Smith. Whereas the LDS Church believes these sections to have been revelations to Smith, the Doctrine and Covenants was first published in 1835 as a later version of the Book of Commandments, which had been partially printed in 1833. This earlier book contained 65 early revelations to church leaders, including Joseph Smith, before many copies of the book could be printed, the printing press and most of the printed copies were destroyed by a mob in Missouri. On September 24,1834, a committee was appointed by the assembly of the church to organize a new volume containing the most significant revelations. This committee of Presiding Elders, consisting of Smith, Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, the committee eventually organized the book into two parts, a Doctrine part and a Covenants part. The Doctrine part of the book consisted of a course now called the Lectures on Faith. The lectures were a series of doctrinal courses used in the School of the Prophets which had recently completed in Kirtland. According to the committee, these lectures were included in the compilation in consequence of their embracing the important doctrine of salvation. The Covenants part of the book, labeled Covenants and Commandments of the Lord, to his servants of the church of the Latter Day Saints, each of the 103 revelations was assigned a section number, however, section 66 was mistakenly used twice. Thus, the sections of the work were numbered only to 102. The book was first introduced to the body in a general conference on August 17,1835. Smith and Williams, two of the Presiding Elders on the committee, were absent, but Cowdery and Rigdon were present. At the end of the conference, the church by a unanimous vote agreed to accept the compilation as the doctrine and covenants of their faith and to make arrangements for its printing. In 1835, the book was printed and published under the title Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints, together the LDS Churchs scriptures are referred to as the standard works. In 1844, the church added eight sections not included in the 1835 edition, in the current edition, these added sections are numbered 103,105,112,119,124,127,128, and 135. Previous editions had been divided into verses with the early versifications generally following the structure of the original text. It was with the 1876 edition that the currently used versification was first employed, preside over my priesthood to live plural marriage in order to qualify to hold their church positions
24.
Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)
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The Pearl of Great Price is part of the canonical standard works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and some other Latter Day Saint denominations. These items were produced by Joseph Smith and were published in the Church periodicals of his day, the name of the book is derived from the Parable of the Pearl told by Jesus in Matthew 13. The same material is published by the Community of Christ as parts of its Doctrine and Covenants, the Book of Abraham is an 1835 work produced by Joseph Smith that he said was based on Egyptian papyri purchased from a traveling mummy exhibition. According to Smith, the book was a translation of ancient records. Purporting to be the writings of Abraham, while he was in Egypt, called the Book of Abraham, written by his own hand, the text that Smith produced describes a story of Abrahams early life, including a vision of the cosmos. The Book of Abraham was canonized in 1880 by the LDS Church as part of the Pearl of Great Price, thus, it forms a doctrinal foundation for the LDS Church and Mormon fundamentalist denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is not considered to be a text by the Community of Christ. Other sects in the Latter Day Saint movement have various opinions regarding the Book of Abraham, with some rejecting and some accepting the text as inspired scripture. The book contains several doctrines that are distinct to Mormonism, such as the concept of God organizing eternal, the Book of Abraham papyri were thought lost in the 1871 Great Chicago Fire. However, in 1966, several fragments of the papyri were found in the archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York and they are now referred to as the Joseph Smith Papyri. As a result, the Book of Abraham has been the source of significant controversy, with criticism from Egyptologists, Joseph Smith–Matthew is an excerpt from Joseph Smiths retranslation of portions of the Gospel of Matthew. It was originally published in 1831 in Kirtland, Ohio, in an undated broadsheet as Extract from the New Translation of the Bible, Joseph Smith–Matthew includes Smiths retranslation of Matthew 23,39 and all of Matthew chapter 24. The text deals mainly with Jesus prophecy of the destruction of Jerusalem. Joseph Smith–Matthew contains significant changes and additions to the biblical text. Joseph Smith–History is an excerpt from the record of some of the early events in Joseph Smiths life. Like many of Smiths publications, it was dictated to a scribe, the incidents described in Joseph Smith–History include the First Vision and the visitation of the angel Moroni. It is a listing of thirteen fundamental doctrines of Mormonism. Most Latter Day Saint denominations view the articles as a statement of basic theology
25.
Joseph Smith Translation
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The Joseph Smith Translation is a revision of the Bible by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith considered this work to be a branch of his calling as a prophet, Smith was murdered before he ever deemed it complete, though most of his work on it was performed about a decade beforehand. The work is the King James Version of the Bible with some significant additions and revisions. It is considered a text and is part of the canon of Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. These excerpts are the Book of Moses and Smiths revision of part of the Gospel of Matthew. The term translation was broader in meaning in 1828 than it is today and it is known that Smith had not studied Hebrew or Greek to produce the JST manuscript, although Smith did later study Hebrew from 1836. The JST was intended to restore what Smith described as “many important points touching the salvation of men, had taken from the Bible, or lost before it was compiled. ”Just as the work was not a literal translation from ancient documents, neither was it an automatic and infallible process where correct words. As with Smiths other translations, he reported that he was forced to study it out in mind as part of the revelatory process. Some parts of the revision were completed from beginning to end, including unchanged verses from the KJV, some parts were revised more than once, and others revised one verse at a time. The manuscripts were written, re-written, and in cases, additional edits were written in the columns. Smith relied on a version of the Bible that included the Apocrypha, by 1833, he felt it was sufficiently complete that preparations for publication could begin, though continual lack of time and means prevented it from appearing in its entirety during his lifetime. He continued to make a few revisions and to prepare the manuscript for printing until he was killed in 1844. Regarding the completeness of the JST as we have it, Matthews has written, but it also shows that he did not make all the necessary corrections in one effort. This situation makes it impossible to give an answer to questions about how much of the Translation was completed or how much was not completed. What is evident, however, is any part of the Translation might have been further touched upon. LDS scholar Royal Skousen discusses whether one should assume that every change made in the JST constitutes revealed text, differences are also apparent in the nature of the revision process that took place at different stages of the work. Some scholars consider that Smith had access to Old Testament pseudepigrapha, many of Smiths revisions to the Bible led to significant developments in the doctrines of Mormonism. During the process of translation, when he came across troubling biblical issues, Smith often dictated revelations relevant to himself, his associates, overall,3,410 verses in the printed editions of JST differ in textual construction from the KJV
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King James Version
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The King James Version, also known as Authorized Version or simply King James Bible, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, a section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha. It was first printed by the Kings Printer Robert Barker and was the translation into English approved by the English Church authorities. The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII, the translation is noted for its majesty of style, and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture. The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England. In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. Today the unqualified title King James Version usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant, the title page carries the words Appointed to be read in Churches, and F. F. For many years it was not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James. Similarly, a History of England, whose edition was published in 1775, writes merely that new translation of the Bible, viz. that now in Use, was begun in 1607. King Jamess Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation in Charles Butlers Horae Biblicae and this name was also found as King James Bible, for example in a book review from 1811. The phrase King Jamess Bible is used as far back as 1715, the use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as our present, and only publicly authorised version, our Authorised version, the Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824. In Britain, the 1611 translation is known as the Authorised Version today. As early as 1814, we find King James version, evidently a descriptive phrase, the King James Version is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source, in the United States, the 1611 translation is generally known as the King James Version today. The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century and these translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards
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Book of Mormon
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It was first published in March 1830 by Joseph Smith as The Book of Mormon, An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi. According to Smiths account and the narrative, the Book of Mormon was originally written in otherwise unknown characters referred to as reformed Egyptian engraved on golden plates. Critics claim that it was fabricated by Smith, drawing on material, the pivotal event of the book is an appearance of Jesus Christ in the Americas shortly after his resurrection. The Book of Mormon is divided into books, titled after the individuals named as primary authors and, in most versions, divided into chapters. It is written in English very similar to the Early Modern English linguistic style of the King James Version of the Bible, as of 2011, more than 150 million copies of the Book of Mormon have been published. The writings were said to describe a people whom God had led from Jerusalem to the Western hemisphere 600 years before Jesus birth. According to the narrative, Moroni was the last prophet among these people and had buried the record, which God had promised to bring forth in the latter days. e. Smiths description of these events recounts that he was allowed to take the plates on September 22,1827, exactly four years from that date, accounts vary of the way in which Smith dictated the Book of Mormon. Smith himself implied that he read the plates directly using spectacles prepared for the purpose of translating, other accounts variously state that he used one or more seer stones placed in a top hat. Both the special spectacles and the stone were at times referred to as the Urim and Thummim. During the translating process itself, Smith sometimes separated himself from his scribe with a blanket between them, additionally, the plates were not always present during the translating process and, when present, they were always covered up. Smiths first published description of the said that the plates had the appearance of gold. They were described by Martin Harris, one of Smiths early scribes, Smith called the engraved writing on the plates reformed Egyptian. A portion of the text on the plates was also sealed according to his account, in addition to Smiths account regarding the plates, eleven others stated that they saw the golden plates and, in some cases, handled them. Their written testimonies are known as the Testimony of Three Witnesses and these statements have been published in most editions of the Book of Mormon. Smith enlisted his neighbor Martin Harris as a scribe during his work on the text. In 1828, Harris, prompted by his wife Lucy Harris, Smith reluctantly acceded to Harriss requests. Lucy Harris is thought to have stolen the first 116 pages, after the loss, Smith recorded that he had lost the ability to translate, and that Moroni had taken back the plates to be returned only after Smith repented
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Baptism for the dead
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Baptism for the dead is best known as a doctrine of the Latter Day Saint movement, which has practiced it since 1840. It is currently practiced by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the LDS Church teaches that those who have died may choose to accept or reject the baptisms done on their behalf. The modern term itself is derived from a phrase baptised for the dead occurring in one verse of the New Testament, early heresiologists Epiphanius of Salamis and Chrysostom attributed the practice respectively to the Cerinthians and to the Marcionites, whom they identified as heretical Gnostic groups. In the practice of the LDS Church, a living person, after giving a short prayer, which includes the name of the deceased individual, the proxy is immersed briefly in the water, then brought up again. Baptism for the dead is an ordinance of the church and is based on the belief that baptism is required for entry into the Kingdom of God. In the Restoration Branches movement, which broke from the RLDS Church in the 1980s, many adherents reject the validity of the ordinance completely. Others regard it a rite, the permission for which has been withdrawn by God ever since the Latter Day Saints failed to complete the Nauvoo Temple within the specified time frame. Other Latter Day Saint denominations that accept baptism for the dead include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Strangite Church performed baptisms for the dead during the 1840s in Voree, Wisconsin, and later during the 1850s on Beaver Island, Michigan. In each case, the practice was authorized by on the basis of what James J. Strang reported as a revelation, the question of whether the Strangite Church still practices proxy baptism is an open one, but belief is considered orthodox. As part of their sacraments, the New Apostolic Church and the Old Apostolic Church also practice baptism for the dead, as well as Communion, in this practice a proxy or substitute is baptised in the place of an unknown number of deceased persons. According to NAC and OAC doctrine the deceased do not enter the body of the substitute, outside of Christianity, proxy baptisms were practiced by the Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Mormon scholar, John A. Tvedtnes says, Baptism for the dead was performed by the dominant church until forbidden by the canon of the Council of Carthage in A. D.397. Some of the sects, however, continued the practice. For it is written, Take, Eat, but the bodies of the dead can neither take nor eat, nor let the ignorance of the presbyters baptize those who are dead. Tertullian attributes the practice of 1 Corinthians baptised for the dead to the Marcionites, the fourth canon of the Synod of Hippo, held in 393, declares, The Eucharist shall not be given to dead bodies, nor baptism conferred upon them. For it is written, Take, Eat, but the bodies of the dead can neither take nor eat, nor let the ignorance of the presbyters baptize those who are dead. In the context of insisting that in Christ shall all be made alive. Christ the firstfruits, afterward they that are Christs, Paul wrote in 1 Corinthians 15,29, Else what shall they do which are baptized for the dead, why are they then baptized for the dead
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Polygamy
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Polygamy involves marriage with more than one spouse. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage, in contrast, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like monogamy, the term polygamy is often used in a de facto sense, in sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. Polygamy is widely accepted among different societies worldwide, according to the Ethnographic Atlas, of 1,231 societies noted,588 had frequent polygyny,453 had occasional polygyny,186 were monogamous and 4 had polyandry. Polygamy is also common among animals, such as the common fruit-fly. Polygyny is the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, the vast majority of polygamous marriages are polygynous. Polygyny is legally accepted in many Muslim majority countries and some countries with a sizeable Muslim minority, in some of the sparsely populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men sought to monopolize the production of women who are valued both as workers and as child bearers, goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied. Senior wives can benefit as well when their work load is lightened by the addition of junior wives to the family. Wives, especially wives, status in the community can be increased by the addition of other wives. For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the bride price for a second wife, Polygyny may also result from the practice of levirate marriage. In such cases, the deceased mans heir may inherit his assets and wife, or, more usually and this provides support for the widow and her children and maintains the tie between the husband and wives kin groups. The sororate is like the levirate, in that a widower must marry the sister of his dead wife, the wifes family, in other words, must provide a replacement for her thus maintaining the ties between them. Both levirate and sororate may result in a man having multiple wives and this is a form of de facto polygyny that is referred to as concubinage. In many polygynous marriages the husbands wives may live in separate households often at a great distance and they can thus be described as a series of linked nuclear families with a father in common. Polyandry is the practice wherein a woman has more than one husband at the same time, polyandry is much less popular than polygyny and is illegal in virtually every state in the world. It occurs only in remote communities, polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival
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Temple (Latter Day Saints)
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, a temple is a building dedicated to be a house of God and is reserved for special forms of worship. A temple differs from a church meetinghouse, which is used for worship services. Temples have been a significant part of the Latter Day Saint movement since early in its inception, today, temples are operated by several Latter Day Saint denominations. The most prolific builder of temples of the Latter Day Saint movement is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, there are 155 operating temples,14 under construction, and 13 announced. Several other variations of the church have built or attempted to build temples, the Community of Christ operates two temples in the United States, which are open to the public and are used for worship services, performances, and religious education. The Latter Day Saint movement was conceived as a restoration of practices believed to have been lost in a Great Apostasy from the gospel of Jesus Christ. Temple worship played a prominent role in the Bibles Old Testament and it is believed to emphasize that when the Jesus comes again, he will come to his temple. As plans were drawn up to construct a temple in Kirtland, conflict in Missouri led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County, preventing any possibility of building a temple there, but work on the temple in Kirtland continued. At great cost and sacrifice, the Latter Day Saints finished the Kirtland Temple in early 1836, on March 27, they held a lengthy dedication ceremony and numerous spiritual experiences and visitations were reported. Far West was also platted along the lines of the City of Zion plan and in 1838 the church construction of a new. They may also have dedicated a site in the neighboring Mormon settlement of Adam-ondi-Ahman. The events of the 1838 Mormon War and the expulsion of the Mormons from Missouri left these attempts at temple-building no further progressed than excavating foundations, in 1839, the Mormons regrouped at a new headquarters in Nauvoo, Illinois. They were again commanded to build a House of the Lord—this one even larger and greater than those that went before, plans for the temple in Nauvoo followed the earlier models in Kirtland and Independence with lower and upper courts, but the scale was much increased. New conflicts arose that caused Joseph Smith, the prophet and president of the church, to be murdered, along with his brother Hyrum, the Nauvoo Temple stood only half finished. Eventually, this temple was finished and dedicated, some temple ordinances were performed before most of the Latter Day Saints followed Brigham Young west across the Mississippi River. Joseph Smiths death resulted in a crisis which divided the movement into different sects. The concept of temple worship evolved separately in many of these sects, in April 1990, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints began to construct the Independence Temple, which was officially dedicated in 1994. Temples have held numerous purposes in the Latter Day Saint movement, all Latter Day Saint denominations with temples still consider temples to be special houses of the Lord
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Pride
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Pride is an inwardly directed emotion that carries two antithetical meanings. With a negative connotation pride refers to a foolishly and irrationally corrupt sense of personal value, status or accomplishments. Some social psychologists identify the expression of pride as a means of sending a functional. In contrast, pride could also be defined as a disagreement with the truth. One definition of pride in the former comes from St. Augustine. A similar definition comes from Meher Baba, Pride is the specific feeling through which egoism manifests, Pride is sometimes viewed as corrupt or as a vice, sometimes as proper or as a virtue. While some philosophers such as Aristotle consider pride a profound virtue, some world religions consider prides fraudulent form a sin, in Christianity, pride is one of the Seven Capital Sins. The sense of having an opinion of oneself, not in French. The proud man, then, is the man we have described and he concludes then that Pride, then, seems to be a sort of crown of the virtues, for it makes them more powerful, and it is not found without them. Therefore it is hard to be proud, for it is impossible without nobility. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries, this is revenge, as for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this, naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater. Thus, although pride and hubris are often deemed the same thing, for Aristotle, in psychological terms, positive pride is a pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation. It was added by Tracy et al. to the University of California, Davis, Set of Emotion Expressions in 2009, the term fiero was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity. Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies show that the expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a persons high social status in a group. Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and this postural display is innate as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others. Moreover, Oveis et al. conceptualize pride as a display of the self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as an emotion, as its experience
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Prophet
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Claims of prophethood have existed in many cultures through history, including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, in Ancient Greece, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism and many others. Traditionally, prophets are regarded as having a role in society that promotes change due to their messages and actions which can convey the displeasure of God for the behavior of people. In the late 20th century the appellation of prophet has been used to refer to individuals particularly successful at analysis in the field of economics, alternatively, social commentators who suggest escalating crisis are often called prophets of doom. In Hebrew, the word נָבִיא, spokesperson, traditionally translates as prophet, the second subdivision of the Hebrew Bible, TaNaKh, is devoted to the Hebrew prophets. The meaning of navi is perhaps described in Deuteronomy 18,18, where God said. and I will put My words in his mouth, thus, the navi was thought to be the mouth of God. The root nun-bet-alef is based on the two-letter root nun-bet which denotes hollowness or openness, to receive transcendental wisdom, cf. Rashbams comment to Genesis 20,7. In addition to writing and speaking messages from God, Israelite or Jewish neviim often acted out prophetic parables in their life. For example, in order to contrast the people’s disobedience with the obedience of the Rechabites, God has Jeremiah invite the Rechabites to drink wine, the Rechabites refuse, wherefore God commends them. Other prophetic parables acted out by Jeremiah include burying a linen belt so that it gets ruined to illustrate how God intends to ruin Judahs pride. Likewise, Jeremiah buys a jar and smashes it in the Valley of Ben Hinnom in front of elders and priests to illustrate that God will smash the nation of Judah. God instructs Jeremiah to make a yoke from wood and leather straps and to put it on his own neck to demonstrate how God will put the nation under the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. The prophetic assignment is not always portrayed as positive in the Hebrew Bible, likewise, Isaiah was told by his hearers who rejected his message, Leave the way. Let us hear no more about the Holy One of Israel, the life of Moses being threatened by Pharaoh is another example. According to I Samuel 9,9, the old name for navi is roeh, רֹאֶה and that could document an ancient shift, from viewing prophets as seers for hire to viewing them as moral teachers. The seer-priests were usually attached to a shrine or temple, such as Shiloh. Canonical prophets were not organised this way, the similar term ben-navi means member of a seer-priest guild. Some examples of prophets in the Tanakh include Abraham, Moses, Miriam, Isaiah, Samuel, Ezekiel, Malachi, in Jewish tradition Daniel is not counted in the list of prophets. A Jewish tradition suggests that there were twice as many prophets as the number which left Egypt, the Talmud recognizes the existence of 48 male prophets who bequeathed permanent messages to mankind
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Vancouver, Washington
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Vancouver is a city on the north bank of the Columbia River in the U. S. State of Washington, and the largest suburb of Portland, Oregon. Incorporated in 1857, it is the fourth largest city in the state, Vancouver is the county seat of Clark County and forms part of the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area, the 23rd largest metropolitan area in the United States. Originally established in 1825 around Fort Vancouver, a fur trading outpost, in 2005, Money magazine named it No.91 on its list of best places in America to live. In 2016, WalletHub ranks Vancouver the 39th best place to live for families in the US, Vancouver shares its name with the larger city of Vancouver in southern British Columbia, Canada, approximately 300 mi to the north. Both cities were named after sea captain George Vancouver, but the American city is older, Vancouver, City officials have periodically suggested changing the U. S. citys name to Fort Vancouver to reduce confusion with its larger and better-known northern neighbor. Many Pacific Northwest residents distinguish between the two cities by referring to the Canadian city as Vancouver, B. C. and the United States city as Vancouver, Washington, or Vancouver, local nicknames include, Vantucky and The Couv. In 2013, the nickname Vansterdam surfaced as a result of the legalization of marijuana in the state of Washington and this nickname has also long been used to refer to Vancouver, B. C. as well. This name is a reference to the cannabis-legal city of Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The Vancouver, Washington, area was inhabited by a variety of Native American tribes, most recently the Chinook and Klickitat nations, the Chinookan and Klickitat names for the area were reportedly Skit-so-to-ho and Ala-si-kas, respectively, meaning land of the mud-turtles. First European contact was made in 1775, with half of the indigenous population dead from smallpox before the Lewis. Meriwether Lewis wrote that the Vancouver area was the only desired situation for settlement west of the Rocky Mountains, the first permanent European settlement did not occur until 1824, when Fort Vancouver was established as a fur trading post of the Hudsons Bay Company. From that time on, the area was settled by both the US and Britain under a joint occupation agreement. Joint occupation led to the Oregon boundary dispute and ended on June 15,1846, with the signing of the Oregon Treaty, in 1850, Amos Short traced over the claim of Williamson and named the town Columbia City. It changed to Vancouver in 1855, the City of Vancouver was incorporated on January 23,1857. U. S. Army Captain Ulysses S. Grant was quartermaster at what was known as Columbia Barracks for 15 months beginning in September 1852. Soon after leaving Vancouver, he resigned from the army and did not serve again until the outbreak of the American Civil War, other notable generals to have served in Vancouver include George B. McClellan, Philip Sheridan, Oliver O. Howard and 1953 Nobel Peace Prize recipient George Marshall, Vancouver became the end point for two ultra-long flights from Moscow, USSR over the North Pole. The first of these flights was performed by Valery Chkalov in 1937 on a Tupolev ANT-25RD airplane, Chkalov was originally scheduled to land at an airstrip in nearby Portland, Oregon, but redirected at the last minute to Vancouvers Pearson Airfield
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Owen Sound
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Owen Sound, the county seat of Grey County, is a city in Southern Ontario, Canada. Owen Sound is located at the mouths of the Pottawatomi and Sydenham Rivers on an inlet of Georgian Bay, the area around the upper Great Lakes has been home to the Ojibwe people since prehistory. In 1815, William Fitzwilliam Owen surveyed the area and named the inlet after his older brother Admiral Edward Owen, a settlement called Sydenham was established in 1841 by Charles Rankin. The settlement was renamed in 1851 and became a town in 1857. At one time, Owen Sounds roaring seaport made it a town known as Corkscrew City. Supporting this reputation was a tavern named Bucket of Blood, located on the corner of a known as Damnation Corners. Ironically, its location was one away from an intersection known as Salvation Corners. This reputation for vice and villainy, and the problems came with it. The city was dry until 1972, one of the citys most famous sons was World War I flying ace and Victoria Cross winner William Avery Billy Bishop, Canadas leading pilot in the war. Bishop is also one of the few to have tangled with the Red Baron and survived, the Billy Bishop Regional Airport in the nearby Municipality of Meaford was named after him. His modest gravesite can be visited in the citys Greenwood Cemetery by those willing to take the time to locate the stone and his boyhood home is now a museum dedicated to his life and to Canadas aviation history. The town was also the home of NHL Hall-of-Fame goaltender Harry Lumley, surgeon Dr. Legendary hockey broadcaster Bill Hewitt was once sports director of the local AM radio station, CFOS. Tommy Holmes, another Victoria Cross winner, was also from Owen Sound, in 2005 Owen Sound became the National Communities in Bloom champion in the cities of 20, 001–50,000 category in Canada for its beauty, natural landscape, and strong sense of community. Owen Sound has been recognized as a good retirement community due to its cultural, sports. Owen Sound experiences a continental climate that is moderated by Lake Huron. Winters are cold and very snowy, while summers are warm and humid, precipitation is moderately high, as Owen Sound is in the direct line of the Great Lakes snowbelt, with an annual average of 1100 mm. Summer thunderstorms are a common occurrence, the highest temperature ever recorded in Owen Sound was 104 °F on 3 July 1911. The coldest temperature recorded was −34 °F on 6 February 1895
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Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
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The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called Church of Christ, the first Latter Day Saint references to the church of Christ are found in passages of the Book of Mormon that Smith dictated from April to June 1829. During the course of this dictation, the outlines for a community of believers or church structure became apparent. Such a structure would have authority from God, ordinances such as baptism, the book described the clergy in Almas church as consisting of priests, who were unpaid and were to preach nothing save it were repentance and faith in the Lord. Alma later established churches, which were considered one church because there was nothing preached in all the churches except it were repentance. In addition to priests, the book mentions that the clergy of these also included teachers. Smiths further dictation of the Book of Mormon also stated there were two churches only, the one is the church of the Lamb of God, and the other is the church of the devil. As a result of the references to baptism and the organization of churches. Smith and Cowdery then baptized each other by immersion and they also baptized dozens of people, as early as June 1829. These converts, however, did not belong to a church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as the Church of Christ, in June 1829, Smith dictated a revelation stating that in are all things written, concerning my church, my gospel, and my rock. Wherefore if you build up my church, and my gospel, and my rock. Some time between June and December 1829, Cowdery said he received a revelation about how he should build up his church & the manner thereof. This revelation was called the Articles of the Church of Christ, the church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to David Whitmer, by April 1830, this informal Church of Christ had about six elders and 70 members. On April 6,1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 30 believers met with the intention of formally organizing the Church of Christ into a legal institution
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Church of Christ (Temple Lot)
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Members of the church have been known colloquially as Hedrickites, after Granville Hedrick, who was ordained as the churchs first leader in July 1863. Unlike The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Community of Christ and it equally rejects the doctrines of baptism for the dead and celestial marriage promulgated by the Utah-based LDS Church, as well as the Doctrine and Covenants and Pearl of Great Price. While once avidly engaged in dialogue with other Latter Day Saint factions and its most notable claim to fame today rests in its sole ownership of the Temple Lot, which it has held for nearly 150 years. As of 2013, membership is 7,310 members in 11 countries. Most of the live in the United States, but there are parishes in Canada, Mexico, Honduras, Nigeria, Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, India. The Temple Lot church shares its history with the larger Latter Day Saint denominations, including the LDS Church. After the death of Joseph Smith, the Latter Day Saint movements founder, on June 27,1844, several leaders vied for control, by the 1860s, five early Mormon branches found themselves unaffiliated with any larger group. On July 18,1863, Hedrick was ordained as President, Prophet, Seer, participating in Hedricks ordination was John E. Page who had been an apostle under Smith. The Temple Lot church affirms a founding date of April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York, Hedrick later distanced himself from the title of President, as he ultimately came to believe that this was an unscriptural office. This was soon shortened to Church of Christ, however, as this had been the name under which Smith originally incorporated the church in 1830. Hedrick also wished to distinguish his church from the LDS Church in Utah, the church currently occupies a property in Independence, Missouri, known as the Temple Lot. The Hedrickites returned to Independence in 1867 to purchase the lot for this temple. In 1891, the church was sued by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, now called the Community of Christ, the RLDS Church won at trial, but this decision was reversed on appeal. The lot was re-landscaped, and is occupied only by the churchs headquarters. No further plans to erect such an edifice have been announced, Pattison, a suspended member of the LDS Church from Boston, Massachusetts, was arrested and briefly detained after attempting to remove a fence placed around the Temple Lot. Late in the month, he reportedly demanded that church officials sign ownership of the property over to him because he believed he was the One Mighty. He was detained by police but released a few days later, Early on September 5,1898, he set fire to the tiny headquarters building, and then walked to the police station and turned himself in. After he testified in appearances in November 1898, Pattison was found guilty but insane
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Church of Christ (Hancock)
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This church, which became defunct in 1984, bears the distinction of being the first Latter Day Saint sect to be founded by a woman. Among its members were Jerald and Sandra Tanner, who later became opponents of the Latter Day Saint movement with their Utah Lighthouse Ministry. Pauline Hancock was a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, whose father had been a minister of that denomination in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1935, following the excommunication of her friend Apostle Samuel Wood of the Temple Lot church, Hancock later claimed to have had a vision in which God told her to go and teach others. She founded her own organization to propagate her teachings and visions and she adopted a modalistic view of God, insisting that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit were merely manifestation of the same, one God. The organization bought property in Independence and built a basement sanctuary that became known as the basement church because most of it was underground. In later years, after Jerald and Sandra Tanner joined her organization, Hancocks church established a branch in Salt Lake City. Hancocks basement church was used by a Protestant church for a time, but was sold to a local Restoration Branch. Factional breakdown, Followers of Granville Hedrick Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part One Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part Two Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part Three
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Pauline Hancock
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Pauline Bailey Hancock was the founder of the Church of Christ in Independence, Missouri in 1946, and was the first woman to found and lead a denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement. She later claimed a vision of Jesus Christ, whom she claimed had told her to go and teach and she would lead this church until her death in 1962. Pauline Hancock was a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, whose father had been a minister of that denomination in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 1935, following the excommunication of her friend Apostle Samuel Wood of the Temple Lot church, Hancock later claimed to have had a vision in which God told her to go and teach others. Her account of this vision is as follows, I was reading in our living room and it seemed that I was taken to Jerusalem and I saw a man seated upon what looked like a stool. All around and about him, men were mocking, bowing and making fun of this individual, I continued to watch as he was condemned to death and a crown of thorns was placed on his head. I knew that there was nothing good in me except God had put it there, I knew I had to have this Jesus or die. I fell upon my knees and prayed to God through Jesus and His shed blood, when my prayer was finished, God baptized me with His own spirit and my soul was on fire with love towards God and mankind - I became a new creature. God spoke to me then and said, Now go and teach all people what I have shown you - for I am the way, I answered Him that I couldnt do that and He said, I will be with you. I said, I am a woman and they wont receive me and he said, I wasnt a woman and they didnt receive me - go teach and Ill be with you. Blessed by the name of God, Hancock subsequently founded her own organization to propagate her teachings and visions, which included one of Jesus being crucified that led her to believe she had become a new creature. She adopted a view of God, insisting that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit were merely manifestation of the same. The organization bought property in Independence and built a sanctuary that became locally known as the basement church because most of it was underground. Hancock exercised functions normally reserved solely to men during this time in Latter Day Saint history, such as performing baptisms and administering other ordinances and she did not claim any formal title, but remained the undisputed leader of her church from its founding until the time of her death. Hancock died in 1962, still accepting the Book of Mormon as a work of scripture. However, following her death members of her church, including Jerald and Sandra Tanner, began to question the authenticity of the Book of Mormon, which led to Hancocks church rejecting it in 1973. Hancocks basement church was used by a Protestant church for a time, but was sold to a local Restoration Branch. Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part One Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part Two Jerald Tanners Quest for Truth, Part Three
