1.
Fashion designer
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Fashion design is the art of application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social attitudes, and has varied over time, Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace. Because of the required to bring a garment onto the market. Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing and they consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a range and combinations of materials to work with. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a range of conventional styles. Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring, today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear are called ready to wear. Fashion designers may work full-time for one house, as in-house designers. They may work alone or as part of a team, freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyers label, some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients, other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-end fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends, most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of mens, womens, and childrens fashions for the mass market. Fashion designers work in different ways, some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. Finally, a garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit. Fashion design is considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, worths success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him, while all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 is considered as fashion design. It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments, the images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom
Fashion designer
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Models posing during a fashion show in 2009
Fashion designer
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A
catwalk (or fashion runway) is the popular place for showcasing fashion design, especially at
fashion shows. Catwalk at
Berlin Fashion Week for
Michalsky's StyleNite.
Fashion designer
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The
Chéruit salon on
Place Vendôme in Paris, 1910
Fashion designer
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Fashion house poster from Budapest
2.
Catalonia
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Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain, located on the northeastern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. It is designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy, Catalonia consists of four provinces, Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second-most populated municipality in Spain, Catalonia comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, the official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan. The eastern counties of these marches were united under the rule of the Frankish vassal the Count of Barcelona, in the later Middle Ages Catalan literature flourished. Between 1469 and 1516, the King of Aragon and the Queen of Castile married and ruled their kingdoms together, retaining all their distinct institutions, Courts, and constitutions. During the Franco-Spanish War, Catalonia revolted against a large and burdensome presence of the Royal army in its territory, within a brief period France took full control of Catalonia, at a high economic cost for Catalonia, until it was largely reconquered by the Spanish army. In the nineteenth century, Catalonia was severely affected by the Napoleonic, in the second half of the century Catalonia experienced industrialisation. As wealth from the industrial expansion grew, Catalonia saw a cultural renaissance coupled with incipient nationalism while several workers movements appeared. In 1914, the four Catalan provinces formed a Commonwealth, and with the return of democracy during the Second Spanish Republic, after the Spanish Civil War, the Francoist dictatorship enacted repressive measures, abolishing Catalan institutions and banning the official use of the Catalan language again. Since the Spanish transition to democracy, Catalonia has regained some political and cultural autonomy and is now one of the most economically dynamic communities of Spain, the origin of the name Catalunya is subject to diverse interpretations because of a lack of evidence. During the Middle Ages, Byzantine chroniclers claimed that Catalania derives from the medley of Goths with Alans. Other less plausible theories suggest, Catalunya derives from the land of castles, having evolved from the term castlà or castlan. This theory therefore suggests that the names Catalunya and Castile have a common root, the source is of Celtic origin, meaning chiefs of battle. Although the area is not known to have been occupied by Celts, the Lacetani, an Iberian tribe that lived in the area and whose name, due to the Roman influence, could have evolved by metathesis to Katelans and then Catalans. In English, Catalonia is pronounced /kætəˈloʊniə/, the native name, Catalunya, is pronounced in Central Catalan, the most widely spoken variety whose pronunciation is considered standard. The Spanish name is Cataluña, and the Aranese name is Catalonha, the first known human settlements in what is now Catalonia were at the beginning of the Middle Palaeolithic. From the next era, the Epipaleolithic or Mesolithic, important remains survive
Catalonia
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A
Roman aqueduct in
Tarragona.
Catalonia
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Flag
Catalonia
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The Medieval church of
Sant Climent in
Taüll, located at the foothills of the
Pyrenees.
Catalonia
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La Seu Vella, Lleida
3.
1980s in fashion
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1980s fashion in Britain, America, Europe and Australia had heavy emphasis on expensive clothes and fashion accessories. Apparel tended to be bright and vivid in appearance. Women expressed an image of wealth and success through shiny costume jewelry, such as large faux-gold earrings, pearl necklaces, punk fashion began as a reaction against both the hippie movement of the past decades and the materialist values of the current decade. The first half of the decade was relatively tame in comparison to the second half, hair in the 1980s was typically big, curly, bouffant and heavily styled. Television shows such as Dynasty helped popularize the high volume bouffant, women from the 1980s wore bright, heavy makeup. Everyday fashion in the 80s consisted of light-colored lips, dark and thick eyelashes, the early 1980s were very different from the rest of the decade, with some carryovers from the late 1970s. The early 1980s saw a minimalist approach to fashion, with emphasis on accessories. Clothing colors were subdued, quiet and basic, varying shades of brown, tan, fashionable clothing in the early 1980s included both unisex and gender-specific attire. Womens pants of the 1980s were, in general, worn with long inseams – a style carried over from the 1970s, accessories for women in the 1980s were mostly late 1970s carryovers. The fitness craze of the 1970s continued into the early 1980s, general womens street-wear worn in the early 1980s included ripped jeans, leotards, tights, sweatpants, and tracksuits. Athletic accessories were a trend in the early 1980s. This included leg warmers, wide belts, elastic headbands, in the 1970s, more women were joining the work force, so, by the early 1980s, working women were no longer considered unusual. As a way to proclaim themselves as equals in the job market, popular clothes for women in the job market include knee-length skirts, wide-legged slacks, a matching blazer, and a blouse of a different color. Formal shoes became more comfortable during this period in time, with manufacturers adding soles that were more flexible, the shoes with moderately spiked heels and relatively pointy toes from the very late 1970s remained a fashion trend. Womens fashion in the mid-1980s became more colorful around 1984, the aerobics craze of the early 1980s continued into the mid 1980s, but the clothes became more colorful than they were before. Womens shoes of the mid 1980s included strappy sandals, kitten-heeled sandals, pumps, in the 1980s, rising pop star Madonna proved to be very influential to female fashions. Gloves were popularized by Madonna, as well as fishnet stockings, short, tight Lycra or leather miniskirts and tubular dresses were also worn, as were cropped bolero-style jackets. Prior to the mid-1980s, it had been taboo to show a slip or a bra strap in public, a visible undergarment had been a sign of social ineptness
1980s in fashion
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Among women
large hair-dos and puffed-up styles typified the decade. (
Justine Bateman, 1987).
1980s in fashion
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The short, tight
spandex mini skirts were a popular fashion item for young women in the second half of the 1980s
1980s in fashion
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A
jelly shoe.
1980s in fashion
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Young woman in 1980 wearing a low-cut spaghetti strap dress.
4.
Thierry Mugler
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Thierry Mugler is a French fashion designer and creator of several perfumes. Mugler was born in Strasbourg, France and his passion led him to focus more on drawing than on school, and at the age of 9, he began to study classical dance. By 14, he joined the corps for the Rhin Opera. At the same time, Mugler began formal interior design training at the Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts, at the age of 24, Mugler moved to Paris, France. He began designing clothes for Parisian boutique, Gudule, at 26, Mugler, who was working as a freelance designer, began to design for a variety of large ready-to-wear fashion houses in Paris, Milan, London and Barcelona. In 1973, Mugler created his first personal collection called Café de Paris, the style of the collection was both sophisticated and urban. Melka Tréanton, a fashion editor, helped to launch his career. In 1976, she asked him to show his work in Tokyo for an event organized by Shiseido, in 1978, he opened his first Paris boutique at the Place des Victoires in the 1er Arrondissement). At the same time, Thierry Mugler launched a collection for men. For this collection, he reworked classical masculinity, giving it a modern style. A clean, precise, structured cut which outlined a highly recognizable silhouette, prominent shoulders, during the 1980s and 1990s, Thierry Mugler became an internationally recognized designer, and his collections garnered much commercial success. At the request of the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture and he created the famous black dress worn by Demi Moore in the 1993 movie, Indecent Proposal. His clothes are identified by their style and their structure, Mugler, over the next two decades created a style that was very much of its time, it was strong, angular, and sometimes almost cruel. Shoulders were wide and padded, waists were wasp like, prints were banished, Mugler”s clothes came in solid, dominating colors. Collars had exaggerated points, or flame like cutouts, the insect kingdom was a constant influence, as were the ladies and gentlemen of film noir. PVC was often used as his material for his pieces, used to create space. Mugler published his first photography book in 1988, Thierry Mugler and this was followed by a monograph in 1999 entitled, Fashion Fetish Fantasy which assembles photos of his creations. Mugler also directs films, advertising films and video clips
Thierry Mugler
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Thierry Mugler
Thierry Mugler
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An evening dress by Thierry Mugler in an Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibit
Thierry Mugler
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A dress by Thierry Mugler in an Indianapolis Museum of Art exhibit
Thierry Mugler
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Angel for men (A*Men)
5.
Lanvin (clothing)
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Lanvin is a French multinational high fashion house, which was founded by Jeanne Lanvin in 1889. In 1990, the house was taken over by the Orcofi Group then sold to l’Oréal in 1996, in 2001, Shaw-Lan Wang, a Taiwanese media magnate took Lanvin private again. As of 14 March 2016, Bouchra Jarrar is appointed as Creative Director for Women’s Collection, men’s Collections have been headed by Lucas Ossendrijver since 2005. Lanvin made such beautiful clothes for her daughter Marie-Blanche de Polignac that they began to attract the attention of a number of people who requested copies for their own children. Soon, Lanvin was making dresses for their mothers, and some of the most famous names in Europe were included in the clientele of her new boutique on the rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré, Paris. In 1909, Lanvin joined the Syndicat de la Couture, which marked her formal status as a couturière, from 1923, the Lanvin empire included a dye factory in Nanterre. When Lanvin died in 1946, ownership of the firm was ceded to the designers daughter, because Marie-Blanche de Polignac was childless when she died in 1958, the ownership of the House of Lanvin went to a cousin, Yves Lanvin. From mid-1960s through to the takeover by LOreal, Lanvin was run by Bernard Lanvin, the export department was in the original factory in Nanterre where all the perfumes were made and bottled. The administrative Head Office was in Paris at 3, Rue de Tilsitt, in 1979, Lanvin bought its independence from Squibb USA and a major PR promotional tour was arranged by Paris in the United States in the same year. Britain Midland Bank bought a stake in the company from the family in March 1989, however, in February 1990, Midland backed out and sold Lanvin to Orcofi, a French holding company led by the Vuitton family. From Orcofi, 50% of the House of Lanvin was acquired by LOréal in 1994, 66% in 1995, under LOréals diverse umbrella, an array of CEOs who circulate within the French fashion industry have directed the company. In August 2001, Lanvin, the oldest French fashion house still in operation, was taken again by investor group Harmonie S. A. headed by Mrs. Shaw-Lan Wang. In 2005, Joix Corporatic was the Lanvin ready-to-wear license holder in Japan with retail value of €50 million, on December 4,2009, Lanvin opened their first US boutique in Bal Harbour, Florida. In 2011, Lanvin sales reached €203 million, not counting an estimated €4.5 million in revenues from licences, on November 20,2013, Lanvin became the official tailor of Arsenal FC, a London-based football club. On October 28,2015, Lanvin announced that Elbaz was no longer at the company and he was replaced by Bouchra Jarrar in March 2016. Alber Elbaz In October 2001, Alber Elbaz was appointed the Lanvin artistic director for all activities, in 2006, he introduced new packaging for the fashion house, featuring a forget-me-not flower color, Lanvins favorite shade which she purportedly saw in a Fra Angelico fresco. On September 2,2010, it was announced by H&M that Lanvin would be their guest designer collaboration for the Winter 2010 collection, the collection would be available to view beginning November 4,2010 at HM. com. The collection would then be available to buy in 200 stores worldwide, on November 20, the main face of the collection video was supermodel Natasha Poly Lucas Ossendrijver started with Kenzo’s menswear in 1997
Lanvin (clothing)
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November 1915 Lanvin design shown in the United States.
Lanvin (clothing)
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Jeanne Lanvin S.A.
6.
Alexander McQueen
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Lee Alexander McQueen, CBE was a British fashion designer and couturier. He is known for having worked as designer at Givenchy from 1996 to 2001. His achievements in fashion earned him four British Designer of the Year awards, McQueen committed suicide in 2010 at the age of forty. Born on 17 March 1969 in Lewisham, London, to Scottish taxi driver Ronald and social science teacher Joyce and he reportedly grew up in a council flat, but, in fact, the McQueens moved to a terraced house in Stratford in his first year. He attended Carpenters Road Primary School, started making dresses for his three sisters at an age, and announced his intention to become a fashion designer. While serving his apprenticeship, McQueen attended the Rosetta Art Centre led by Yvonne Humble, the skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped earn him a reputation in the fashion world as an expert in creating an impeccably tailored look. While on Savile Row, McQueens clients included Mikhail Gorbachev and Prince Charles, at the age of 20, he spent a period of time working for Koji Tatsuno before travelling to Milan, Italy and working for Romeo Gigli. McQueen returned to London and applied to Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design and it was during this period that McQueen relocated to Hoxton, which housed other new designers, including Hussein Chalayan and Pauric Sweeney. He promptly asked her to him for his third collection, The Birds at Kings Cross. Katy England continued to work with McQueen thereafter, greatly influencing his work – his second opinion, McQueen designed the wardrobe for David Bowies tours in 1996-1997, as well as the Union Jack coat worn by Bowie on the cover of his 1997 album Earthling. Icelandic singer Björk sought McQueens work for the cover of her album Homogenic in 1997, McQueen also directed the music video for her song Alarm Call from the same album and later contributed the iconic topless dress to her video for Pagan Poetry. McQueen also collaborated with dancer Sylvie Guillem, director Robert Lepage and choreographer Russell Maliphant, designing wardrobe for theater show Eonnagata, McQueens early runway collections developed his reputation for controversy and shock tactics, with trousers aptly named bumsters and a collection titled Highland Rape. In 2004, journalist Caroline Evans also wrote of McQueens theatrical staging of cruelty, in 032c magazine, referring to his dark, McQueens bumsters spawned a trend in low rise jeans, on their debut they attracted many comments and debate. Michael Oliveira-Salac, the director of Blow PR and a friend of McQueens said, McQueen also became known for using skulls in his designs. A scarf bearing the motif became a celebrity must-have and was copied around the world, McQueen has been credited with bringing drama and extravagance to the catwalk. He used new technology and innovation to add a different twist to his shows, the silhouettes that he created have been credited for adding a sense of fantasy and rebellion to fashion. McQueen became one of the first designers to use Indian models in London, the president of LVMH, Bernard Arnault, caused a stir when he appointed McQueen head designer at Givenchy in 1996, succeeding John Galliano. Upon arrival at Givenchy, McQueen insulted the founder by calling him irrelevant and his first couture collection with Givenchy was unsuccessful, with even McQueen telling Vogue in October 1997 that the collection was crap
Alexander McQueen
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Alexander McQueen at his Autumn 2009 collection
Alexander McQueen
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Camilla Belle in a 2009 dress by Alexander McQueen, listed among "100 Best Dresses of the Decade" by
InStyle magazine.
Alexander McQueen
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McQueen boutique in London (2013)
Alexander McQueen
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A dedication by a fan at an Alexander McQueen store after McQueen's death.
7.
Marriage of convenience
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A marriage of convenience is a marriage contracted for reasons other than that of relationship, family, or love. Instead, such a marriage is orchestrated for personal gain or some sort of strategic purpose. In the cases when it represents a fraud, it is called sham marriage, Marriages of convenience are often contracted to exploit legal loopholes of various sorts. A couple may wed for reasons of citizenship or right of abode, for example, in the United States, this practice is known as a green card marriage. In Australia, there have been marriages of convenience to bring attention to the governments Youth Allowance laws, on 31 March 2010 two students were publicly and legally married on the University of Adelaides lawn so that they could both receive full Youth Allowance. Because they exploit legal loopholes, marriages of convenience often have legal consequences, for example, U. S. Immigration can punish this with a $250,000 fine and five-year prison sentence. Another common reason for marriages of convenience is to hide one partners homosexuality in cases where being gay is punishable or potentially detrimental. A sham marriage of this type, sometimes known as the lavender marriage, such marriages may have one heterosexual and one gay partner, or two gay partners, a lesbian and a gay man married to each other. In the case where a gay man marries a woman, the woman is said to be his beard, in recent years, such marriages are conducted to make a political point about the absence of marriage equality in a particular country, such as in Australia. An example would be a National Unity Government, as existed in Israel during much of the 1980s or in Second World War Great Britain. Some marriages in medieval times were marriages of convenience, such as those of Agnes of Courtenay, or that of her daughter Sibylla, and that of Jeanne dAlbret, among many other examples. Members of royal families across Europe were wedded to each other to strengthen ties, peace, safety, predictability, networking, as well as for strategic, also called a marriage of state. Child marriage Forced marriage Marriage of state Basic Allowance for Housing Jones, James A, the Immigration Marriage Fraud Amendments, Sham Marriages or Sham Legislation. Florida State University Law Review,1997 Seminara, David, Hello, I Love You, Won’t You Tell Me Your Name, Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon, Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, november 2008 Winston, Ali, Marrying For Love. Constructions of us and them in Dutch family migration policy, European Journal of Womens Studies Hill, the European Economic Area and Marriages of Convenience, Thomas Bingham Chambers, London, Thursday, April 2,2015 Media related to Marriage of convenience at Wikimedia Commons
Marriage of convenience
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Operation by officers from the UK Border Agency at Oxford Registry Office on 8 June 2010 to stop a suspected sham marriage.
8.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
9.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
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Screenshot 2012
10.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
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GND screenshot
11.
Union List of Artist Names
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The Union List of Artist Names is an online database using a controlled vocabulary currently containing around 293,000 names and other information about artists. Names in ULAN may include names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages. Among these names, one is flagged as the preferred name, the focus of each ULAN record is an artist. Currently there are around 120,000 artists in the ULAN, in the database, each artist record is identified by a unique numeric ID. Linked to each artist record are names, related artists, sources for the data, the temporal coverage of the ULAN ranges from Antiquity to the present and the scope is global. The ULAN includes proper names and associated information about artists, artists may be either individuals or groups of individuals working together. Artists in the ULAN generally represent creators involved in the conception or production of visual arts, repositories and some donors are included as well. Work on the ULAN began in 1984, when the Getty decided to merge, in 1987 the Getty created a department dedicated to compiling and distributing terminology. The ULAN grows and changes via contributions from the user community, although originally intended only for use by Getty projects, the broader art information community outside the Getty expressed a need to use ULAN for cataloging and retrieval. Its scope was broadened to include corporate bodies such as firms and repositories of art. The ULAN was founded under the management of Eleanor Fink, the ULAN has been constructed over the years by numerous members of the user community and an army of dedicated editors, under the supervision of several managers. The ULAN was published in 1994 in hardcopy and machine-readable files, given the growing size and frequency of changes and additions to the ULAN, by 1997 it had become evident that hard-copy publication was impractical. It is now published in automated formats only, in both a searchable online Web interface and in data files available for licensing, final editorial control of the ULAN is maintained by the Getty Vocabulary Program, using well-established editorial rules. The current managers of the ULAN are Patricia Harpring, Managing Editor, entities in the Person facet typically have no children. Entities in the Corporate Body facet may branch into trees, there may be multiple broader contexts, making the ULAN structure polyhierarchical. In addition to the relationships, the ULAN also has equivalent. Contributors to the Getty Vocabularies and implementers of the licensed vocabulary data may consult these guidelines as well
Union List of Artist Names
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Contents
