1.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
2.
Recife
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The population of the city proper was 1,625,583 in 2016. The city is located at the confluence of the Beberibe and Capibaribe rivers before they flow into the Atlantic Ocean and it is a major port on the Atlantic Ocean. Its name is an allusion to the reefs that are present by the citys shores. The many rivers, small islands and over 50 bridges found in Recife city centre characterise its geography, as of 2010, it is the capital city with the highest HDI in Northeast Brazil and second highest HDI in the entire North and Northeast Brazil. The Metropolitan Region of Recife is the industrial zone of the State of Pernambuco, major products are those derived from cane, ships, oil platforms, electronics, software. With fiscal incentives by the government, many companies were started in the 1970s and 1980s. Recife stands out as a major tourist attraction of the Northeast, the beach of Porto de Galinhas,60 kilometers south of the city, has been repeatedly awarded the title of best beach in Brazil and has drawn many tourists. The Historic Centre of Olinda,7 kilometers north of the city, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1982, the city is an education hub, and home to the Federal University of Pernambuco, the largest university in Pernambuco. Several Brazilian historical figures, such as the poet and abolitionist Castro Alves, Recife and Natal are the only Brazilian cities with direct flights to the islands of Fernando de Noronha, a World Heritage Site. The city was one of the host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, additionally, Recife hosted the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 1950 FIFA World Cup. It was a settlement of fishermen and way station for Portuguese sailors. Olinda had been settled in 1536 by captain General Duarte Coelho, the city is named for the long reef recife running parallel to the shoreline which encloses its harbour. The reef is not as sometimes stated, a coral reef, at that time the banks of the Capibaribe River were covered by sugarcane. Recife was capital of the 17th century Dutch Brazil and was called Mauritsstad, the Mascate War of 1710-1711 pitted merchants of Recife against those of nearby Olinda. Due to the proximity to the equator, Recife weather is generally warm. Recife has a number of islands, rivers, waterways and bridges that crisscross the city, Recife is located amidst tropical forests which are distinguished by high rainfall levels resulting in poor soil quality as the rainfall washes away the nutrients. There is an absence of extreme temperatures and a cool breeze due to the winds from the Atlantic Ocean. Recife has a climate, with warm to hot temperatures
3.
Civil law (legal system)
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Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law to be secondary and subordinate to statutory law, when discussing civil law, one should keep in mind the conceptual difference between a statute and a codal article. The marked feature of civilian systems is that they use codes with brief text that tend to avoid factually specific scenarios, Code articles deal in generalities and thus stand at odds with statutory schemes which are often very long and very detailed. The purpose of codification is to all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them. Law codes are simply laws enacted by a legislature, even if they are in much longer than other laws. Other major legal systems in the world include common law, Halakha, canon law, the Scandinavian systems are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the Channel Islands are hybrids which mix Norman customary law, a prominent example of a civil-law code would be the Napoleonic Code, named after French emperor Napoleon. The Code comprises three components, the law of persons, property law, and commercial law, rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of caselaw, the Code sets out general principles as rules of law. Unlike common law systems, civil law jurisdictions deal with case law apart from any precedent value, Civil law courts generally decide cases using codal provisions on a case-by-case basis, without reference to other judicial decisions. In actual practice, a degree of precedent is creeping into civil law jurisprudence. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent per se, while civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported legal opinions. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no requirement that any case be reported or published in a law report, except for the councils of state. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions are unofficial or commercial, Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The civil law takes as its major inspiration classical Roman law, and in particular Justinian law, the Justinian Codes doctrines provided a sophisticated model for contracts, rules of procedure, family law, wills, and a strong monarchical constitutional system. Roman law was received differently in different countries, in some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i. e. it became positive law, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars. Roman law continued without interruption in the Byzantine Empire until its fall in the 15th century. However, subject as it was to multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the medieval period. It was first received into the Holy Roman Empire partly because it was considered imperial law and it became the basis of Scots law, though partly rivaled by received feudal Norman law
4.
Academia Brasileira de Letras
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Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15,1896, on July 20 of the same year, the Academy entered into operation. The Brazilian Academy of Letters is, according to its statutes, charged with the care of the language of Brazil. The Academy is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil, although it is not a state institution and no law grants to it oversight over the language, by its prestige and technical qualification it is the paramount authority on Brazilian Portuguese. The Academys main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language of which there were five editions, the Vocabulary is prepared by the Academys Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the Vocabulary, it is considered not to exist as a word in Brazilian Portuguese. The Orthographic Vocabulary, however, is not a dictionary, as it contains words and their grammatical categories, the Academy does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in the future. Both the Houaiss and the Aurélio Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the Academy in their private capacities, the preparation of an official dictionary of the Portuguese language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The Academy is composed to this day of 40 members, known as immortals, chosen from among the citizens of Brazil, the position of immortal is awarded for the recipients lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the Academy members when one of the chairs become vacant, the academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with a sword when participating in official meetings of the Academy. The Academy, which was a purely male affair until the election of novelist Rachel de Queiroz in 1977 for chair No. 5, now has four members, one of which, Nélida Piñon. The Academy, thanks to revenues in excess of $4 million a year, is financially stable and it owns a skyscraper with 28 floors, in the center of Rio, which the Academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were legated by book editor Francisco Alves, in 1917 and this comfortable situation allows for paying a jeton to each academician. The ABL is located just by its side, in a neoclassical building and it was donated by the government of France in 1923 and is so named because it is a copy of the Petit Trianon palace in Versailles, near Paris, France. It has recently inaugurated one of the largest public libraries in Rio, with 90,000 volumes, sometimes, an extraordinary commemorative prize is also awarded, such as the José Lins do Rego prize, in 2001, and the Afonso Arinos prize, in 2005. The Academy also publishes a periodical, the Brazilian Review
5.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
6.
Brazilian Academy of Letters
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Academia Brasileira de Letras is a Brazilian literary non-profit society established at the end of the 19th century by a group of 40 writers and poets inspired by the Académie Française. The first president, Machado de Assis, declared its foundation on December 15,1896, on July 20 of the same year, the Academy entered into operation. The Brazilian Academy of Letters is, according to its statutes, charged with the care of the language of Brazil. The Academy is considered the foremost institution devoted to the Portuguese language in Brazil, although it is not a state institution and no law grants to it oversight over the language, by its prestige and technical qualification it is the paramount authority on Brazilian Portuguese. The Academys main publication in this field is the Orthographic Vocabulary of the Portuguese Language of which there were five editions, the Vocabulary is prepared by the Academys Commission on Lexicology and Lexicography. If a word is not included in the Vocabulary, it is considered not to exist as a word in Brazilian Portuguese. The Orthographic Vocabulary, however, is not a dictionary, as it contains words and their grammatical categories, the Academy does plan to publish a full and official Dictionary of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in the future. Both the Houaiss and the Aurélio Dictionaries, however, were first compiled by members of the Academy in their private capacities, the preparation of an official dictionary of the Portuguese language is a stated goal of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The Academy is composed to this day of 40 members, known as immortals, chosen from among the citizens of Brazil, the position of immortal is awarded for the recipients lifetime. New members are admitted by a vote of the Academy members when one of the chairs become vacant, the academicians use formal gala gilded uniforms with a sword when participating in official meetings of the Academy. The Academy, which was a purely male affair until the election of novelist Rachel de Queiroz in 1977 for chair No. 5, now has four members, one of which, Nélida Piñon. The Academy, thanks to revenues in excess of $4 million a year, is financially stable and it owns a skyscraper with 28 floors, in the center of Rio, which the Academy rents for office space, generating 70% of its current revenue. The rest comes from rental of other buildings, which were legated by book editor Francisco Alves, in 1917 and this comfortable situation allows for paying a jeton to each academician. The ABL is located just by its side, in a neoclassical building and it was donated by the government of France in 1923 and is so named because it is a copy of the Petit Trianon palace in Versailles, near Paris, France. It has recently inaugurated one of the largest public libraries in Rio, with 90,000 volumes, sometimes, an extraordinary commemorative prize is also awarded, such as the José Lins do Rego prize, in 2001, and the Afonso Arinos prize, in 2005. The Academy also publishes a periodical, the Brazilian Review
7.
Adelino Fontoura
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Adelino Fontoura Chaves was a Brazilian poet, actor and journalist. He is the patron of the 1st chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, Adelino Fontoura was born in the city of Axixá, in Maranhão, to Antônio Fontoura Chaves and Francisca Dias Fontoura. Since as a child, he would have a strong friendship with future author Artur Azevedo. Moving to Recife, he would work at the satirical journal Os Xênios, returning to Maranhão, he initiated his artistical career, performing in a play that would make him arrested. After this incident, he moved to Rio de Janeiro and he tried the artistic and the journalistic career, failing in the first one. After the Gazeta da Tarde was bought by José do Patrocínio, already very sick, his situation got worse due to the harsh French winter, what made him move to Lisbon in an unsuccessful attempt to get better. He died with only 25 years, without publishing any book, as mentioned above, Fontouras work is very sparse, as he did not published anything during his lifetime. Attempts of compiling his poetry were made during the 1940s and 1950s by Múcio Leão and his most well-known poem is the sonnet Celeste. Works by Fontoura at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Fontouras biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
8.
Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay
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Afonso dEscragnolle Taunay was a Brazilian writer, politician and noble. Afonso was born in Palácio Rosado, the residence of Santa Catarinas governor and he was the only legitime son of Alfredo dEscragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay, and Cristina Teixeira Leite. He was the grandson of Félix Taunay, baron of Taunay, and the great-grandson of the Count of Escragnolle and he has one half-brother, João Pedro Nolasco, born in Paris. He graduated in Civil Engineering at the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro and he taught at Escola Politécnica de São Paulo. He was the director of Museu Paulista from 1934 to 1937 and he married Sara de Sousa Queirós, and had four sons, Ana Queirós Taunay, Paulo Taunay, Augusto de Escragnolle Taunay and Clarisse Taunay
9.
Ana Maria Machado
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Ana Maria Machado is a Brazilian writer of childrens books, one of the most significant alongside Lygia Bojunga Nunes and Ruth Rocha. She received the international Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000 for her contribution to childrens literature. She started her career as a painter in Rio de Janeiro, after studying Romance languages she did a PhD with Roland Barthes at the École pratique des hautes études in Paris. She worked as journalist for the magazine Elle in Paris and the BBC in London, in 1979, she opened the first children’s bookshop in Brazil, Malasartes. In 1969, Ana Maria Machado started to write, in Era uma vez um tirano three children defy a tyrant who has forbidden colour, thoughts and any happiness. Without pointing fingers, Ana Maria Machado always dresses up her messages in humorous stories, similar to many Brazilian children’s book authors of her generation, Ana Maria Machado stands in the tradition of the first great children’s book author, Jose Bento Monteiro Lobato. Her writing is marked, in the style of realism, by a subtle mix of social satire and fantastic elements as well as a conscious and playful use of language. For the author, fantasy also means to expand the sense for space and time and to allow reality, just as brilliantly in ‘Palavra de Honra’ Machado tells the story of a Luso-Brazilian family which has become very wealthy since their arrival in the 19th century. The reader encounters Letícia, who tries to reconstruct her own story out of the remains of the family legacy. Ana Maria Machado lives with her family in Rio de Janeiro, the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of childrens books. Jansson received the award in 2000. Ana Maria Machado has written more than hundred books for children and adults in 17 countries for which she has received the most significant Brazilian awards and many international honours
10.
Coelho Neto
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Henrique Maximiano Coelho Neto was a Brazilian writer and politician. He founded and occupied the chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He was also the president of the aforementioned Academy in 1926, Coelho Neto was born in the city of Caxias, Maranhão, on February 21,1864. His father was Portuguese, but his mother was an indigenous woman, at six years of age, his parents moved to Rio de Janeiro. He began his education at the Externato of the Colegio Pedro II and he attempted medical school but soon gave up. In 1883 he enrolled at the University of São Paulo School of Law, living in the house where also lived Raul Pompeia. He soon found himself involved in a student movement against a professor, in anticipation of reprisals, he moved to the Law Faculty of Recife, where he completed the first year of law, having been a student of the jurist and poet Tobias Barreto. Returning to São Paulo, he devoted himself passionately to the abolitionist and Republican campaign, in 1885 he finally abandoned his legal studies and moved to Rio de Janeiro. He became part of a group of bohemians that included such as Olavo Bilac, Luís Murat, Guimarães Passos. He joined the newspaper Gazeta da Tarde, later moving to the sheet Cidade do Rio, from this period date his first published volumes. In 1890, he married Maria Gabriela Brandão, daughter of educator Alberto Olympio Brandão, one of those was the famous football player João Coelho Neto. He was appointed to the post of secretary of the government of the state of Rio de Janeiro, in 1892 he was appointed professor of art history at the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes and, later, professor of literature at the Colégio Pedro II. He was elected congressman for Maranhão in 1909 and was reelected in 1917 and he was also secretary-general of the League of National Defense and a member of the Advisory Board of the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro. In addition to holding office, Coelho Neto maintained and intensified his activities in magazines and newspapers of all sizes, in Rio. In 1923, he converted to Spiritualism, delivering a speech about his adoption of the doctrine in the Salão da Velha Guarda in Rio de Janeiro. He was active in all literary genres and was for many years the most widely read writer in Brazil. He wrote what could have been the first Brazilian serial movie, however, only the first episode was ever completed. He was probably the most widely read Brazilian writer in the first decades of the twentieth century, however, he and his work were attacked by the Modernists during the Modern Art Week in 1922 and this probably contributed to his later neglect by publishers and the Brazilian public
11.
Carlos Heitor Cony
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Carlos Heitor Cony is a Brazilian journalist and writer. Hes a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and he views himself as center-leftist and faced persecution under the military government in the 1960s. He is one of Brazils leading journalists and novelists with four of his works adapted to movies and he is a columnist at the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S. Paulo. Folha Mertin-litag BBC Carlos Heitor Cony at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Carlos Nejar
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Luis Carlos Verzoni Nejar, better known as Carlos Nejar, is a Brazilian poet, author, translator and critic, and a member of the Academia Brasileira de Letras. One of the most important poets of its generation, Nejar, also called o poeta do pampa brasileiro, is distinguished for his use of a vocabulary, alliteration. His first book, Sélesis, was published in 1960, Nejar was elected to the fourth seat of the Brazilian Academy of Letters on November 24,1988, succeeding Viana Moog. Poetry Sélesis - Livraria do Globo, Porto Alegre,1960, Livro de Silbion - editora Difusão de Cultura, Porto Alegre,1963. Livro do tempo - editora Champagnat, Porto Alegre,1965, O campeador e o vento - editora Sulina, Porto Alegre,1966. Danações - José Álvaro Editor, Rio de Janeiro, em 1969, ordenações, editora Globo em convênio com o Instituto Nacional do Livro. Prêmio Jorge de Lima, Porto Alegre,1971, Canga, editora Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, em 1971. Casa dos arreios - editora Globo, em convênio com o INL, O poço do calabouço, coleção Círculo de Poesia, Livraria Moraes Editores, Lisboa,1974. Prêmio Fernando Chinaglia, para a melhor obra publicada no ano de 1974, pela União Brasileira de Escritores, O poço do calabouço, editora Salamandra, Rio de Janeiro,1977. De sélesis a danações, editora Quíron, em convênio com o INL,1975, somos poucos, editora Crítica, Rio de Janeiro, em 1976. Árvore do mundo, editora Nova Aguilar e convênio com o INL,1977, Prêmio Luíza Cláudio de Souza, do Pen Clube do Brasil, como melhor obra publicada naquele ano. O chapéu das estações, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1978, Três livros, O poço do calabouço, Árvore do mundo e Chapéu das estações, num só volume - Círculo do Livro, os viventes, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1979. Um país o coração, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1980, obra poética -, editora Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro,1980. Prêmio Érico Veríssimo, Câmara Municipal de Porto Alegre,1981, Livro de Gazéis, Moraes Editores, Coleção Canto Universal, Lisboa, Portugal,1983, Editora Record, Rio de Janeiro,1984. Os melhores poemas de Carlos Nejar, editora Global, São Paulo,1984, a genealogia da palavra, editora Iluminuras, São Paulo,1989. Meus estimados vivos, Editora Nemar, Vitória, ES, em 1991, elza dos pássaros, ou a ordem dos planetas, editora Nejarim-Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, ES,1993. Canga, edição bilíngüe, tradução ao espanhol de Luis Oviedo, editora Nejarim-Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, simón Vento Bolívar, bilíngüe, tradução ao espanhol de Luis Oviedo, editora Age, Porto Alegre, RS,1993. Arca da Aliança, editora Nejarim - Paiol da Aurora, Guarapari, os dias pelos dias, Editora Topbooks, Rio de Janeiro,1997
13.
Raimundo Correia
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Raimundo da Mota de Azevedo Correia was a Brazilian Parnassian poet, judge and magistrate. Alongside Alberto de Oliveira and Olavo Bilac, he was a member of the Parnassian Triad and he founded and occupied the 5th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1911. Correia was born on a ship anchored in the shores of São Luís, Maranhão, Correia made his secondary course at the Colégio Pedro II, and graduated in Law in 1882, at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo. He would serve as a judge in Rio de Janeiro. Correias first book, Primeiros Sonhos, was published in 1879, however, he would join Parnassianism in 1883, with him book Sinfonias. Some of his poems are considered to forerun the Symbolist movement in Brazil. Correia died in 1911 in Paris while he was searching for a treatment for his diseases, Primeiros Sonhos Sinfonias Versos e Versões Aleluias Poesias Raimundo Correias biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Works by Raimundo Correia at LibriVox
14.
Oswaldo Cruz
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For the neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro, see Oswaldo Cruz. For the neighborhood in São Paulo, see Osvaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz, better known as Oswaldo Cruz, was a Brazilian physician, bacteriologist, epidemiologist and public health officer and the founder of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute. He occupied the chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1912 until his death in 1917. Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz was born on August 5,1872 in São Luis do Paraitinga, as a child, he moved to Rio de Janeiro with his family. At the age of 15 he started to study at the Faculty of Medicine of Rio de Janeiro and he was financed by his father-in-law, a wealthy Portuguese merchant. Cruz found the seaport of Santos ravaged by a violent epidemic of plague that threatened to reach Rio de Janeiro. The mayor of Rio de Janeiro authorized the construction of a plant for manufacturing the serum against the disease which had developed at the Pasteur Institute by Alexandre Yersin. He asked the institution for a scientist who could bring to Brazil this know-how, the Pasteur Institute responded that such a person was already available in Brazil, Dr. Oswaldo Cruz. The new institute was established in the old farm of Manguinhos at the shores of Guanabara Bay. In the following year, Cruz was appointed general of Public Health. Using the Federal Serotherapy Institute as technical-scientific base, he started a succession of memorable sanitation campaigns. His first adversary, a series of yellow fever endemics, which had earned Rio de Janeiro the sinister reputation of Foreigners Grave, between 1897 and 1906,4,000 European immigrants had died there from the disease. In 1904, an epidemic was threatening the capital. In the first five months of the year, more than 1,800 people had been hospitalized, a law imposing smallpox vaccination of children had existed since 1837 but had never been put into practice. Therefore, on June 9,1904, following a proposal by Oswaldo Cruz, the extremely rigid and severe provisions of this instrument terrified the people. Popular opposition against Cruz increased sharply and opposition newspapers started a violent campaign against this, members of the parliament and labor unions protested. On November 10, the Vaccine Revolt exploded in Rio, violent confrontations with the police ensued, with strikes, barricades, and shootings in the streets, as the population rose in protest against the government. On November 14, the Military Academy adhered to the revolt, the government declared a state of siege
15.
Rachel de Queiroz
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Rachel de Queiroz was a Brazilian author, translator and journalist. Rachel was born on 17 November 1910 in Fortaleza, capital of the state of Ceará. During her childhood, her family spent a couple of years in Rio de Janeiro and she began her career in journalism in 1927 under the pen name Rita de Queiroz. She entered national spotlight with the success of her debut novel O Quinze in 1930. She published other three novels before moving to Rio, in 1939 and she was also renowned for her crônicas, short topical newspaper pieces. In 1964 she became Brazils representative to the UN and in 1977 she became the first woman writer to enter the Academia Brasileira de Letras and she won the Camões Prize and the Prêmio Jabuti. She died of heart attack in her apartment in Leblon, Rio de Janeiro on 4 November 2003 and her novel O Quinze was made into a film in 2004. edu Biography Rachel de Queiroz at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Casimiro de Abreu
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Casimiro José Marques de Abreu was a Brazilian poet, novelist and playwright, adept of the Ultra-Romanticism movement. He is famous for the poem Meus oito anos and he is patron of the 6th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Casimiro de Abreu was born on January 4,1839, in the city of Barra de São João, to rich Portuguese farmers José Joaquim Marques de Abreu and Luísa Joaquina das Neves. He received only an education at Instituto Freeze, in Nova Friburgo. Following orders of his father, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1852 to dedicate himself to commerce, with his father, he travelled to Portugal in 1853. There he began his career, writing for many newspapers and collaborating with Alexandre Herculano and Luís Augusto Rebelo da Silva. In 1857, he returned to Rio, where he became a collaborator for the newspapers A Marmota, O Espelho, Revista Popular, while working for the latter, he met Manuel Antônio de Almeida and Machado de Assis. In 1859, he published his most famous work, the poetry book As Primaveras and its publication was financed by his father, although he disapproved Casimiros literary vocation. Suffering from tuberculosis, Casimiro moved to Nova Friburgo in order to recover, but he died at age 21 on October 18,1860
17.
Castro Alves
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Antônio Frederico de Castro Alves was a Brazilian poet and playwright, famous for his abolitionist and republican poems. One of the most famous poets of the Condorism, he won the epithet of O Poeta dos Escravos and he is the patron of the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. In 1853, he was sent to study in the Colégio Sebrão, run by Abílio César Borges, there, he would meet and befriend Ruy Barbosa. In 1862, he moved to Recife in order to study at the Faculdade de Direito do Recife and he only was able to join the college in 1864, there meeting Tobias Barreto and José Bonifácio the Younger. They would heavily influence Alves writing style, and in turn and his father would die in 1866, and short after, he met Portuguese actress Eugênia Câmara, and would start dating her afterwards. In the following year, he and Câmara would go to São Paulo, in there, he also befriended Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa, and wrote a poem named Deusa incruenta, based on Sousas work Terribilis Dea. His play Gonzaga would be performed on the end of 1868, being received by critics and public alike. During a hunting trip in the year, Alves received an accidental shotgun shot in his left foot. However, a prosthesis was made for him, and thus he was able to walk again and he would spend the year of 1870 in his home-state of Bahia, trying to recover from the tuberculosis he got while in São Paulo. Also in 1870, Alves published the poetry book Espumas Flutuantes – the only work he would publish during his lifetime, all his other works would receive a posthumous publication. Alves attempts to mitigate the tuberculosis were in vain, he would die on 6 July 1871, in the city of Salvador and they can be found on Espumas Flutuantes. Castro Alves biography at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Works by or about Castro Alves at Internet Archive Works by Castro Alves at LibriVox
18.
Euclides da Cunha
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Euclides da Cunha was a Brazilian journalist, sociologist and engineer. His most important work is Os Sertões, an account of the military expeditions promoted by the Brazilian government against the rebellious village of Canudos. This book was a favorite of Robert Lowell, who ranked it above Tolstoy, jorge Luis Borges also commented on it in his short story Three Versions of Judas. The book was translated into English by Samuel Putnam and published by the University of Chicago Press in 1944, Euclides da Cunha was heavily influenced by Naturalism and its Darwinian proponents. Os Sertões characterised the coast of Brazil as a chain of civilisations while the interior was more primitively influenced, Euclides da Cunha was the basis for the character of The Journalist in Mario Vargas Llosas The War of the End of the World. Euclides da Cunha occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1903 until his death in 1909, Euclides da Cunha was born January 20,1866 in Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he lived until he was three years old. He attended Escola Militar da Praia Vermelha, a school in Rio. He was readmitted to the Escola Militar in 1889 and he was admitted to the Brazilian War School in 1891. He was discharged from the Army in 1896 in order to dedicate himself to studying civil engineering, in 1897 he Accompanied the Army in the Campanha de Canudos, against a rebellious group of peasants under the leadership of Antonio Conselheiro. Between 7 August and 1 October, he was in the Sertão, on August 15,1909 he tried to kill a young Army lieutenant who was the lover of his wife, but his brother shot back in self-defense and Euclides da Cunha was killed. 1902 Os Sertões -- also Penguin Classics in a new translation, ISBN 978-0-14-310607-41907 Contrastes e confrontos, new York, Alfred A. Knoff, pp. 210–221
19.
Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda
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Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda was a prominent Brazilian jurist, judge, diplomat and professor of Law at the Federal University of Pernambuco. He occupied the 7th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1979, Pontes de Miranda was born in Maceió and studied in Recife, receiving his diploma in Law in 1911. He got married twice, in 1914, to Maria Beatriz Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda, after beginning his career as a lawyer, Pontes de Miranda become a judge in 1924. In 1939, he left the Court of Appeal in which he presided, Pontes de Miranda was also a professor. He taught law at the Hague Academy of International Law in 1932 and he died at the age of 87, in Rio de Janeiro, victim of a heart attack. More than thirty years after his death, Pontes de Miranda is still one of the most cited Brazilian jurists, Pontes de Miranda has written 29 works, which spread over 144 volumes, ranging from scientific to literary subjects. His literary efforts include both prose and poetry, however, he is best regarded for his scientific works, and, especially, his eight treatises, all of which are dedicated to the study of law. This treatise is a vast piece of work, comprising 60 volumes and 30 thousand pages and it is considered one of the longest treatises ever written by a single person. Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Mirandas biography at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
20.
Nelson Pereira dos Santos
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Nelson Pereira dos Santos is a Brazilian film director. He directed films such as Vidas Secas, based on the book with the name by Brazilian writer Graciliano Ramos. Santos was born in São Paulo, the first feature film he directed was Rio 40°, which was released in 1955. The film is a chronicle of life in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, in 1963, he was a member of the jury at the 3rd Moscow International Film Festival. In 1981 he was a member of the jury at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival and his most well-known film outside of Brazil is Como Era Gostoso o Meu Francês. It was entered into the 21st Berlin International Film Festival and his 1994 film The Third Bank of the River was entered into the 44th Berlin International Film Festival. Santos belongs to the Brazilian Academy of Letters since 2006, juventude Rio 40 Graus Rio Zona Norte Mandacaru Vermelho El justicero Barren Lives The Golden Mouth Hunger for Love The Alienist How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman Quem é Beta
21.
Alberto de Oliveira
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Antônio Mariano de Oliveira was a Brazilian poet, pharmacist and professor. He is better known by his pen name Alberto de Oliveira, alongside Olavo Bilac and Raimundo Correia, he comprised the Brazilian Parnassian Triad. He founded and occupied the 8th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1937, jornal de Poesia bio Brazilian Embassy in Ottawa Fundamentos Modernos das Poesias de Alberto de Oliveira
22.
Carlos Chagas Filho
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Carlos Chagas Filho was a Brazilian physician, biologist and scientist active in the field of neuroscience. He was internationally renowned for his investigations on the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of electrogenesis by the electroplaques of electric fishes. He was the son of Dr. Carlos Chagas, an eminent scientist who is credited for the discovery of Chagas disease. His oldest brother was Evandro Chagas, also a physician and scientist specialized, like his father and he studied medicine from 1926 to 1931 at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Brasil (presently the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. After graduation, he went to become a director of this hospital during 1932, one year after graduation, he accepted a teaching post as assistant professor at the Medical School, in the chair of Biological Physics. With the death of its incumbent, Prof. Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira, he became its chairman, returning to Brazil, he established a Laboratory of Biophysics at the Medical School and assembled a group of students and researchers. In 1945 he achieved the elevation of the Laboratory to the Biophysics Institute and he was its director for a long time, as well as the dean of the Medical School. The Institute presently bears his name, Dr. Carlos Chagas Filho retired in 1980, but continued to work steadfastly almost until his death, at 89 years of age. Dr. Chagas Filhos main scientific contribution was centered on the study of the eletroplaques of the poraquê or electric eel, with his group, he made important and original advances in the elucidation of its anatomy and electrophysiology, cytochemistry, as well as its nervous control. He discovered the brain structures which control electrical discharges. He discovered also that the electroplaques has two kinds of excitability, one which is direct, and another which is reflex via the nervous pathways and he studied also the effects of curare on the electroplaques, which are modified striated muscles and thus have synaptic transmission based on acetylcholine. Dr. Chagas Filho also isolated the ACh membrane receptor and she later went to receive the Nobel Prize of Physiology and Medicine. He published several books, including an autobiography, a memoir about his father. Dr. Chagas Filho played a significant role as international leader and he was a Brazilian delegate and ambassador to UNESCO in Paris, and member of the Research Council of the Pan American Health Organization, in Washington, DC. At the United Nations he was president of the Special Committee for the Application of Science, together with Nobel Prize winner, physicist Abdus Salam, he founded the International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Sciences. In 1972, he was appointed by Pope Paul VI to the presidency of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences and he was deeply religious and sought to reconcile science and religion as best as possible. Rio de Janeiro, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz,1993, E Gomes-Quintana, RD Machado, C Chagas Filho. Cholinergic membranes from normal and denervated electric organ of Electrophorus electricus, CS Mermelstein, V Moura Neto, C Chagas Filho
23.
Rui Barbosa
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Ruy Barbosa de Oliveira was a Brazilian polymath, diplomat, writer, jurist, and politician. Born in Salvador, Bahia, he was a representative, senator, Minister of Finance. For his distinguished participation in the 2nd Hague Conference, defending the principle of equality among nations and he ran unsuccessfully for the Presidency of Brazil in 1910,1914 and in 1919. Ruy Barbosa gave his first public speech for the abolition of slavery when he was 19, for the rest of his life he remained an uncompromising defender of civil liberties. Slavery in Brazil was finally abolished by the Lei Áurea in 1888, part of Barbosas legacy to history is that he authorised, as minister of finance on 14 December 1890, the destruction of most government records relating to slavery. The avowed reason for destruction, which took several years to be enacted and was followed by his successors, was to erase the stain of slavery on Brazilian history. However, historians agree that Barbosa aimed to prevent any possible indemnization of the former slave-owners for this liberation. Indeed, eleven days after the abolition of slavery, a law project was deposed at the Chamber, Barbosas liberal ideas were influential in drafting of the first republican constitution. He was a supporter of fiat money, as opposed to a gold standard, during his term as finance secretary, he implemented far-reaching reforms of Brazils financial regime, instituting a vigorously expansionist monetary policy. The result was chaos and instability, the so-called fiat experiment resulted in the bubble of encilhamento, due to his controversial role during it, in the following administration of Floriano Peixoto, he was forced into exile until Florianos term ended. Years later, after his return he was elected as a Senator and he headed the Brazilian delegation to the 2nd Hague Conference and was brilliant in its deliberations. As candidate of the Civilian Party in the election of 1910. He was not successful and lost to Marshal Hermes da Fonseca and he ran again in the elections of 1914 and 1919, both times losing to the government candidate. During World War I, he played a key role among those who advocated the Allied cause, Barbosa died in Petrópolis, near Rio de Janeiro, in 1923. Turner, CW, Ruy Barbosa, Brazilian crusader for the freedoms, New York, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-419-10424-1. Mendes Silva, Professor Raul, Haia, Ruy Barbosa e a delegação brasileira à segunda conferência de paz, Missões de Paz, Brazil, fundação Casa de Ruy Barbosa, BR, Brazilian government. Works by or about Rui Barbosa at Internet Archive
24.
Fagundes Varela
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Luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was a Brazilian Romantic poet, adept of the Ultra-Romanticism movement. He is patron of the 11th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, luís Nicolau Fagundes Varela was born in Rio Claro in 1841, to Emiliano Fagundes Varela and Emília de Andrade. He spent most of his childhood at the farm where he was born, later moving to places, among them the city of Catalão, Goiás. Returning to Rio, he lived in Angra dos Reis and Petrópolis, in 1859, he goes to São Paulo and, in 1862, enters at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo, but abandons it to dedicate himself to the literature and to the bohemianism. He published his first poetry book, Noturnas, one year before and he married a circus artist from Sorocaba, Alice Guilhermina Luande. This provoked a scandal in his family and made his condition worse. With her he had a son, Emiliano, who died with 3 months old, extremely depressed, Fagundes wrote in the memory of his son his most well-known poem. His woman died in 1865 or 1866, while Varela was travelling to Recife, returning to São Paulo, he matriculated himself once more in the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1867, but would later abandon it once more. He then returns to his house in Rio Claro, living in there until 1870 and he marries once again, with his cousin Maria Belisária de Brito Lambert, having with her two daughters and one son. Having moved to Niterói with his father in 1870, he lives there until dying, some of Varelas poems have an unusual theme for the Ultra-Romanticism, the Abolitionism. Because of that, he is considered to be one of the forerunners of the Condorism, alongside Junqueira Freire, another Ultra-Romantic poet who spoke of the Abolitionism in some of his poems
25.
Darcy Ribeiro
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Darcy Ribeiro was a Brazilian anthropologist, author and politician. His ideas of Latin American identity have influenced several later scholars of Latin American studies, Darcy Ribeiro was born in Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, the son of Reginaldo Ribeiro dos Santos and of Josefina Augusta da Silveira. He completed his primary and secondary education in his town, at the Grupo Escolar Gonçalves Chaves. He also served as the first rector of university. He was the founder of the State University of Norte Fluminense as well and he wrote numerous books, many of them about the indigenous populations of Brazil. Long before politicians incorporated the importance of education for the development of Brazil into their discourse, Darcy Ribeiro, Ribeiro was defeated, being unable to overcome the high approval rating of Moreira who was elected due to the popularity of the then-recent currency reform, the Cruzado Plan. Darcy Ribeiro was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters on October 8,1992 and his election was to Chair Number 11, which has as its Patron Fagundes Varela. He was formally received into the Academy on April 15,1993 and he died in Brasília, aged 74. He believed that people went through a process beginning as hunter-gatherers. Profile at the site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters Fundação Darcy Ribeiro
