1.
Cinderella
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Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper, is a folk tale embodying a myth-element of unjust oppression/triumphant reward. Thousands of variants are known throughout the world, the title character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly changed to remarkable fortune. The oldest documented version comes from China, and the oldest European version from Italy, the most popular version was first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passé in 1697, and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms Fairy Tales. Although the storys title and main characters change in different languages. The word Cinderella has, by analogy, come to one whose attributes were unrecognized, or one who unexpectedly achieves recognition or success after a period of obscurity. The still-popular story of Cinderella continues to influence popular culture internationally, lending plot elements, allusions, the Aarne–Thompson system classifies Cinderella as the persecuted heroine. The story of Rhodopis, about a Greek slave girl who marries the king of Egypt, is considered the earliest known variant of the Cinderella story, a version of the story, Ye Xian, appeared in Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang by Duan Chengshi around 860. Here, the hardworking and lovely girl befriends a fish, the rebirth of her mother, the fish is later killed by her stepmother and sister. Ye Xian saves the bones, which are magic, and they help her dress appropriately for the New Year Festival, when she loses her slipper after being recognized by her stepfamily, the king finds her slipper and falls in love with her. The Indonesian and Malaysian story Bawang Merah Bawang Putih, are two girls named Bawang Putih and Bawang Merah. While the two countrys respective versions differ in the relationship of the girls and the identity of the protagonist. Both have a fish as the fairy godmother to her daughter. The heroine then finds the bones and buries them, and over the grave a magical swing appears, the protagonist sits on the swing and sings to make it sway, her song reaching the ears of a passing Prince. The swing is akin to the slipper test, which distinguishes the heroine from her sister. In Indonesia, Bawang Putih is the girl, who suffers at the hands of her evil stepmother and stepsister, Bawang Merah. When the Prince enquires after the singer on the swing, Bawang Merah lies, the angry prince forces Bawang Merah and her mother to tell the truth. They then admit that there is another daughter in the house, Bawang Putih comes out and moves the magical swing by her singing. In the end, she and her prince marry and live happily ever after, in the Malaysian version, it is Bawang Merah and her mother Mak Labu who are good, while her half sister Bawang Putih and her mother Mak Kundur are evil
2.
Kathleen Turner
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Mary Kathleen Turner, better known as Kathleen Turner, is an American film and stage actress and director. Known for her raspy voice, Turner has won two Golden Globe Awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award. Turner came to fame during the 1980s, after roles in Body Heat, Crimes of Passion, Romancing the Stone, and Prizzis Honor, the latter two earning her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. Turner has also done work as a voice actress, namely as Jessica Rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as well as Monster House. Turner has also taught acting classes at New York University, Turner was born June 19,1954, in Springfield, Missouri, the daughter of Patsy and Allen Richard Turner, a U. S. Foreign Service officer who grew up in China and she has a sister, Susan, and two brothers. So when I was performing in school, he would drive my mom, shed come out at intermissions and tell him, Shes doing very well. Owing to her fathers employment in the Foreign Service, Turner grew up abroad and her father died of a coronary thrombosis that same year, and then the family moved back to the United States. At age 19, Turner began volunteering at a local Planned Parenthood office and she attended Missouri State University in Springfield for two years, then studied theater at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where she received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1977. During that period, Turner acted in productions directed by the film. In 1977, Turner made her debut in the NBC daytime soap The Doctors as the second Nola Dancy Aldrich. She made her debut in 1981 as the ruthless Matty Walker in the thriller Body Heat. Empire Magazine cited the film in 1995 when it named her one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in Film History, the New York Times wrote in 2005 that, propelled by her jaw-dropping movie debut Body Heat. She built a career on adventurousness and frank sexuality born of robust physicality, Turner ultimately became one of the top box office draws, and most sought-after actresses of the 1980s and early 1990s. The brazen quality of Turners screen roles was reflected in her public life, with her deep voice, Turner was often compared to a young Lauren Bacall. When the two met, Turner reportedly introduced herself by saying, Hi, Im the young you. In the 1980s, she boasted that on a night when I feel really good about myself, I can walk into a room, and if a man doesnt look at me, hes probably gay. Several months after moving to New York City in 1977, Turner took over the lead in Michael Zetters play Mister T
3.
Jane Birkin
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Jane Mallory Birkin, OBE is an English actress, singer, and songwriter based in France. She is best known for her relationship and musical partnership with Serge Gainsbourg in the 1970s, in recent years she has written her own album and directed a film. Jane Mallory Birkin was born on 14 December 1946, in Marylebone and her mother, Judy Campbell, was an English actress, best known for her work on stage. Her father, David Birkin, was a Royal Navy lieutenant-commander and her brother is the screenwriter and director Andrew Birkin. She was educated at Upper Chine School, Isle of Wight, Birkin emerged in the Swinging London scene of the 1960s, appearing briefly in the counterculture era film Blowup and as the fantasy-like model in the psychedelic film Wonderwall. That same year, she auditioned in France for the female role in the film Slogan. In 1969, she and Gainsbourg released the duet Je taime, Gainsbourg originally wrote the song for Brigitte Bardot. The song caused a scandal for its explicitness, and was banned by radio stations in Italy, Spain. The only difference was that they were on different record labels and it was originally released on the Fontana label, but due to its controversy, Fontana withdrew the record which was then released on the Major Minor label. Because there were Fontana singles still in the shops along with the Major Minor release, on 4 October 1969 the Major Minor release was at number 3, also at that time it was the biggest ever selling single for a completely foreign language record. She appeared on Gainsbourgs 1971 album Histoire de Melody Nelson, portraying the Lolita-like protagonist in song and she took a break from acting in 1971–72, but returned as Brigitte Bardots lover in Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman. The same year, she had a role in the horror film Dark Places with Christopher Lee. In 1975, she appeared in Gainsbourgs first film, Je taime, moi non plus, which created a stir for frank examination of sexual ambiguity and was banned in the UK by the BBFC. For this performance she was nominated for a Best Actress César Award and she won Female Artist of the Year in the 1992 Victoires de la Musique. She starred in two films directed by Jacques Doillon – as Anne in La fille prodigue and as Alma in La pirate and this work led to an invitation from Patrice Chéreau to star on stage in La Fausse suivante by Marivaux at Nanterre. She worked with director Herbert Vesely on Egon Schiele Exzess und Bestrafung in 1980, appearing as the mistress of Austrian artist Egon Schiele, Jacques Rivette collaborated with her in Love on the Ground and La Belle Noiseuse. In 1985, she co-starred with John Gielgud, who was Katherine Mansfields husband and she appeared in Merchant Ivorys A Soldiers Daughter Never Cries and in Merci Docteur Rey. The end title song for Le Divorce featured her singing LAnamour, in 2006, she played the title role in Elektra, directed by Philippe Calvario in France
4.
David Warner (actor)
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He has a worldwide following for his many appearances in the Star Trek TV and feature-film franchise. In 1981, he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for his portrayal of Pomponius Falco in the television miniseries Masada. Warner was born in Manchester, England, the son of Ada Doreen and Herbert Simon Warner and he was born out of wedlock and frequently taken to be brought up by each of his parents, eventually settling with his Russian Jewish father and his stepmother. He was educated at Feldon School, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire and trained for the stage at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, London. In March 1962 at the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry, he played Conrad in Much Ado About Nothing, following which in June he appeared as Jim in Afore Night Come at the New Arts Theatre in London. At the Aldwych Theatre, London, in January 1964, he again played Henry VI in the complete The Wars of the Roses history cycle. Returning to Stratford in April, he performed the role in Richard II, Mouldy in Henry IV, Part 1. At the Aldwych in October 1964, he was cast as Valentine Brose in the play Eh. by Henry Livings and he first played the title role in Hamlet at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965. This production was transferred to the Aldwych Theatre in December of that year, in the 1966 Stratford season, his Hamlet was revived and he also played Sir Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night. Finally at the Aldwych in January 1970, he played Julian in Tiny Alice, another early television role came when he starred alongside Bob Dylan in the 1963 play Madhouse on Castle Street. A major step in his career was the role in Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment opposite Vanessa Redgrave. In horror films, he appeared in one of the stories of From Beyond the Grave, opposite Gregory Peck in The Omen as the ill-fated photojournalist Keith Jennings, and he also starred in cult classic Waxwork, and featured alongside a young Viggo Mortensen in the 1990 film Tripwire. He was also cast against type as Henry Niles in Straw Dogs, in 1981, Warner received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Special for Masada as Pomponius Falco. In 1988, he appeared in the Danny Huston film Mr. North, in 2001, he played Captain James Sawyer in two episodes of A&Es adaptation of C. S. Foresters Hornblower series. He appeared in three episodes of the season of Twin Peaks as Thomas Eckhardt. He also continues to play classical roles, in Chain of Command, a 6th-season episode of Star Trek, The Next Generation, he was a Cardassian interrogator. He based his portrayal on the evil re-educator from 1984 and his less-spectacular roles included a double-role in the low-budget fantasy Quest of the Delta Knights which was eventually spoofed on Mystery Science Theater 3000. He also played Admiral Tolwyn in the version of Wing Commander
5.
Leslie Phillips
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Leslie Samuel Phillips, CBE is an English actor who came to prominence in films in the 1950s, acting as a suave charmer with an exaggerated upper-class accent, in the style of Terry-Thomas. After a notable success in the Carry On films and the Doctor series, he moved away from comedy into character roles in the Harry Potter series and many TV sitcoms, contrary to the impression given by his public persona, Phillips came from a background of poverty. In 1931, the moved to Chingford, then in Essex, now part of Greater London. It was his mother who decided that Phillips should be sent to the Italia Conti Academy to receive elocution lessons to lose his natural cockney accent, at that time a strong regional accent was a major impediment to an aspiring actor. It proved to be a move and by the age of 14 Phillips was the familys main breadwinner. Phillips made his first film appearances as a child in the 1930s and he is the only actor still alive who performed at Pinewood Studios in its first week of opening in 1936. He also understudied for Binkie Beaumont and H. M. Tennent in the West End, in 1938, 14-year-old Leslie Phillips appeared with Graeme Muir in the West End play Dear Octopus where Muir was the juvenile lead. During the Second World War shows were frequently interrupted by air-raid sirens and Phillips recalls in his autobiography that audiences would evaporate, at 16, Phillips played an uncredited market street urchin in 1940s The Thief of Bagdad. Called up to the Army in 1942 Phillips rose to the rank of Lance-Bombardier in the Royal Artillery, due to his acquired upper class accent, Phillips was selected for officer training at Catterick and duly commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery in 1943. In his autobiography he would recall that his anti-aircraft battery destroyed numerous German V1 flying bombs launched against the UK during the period. He was transferred to the Durham Light Infantry in 1944 but was declared unfit for service after being diagnosed with a neurological condition that caused partial paralysis. He was initially sent to a hospital in error but was then sent to the correct facility for treatment. Demobbed as a lieutenant in December 1944, Phillips acting career took in the murkiest rat-infested old playhouses. It was during the 1950s that he became known for playing amusing English stereotypes and his first lead role in a television serial was in the 1952 sitcom My Wife Jacqueline. His seductive voice is his trademark as well as his catchphrases, I say, Ding Dong, Hello and Lumme. which were partly, if not wholly, the two appeared together in the pilot of Nawks Ahoy. A show very much of its time all recordings are now lost and he appeared in three of the early Carry On films. After Constable he told producer Peter Rogers that he did not wish to do any more Carry Ons, in the 1960s he took over from Dirk Bogarde in several of the Doctor film comedies. Between 1959 and 1977 Phillips became familiar on radio with a role in The Navy Lark
6.
Lucy Punch
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Lucy Punch is an English actress. She has appeared in such as Hot Fuzz, Bad Teacher, You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, Dinner for Schmucks. Punch was born in London, the daughter of Johanna and Michael Punch and she was educated privately at Godolphin School in Salisbury, Wiltshire and Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith, London. She performed with the National Youth Theatre from 1993 to 1997, Punch made her acting debut in a 1998 episode of The New Adventures of Robin Hood. Her other TV credits include the naive daughter of Alison Steadmans character in the short-lived series Let Them Eat Cake which starred French and Saunders. She starred as a player in the kids TV show Renford Rejects. In 2000, Punch appeared in the film Greenfingers, Punch made her stage debut as Elaine in Terry Johnsons West End adaptation of The Graduate. She has worked at the Royal Court and Bush theatres, both in London, in 2004, Punch played receptionist Elaine Denham on Doc Martin. She left the television show The Class after appearing in 11 of the first 12 episodes, in 2006 she won the Best Actress award at the Monaco International Film Festival for her performance in Are You Ready For Love. Punch starred in Woody Allens 2010 film You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger, in August 2010, she appeared in BBC Twos three part police comedy-drama Vexed. In 2011, Punch appeared in Bad Teacher, portraying sanctimonious school teacher Amy Squirrel, Punch was cast as Deena Pilgrim, the female lead in the TV pilot Powers, but the role was recast. Punch resides in West Hollywood, California and her first child, a son named Rex, was born in July 2015. Lucy Punch at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Youth (musician and producer)
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Martin Glover, known by his stage name Youth, is a record producer and a founding member and bassist of Killing Joke. He is a member of The Fireman, along with Paul McCartney, Glover was born in Farnworth, Lancashire. Between the ages of 11 and 17, he attended the boarding school Kingham Hill School. Naming himself Pig Youth after the reggae chanter Big Youth in 1977 he joined punk band The Rage, later he joined 4 Be 2 - a band formed by John Lydons brother Jimmy Lydon - and recorded the One of the Lads single with them. Youth is most famous for being the player in Killing Joke. He left the band in 1982, and soon founded his own commercially orientated dub funk band Brilliant. In 1989, Youth and Alex Paterson started the WAU, youths connections with dub continued in the mid-1990s when he was asked by Adrian Sherwood to remix some of Bim Shermans tracks for a reworking of the Miracle album. He also recently appeared on a Ted Parsons/NIC dub album, contributing a remix which opens with a sample from Glen Browns Version 78, in the early nineties, Youth formed techno and house music duo Blue Pearl together with American singer Durga McBroom. They scored a handful of hit singles including their blue vinyl debut Naked In The Rain and it was followed by Little Brother and Feel the Passion. An album, Naked, was also released, youths Butterfly Records label has produced artists such as Take That, Wet Wet Wet, Tom Jones, The Orb, System 7, Maria McKee and Heather Nova. Youth was the co-producer of The Verves Urban Hymns and Dolores ORiordans Are You Listening. He has also worked, produced and remixed for bands including Kate Bush, Guns N Roses, Primal Scream, Embrace, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Art of Noise, Crowded House, Zoe, P. M. Dawn, Yazoo, Erasure, U2, Bananarama, INXS, James, Suns of Arqa, Depeche Mode, The Shamen, Youth had also made plans to work with Duran Duran in the later stages of their lost album Reportage, before it was shelved later in 2006. In 2008, Youth produced the Delays album Everythings the Rush, in 2013, Glover produced the debut album Collective by the DIY indie rock band Echotape, followed by Meteorites by Echo and the Bunnymen and Lion by Peter Murphy. The following year, Glover produced Culture Clubs new album Tribes, also in 2008, Youth rejoined Killing Joke and is presently with them on bass. He is credited with founding the first psychedelic trance label, Dragonfly Records, as well as the Liquid Sound Design. He is well known on the trance scene, collaborating with Simon Posford and Saul Davies as Celtic Cross, with Greg Hunter and Simon Posford as Dub Trees. He has performed both full-on trance as well as chill-out DJ sets at several Return to the Source parties and his Butterfly Studios were also home of the Return to the Source offices circa 1999-2002
8.
Jaz Coleman
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Jeremy Jaz Coleman is a musician, composer, singer-songwriter and record producer. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as the lead vocalist and occasional keyboardist of post-punk group Killing Joke. Killing Jokes song The Wait was covered by Metallica on the $5.98 E. P. in 1987 and was featured on Garage, Inc. In addition, Coleman has composed orchestral and soundtrack pieces, Coleman was born in Cheltenham to an English father and an Anglo-Indian mother of half-Bengali descent, both of whom were school teachers. He studied piano and violin under Eric Coleridge, head of music for Cheltenham College, until the age of 17, Coleman studied in Leipzig DDR in 1987 and Cairo Conservatoire in 1979, completing an extensive study of Arabic quartertones at the latter institution. According to his own account, Coleman also studied international banking for three years in Switzerland and is an ordained priest with a church in New Zealand, in 1978 Coleman founded Killing Joke with drummer Paul Ferguson in Notting Hill, United Kingdom. The pair then recruited guitarist Geordie Walker and bassist Martin Glover, the group released their first single in October 1979 and their first eponymous album was released in 1980. Coleman contributed lead vocals and keyboards to the songs, which are categorised as post-punk. Coleman once quit Killing Joke temporarily following a gig in 1982—the day after, he travelled to Iceland, ten years of studying and ongoing Killing Joke involvement later, he commenced conducting and worked with some of the worlds leading orchestras. Conductor Klaus Tennstedt described him as a new Mahler, in 1996 he releases Pacifica, Ambient Sketches, recorded with the New Zealand String Quartet. In 1999 Jaz Coleman and Maori singer Hinewehi Mohi recorded the album Oceania, the record went double platinum in New Zealand. The song Pukaea appeared in the film Year of the Devil, in 2001 Coleman was commissioned by the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden London for his first large scale opera entitled The Marriage at Cana. Also commissioned by the Royal Opera House was Colemans Unwanted, a concerto grosso for violin, viola and this work was in collaboration with Czech photographer Jana Tržilová, whose portraits of the Roma taken within her own country moved the composer with their deep compassion and humanity. On 22 March, Sir Laurence Gardners book Secrets of the Lost Ark, also in 2003, Coleman completed a second work with Nigel Kennedy and the Kroke Trio in the role of friend and producer of their album, East Meets East, released through EMI Classics. In 2004 and 2005, Coleman arranged the Sarah Brightman album Harem and he also continues with his work as composer in residence of the Prague Symphony Orchestra. In early 2006 Joseph McManners performed Colemans Daughter of England at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic to standing ovation, in December, Colemans Us and Them, Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed at the Berlin Konzerthaus for the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall. Coleman also began work with the Prague Chamber Orchestra and was in discussion about a series of concerts, Colemans second symphony, recorded by the Auckland Philharmonic Orchestra, was due for release with the Nirvana Suite. In 2014, Coleman began the year by conducting the NSO Symphony Orchestra for the ceremony of the Dubai World Cup
9.
Trevor Eve
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Trevor John Eve is an English film and television actor. In 1979 he gained fame as the lead in the detective series Shoestring and is also known for his role as Detective Superintendent Peter Boyd in BBC television drama Waking the Dead. He is the father of three children, including actress Alice Eve, Eve was born in Sutton Coldfield, near Birmingham, the son of Elsie and Stewart Frederick Eve. His father was English, and his Welsh mother was from Glynneath, educated at Bromsgrove School, he had little acting experience during his school days. In his early years, Eve wanted to be an artist but was dissuaded from this career path and he dropped out of the course after three years to enrol at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where, upon leaving, he was awarded The Bancroft Gold Medal. During his early career as an actor, Eve also played Pro-Am tennis, Eve has enjoyed a long and successful acting career on stage, television and film, with his career spanning back to the 1970s. Eve appeared in Hindle Wakes directed by Laurence Olivier as part of the Laurence Olivier Presents TV series, in 1977, Eve joined the cast of Franco Zeffirellis Filumena in Londons West End, where he met future wife, Sharon Maughan. From 1979 to 1980, Eve became famous for the role of the private investigator Eddie Shoestring in Shoestring and he then went on to his first major film role in the 1979 Dracula directed by John Badham, playing Jonathan Harker, alongside Laurence Olivier. His success on stage continued, and in 1981, Eve won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor and he also co-starred in the short-lived 1985 ABC series Shadow Chasers. Eve won his second Laurence Olivier Award in 1996 for his portrayal of Dr Astrov in Uncle Vanya, in September 2000, Eve starred in the award-winning BBC drama series Waking the Dead, in the central role of Detective Superintendent Peter Boyd. Eve continued to play Boyd throughout the subsequent nine series of the drama, Eve was one of the many artists who recited Shakespearian sonnets on the 2002 album When Love Speaks. That same year, Eve played Cropper in Possession, directed by Neil LaBute, and continued his work in film in Troy directed by Wolfgang Petersen in 2004, and The Family Man in 2006. In April 2008, Eve starred as game show host and TV personality Hughie Green in the BBC Four biographical film Hughie Green, Most Sincerely. In 2010, Eve played the father of the lead, his real-life daughter, Alice, in Shes Out of My League. In January 2011, he starred in the three-part ITV drama Kidnap and Ransom, filmed on location in South Africa, Eve has also achieved success as a producer. Eve also served as producer on his successful series Kidnap and Ransom. He also starred in a drama on ITV called Lawless. Most recently, Eve played the part of Judge Sir Selwyn Hardcastle in the BBCs Death Comes to Pemberley in December 2013, on 19 February 2014, Eve was part of the invited audience at Buckingham Palace to celebrate the centennial of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
10.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
11.
Bravo (U.S. TV network)
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Bravo is an American basic cable and satellite television network and flagship channel, launched on December 1,1980. It is owned by NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast and headquartered in the Comcast Building in New York City, as of July 2015, approximately 92,295,000 American households receive Bravo. Bravo originally launched as a premium channel on December 1,1980. In 1981, Bravo was available to 48,000 subscribers throughout the United States, a 1985 profile of Bravo in The New York Times observed that most of its programming consisted of international, classic, and independent film. Celebrities such as E. G. Marshall and Roberta Peters provided opening and closing commentary to the films broadcast on the channel, performing arts programs seen on Bravo included the show Jazz Counterpoint. During the mid-1980s, Bravo converted from a service into a basic cable channel. Bravo signed a deal with Texaco in 1992 and within a month broadcast the first Texaco Showcase production. By the mid-1990s, Bravo began to incorporate more PBS-style underwriting sponsorships, in the Encyclopedia of Television, Megan Mullen perceived certain Bravo programs as considered too risky or eclectic for mainstream channels. Those programs were Karaoke and Cold Lazarus, the serials by British playwright Dennis Potter shown by Bravo in June 1997. In 1999, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer acquired a 20% stake in the channel, NBC bought the network in 2002 for $1.25 billion, it had owned a stake in the channel and its sister networks for several years up to that point. NBCs then-parent company General Electric merged the network and its other broadcast, bravos makeover occurred in 2003 with the reality series Queer Eye for the Straight Guy, which garnered 3.5 million viewers. Bravo Media released its first ever scripted series Girlfriends Guide to Divorce in the half of 2014. A study released in May 2008 ranked Bravo as the most recognizable brand among gay consumers, bravos age demographic is people 18-54, according to the Cable Television Advertising Bureaus cable television profiles. The. by Bravo marketing tag will also be phased out from general use, Bravo utilizes block programming for both new shows and existing ones such as its Fashion By Bravo block. The channel carried no coverage during the 2008 games, as NBCUniversal had acquired Oxygen, during the 2016 Rio Olympics, Bravo served as the exclusive home of the entire tennis tournament. Bravo began broadcasting in the 1080i high definition format in 2007, the format is available on all major cable and satellite providers. Before Bravo broadcast in HD, the current Universal HD launched as Bravo HD+ and it had a completely different schedule than the main Bravo channel and only aired programs produced in HD. An Australian channel called Arena rebranded its on-air presentation in 2008 to align with Bravo as a result of an agreement with Bravo Media, Arena uses the now-former Bravo slogan Watch What Happens and has access to Bravo-produced programming
12.
Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
13.
Video CD
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Video CD is a home video format and the first format for distributing films on standard 120 mm optical discs. The format was adopted in Southeast Asia instead of VHS. The format is a digital format for storing video on a compact disc. VCDs are playable in dedicated VCD players, most DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, personal computers, the Video CD standard was created in 1993 by Sony, Philips, Matsushita, and JVC and is referred to as the White Book standard. Although they have been superseded by other media, VCDs continue to be retailed as a low-cost video format, in 1979, Philips introduced the optical LaserDisc, which was about 30 cm in diameter. This disc could hold an hour of analog video along with audio on each side. The Laserdisc provided picture quality nearly double that of VHS tape, Philips later teamed up with Sony to develop a new type of disc, the compact disc or CD. Introduced in 1982 in Japan, the CD is about 120 mm in diameter, the format was initially designed to store digitized sound and proved to be a success in the music industry. A few years later, Philips decided to give CDs the ability to produce video and this led to the creation of CD Video in 1987. However, the small size significantly impeded the ability to store analog video. Therefore, CD-V distribution was limited to featuring music videos, by the early 1990s engineers were able to digitize and compress video signals, greatly improving storage efficiency. Because this new format could hold 83 minutes of audio and video, extra capacity was obtained by sacrificing the error correction. This format was named Video CD or VCD, VCD enjoyed a brief period of success, with a few major feature films being released in the format. However, VCDs are still being released in countries in Asia. The development of sophisticated, higher capacity optical disc formats yielded the DVD format. DVD players use lasers that are of shorter wavelength than those used on CDs, allowing the recorded pits to be smaller, the DVD was so successful that it eventually pushed VHS out of the video market once suitable recorders became widely available. Nevertheless, VCDs made considerable inroads into developing nations, where they are still in use today, Video CDs comply with the CD-i Bridge format, and are authored using tracks in CD-ROM XA mode. The first track of a VCD is in CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1 and this track may also contain other non-essential files, and is shown by operating systems when loading the disc
14.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
15.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
16.
Amazon Prime
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Amazon Prime is a paid subscription service offered by Amazon. com that gives users access to free shipping, streaming items and other benefits for a monthly or yearly fee. In March 2014, Amazon announced an increase in the membership fee for Amazon Prime. Shortly after this change, Amazon announced Prime Music, a service members can get unlimited, ad-free streaming of over a million songs. In November 2014, Amazon added Prime Photos, which allows unlimited photo storage in the users Amazon Drive, Amazon also began offering free same-day delivery to Prime members in 14 United States metropolitan areas in May 2015. In April 2015, Amazon started a partnership with Audi. This project is available on the Munich area to some Audi connected car users. On July 15,2015, to commemorate its 20th birthday, Amazon celebrated Amazon Prime Day, on July 13,2016, Amazon Prime said customers placed 60 percent more orders worldwide on Prime Day. In December 2015, Amazon stated that tens of millions of people are Amazon Prime members, Amazon Prime added 3 million members during the third week of December 2015. Among the programming involved in the program are Showtime, Starz, Lifetime Movie Club, Smithsonian Earth. In January 2016, Amazon Prime reached 54 million members according to a report from Consumer Intelligence Research Partners, in September 2016, Amazon launched a restaurant delivery for Prime members in London. It was reported delivery fee on all orders is free for Prime members with an order of £15.00. In December 2016, Amazon began offering prime membership for a monthly, instead of yearly fee, in December 2016, Amazon announced Wickedly Prime, a private-label line of food and beverages available to Prime members. Prime Music is a Spotify/Google Play Music competitor that offer a library of millions of songs to Amazon Prime members at no added cost, the service debuted on September 7,2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States. On September 4,2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand, the Unbox name still refers to the local program, which as of August 2014 is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22,2011, the service rebranded as Amazon Instant Video and added access to 5,000 movies,25,000 daily essential products are available with this delivery service. In February 2015, the service was extended to all of Manhattan. By mid-2016, it had expanded in the United States to include parts of Chicago, Miami, Baltimore, Dallas, Atlanta, Austin, Nashville, San Antonio. Outside of the United States, it has expanded to London, Birmingham, newcastle, Manchester, Liverpool, Milan, Munich, Berlin, Paris, Barcelona, Madrid and Tokyo
17.
Channel Four Television Corporation
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Channel Four Television Corporation is a publicly owned media company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. Its original and principal activity is the British national television network Channel 4, the company was founded in 1982 as Channel Four Television Company Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the IBA, and became an independent statutory corporation in 1993. November 1998 saw Channel Four expand beyond its remit of providing the service in a significant way. Since then the corporation has been involved in a range of activities, all in some way associated with the main channel. Significantly, this meant the abolition of the IBA, and hence the Channel Four Television Company, the result led to the creation of a corporation to own and operate the channel, which would have greater autonomy and would eventually go on to establish its other operations. It remained publicly owned and was regulated by the new Independent Television Commission, in 2014, the Government drew up proposals to privatise the Channel Four Television Corporation. However, the proposal was rejected by the Liberal Democrat Business Secretary Vince Cable, Channel 4 is a national public-service television channel in the United Kingdom which began working on 2 November 1982. Channel 4 is largely commercially self-funded, with the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, Channel 4 became an entirely UK-wide TV channel for the first time. Channel Four launched 4seven on 4 July 2012, the new service was under working title Shuffle Project, though it was announced on 8 March 2012, that the name would be 4seven. The channel offers audiences the chance to catch-up on the top rated programming from Channel Fours boutique of channels over a week, the channel is available on Freesat, Freeview, Sky and Virgin Media. Channel Four launched a film channel, FilmFour, in November 1998. It was available on satellite television and digital cable. Companion services, such as FilmFour+1, FilmFour World and FilmFour Extreme were also available on digital services. In 2003 Extreme and World were discontinued, and replaced with FilmFour Weekly, FilmFour Weekly closed in July 2006, when the main, newly named Film4 channel went free-to-view and became available on Digital Terrestrial. The switchover to digital terrestrial was heavily advertised and it remains the only film channel available free on digital terrestrial television. At these times FilmFour was available unencrypted and free-to-air, E4, a digital entertainment channel previously available on the Internet, with a target age-range of 16-34, was launched in January 2001. It features premières of US imports and supplementary footage for programmes on its main channel, in 2005 it launched on Digital Terrestrial. E4 now has as much coverage as other services available on Cable, Satellite and Digital Terrestrial like ITV2, also they have Second Chance Sunday which allows you to see programmes you have missed during the week on a Sunday
18.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
19.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
20.
Walt Disney World
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The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
21.
Birmingham Post
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For the newspaper of the same name formerly published in Birmingham, Alabama, see Birmingham Post-Herald. The Birmingham Post is a printed newspaper based in Birmingham, England, with a circulation of 6,667. First published under the name the Birmingham Daily Post in 1857, it has had a succession of distinguished editors and has played a role in the life. It is currently owned by Trinity Mirror, in June 2013, it launched a daily tablet edition called Birmingham Post Business Daily. The Birmingham Journal was a newspaper published between 1825 and 1869. A nationally influential voice in the Chartist movement in the 1830s, the 1855 Stamp Act removed the tax on newspapers and transformed the news trade. The price of the Journal was reduced from seven pence to four pence, untaxed, it became possible to sell a newspaper for a penny, and the advantage lay with smaller, more frequent publications that could keep their readers more up to date. Historical copies of the Birmingham Daily Post, dating back to 1857, are available to search, from the outset the Post became closely associated with radical politics and intellectual movements. The newspaper played an important role in the calls for political and social reform in the rapidly expanding industrial town. In 1869 Birmingham Daily Post editor John Thackray Bunce was instrumental in getting Joseph Chamberlain elected to the Town Council for the first time, the newspaper remained a staunch supporter of Chamberlain helping to take the town with him as he pushed for municipal reform. It printed informed articles on the ideals of the Civic Gospel, and gave a platform to radical figures such as John Bright, George Dawson, Robert William Dale, John Frederick Feeney died in 1869, and was succeeded by his son John. He inherited his fathers passion the city and built on his success, by the 1870s, the Birmingham Daily Post was the largest circulating daily newspaper in the Midlands. Following the death of John Feeney in 1905, ownership of the Post passed to his nephew, Hyde was instrumental in urging middle class recruits to volunteer for the Birmingham Pals battalions at the outbreak of the First World War. In an editorial of August 1914 he wrote, At all costs Germany must be restrained, Birmingham can and ought to do much more. we should raise a battalion of non-manual workers. The word Daily was dropped from the title in 1918, Hyde remained the proprietor of the Birmingham Post and Mail until his death in 1942. The papers were bought by a newspaper proprietor Sir Edward Iliffe, a former Conservative MP. It became part of a company, the Birmingham Post & Mail Limited. The Birmingham Post, Evening Mail, Sports Argus and Sunday Mercury moved into the purpose built Post and Mail building in the city centre in 1965
22.
USA Today
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USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15,1982, it operates from Gannetts corporate headquarters on Jones Branch Drive in McLean, Virginia and it is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with an international edition distributed in Canada, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Gannett formally announced the launch of the paper on April 20,1982. USA Today began publishing on September 15,1982, initially launching in the Baltimore and Washington, on July 2,1984, the newspaper switched from a largely black-and-white to a color publication, featuring full color photography and graphics in all four sections. On April 8,1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called Baseball 85, on May 6,1986, USA Today began printing production of its international edition in Switzerland. On April 15, USA Today launched an international printing site. On August 28,1995, an international publishing site was launched in Frankfurt, Germany, to print. On October 4,1999, USA Today began running advertisements on its front page for the first time. The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15,2000, in Milan, Italy, followed on July 10 by the launch of a printing facility in Charleroi. That November, USA Today migrated its operations from Gannetts previous corporate headquarters in Arlington, in 2010, USA Today launched the USA Today API for sharing data with partners of all types. On August 27,2010, USA Today announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom and it also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms and launch of a new publication called USA Today Sports. On September 14,2012, USA Today underwent the first major redesign in its history, to accomplish this goal, Gannett migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform and the USA Today site design throughout 2013 and 2014. On January 4,2014, USA Today acquired the book and film review website, on September 3,2014, USA Today announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations. In October 2014, USA Today and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a Bingo app called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise, USA Today is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and some Canadian cities, each consists of four sections, News, Money, Sports. The international edition of the paper features two sections, News and Money in one, with Sports and Life in the other, atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays, the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. USA Today prints each complete story on the front page of the section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a story that requires a jump
23.
Wetherby
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Wetherby is a market town and civil parish within the City of Leeds metropolitan borough, in West Yorkshire, England. It stands on the River Wharfe, and has been for centuries a crossing place and staging post on the A1 Great North Road and it has a population of 11,155. The population of the Wetherby Civil Parish in 2011 was 10,772, Wetherby Bridge, which spans the River Wharfe, is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a Grade II listed structure. In the 12th and 13th centuries the Knights Templar and later the Knights Hospitallers were granted land, the local preceptory founded in 1217 was at Ribston Park. In 1240 the Knights Templar were granted by Royal Charter of Henry III the right to hold a market in Wetherby, on Thursdays and a yearly fair was permitted lasting three days over the day of St James the Apostle. From 1318 to 1319 the North of England suffered many raids from the Scots, after the Battle of Bannockburn Wetherby was burned and many people taken and killed. According to the plaque at the entrance to the lane. In the English Civil War in 1644, before marching to Tadcaster and on to Marston Moor, in the heyday of the coaching era, Wetherby had up to forty inns and alehouses. The first recorded mail coach arrived in Wetherby in 1786, in 1824, William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire sold the town of Wetherby to finance work at Chatsworth. Wetherby provides the setting for the novel Oldbury by Annie Keary, during the First World War, many Wetherby men served with either the 5th or 9th Battalion, West Yorkshire Regiment, which had great losses in Flanders. A war memorial designed by E. F. Roslyn was dedicated on 22 April 1922, in 1918, residents contributed to support the crew of the Racecourse class minesweeper HMS Wetherby despite hardship and shortages caused by the war. During the Second World War, nearby RAF Tockwith was renamed RAF Marston Moor to avoid confusion with RAF Topcliffe, part of the airfield is now a driver training centre and the old control tower is used as the offices. Parts of the runways can still be seen, clark Gable was stationed at Marston Moor, during the Second World War, as a member of the USAAF ground staff, with the rank of captain. He was transferred to RAF Polebrook in Northamptonshire, adolf Hitler offered a reward to anyone who was able to catch the airman. Group Captain Leonard Cheshire was stationed at Marston Moor for a short while before leaving to become commander of the 617 Dam Buster squadron. Wetherby had the stone frigate north of London, built on Hallfield Lane in 1942, named in turn, HMS Cabot, Demetrius, Rodney. The base was closed in 1958 and transferred to Chatham, throughout the 1960s the town council deliberated over how best to enlarge the town centre to cope with the needs of a growing population and to provide the town with a purpose built supermarket. Plans were put forward to enlarge the town over the ings, in the end it was decided to build a purpose built shopping precinct, which was built in the 1970s and underwent a significant redevelopment throughout 2003
24.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
26.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
27.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
28.
Used People
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Used People is a 1992 American-Japanese romantic comedy film directed by Beeban Kidron. Pearl Berman has just returned home from her husband Jacks funeral, Pearls family tackles any and every subject – from body odor to toilets to Tupperware to borscht – as if its worthy of a major debate. Into a household filled with kvetchers steps Joe Meledandri, a distinguished Italian who years ago met Pearls wayward husband in a bar and he has desired her ever since, and now that Pearl is a widow, Joe feels the time is right to make his move. He invites her for coffee, his first step on the road to seduction, and those are just some of the crazy relatives that come as part of the package. Keen Costume design – Marilyn Vance In her review in the New York Times, Janet Maslin observed, As directed by Beeban Kidron and it also slathers the ethnic equivalent of corn onto every sentimental scene. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, The movie is by turns serious, satirical, bittersweet, maudlin, satirical, romantic, macLaine is a pro and survives the material. We care about her enough, indeed, to wonder if meeting the Mastroianni character is really the best thing that could have happened to her and he doesnt often seem like a real human in this movie, hes more like an all-purpose writers device. The odds are against any person being able to behave like this man. What the movie could not overcome, for me at least, is the lack of any convincing romantic chemistry between, variety stated, A modern, absurdist sensibility informs the soap opera Used People. Which harks back to 50s weepies, macLaines precise acting is laudatory and balanced by a very sympathetic turn by twinkle-eyed Mastroianni, in his best English-language role by far. Rita Kempley of the Washington Post said, Used People wants to be Moonstruck with matzo balls and its rich in character if rather trite in theme and scene. In The New Yorker, Michael Sragow observed, Life goes on — for the audience, in the end, love conquers everything from religious differences to mental illness, everything, that is, except the forced eccentricity and bickering stereotypes in Todd Graffs script. In his review of the release, Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly rated the film C- and added. The score oompahs with grating merriment as characters parade cutesy tics instead of human traits. With stars as gifted as Jessica Tandy, Sylvia Sidney, and Kathy Bates drowning in the tough-talking treacle, the Casting Society of America nominated Mary Colquhoun for the Artios Award for Best Casting for a Dramatic Feature Film. Despite being distributed by 20th Century Fox on its release in 1992. Used People at the Internet Movie Database Used People at Rotten Tomatoes
29.
Great Moments in Aviation
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Great Moments in Aviation is a 1994 British romantic drama film set on a 1950s passenger liner. The film follows Gabriel Angel, a young Caribbean aviator who falls in love with the forger Duncan Stewart on her journey to England. Stewart is pursued by his nemesis Rex Goodyear, and the group are supported by Dr Angela Bead and Miss Gwendolyn Quim, retired missionaries who become lovers during the voyage. The film was written by Jeanette Winterson, directed by Beeban Kidron and produced by Phillippa Gregory, Winterson intended the screenplay to be reminiscent of a fairytale, and was unhappy at being asked to write a new ending for its American release. The film was shown at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival and broadcast on British television in 1995, although originally intended for theatrical release, it failed to find a theatrical distributor, and was released straight to video in the United States in 1997 under the title Shades of Fear. The film received mixed to negative reviews critics, and while the lesbian sub-plot in particular was generally well received. Set in 1957, Great Moments in Aviation follows Gabriel Angel, upon boarding the ship, Gabriel finds herself assigned shared sleeping quarters with fellow passenger Duncan Stewart. It transpires that Duncan is a forger, who years ago stole a Titian painting from Goodyear and had an affair with his wife. Goodyear believes that his painting is on board the ship, and she is furious with Duncan for lying to her, but the two go on to reconcile and later make love. Their romance is complicated by the fact Gabriel professes to have a waiting for her in England. They begin a relationship nonetheless, supported by Angela and Gwendolyne and they each confess to having secretly been in love with the other for years, and become lovers, vowing to live together in their retirement. It comes to light that the death of Goodyears wife was an accident, caused as he, Duncan returns his painting, and goes on to burn all his forged documents and papers in front of Gabriel. She confesses that her marriage to Michael is over, and she, the film ends with Gabriels grandmother Vesuvia reading her family a letter from England, informing them that Gabriel and Duncan are happy together, and are expecting a child. As the family express their delight, Gabriel flies overhead, having finally attained her pilot licence, giles, for whom Great Moments was her first feature film, believes that it was the success of Oranges which lead the British Broadcasting Corporation to approve the film so easily. The screenplay is inspired by the story of the mother of actress Vicky Licorish. It is adapted from a short story Winterson wrote entitled Atlantic Crossing, published in 1999 in her anthology The World and Other Places. The central themes of the story are race, Hemingway, colonialism, love, lust and she ascribes the roles of hero and heroine to Duncan and Gabriel, fairy godmothers to Miss Quim and Dr Bead, and non-archetypal villain to Rex Goodyear. In the new world, objects are unfamiliar and events do not follow the usual rules, the coincidence of colour and language, each more vivid than normal, pull the viewer forward with fairytale immediacy
30.
To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar
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To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything. Julie Newmar is a 1995 American comedy film, starring Wesley Snipes, Patrick Swayze and its title refers to an iconic autographed photo of Julie Newmar that they carry with them on their journey. After tying for the win in New Yorks Drag Queen of the Year contest, Noxeema Jackson, before they depart, Vida persuades Noxeema to take along the inexperienced drag princess Chi-Chi Rodriguez as their protégé. To do this, they trade in their tickets for cash and buy a stylish. They set off for Los Angeles in it, carrying with them an autographed photo of Julie Newmar that Vida purloined from a restaurant wall. While on the road they are pulled over by the racist, homophobic, and sexist Sheriff Dollard and he discovers Vida is not a woman and, in the commotion, he falls backwards and is knocked unconscious. They think he is dead, hurry off, and leave him behind, as they recover from the incident at a rest stop, their car breaks down. They become stranded in the town for the weekend as they wait for the replacement part for their car to arrive, Chi-Chi is harassed by a group of roughnecks, but is saved by Bobby Ray. While searching for the new outfits, they are ecstatic to find vintage fashions from the 1960s in the clothing store. Following their makeover, they are abused by the same roughnecks that attempted to attack Chi-Chi, fed up, Noxeema handles the situation in a typically New York manner and teaches their ringleader a lesson in manners. Vida, Noxeema, and Chi-Chi do what they can to be positive, meanwhile, Sheriff Dollard is ridiculed by his colleagues, who believe he was beat up by a girl. He goes off in search of the drag queens, Vida, in the meantime, becomes acutely aware of Carol Anns abuse at the hands of Virgil and, shortly thereafter, they overhear him giving her another beating. Vida decides to intervene and beats him up before throwing him out of the house, Carol Ann is able to repair their car, but they remain for the Strawberry Social. Carol Ann reveals to Vida that she knew she was a drag queen all along due to her Adams apple, not too far away, Virgil runs into Sheriff Dollard at a bar and they realize that the newcomers are the same people Dollard has been searching for. They head back to Snydersville, and Dollard demands that the townspeople turn them over, the other townspeople, who now realize that their new friends are not women, begin to protect them. One by one step up and confront Dollard, each one claiming to be a drag queen. The Strawberry Social commences with everyone dressed in vibrant red outfits for it and they then say goodbye to their new friends as they prepare to leave. In honor of their friendship, Vida gives Carol Ann the autographed photo of Julie Newmar that has accompanied them on their trip
31.
Swept from the Sea
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Swept from the Sea is a 1997 American drama film directed by Beeban Kidron and starring Vincent Perez, Rachel Weisz, and Ian McKellen. Yanko Góral, a Ukrainian peasant, is swept ashore on the coast of Cornwall, England, the bodies of his fellow passengers wash ashore and are soon buried in a mass grave. Yanko makes his way to the Swaffer farm, where his dishevelled appearance frightens the family, Amy Foster, however, is not frightened by the stranger. Amy is a loner who visits her parents, Mary and Isaac Foster, every Sunday and her father calls her a queer sort who collects things that wash ashore, and blames her for his scandalous marriage—Mary was already pregnant before they were married. In the coming days, Amy attends to Yanko—washing, feeding, when he regains his health, Yanko is taken away by the townspeople to work as slave labour. A few months later, Dr. Kennedy and Mr. Swaffer are playing chess when Yanko approaches, Dr. Kennedy soon determines that the man is in fact Russian. Having gained a respect for the stranger, the Swaffers take him in, start paying him for his labor. Yanko learns from the doctor that Miss Swaffer, on the eve of her day, had a horse-riding accident. The doctor also reveals that he lost his wife and son to typhus many lifetimes ago, the doctors fatherly affection for Yanko is evident in their meetings, where Yanko learns English and the doctor learns chess. The doctor purchases Yanko a new suit of clothes, which gives him the courage to visit Amy, when Mr. Swaffer learns of Yankos interest in Amy, he tries to dissuade her from any romantic involvement. Amys parents also urge her to stay away—her mother warning her that love is Gods trick upon women, when Yanko goes to church, he encounters a hostility in the congregation that bewilders him. Their eyes are like glass, he later tells Amy, who finds him at the memorial for the ships dead. There he learns for the first time happened to his fellow passengers. To escape the hate, Amy takes Yanko to her secret cave filled with treasures she found on the shore, Yanko and Amy make love in the cave. Soon after, while walking alone in town, Yanko is set upon by Amys father and his friends, beaten up, and nearly drowned before being saved by Amy. Meanwhile, Dr. Kennedy has little sympathy for Amy, whom he considers a little strange, after chastising the father and his thuggish friends, Miss Swaffer arranges for a preacher to come and marry Amy and Yanko. Amys father, however, retains his hatred for Amy whom he reveals to be in fact the child of his father, saying, bad you were conceived and bad youve remained. After someone sets fire to Amys cave, Miss Swaffer arranges for the cottage to be given to Amy and Yanko, afterwards, they make love in the cave pool, with Yanko saying, We are the lucky ones
32.
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film)
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It stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, Colin Firth as Mark Darcy, and Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver. Despite this, the film was a box office success, grossing over $260 million worldwide, the film begins shortly before Bridgets mothers annual Turkey Curry Buffet. Bridget is ecstatic about her relationship with Mark Darcy, however, Bridgets confidence in her relationship is shattered when she meets Marks colleague, the beautiful Rebecca Gillies. Bridget meets her ex, Daniel Cleaver, at her job for Sit-Up Britain and is offered a position as the Smooth Guidess, Bridget initially refuses, declaring that Daniel Cleaver a deceitful, sexist, disgusting specimen of humanity. Bridget is delighted when Mark invites her to the Law Council Dinner, assuming he will propose afterwards, after the Law Council Dinner, Mark and Bridget have an argument and she walks away from him. Mark goes to Bridgets apartment, apologizes, and tells her he loves her for the first time, later in the night, Mark asks Bridget if shed like to go on a ski holiday in Vorarlberg, Austria. Once on the slopes, she learns Rebecca recommended the vacation spot to Mark, while on the holiday, Bridget thinks shes pregnant, after an argument concerning the future of children, the pregnancy test proves negative. After they return home, Bridget and Mark have lunch with both of their parents, when the subject of marriage comes up during conversation, Bridget is hurt by Marks comment that its not something theyre even thinking about yet. Bridget, hearing that answer, breaks up with Mark and goes with Daniel to Thailand to film The Smooth Guide with her friend, Bridget and Daniel flirt in Thailand. Bridget loses faith in Daniel again when she is in a hotel room, Daniel later says that the gorgeous Thai girl was revealed to be a gorgeous Thai boy. While packing up for their trip home, Shazzer asks Bridget to put Jeds gift in her bag. Bridget is arrested and sent to a Thai prison after airport security-dogs detect a large stash of cocaine inside the gift, in prison, Bridget spends her time sharing relationship stories with the inmates and teaching them Madonnas Like a Virgin. Mark arrives to tell Bridget that his superiors have sent him to put her release in motion, Bridget identifies Jed in a picture as the man who gave Shazzer the hidden cocaine. Mark walks away after stating that he was just the messenger. In Britain, Mark confronts Daniel for not helping Bridget when she was arrested, eventually, Daniel swears off Bridget for good and sarcastically suggests that Mark just marry her. Bridget arrives at Heathrow Airport as an international human-rights celebrity and she is greeted by her parents, who have been busy planning their vow renewal ceremony. Hopeful that he loves her, she runs to his house. She finds Rebecca there and assumes that there is a relationship between Mark and her
33.
Hippie Hippie Shake
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Hippie Hippie Shake is an unreleased British drama film produced by Working Title Films. Hippie Hippie Shake stars Cillian Murphy as Richard Neville, with Sienna Miller as Louise, British film production company Working Title began development of Hippie Hippie Shake in 1998, but the film was repeatedly delayed, changing directors and screenwriters. In September 2007, the film began principal photography. In 2011 Working Title said that the film not be released in cinemas. The film serves as a journey through the 1960s in London. Production did not begin as anticipated, Working Title restarted development in February 2002 with director Shekhar Kapur attached to direct based on a script by Tom Butterworth. In May 2007, Working Title announced its attempt to produce Hippie Hippie Shake. The film, which would be distributed by Universal Pictures, was slated to begin production in the autumn of 2007, following William Nicholsons involvement with the script, principal photography began on 17 September 2007. I think the timing is pretty terrific, enough time has gone by to perhaps look at that era in a new perspective and help us reflect on whats going on today, Neville said. Parts of the film were shot in the Hampstead district of London, until his death, South Hill Park was the home of Anthony Minghella, the film director and father of Max Minghella. All Saints Road was also used as a substitute for Kings Road, in August 2008, controversy surrounding Millers personal life led to a delay in the films release. In July 2009, creative differences led Beeban Kidron to quit during post-production, her husband, screenwriter Lee Hall, left the production earlier. According to The Times, Kidron said I worked on the film for as long as I could and as hard as I could, a 100-print release was scheduled for February 2010, but never happened. The people depicted in the film have had a range of reactions to the film, Greer refused to be involved with the film, just as she declined to read Nevilles memoir before it was published. She did not want to meet with Emma Booth, who portrays her in the film, Booth had just told The Brisbane Times, Its going to be a bit scary playing her. I am sure she is going to hate me, in contrast to Greer, Louise Ferrier met with director Kidron to discuss the film at length, and expressed the opinion that Kidron was certainly working to make it authentic. Ferrier said she was unfamiliar with the work of Sienna Miller, publisher Felix Dennis was more cooperative however, and agreed to meet up with Chris ODowd, the actor who portrays him in the film. He was a charismatic man, ODowd stated
34.
Charles Perrault
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Charles Perrault was a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new genre, the fairy tale. The best known of his tales include Le Petit Chaperon Rouge, Cendrillon, Le Chat Botté, La Belle au bois Dormant, some of Perraults versions of old stories have influenced the German versions published by the Brothers Grimm more than 100 years later. The stories continue to be printed and have adapted to opera, ballet, theatre. Perrault was a figure in the 17th-century French literary scene, and was the leader of the Modern faction during the Quarrel of the Ancients. Perrault was born in Paris to a bourgeois family, the seventh child of Pierre Perrault. He attended very good schools and studied law before embarking on a career in government service and he took part in the creation of the Academy of Sciences as well as the restoration of the Academy of Painting. In 1654, he moved in with his brother Pierre, who had purchased a post as the tax collector of the city of Paris. When the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres was founded in 1663, Perrault was appointed its secretary and served under Jean Baptiste Colbert, Jean Chapelain, Amable de Bourzeys, and Jacques Cassagne were also appointed. His design was chosen over designs by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and François Mansart, in 1668, Perrault wrote La Peinture to honor the kings first painter, Charles Le Brun. He also wrote Courses de tetes et de bague, written to commemorate the 1662 celebrations staged by Louis for his mistress, Louise-Françoise de La Baume le Blanc, Perrault was elected to the Académie française in 1671. He married Marie Guichon, age 19, in 1672, she died in 1678, in 1669 Perrault advised Louis XIV to include thirty-nine fountains each representing one of the fables of Aesop in the labyrinth of Versailles in the gardens of Versailles. The work was carried out between 1672 and 1677, water jets spurting from the animals mouths were conceived to give the impression of speech between the creatures. There was a plaque with a caption and a written by the poet Isaac de Benserade next to each fountain. Perrault produced the guidebook for the labyrinth, Labyrinte de Versailles, printed at the press, Paris, in 1677. Philippe Quinault, a family friend of the Perraults, quickly gained a reputation as the librettist for the new musical genre known as opera. He was on the side of the Moderns and wrote Le Siècle de Louis le Grand, Le Siècle de Louis le Grand was written in celebration of Louis XIVs recovery from a life-threatening operation. Perrault argued that because of Louiss enlightened rule, the present age was superior in respect to ancient times
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Brothers Grimm
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Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law
36.
Fairy godmother
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In fairy tales, a fairy godmother is a fairy with magical powers who acts as a mentor or parent to someone, in the role that an actual godparent was expected to play in many societies. In Perraults Cinderella, he concludes the tale with the moral that no personal advantages will suffice without proper connections. The fairy godmother is a case of the donor. Actual fairy godmothers are rare in fairy tales, but became familiar figures because of the popularity of the fairy tales of Madame dAulnoy and other précieuses. Many other supernatural patrons feature in fairy tales, these various kinds of animals. The fairy godmother has her roots in the figures of the Fates, this is clear in Sleeping Beauty, where they decree her fate. Typically, the fairy godmothers protégé is a prince or princess and the hero of the story, the most well-known example is probably the fairy godmother in Charles Perraults Cinderella. Eight fairy godmothers appear in The Sleeping Beauty, of Charles Perraults, the popularity of these versions of these tales led to this being widely regarded as a common fairy-tale motif, although they are less common in other tales. Indeed, the fairy godmothers were added to The Sleeping Beauty by Perrault, no such figures appeared in his source, Sole, Luna, in the Grimm Brothers variant of Cinderella, Aschenputtel is aided not by her fairy godmother but by her dead mother. A great variety of figures may also take this place. She is portrayed as kind, gentle and sweet, likewise, in her The White Doe, the fairy godmother helps the evil princess get revenge on the heroine. In Henriette-Julie de Murats Bearskin, the heroine has a fairy godmother, but she is offended that the marriage was arranged without consulting her. Fairy godmothers appear frequently in fantasy, especially comic versions and retellings of Cinderella. Whenever events are right for a tale to recur, the relevant Fairy Godmother steps in to make sure that the tale in question runs its course with as few fatalities as possible. In the television animated Halloween special Witchs Night Out, the witch is mistaken for a fairy godmother by the two children, Small and Tender and their sitter, Bazooey corrects them by addressing the fairy godmother as a wicked witch. The Fairly OddParents is a humorous animated TV Series where the fairies Cosmo, in Shrek 2, the fairy godmother who appears is an evil twin sister of Cinderellas fairy godmother. She is a conniving, crooked businesswoman, who is willing to resort to blackmail and/or murder to further her own interests. The Discworld novel Witches Abroad also features a fairy godmother, Lady Lilith de Tempscire
37.
Stepmother
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A stepmother or stepmom is the wife of ones biological father, who is not ones biological mother. Step parents may also face some societal challenges due to the surrounding the evil stepmother character. Morello notes that the introduction of the evil character in the past is problematic to stepparents today. The presence of this stigma has had a powerful, negative impact on stepmothers self-esteems, in fiction, stepmothers are often portrayed as being wicked and evil. The character of the wicked stepmother features heavily in fairy tales, the most famous examples are Cinderella, Snow White, in some fairy tales, the stepdaughters escape by marrying does not free her from her stepmother. After the birth of the stepdaughters first child, the stepmother may attempt to murder the new mother and replace her with her own daughter—thus making her the stepmother to the next generation. Such a replacement occurs in The Wonderful Birch, Brother and Sister, in the Korean Folktale Janghwa Hongryeon jeon, the stepmother kills her own stepdaughters. In many stories with evil stepmothers, the hostility between the stepmother and the stepchild is underscored by having the child succeed through aid from the dead mother. The notion of the word stepmother being descriptive of an intrinsically unkind parent is suggested by peculiar wording in John Gambles An Irish Wake and he writes of a woman soon to die, who instructs her successor to be kind to my children. Gamble writes that the injunction was forgotten and that she proved a very step-mother, the Icelandic fairy tale The Horse Gullfaxi and the Sword Gunnfoder features a good stepmother, who indeed aids the prince like a fairy godmother, but this figure is very rare in fairy tales. The stepmother may be identified with other evils the characters meet and this hostility from the stepmother and tenderness from the true mother has been interpreted in varying ways. A psychological interpretation, by Bruno Bettelheim, describes it as splitting the actual mother in an ideal mother, in some fairy tales, such as The Juniper Tree, the stepmothers hostility is overtly the desire to secure the inheritance of her children. Stepmothers also make appearances in Chinese tales of family. In Classic of Filial Piety, Guo Jujing told the story of Min Ziqian and his stepmother had two more sons and saw to it that they were warmly dressed in winter but neglected her stepson. When her husband discovered this, he decided to divorce her and his son interceded, on the ground that she neglected only him, but when they had no mother, all three sons would be neglected. His father relented, and the stepmother henceforth took care of all three children, for this, he was held up as a model of filial piety. Conversely, the exemplary stepmother prefers the stepson to her own child, the ubiquity of the wicked stepmother has made it a frequent theme of revisionist fairy tale fantasy. More subtly, Piers Anthony depicted the Princess Threnody as being cursed by her stepmother in Crewel Lye, A Caustic Yarn, if she ever entered Castle Roogna, it would fall down
38.
Prince Charming
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Prince Charming is a fairy tale character who comes to the rescue of a damsel in distress, and stereotypically, must engage in a quest to liberate her from an evil spell. The prominence of the character makes him an obvious target for revisionist fairy tales. Prince Charming is also used as a term to refer to the man some people dream of as a future spouse. Charles Perraults version of Sleeping Beauty, published in 1697, includes the text at the point where the princess wakes up, Est-ce vous. Lui dit-elle, vous vous êtes bien fait attendre, Le Prince charmé de ces paroles. Ne savait comment lui témoigner sa joie and it has sometimes been suggested that this passage later inspired the term, Prince Charming, even though it is the prince who is charmed here, not who is being charming. In the 17th century, Madame dAulnoy wrote two fairy tales, The Story of Pretty Goldilocks, where the hero was named Avenant, and The Blue Bird, where the hero was Le roi Charmant. When Andrew Lang retold the first for The Blue Fairy Book, he rendered the name as Charming. Although neither one was a prince and the first was not royal, then, Oscar Wildes 1890 novel The Picture of Dorian Gray refers ironically to Prince Charming, perhaps the earliest use of the exact term. The main character, Dorian, is supposed to be a young actresss Prince Charming, but he abandons her and in despair she commits suicide. In the early Disney animated feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, when Snow White tells the dwarfs about her prince, she says, Anyone could see that the prince was charming, however, he is never referred to specifically as Prince Charming. In other languages, like Spanish and Italian, he is called the Blue Prince, in Portuguese, a translation mistake occurred and he is called Charmed Prince, coincidentally closer to the sense in Perraults story mentioned atop this section. The Broadway musical Into the Woods explores the character as polygamous, and where there are not one, here, they are shown as brothers pursuing Cinderella and Rapunzel, then later, Sleeping Beauty and Snow White, after they have married their first loves. Cinderellas Prince has an affair with the wife as well. As implied by the title, the 1991 fantasy novel Bring Me the Head of Prince Charming by Roger Zelazny, Prince Charming is a prominent character in the Fables comic book. Polygamy is explored again, in version, he successively married Snow White, Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella. He himself comments, I always truly love a woman when I first pursue her. Im just no good at the happily-ever-after part. He parlays his charm into election as the mayor of Fabletown, the underground Fable community and he Died in the Battle for the Homelands by activating a Bomb to End the War
39.
Cinderella (1899 film)
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Cinderella is an 1899 French film directed by Georges Méliès, based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was released by Mélièss Star Film Company and is numbered 219–224 in its catalogues, the casts of Mélièss films are in many cases unidentified. Most of the listing is based on cast identifications made by the film scholars Georges Sadoul, Jacques Malthête. Barral had also acted in Mélièss bedroom farce The Bridegrooms Dilemma earlier that year, bleuette Bernon as the Fairy Godmother. Méliès discovered Bernon in the 1890s, when she was performing as a singer at the cabaret LEnfer and her appearance in Cinderella is contemporaneous with her performances at the Eldorado cabaret. She also appeared as Phoebe, the woman on the crescent moon, carmelli was an actor at Mélièss theater of stage illusions, the Théâtre de Robert-Houdin in Paris. Jehanne dAlcy as the Princes mother, the Queen, dAlcy had achieved success in theatrical productions by 1896, but left the stage to devote herself to film, becoming one of the first performers to do so. She appeared in many of Mélièss films and later became his second wife, Georges Méliès as the genie of the midnight clock, and as a halberdier. All told, Méliès took a role in at least 300 of his 520 films. Méliès modeled the films visual style on the engravings of Gustave Doré, Cinderella was Mélièss first film with multiple scenes, using six distinct sets and five changes of scene within the film. So many extras were used in Cinderella that Méliès designated a Chief Extra to lead them, Cinderella was Mélièss first major cinematic success. It did well both in French fairground cinemas and at European and American music-halls, and inspired Méliès to create other lavishly designed storytelling films with multiple scenes. His next film with scenes, Joan of Arc, was his first to surpass 200 meters of film in length. According to the film historian Lewis Jacobs, Cinderellas use of spectacle on screen also influenced the films of Cecil B, Méliès made another adaptation of the story, Cinderella or the Glass Slipper, in 1912 under the supervision of Pathé Frères. Cinderella at the Internet Movie Database Cinderella is available for download at the Internet Archive
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