1.
Clearfield County Courthouse
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Clearfield County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Clearfield, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located directly across from another historic landmark, the Dimeling Hotel and it is a 2 1⁄2-story brick structure constructed in 1860 in the Second Empire style. An addition was completed in 1884 and it features a square brick clock tower with a bell shaped roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, National Register of Historic Places listings in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Clearfield, Pennsylvania
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Clearfield is a borough and second most populous community in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States, behind DuBois. Clearfield is also the county seat of Clearfield County, as of the 2010 census the population was 6,215 people. The borough is part of the DuBois, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the larger State College-DuBois, the settled area surrounding the borough consists of the nearby census-designated places of Hyde and Plymptonville, which combined with Clearfield have a population of approximately 8,595 people. As of October 1,2016 both Clearfield Borough and Lawrence Township still remain separate municipalities, however meetings as of September 29,2016 show the process is moving forward, and consolidation would occur around January 6,2020 if vote passes. There were many routes and paths for Native Americans living and passing through Clearfield County up to the 1600s. Finally the path ended at the village of Kittanning on the Allegheny River, Clearfield is home to four of Clearfield Countys list of twenty National Registered Historic Places. Clearfield is located near the center of Clearfield County at 41°01′21″N 78°26′25″W, Clearfield Creek joins the West Branch 2 miles to the east of town. U. S. Route 322 passes through the borough, via US-322 and I-80 it is 22 miles northwest to the city of DuBois. US-322 leads southeast 40 miles to State College, the borough of Clearfield has many neighborhoods, not all of which are within the borough boundary. These locations are not separate communities, and have the same ZIP code as Clearfield, East End is a neighborhood within the borough of Clearfield. The area is located in the portion of the borough. The northern portion of East End is U. S. Route 322, the southern part is made up of Woodland Road and Cemetery Road ending at the old Hillcrest Cemetery. Dennys Beer Barrel is a pub located at the tip of the neighborhood near US322. The former Bionol ethanol plant, now a grain processing plant, is in the East End, just to the north of the plant is the Pennsylvania Lines Headquarters of the R. J. The neighborhood is near the confluence of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River, the Clearfield Mall as well as Dairy Queen are located between East End and Golden Rod. Hillsdale is located to the east of Clearfield, just outside the borough limits, the neighborhood is on a hill overlooking the borough. The boundary for this area is roughly from High Street to the west, to the Hillcrest Cemetery to the north, to Pennsylvania Route 879 to the east. Lock Haven Universitys Clearfield branch campus was located in Hillsdale
6.
DuBois, Pennsylvania
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DuBois /ˈduːbɔɪz/ DOO-boys is a city in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States,100 miles northeast of Pittsburgh. The population was 7,794 at the 2010 census and it is the principal city in the DuBois, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. DuBois is also one of two cities, the other being State College, that make up the larger State College-DuBois. Settled in 1812 and platted in 1872, DuBois was incorporated as a borough in 1881, the town was founded by John Rumbarger, for whom the town was originally named. The Rumbarger Cemetery is all that survives of this original settlement, the town was later renamed for local lumber magnate John DuBois, who came from a longstanding American family of French Huguenot descent. In 1938, his nephew, John E. DuBois, donated the family mansion, while DuBois was founded as a lumber town, the mining of bituminous coal quickly became the chief industry in DuBois. Over the years there have been unsuccessful attempts to combine the city with the surrounding Sandy Township. Combined, the population of DuBois and Sandy Township is approximately 18,000 people, the Commercial Hotel, since demolished, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, and the DuBois Historic District was listed in 1997. DuBois is located in northwestern Clearfield County at 41°7′13″N 78°45′43″W and it is surrounded by Sandy Township. It is bordered to the southwest by the community of Sandy and to the southeast by the community of Oklahoma. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.2 square miles, of which 3.2 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles, Sandy Lick Creek flows through the city from east to west. It is a tributary of Redbank Creek, part of the Allegheny River/Ohio River basin, as of 2013, the Medium Household Income was $34,340. Ninety five percent of adults 25 and over have a school diploma, 22% hold a bachelors degree or higher. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,794 people. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 3% White,0. 60% African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 90% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 1% from two or more races, and 1. 2% Hispanic or Latino. In the city, the population was out, with 22. 4% under the age of 18 and 16.4 who were 65 years of age or older. Females were 52. 5% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,123 people,3,614 households, and 2,099 families residing in the City of DuBois. The population density was 2,429.8 people per square mile, there were 3,956 housing units at an average density of 1,183.4 per square mile
7.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
8.
Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias fifth district is the largest in area, and least densely populated, of all of Pennsylvanias congressional districts. Marys Titusville The district is rural and includes small towns with economies based on manufacturing. The district has trended more and more Republican since the 1990s, the district includes several universities such as Clarion University and Pennsylvania State University. The Energy Industry including Coal Mining and Natural Gas Fracking is an important segment of the districts economy, warren, Venango and Bradford Counties are all home to oil refineries and are the location of many operating oil wells. The district is home to a large and growing Amish population, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Micropolitan Statistical Area
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The micropolitan area designation was created in 2003. Like the better-known Metropolitan Statistical Areas, an area is a geographic entity used for statistical purposes based on counties. The OMB has identified 576 micropolitan areas in the United States, the term micropolitan gained currency in the 1990s to describe growing population centers in the United States that are removed from larger cities, in some cases by 100 miles or more. Because the designation is based on the core urban clusters population and not on that of the whole area, for example, the Ottawa–Peru, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area had a 2010 census population of 154,908. That would put its total population ahead of roughly 100 individual locations classified as a Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2010. The largest of the areas, centered on Torrington, Connecticut, had a population in excess of 180,000 in 2000, mcCarthy, Michael J. Main Street America Gets a New Moniker. Archived from the original on Jul 27,2005, dreamtowns that offer refuge from big cities and congested suburbs
16.
State College, Pennsylvania
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State College is a home rule municipality in Centre County in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is the largest designated borough in Pennsylvania, in the 2010 census, the borough population was 42,034 with approximately 105,000 living in the borough plus the surrounding townships often referred to locally as the Centre Region. Many of these Centre Region communities also carry a State College, State College is a college town, dominated economically and demographically by the presence of the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University. Though Happy Valley is another often-used term to refer to the State College area, the term includes the borough and the townships of College, Harris, Patton. In 2013, State College was ranked as the third-safest metropolitan area in the United States by the CQ Press, in 2016, State College was ranked the 8th best college town in the nation by Best College Reviews. State College evolved from a village to a town in order to serve the needs of the Pennsylvania State College, State College was incorporated as a borough on August 29,1896, and has grown with the college, which was renamed The Pennsylvania State University in 1953. The university has a post office address of University Park, Pennsylvania, when Penn State changed its name from College to University in 1953, its president, Milton S. Eisenhower, sought to persuade the town to change its name as well. A referendum failed to yield a majority for any of the choices for a new name, after this, Penn State requested a new name for its on-campus post office in the HUB-Robeson Center from the U. S. The post office, which has moved across an alley to the McAllister Building, is the official home of ZIP code 16802. State College is situated at an elevation of approximately 1,200 feet above sea level, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 4.5 square miles, all of it land. It is surrounded by large tracts of farmland, and an expanse of mountains, State College has a humid continental climate. Temperatures average 27.2 °F in January and 72.1 °F in July, annual precipitation averages 39.8 inches, with 45.9 inches of annual snowfall on average. With a period of dating back to 1893, the lowest temperature recorded was −20 °F on February 10,1899. According to the 2010 census, there are 42,034 people,12,610 households, the population density was 9,258.6 people per square mile. There were 13,007 housing units at a density of 2,865.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 83. 2% White,3. 8% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,9. 8% Asian,1. 0% Other,3. 9% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. 22,681 or 54. 0% of borough residents are males and 19,353 or 46. 0% are females,33. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the family size was 2.71
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Governor of Pennsylvania
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is the head of the executive branch of Pennsylvanias state government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the states military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce laws, and the power to approve or veto bills passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature. The governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment, there have been seven presidents and 46 governors of Pennsylvania, with two governors serving non-consecutive terms, totaling 55 terms in both offices. The longest term was that of the first governor, Thomas Mifflin, the shortest term belonged to John Bell, who served only 19 days as acting governor after his predecessor resigned. The current governor is Tom Wolf, whose term began on January 20,2015, Pennsylvania was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was admitted as a state on December 12,1787. Prior to declaring its independence, Pennsylvania was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain, the first Pennsylvania constitution in 1776 created the Supreme Executive Council as the states executive branch, with the President as its head. The president was chosen annually by the council, though no specific term dates. The original 1776 constitution created the position of vice-president, though no provision was made if the office of president became vacant, contemporary sources continue to label the chief executive in such times as the vice president, without any notion of succeeding to the presidency. One acting president, George Bryan, was recognized as a full-fledged governor. The 1838 constitution moved the start of the term to the third Tuesday of the January following the election, the 1874 constitution lengthened the term to four years, and prohibited governors from succeeding themselves. The current constitution of 1968 changed this to allow governors to two consecutive terms. There are no limits on the number of terms a governor may serve in total as long as there is a break after a second term. Under the 1968 constitution, Milton Shapp was the first governor to serve 2 terms, should both offices be vacant, the president pro tempore of the state senate becomes governor. The position of lieutenant governor was created in the 1874 constitution, prior to then, originally, the lieutenant governor could only act as governor, it was not until the 1968 constitution that the lieutenant governor could actually become governor in that fashion. The office of governor has been vacant for an extended period once, Governors and lieutenant governors are elected on the same ticket. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Pennsylvania except where noted, † Denotes those offices from which the governor resigned to take the governorship. Even when the first bill was proposed to purchase a home, rather, the home was and is designated as a residence. Even during the 79 years that Keystone Hall was used, it was simply as that
18.
Thomas McKean
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Thomas McKean was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware and Philadelphia. During the American Revolution he was a delegate to the Continental Congress where he signed the United States Declaration of Independence, McKean served as a President of Congress. He was at times a member of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties. McKean served as President of Delaware, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania, McKean was born in New London Township in the Province of Pennsylvania. He was the son of William McKean and Letitia Finney and his father was a tavern-keeper in New London and both his parents were Irish-born Ulster-Scots who came to Pennsylvania as children from Ballymoney, County Antrim, Ireland. Mary Borden was his first wife and they married in 1763, lived at 22 The Strand in New Castle, Delaware. They had six children, Joseph, Robert, Elizabeth, Letitia, Mary, Mary Borden McKean died in 1773 and is buried at Immanuel Episcopal Church in New Castle. Sarah Armitage was McKeans second wife and they married in 1774, lived at the northeast corner of 3rd and Pine Streets in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and had four children, Sarah, Thomas, Sophia, and Maria. They were members of the New Castle Presbyterian Church in New Castle, McKeans daughter Sarah married Spanish diplomat Carlos Martínez de Irujo, 1st Marquis of Casa Irujo, their son Carlos Martínez de Irujo y McKean, would later become Prime Minister of Spain. McKeans education began at the Reverend Francis Allisons New London Academy, at the age of sixteen he went to New Castle, Delaware to begin the study of law under his cousin, David Finney. In 1755 he was admitted to the Bar of the Lower Counties, as Delaware was then known, in 1756 he was appointed deputy Attorney General for Sussex County. From the 1762/63 session through the 1775/76 session he was a member of the General Assembly of the Lower Counties, from July 1765, he also served as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas and began service as the customs collector at New Castle in 1771. In November 1765 his Court of Common Pleas became the first such court in the colonies to establish a rule all the proceedings of the court be recorded on un-stamped paper. Eighteenth century Delaware was politically divided into political factions known as the Court Party. The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, McKean was the epitome of the Country party politician and was, as much as anyone, its leader. As such, he worked in partnership with Caesar Rodney from Kent County. At the Stamp Act Congress of 1765, McKean and Caesar Rodney represented Delaware, McKean proposed the voting procedure that the Continental Congress later adopted, that each colony, regardless of size or population, have one vote. This decision set the precedent, the Congress of the Articles of Confederation adopted the practice, McKean quickly became one of the most influential members of the Stamp Act Congress
19.
Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
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Huntingdon County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 45,913, the county was created on September 20,1787, mainly from the north part of Bedford County with the addition of territory on the east from Cumberland County. Huntingdon County comprises the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 889 square miles, of which 875 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. The population density was 52 people per square mile, there were 22,365 housing units at an average density of 24 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 50% White,5. 21% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 87% from other races, and 0. 92% from two or more races. 1. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,33. 9% were of German,17. 1% American,11. 1% Irish,7. 5% English and 5. 7% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 21. 70% under the age of 18,10. 10% from 18 to 24,29. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 109.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.20 males, almost everyone that lives in Huntingdon County speaks English as their first language. The United States Office of Management and Budget has designated Huntingdon County as the Huntingdon, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census the micropolitan area ranked 11th most populous in the State of Pennsylvania, duBois Business College, Huntingdon County campus, located in the former Huntingdon High School building in the borough of Huntingdon. U. S. Route 22 enters Huntingdon County from the west at the Blair County line in Morris Township near Alexandria and it exits Huntingdon County at the Mifflin County line in Brady Township near Mount Union. The following boroughs and townships are located in Huntingdon County, Allenport McConnellstown The population ranking of the table is based on the 2010 census of Huntingdon County. Hugh Brady, U. S. Army general C. L. com Community Events and Business Directory for Huntingdon County, Pa
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Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
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Lycoming County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 116,111, Lycoming County comprises the Williamsport, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located about 130 miles northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles east-northeast of Pittsburgh, Lycoming County was formed from Northumberland County on April 13,1795. The county was larger than it is today and it took up most of the land that is now north central Pennsylvania. Lycoming County was originally named Jefferson County in honor of Thomas Jefferson and this name proved to be unsatisfactory. The name change went through several steps,1615, The first European in Lycoming County was Étienne Brûlé. He was a voyageur for New France, brule descended the West Branch Susquehanna River and was held captive by a local Indian tribe near what is now Muncy before escaping and returning to Canada. 1761, The first permanent homes were built in Muncy, three log cabins were built by Bowyer Brooks, Robert Roberts and James Alexander. 1772, The first gristmill is built on Muncy Creek by John Alward 1775, the road followed Indian trails from Fort Augusta in what is now Sunbury to Bald Eagle Creek near modern-day Lock Haven. 1786, The first church built in the county was Lycoming Presbyterian church in what was known as Jaysburg and is now the Newberry section of Williamsport,1792, The first sawmill was built on Lycoming Creek by Roland Hall. 1795, The first elections for Lycoming County government are held soon after the county was formed from Northumberland County, the elected officers were Samuel Stewart, county sheriff and the first county commissioners were John Hanna, Thomas Forster and James Crawford. 1823, The county government funded the construction of the first bridges over Loyalsock,1839, The first railroad is built. It connected Williamsport with Ralston in northern Lycoming County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,244 square miles, of which 1,229 square miles is land and 15 square miles is water. Lycoming County is the largest county in Pennsylvania by land area and second-largest by total area, Lycoming County is divided between the Appalachian Mountains in the south, the dissected Allegheny Plateau in the north and east, and the valley of the West Branch Susquehanna River between these. The West Branch of the Susquehanna enters Lycoming County from Clinton County just west of the borough of Jersey Shore, which is on the northwest bank of the river. The river flows just north of Bald Eagle Mountain through much of its course in Lycoming County and it continues south past the borough of Montgomery and leaves Lycoming County, where it forms the border between Union and Northumberland Counties. From there the West Branch merges with the North Branch Susquehanna River at Northumberland, Pennsylvania, the major creeks of Lycoming County are all tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River. Loyalsock and Muncy Creeks are also the major watersheds of Sullivan County, finally there is White Deer Hole Creek, the only major creek in Lycoming County on the right bank of the river
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West Branch of the Susquehanna River
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The West Branch Susquehanna River is one of the two principal branches, along with the North Branch, of the Susquehanna River in the northeastern United States. The North Branch, which rises in upstate New York, is regarded as the extension of the main branch. The West Branch, which is 243 miles long, is entirely within the state of Pennsylvania, along most of its course it meanders along mountain ridges and through water gaps, forming a large zigzag arc through central Pennsylvania around the north end of the Allegheny Ridge. In colonial times the river provided an important water route to the Ohio River valley, in the 18th century, its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In the 20th century the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to drainage from nearby. The West Branch rises on the west side of the Alleghenies in northwestern Cambria County and it flows generally north, crossing the eastern corner of Indiana County at Cherry Tree, then into southern Clearfield County. Near Mahaffey it turns generally northeast and flows past Curwensville and Clearfield, in northern Clinton County it turns to the southeast to Lock Haven. Buffalo Creek from the west at Lewisburg, in the late 18th century, Cherry Tree marked the frontier between the Pennsylvania Colony and the Shawnee and Lenape lands to the west as specified by treaty. The lands along the West Branch were vital hunting grounds and agricultural lands for Native Americans, during Pennsylvania’s great lumbering era, the most significant log drive was conveyed on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna’s West Branch Canal Division further shaped the corridor, linking towns and villages, finally, railroads in the corridor fused the links between communities and commerce within the corridor. The first recorded inhabitants of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks and their name meant people of the muddy river, from the Lenape name of the Susquehanna River, Siskuwihane. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape and were under the nominal control of the Five Nations of the Iroquois. Madame Montours village of Otstonwakin or Ostuagy was an important location during the settlement of what is now Lycoming County. Count Zinzendorf, a missionary being guided by Conrad Weiser with the permission of Shikellamy, the British purchased land from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property border defined by Tiadaghton Creek dividing colonial, the colonists claimed this was Pine Creek, the Iroquois and other tribes Lycoming Creek. The area between Pine and Lycoming creeks was disputed territory, the illegal settlers there were part of the Fair Play Men system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4,1776. In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists, after the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 and smaller local attacks, the Big Runaway occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies, homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury
22.
Bison
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Bison are large, even-toed ungulates in the genus Bison within the subfamily Bovinae. Two extant and four species are recognized. Of the four species, three were North American endemics, Bison antiquus, B. latifrons, and B. occidentalis. The fourth, B. priscus, ranged across steppe environments from Western Europe, through Central Asia, East Asia including Japan, of the two surviving species, the American bison, B. bison, found only in North America, is the more numerous. Although sometimes referred to historically as a buffalo, it is distantly related to the true buffalo. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the Plains bison, B. b. bison, and the Wood bison, B. b. athabascae, which is the namesake of Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada. A third subspecies, the Eastern Woodland Bison is no longer considered a valid taxon, references to Woods Bison or Wood Bison from the eastern United States confusingly refer to this subspecies, not B. b. athabascae, which was not found in the region. The European bison B. bonasus, or wisent, is found in Europe, while all bison species are classified in their own genus, they are sometimes bred with domestic cattle and produce fertile offspring called beefalo or zubron. The American bison and the European bison are the largest surviving terrestrial animals in North America, Bison are good swimmers and can cross rivers over half a mile wide. They are nomadic grazers and travel in herds, the bulls leave the herds of females at two or three years of age, and join a male herd, which are generally smaller than female herds. Towards the end of the summer, for the reproductive season, American bison are known for living in the Great Plains, but formerly had a much larger range including much of the eastern United States and parts of Mexico. The American Plains bison is no longer listed as endangered, genetically pure B. b. bison currently number only ~20,000, separated into fragmented herds - all of which require active conservation measures. Although superficially similar, physical and behavioural differences exist between the American and European bison, the American species has 15 ribs, while the European bison has 14. The American bison has four lumbar vertebrae, while the European has five, adult American bison are less slim in build and have shorter legs. American bison tend to more, and browse less than their European relatives. Their anatomies reflect this difference, the American bisons head hangs lower than the Europeans. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. American bison are more easily tamed than their European cousins, the bovine tribe split about 5 to 10 million years ago into the buffalos and a group leading to bison and taurine cattle
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Native American in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
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Cornplanter
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John Abeel III, known as Gaiäntwakê or Kaiiontwakon in the Seneca language and thus generally known as Cornplanter was a Seneca war chief and diplomat. As a chief warrior, Cornplanter fought in the French and Indian War, in both wars, the Seneca and three other Iroquois nations were allied with the British. After the war Cornplanter led negotiations with the United States and was a signatory of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and he helped gain Iroquois neutrality during the Northwest Indian War. In the postwar years, he worked to more about European-American ways. Disillusioned by his peoples poor reaction to European-American society, he had the schools closed and followed his half-brother Handsome Lakes movement returning to traditional Seneca way. The United States government granted him about 1500 acres of former Seneca territory in Pennsylvania in 1796 for him and his heirs forever, which became known as the Cornplanter Tract. It was flooded in 1965 by the Kinzua Dam, and most of the residents were relocated to the Allegany Reservation of the federally recognized Seneca Nation of New York. Cornplanter was born between 1732 and 1746 at Canawaugus on the Genesee River in present-day New York State and he was the son of a Seneca woman, Gah-hon-no-neh, and a Dutch man, Johannes John Abeel II. The Dutch had settled in the area generations ago, and Cornplanters father, the Abeel family name was sometimes Gaelicized to OBail, OBeal and Abeele. John Abeel II was connected to the Schuyler family, leaders in business, the younger John Abeel was a gunsmith and was gladly accepted into the Indian community to repair their guns. Cornplanter was raised by his mother among the Seneca and his Seneca name, Gaiäntwakê, means “the planter, ” and another variation, Kaintwakon, means “by what one plants. Cornplanter first became known as war chief of the Seneca when they allied with the French against the English during the French and he was present at Braddocks defeat. During the American Revolution, both Cornplanter and his uncle, Chief Guyasutha, wanted the Iroquois to remain neutral and he believed the Iroquois should stay out of the white mans war. War is war, he told other Iroquois, a fight is a hard business. Both the British and the American Patriots had urged the Iroquois nations to stay neutral, both sides initially told Indians that there was no need for their involvement. When the fighting between the Colonists and the British heated up, however, both sides tried to recruit the Iroquois as allies. The British offered large amounts of goods, specifically rum and other goods, the Iroquois League met together at Oswego in July 1777, to vote on their decision. Although Guysutha and Cornplanter voted for neutrality, when the majority of chiefs voted to side with the British, because of the status of the Seneca as War Chiefs among the Iroquois, most of the Iroquois Confederacy followed suit
25.
Senecas
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The Seneca are a group of indigenous Iroquoian-speaking people native to North America who historically lived south of Lake Ontario. They were the nation located farthest to the west within the Six Nations or Iroquois League in New York before the American Revolution, in the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three federally recognized Seneca tribes. Two are in New York, the Seneca Nation of New York, the Seneca-Cayuga Nation is located in Oklahoma, where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during Indian Removal. Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada, near Brantford, Ontario and they are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution, as they had been allies of the British and forced to cede much of their lands. The Seneca nations own name is Onöndowága, meaning Great Hill Place and it is identical to the endonym used by the Onondaga people. At the time of formation of the Haudenosaunee, they lived as the farthest west of the five nations within the league and they were referred to as the Keepers of the Western Door. Other nations called them Seneca after their village of Osininka. Since Osininka sounds like the Anishinaabe word Asinikaa, meaning Those at the Place Full of Stones, non-Haudenosaunee nations confused the Seneca nations name with that of the Oneida nations endonym Onyotaa, ka, meaning People of the Standing Stone. A legend of the Seneca tribe states that the tribe originated in a village called Nundawao, near the end of Canandaigua Lake. Close to South Hill stands the 865 foot -high Bare Hill, Bare Hill is part of the Bare Hill Unique Area, which began to be acquired by the state in 1989. Bare Hill had been the site of a Seneca or pre-Seneca indigenous fort and they indicate defenses raised by Indian hands, or more probably belong to the labors of a race that preceded the Indian occupation. The wall is now about tumbled down, the stones seem somewhat scattered, in the early 1920s, the material that made up the Bare Hill fort was used by the Town of Middlesex highway department for road fill. The Seneca traditionally lived in what is now New York state between the Genesee River and Canandaigua Lake, the dating of an oral tradition mentioning a solar eclipse yields 1142 AD as the year for the Seneca joining the Iroquois. The Seneca were by far the most populous of the Haudenosaunee nations, the villages were the homes and headquarters of the Seneca. While the Seneca maintained substantial permanent settlements and raised crops in the vicinity of their villages. The villages, where hunting and military campaigns were planned and executed, major Seneca villages were protected with wooden palisades. Ganondagan, with 150 longhouses, was the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, while Chenussio, the Seneca had two branches, the western and the eastern. Each branch distinct, they were incorporated and recognized by the Iroquois Confederacy Council
26.
U.S. Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
27.
West Branch Susquehanna River
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The West Branch Susquehanna River is one of the two principal branches, along with the North Branch, of the Susquehanna River in the northeastern United States. The North Branch, which rises in upstate New York, is regarded as the extension of the main branch. The West Branch, which is 243 miles long, is entirely within the state of Pennsylvania, along most of its course it meanders along mountain ridges and through water gaps, forming a large zigzag arc through central Pennsylvania around the north end of the Allegheny Ridge. In colonial times the river provided an important water route to the Ohio River valley, in the 18th century, its lower valley became a significant industrial heartland of Pennsylvania. In the 20th century the upper reaches of the West Branch turned a yellow/orange color due to drainage from nearby. The West Branch rises on the west side of the Alleghenies in northwestern Cambria County and it flows generally north, crossing the eastern corner of Indiana County at Cherry Tree, then into southern Clearfield County. Near Mahaffey it turns generally northeast and flows past Curwensville and Clearfield, in northern Clinton County it turns to the southeast to Lock Haven. Buffalo Creek from the west at Lewisburg, in the late 18th century, Cherry Tree marked the frontier between the Pennsylvania Colony and the Shawnee and Lenape lands to the west as specified by treaty. The lands along the West Branch were vital hunting grounds and agricultural lands for Native Americans, during Pennsylvania’s great lumbering era, the most significant log drive was conveyed on the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna’s West Branch Canal Division further shaped the corridor, linking towns and villages, finally, railroads in the corridor fused the links between communities and commerce within the corridor. The first recorded inhabitants of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian speaking Susquehannocks and their name meant people of the muddy river, from the Lenape name of the Susquehanna River, Siskuwihane. Decimated by diseases and warfare, they had died out, moved away, the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River Valley were then chiefly occupied by the Munsee phratry of the Lenape and were under the nominal control of the Five Nations of the Iroquois. Madame Montours village of Otstonwakin or Ostuagy was an important location during the settlement of what is now Lycoming County. Count Zinzendorf, a missionary being guided by Conrad Weiser with the permission of Shikellamy, the British purchased land from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768, opening what is now Lycoming County to settlement. However, the Line of Property border defined by Tiadaghton Creek dividing colonial, the colonists claimed this was Pine Creek, the Iroquois and other tribes Lycoming Creek. The area between Pine and Lycoming creeks was disputed territory, the illegal settlers there were part of the Fair Play Men system of self-government, with their own Declaration of Independence from Britain on July 4,1776. In the American Revolutionary War, settlements throughout the Susquehanna valley were attacked by Loyalists, after the Wyoming Valley battle and massacre in the summer of 1778 and smaller local attacks, the Big Runaway occurred throughout the West Branch Susquehanna valley. Settlers fled feared and actual attacks by the British and their allies, homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to Muncy, then further south to Sunbury
28.
Underground Railroad
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The term is also applied to the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who aided the fugitives. Various other routes led to Mexico or overseas, an earlier escape route running south toward Florida, then a Spanish possession, existed from the late 17th century until shortly after the American Revolution. However, the now generally known as the Underground Railroad was formed in the late 1700s. One estimate suggests that by 1850,100,000 slaves had escaped via the Railroad, British North America, where slavery was prohibited, was a popular destination, as its long border gave many points of access. Most former slaves settled in Ontario, more than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there via the network during its 20-year peak period, although U. S. Census figures account for only 6,000. Numerous fugitives stories are documented in the 1872 book The Underground Railroad Records by William Still, the resulting economic impact was minuscule, but the psychological influence on slaveholders was immense. With heavy lobbying by Southern politicians, the Compromise of 1850 was passed by Congress after the Mexican–American War, because the law required sparse documentation to claim a person was a fugitive, slave catchers also kidnapped free blacks, especially children, and sold them into slavery. Southern politicians often exaggerated the number of escaped slaves and often blamed escapes on Northerners interfering with Southern property rights. The law deprived suspected slaves of the right to themselves in court. In a de facto bribe, judges were paid a fee for a decision that confirmed a suspect as a slave than for one ruling that the suspect was free. Many Northerners who might have ignored slave issues in the South were confronted by local challenges that bound them to support slavery. This was a primary grievance cited by the Union during the American Civil War, the escape network was not literally underground nor a railroad. It was figuratively underground in the sense of being an underground resistance and it was known as a railroad by way of the use of rail terminology in the code. The Underground Railroad consisted of meeting points, secret routes, transportation, and safe houses, escaped slaves would move north along the route from one way station to the next. Conductors on the railroad came from various backgrounds and included blacks, white abolitionists, former slaves. Without the presence and support of black residents, there would have been almost no chance for fugitive slaves to pass into freedom unmolested. To reduce the risk of infiltration, many associated with the Underground Railroad knew only their part of the operation. Conductors led or transported the fugitives from station to station, a conductor sometimes pretended to be a slave in order to enter a plantation
29.
Bloom Township, Pennsylvania
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Bloom Township is a township in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 414 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 18.9 square miles. Chestnut Grove Greenville Laborde As of the census of 2000, there were 412 people,169 households, the population density was 21.8 people per square mile. There were 220 housing units at a density of 11. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 99. 76% White and 0. 24% Native American,25. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 2.96. In the township the population was out, with 22. 3% under the age of 18,5. 3% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,28. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 114.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.2 males, the median income for a household in the township was $30,909, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had an income of $28,611 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,470, about 9. 3% of families and 8. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. DuBois Area School District Western Pennsylvania Bilgers rocks History of Bloom Township, PA
30.
Bilger's rocks
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Bilgers Rocks is a park in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, USA, near the town of Grampian in Bloom Township. The surrounding area is laced with hills, mountains. The area of the park is located along the Allegheny section of the mountains, the creation of the sandstone seen exposed at Bilgers Rocks was during the Carboniferous Period that lasted from 354 to 290 million years ago. The rocks exposed at Bilgers Rocks are the Homewood Formation of the Pottsville Group and these rocks were once covered by softer rocks that have been eroded away. In the vicinity of Bilgers Rocks the remaining sandstone bed measures over 50 feet thick and is broken up over hundreds of yards, the Homewood sandstone has an age range of approximately 316-320 million years old, predating the breakup of the ancient supercontinent known as Pangaea. Below Bells Landing, outcrops of the Homewood strata can be throughout the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. The West Branch was known to Native Americans as Otsinachsin, The Place By The Rocks, the most striking feature about Bilgers Rocks are the various openings, crawlspaces, passageways, and arches found throughout the outcrop. These minute fissures and larger gaps are primarily caused by jointing within the rocks, joints are caused by tectonic, or mountain-building forces that move and stress rocks, causing them to fracture. The resulting cracks provide an inlet for water, which dissolves the rocks and allows space for ice crystals to freeze and thaw during the seasonal cycles. Eventually, plants and trees grow up through crevasses in the rocks and can exert considerable pressure as they grow. Gravity and erosion work together to slowly level the landscape by breaking the rock into ever smaller pieces, the steady continental movement combined with relentless erosion and weathering over hundreds of millions of years has left the continually evolving Rock City that we can observe today. The area was known to have natural resources that provided Native Americans and the others that came later with a myriad of wildlife and goods to hunt, produce. The surrounding watershed flows generally south and east to its ultimate destination, eventually, the native population was pushed further west and the treaties signed at Fort Stanwix in 1784 and Fort McIntosh in 1785 expanded the land rush. Five families from Maryland and Chester and Delaware counties arrived each holding title to 1,000 acres for which they had paid a land speculator $5 an acre, the area encompassing Bilgers Rocks that eventually was to become Bloom Township was petitioned to the U. S. Quarter Sessions Court in August 1857 by residents of surrounding Pike, Penn, Brady, a vote was taken in November of that year that unanimously agreed to create the new township, and was named and enacted in January 1860. The whole of this land was incorporated as Pike township in 1813. The recorded population according to the census of 1910 was 451, a testament to the difficulty navigating and traversing the territory is documented from the march of French troops through the area during the. A large proportion of the population at the time consisted of Pennsylvania Quakers
31.
Sandstone
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Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized minerals or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earths crust, like sand, sandstone may be any color, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, quartz-bearing sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure, usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a rock or be mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays, grain sizes in sands are defined within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm. The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages, first, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation, either from water or from air. Typically, sedimentation occurs by the settling out from suspension. The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate, which are derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried. Colours will usually be tan or yellow, a predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide, which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red, with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are seen in the Southwest and West of Britain, as well as central Europe. The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry, either as a building material or as a facing stone. These physical properties allow the grains to survive multiple recycling events. Quartz grains evolve from rock, which are felsic in origin. Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones, Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions, alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars. The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope, below is a description of the different types of feldspar. Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi3O8 to NaAlSi3O8. Plagioclase feldspar is a group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8. Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains, accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone, commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone
32.
Bedrock
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BedRock is the second single by hip hop group Young Money Entertainment from their debut collaboration album We Are Young Money. It is performed by Young Money artists Lil Wayne, Gudda Gudda, Nicki Minaj, Drake, Tyga, Jae Millz and it was released as a CD in the United Kingdom on March 22,2010. BedRock is featured as a track on the Japanese and New Zealand editions of Nicki Minajs debut studio album. After being leaked in September 2009 to Lil Wayne fan sites and it was originally titled Girl You Know and the chorus was sung by Omarion and Lil Waynes verse was different, but due to Omarions departure from Young Money, he was replaced by Lloyd. The song was planned to be released as the 3rd official single of the album. Drake interpolates Are You That Somebody by Aaliyah in his verse, Girl, I gotta watch my back, in August 2011, Done Deal Enterprises filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Lil Wayne, Cash Money, Young Money, and Universal over the song. Blue Marley from Done Deal claims that he wrote BedRock with the same name, bedRocks music video, directed by Dayo and Lil Wayne, was shot on October 21 and released on December 7,2009 and debuted on BETs 106 & Park. The video was featured on MTV Jams that same morning and was posted to MTV. com in January 2010. Cameo appearances are made by ZC, Nixo, Birdman, LoLoFoSho, Lil Chuckee, Beverly, Short Dawg, Winston, Shanell, NBA player J. R. Smith, Mack Maine, and Jay Rock. It features the members of Young Money in a house in Davie and they are later seen outside near the swimming pool of the house. There are five versions of BedRock, the first is titled Girl You Know and Omarion sings the chorus. The second version had Lloyd singing the chorus and Lil Waynes verse was slightly different and this version is the only one to have Lloyd saying Young Lloyd, Young Mula Baby at the end. This version can be found on Gudda Guddas mixtape, Guddaville, in the third version, Lil Waynes verse is slightly different from the first two versions and he says Young Mula Baby in place of Lloyd. This is the version that was released as a single and appears on the album, the last version, titled BedRock Part II is the official remix. Tyga, Nicki Minaj, Gudda Gudda, and Jae Millz verses were all replaced by new verses by Lloyd, Lil Waynes verse on this version is the same one on the second version. In the original video of BedRock when Drake sings I love your sushi roll. A plumper Nicki was sitting against the wall, now in place is another girl with a sushi roll. The fifth version is by Rasheeda, Diamond, Kandi, Lola Monroe, Kandi sings the chorus but instead of saying Mr Flintstone she says Mrs Flintstone BedRock debuted at #36 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending December 12,2009
33.
Appalachian Mountains
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The Appalachian Mountains, often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and it once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before naturally occurring erosion. The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines, definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians. The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft. The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet, the term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the mountain range with its surrounding hills. The Ouachita Mountains in Arkansas and Oklahoma were originally part of the Appalachians as well, the name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváezs expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15,1528, now spelled Appalachian, it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US. After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrezs map of 1562, the name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the Allegheny Mountains, Alleghenies, in the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania. In U. S. dialects in the regions of the Appalachians. In northern parts of the range, it is pronounced /ˌæpəˈleɪtʃᵻnz/ or /ˌæpəˈleɪʃᵻnz/, the third syllable is like lay. There is often debate between the residents of the regions as to which pronunciation is the more correct one. Elsewhere, a commonly accepted pronunciation for the adjective Appalachian is /ˌæpəˈlætʃiən/, the whole system may be divided into three great sections, Northern, The northern section runs from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador to the Hudson River. The Monteregian Hills, which cross the Green Mountains in Quebec, are also unassociated with the Appalachians, Central, The central section goes from the Hudson Valley to the New River running through Virginia and West Virginia. Southern, The southern section runs from the New River onwards and it consists of the prolongation of the Blue Ridge, which is divided into the Western Blue Ridge Front and the Eastern Blue Ridge Front, the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, and the Cumberland Plateau
34.
Interstate 80 (Pennsylvania)
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The transcontinental Interstate 80 is designated across northern Pennsylvania as the Keystone Shortway, officially the Z. H. Confair Memorial Highway. This route was mainly along a completely new alignment, not paralleling any earlier U. S. Routes, as a shortcut to the tolled Pennsylvania Turnpike. It does not serve any cities in Pennsylvania, and serves mainly as a cross-state route on the Ohio-New York City corridor. Most of I-80s path across the state goes through hilly and mountainous terrain, Interstate 80 intersects cities such as DuBois, Sharon, Hazleton, and Stroudsburg. I-80 enters the Western Pennsylvania area which encompasses Mercer, Venango, Butler, Clarion, Jefferson, I-80 intersects I-376 and I-79 in Mercer County in Shenango and Findley Township respectively. Jefferson County at mile marker 73 is known for the city of Punxsutawney and this point is just east of Exit 111. A sign prominently displays this fact about the Interstate. At mile marker 101, I-80 passes by the city of Dubois, I-80 enters Centre County around mile marker 138 and intersects I-99 at exit 161, the main connecting point to the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the Pennsylvania State University. US220 is concurrent between exits 161 and 178 where it heads towards Lock Haven, at mile marker 199, I-80 approaches the Williamsport area, the venue of the Little League World Series in Union County. I-80 intersects I-180 at exit 212, I-80 enters the Northeastern Pennsylvania area to include points Northumberland County and east to New Jersey. In Montour County at mile marker 224, it approaches the Bloomsburg area, home to the Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, I-80 also passes by the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton area in Luzerne County. At exit 260, a connection can be made via I-81 to Harrisburg to the south and Binghamton, I-80 intersects I-476 at exit 274 in Carbon County for connections to Allentown and Philadelphia to the south and I-380 for a connection to I-84 to New England and Scranton. Around mile marker 305, I-80 approaches Stroudsburg and East Stroudsburg, home to the East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, after passing by the Delaware Water Gap, I-80 enters the state of New Jersey via the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge. The corridor now served by I-80 was originally to be a branch of the Pennsylvania Turnpike from Sharon to Stroudsburg, planning was shifted to the Pennsylvania Department of Highways in 1956 with the passage of the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act. From Scranton a route went southeast along U. S. Route 611 to the Stroudsburg area, on May 22,1957, a request by Pennsylvania to move the corridor south was approved by the Federal Highway Administration. This was corrected the year, as the Keystone Shortway became part of I-80. I-84 was truncated to Scranton, and the Scranton-Stroudsburg connection became Interstate 81E, the first section of present I-80 to open was the Delaware Water Gap Toll Bridge, opened December 16,1953. This had been built as part of U. S. Route 611, construction on the rest of I-80 began in 1959 and was completed in 1970
35.
U.S. Route 219 in Pennsylvania
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From near Grantsville, Maryland north to Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, U. S. Route 219 is Corridor N of the Appalachian Development Highway System. From Somerset, Pennsylvania to just south of Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, from Carrolltown US219 runs largely as a two-lane road to DuBois, Pennsylvania, through which it runs as Brady Street, and then returns to a two-lane road after a junction with Interstate 80. US219 runs directly through the towns of Brockway, Ridgway, and Johnsonburg before reaching Wilcox, US219 continues north as a two-lane road until reaching Bradford, where it becomes a limited-access highway and remains so until reaching the New York border. US219 enters Pennsylvania from Maryland in Elk Lick Township, Somerset County, the road intersects PA669 in Salisbury before turning to the northeast. The route becomes a freeway and bypasses Meyersdale to the west. Past here, US219 becomes a surface road again and winds through more rural areas. As of 2013, a new four lane segment from Meyersdale to Somerset is under construction. The road heads northeast from here, turning to the northwest in Berlin, southeast of Somerset, the route heads north onto a four-lane freeway. US219 bypasses Somerset to the east and passes over the Pennsylvania Turnpike, the route interchanges with PA281 before coming to a ramp with PA601 that provides access to the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The road comes to the US30 exit east of Jennerstown and heads through areas of farms and woods. US219 crosses the Stonycreek River into Cambria County and heads near residential and commercial development southeast of Johnstown. At this point, PA56 forms a concurrency with US219, PA56 splits to the northwest onto a freeway at the next interchange and US219 comes to an interchange with Galleria Drive, which provides access to The Johnstown Galleria shopping mall. The freeway heads into rural areas of woods with some farms. The next interchange along the US219 freeway is with PA53 in Summerhill, from this point, the road heads north through more rural areas, with a northbound exit and entrance at Tower Road. The route continues to the Ebensburg area, where it interchanges with US22, from here, US219 continues through wooded areas to the west of Ebensburg, coming to an interchange with the eastern terminus of the western segment of US422. North of Ebensburg, the segment of US219 ends. South of Carrolltown, the road intersects PA553, after passing through Carrolltown, the route heads northwest, coming to an intersection with PA271 in Northern Cambria. After this, US219 begins to follow the West Branch Susquehanna River and curves to the again, passing through forests
36.
U.S. Route 322 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 322 is a U. S. highway running from Cleveland, Ohio east to Atlantic City, New Jersey. The route passes near several cities, including DuBois, State College, in Pennsylvania, US322 is signed as 28th Division Highway, in honor of the 28th Infantry Division. The route enters Pennsylvania taking a northeasternly course, in Meadville, US322 overlaps U. S. Route 6 and U. S. Route 19. Southeast of Meadville, the highway runs generally southeast through Crawford, Venango, once leaving Clarion borough, US322 interchanges I-80, at exit 70. From I-80, it continues on a solid east–west routing crossing Jefferson County, the route overlaps U. S. Route 219 near the northern terminus of U. S. Route 119, south of Du Bois. East of US219, the route takes a turn to traverse Moshannon State Forest. From Clearfield to U. S. Route 220, the highway runs southeast and is partly divided, West of State College, the 28th Division Highway becomes the Mount Nittany Expressway after intersecting with Scotia Road and North Atherton Street. The I-99/US 220/US322 overlap ends at an interchange north of downtown State College. East of the overlap, US322 continues southeastward through State College, between Boalsburg and Lewistown, the highway traverses Tussey Mountain and Stone Mountain, in the Rothrock State Forest, as it turns to the south. Between Potters Mills and Lewistown, US322 is a limited-access road, near Lewistown, it briefly overlaps U. S. Route 522 and begins a long overlap with US22. South of Lewistown, US 22/US322 enters the Lewistown Narrows, after crossing the Susquehanna at Clarks Ferry, the freeway runs south and parallels the river for 15 miles before entering the Harrisburg Area. North of downtown Harrisburg, the US 22/322 overlap interchanges with Interstate 81 at exit 67, while US22 continues through the interchange and heads into downtown, US322 departs US22 and joins I-81 northbound. After two exits, US322 departs I-83 at the Eisenhower Interchange, following Paxton Street east, returning to an at-grade roadway after one exit, West of that borough, US322 becomes a freeway once again, becoming the Hummelstown Bypass after crossing Fiddlers Elbow Road. As the freeway ends, US322 exits and heads east on the at-grade West Governor Road as it passes south of Hershey, east of the Hershey area, the route runs eastward via the scenic Horseshoe Pike traversing Lebanon County. The Horseshoe Pike portion ends west of Cornwall, where US322 bypasses the town, east of the bypass, the route becomes grade-leveled again, enters Lancaster County and passes over the Pennsylvania Turnpike. This stretch runs eastward, again known as the 28th Division Highway, east of Ephrata, US322 interchanges U. S. In Downingtown, US322 interchanges US30, after passing under US30 it continues into Downingtown as Manor Ave before intersecting US30 Business/Lancaster Ave. The route turns left at the intersection and runs concurrent US30 Business for a block while crossing the Brandywine Creek, the route then turns right at the next intersection onto Brandywine Ave as it exits the borough and becomes Downingtown Pike
37.
Pennsylvania Route 36
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Pennsylvania Route 36 is a 151.12 mi long state highway located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 26 near the Hopewell Township community of Yellow Creek, the northern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 27 and Pennsylvania Route 227 in Pleasantville. One of the longest and oldest highways in the commonwealth, PA36 serves as a connector between South Central and Northwestern Pennsylvania. In 1955, the highway was designated as the Colonel Drake Highway in honor of Edwin Drake, PA36 begins in the Bedford County hamlet of Yellow Creek at PA26 along the Tussey Mountain range. A short distance between Roaring Spring and the hamlet of McKee, PA36 overlaps the east–west running PA164, north of McKee, PA36 becomes Catfish Ridge Road, closely paralleling the Frankstown Branch Juniata River to the west, and the Interstate 99–U. S. Route 220 overlap to the east along the Brush Mountain range, just south of Hollidaysburg, PA36 has the only interchange with a non-freeway highway, Smith Road. North of Smith Road, PA36 enters the borough as Logan Boulevard, north of Hollidaysburg, PA36 as Logan Boulevard becomes a major 4-lane divided arterial, serving the southern suburbs of Altoona. North of the I-99/US220 underpass, PA36 enters the city of Altoona, the route briefly overlaps U. S. Route 220 Business along West Plank Road. North of the overlap, PA36 traverses the downtown areas of the city via Union Avenue, running on a west direction, 18th Street leads PA36 out of Altoona, into the Appalachian Mountains and rural areas. Near the Cambria County line, PA36 has the first of five wrong-way concurrencies with PA53 for block in the hamlet of Ashville, West of the hamlet, PA36 proceeds on a northwest direction into Clearfield County. Between the county line and the village of Mahaffey, PA36 mostly runs parallel on the banks of the Chest Creek. From Mahaffey to McGees Mills, PA36 is overlapped with U. S. Route 219 along the banks of the West Branch Susquehanna River. The highway runs through Indiana County, passing through its far northeastern portion, briefly after entering Jefferson County, PA36 takes a predominantly western course. PA traverses the borough of Punxsutawney as Main and Mahoning Streets while intersecting the Buffalo-Pittsburgh highway and PA436, outside the borough, PA36 intersects another spur, PA536, before taking a more northern alignment. In Brookville, PA36 has a concurrency with U. S. Route 322. North of the overlap, PA36 becomes Allegheny Boulevard while interchanging Interstate 80 at exit 78, north of Brookville, PA36 runs mostly on a northern course. In the northwestern sections of the county, the road intersects PA949 in Sigel, PA36 exits the county running west along the southern tips of the Clarion River in Cook Forest State Park. PA36 enters Clarion County running westward, in the town of Leeper, the route intersects PA66
38.
Pennsylvania Route 53
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Pennsylvania Route 53 is an 83-mile-long state highway located in central Pennsylvania. The southern terminus of the route is at U. S. Route 219 in the borough of Summerhill, the northern terminus is at Pennsylvania Route 144 in the Snow Shoe Township community of Moshannon. PA53 begins at an interchange with the US219 freeway in Croyle Township, Cambria County, the road narrows into a two-lane undivided road as it heads through wooded areas to the south of Norfolk Southerns Pittsburgh Line, crossing the Little Conemaugh River into Summerhill. The route passes homes and a few businesses, heading northeast and crossing the river again before curving east, PA53 becomes Portage Street and runs through more woodland to the south of the railroad tracks, crossing the Little Conemaugh River twice. The route heads into wooded areas again and crosses under the Pittsburgh Line, turning northeast to fully enter Wilmore, PA53 intersects PA160 and passes homes and businesses before heading back into Summerhill Township. Here, the runs through wooded areas with a few residences. The route becomes the border between Portage Township to the north and Portage to the south as it heads into commercial areas, PA53 intersects PA164 and forms a short concurrency with that route, fully entering Portage Township before PA164 splits to the north. The road becomes two lanes again and heads northeast into woods, turning to the southeast as it passes through the community of Jamestown. The route heads into woods again and crosses under the Pittsburgh Line, turning north, PA53 winds northeast through more woodland with some homes, passing through Plane Bank before heading into Lilly. Here, the heads into residential areas, crossing the former Lilly Culvert of the Allegheny Portage Railroad before turning west onto Cleveland Street. PA53 splits northwest onto Evergreen Street and curves to the north, the road heads into woodland, curving northeast and continuing into Cresson Township, becoming West 2nd Street. The route widens into a highway as it comes to an interchange with the US22 freeway. PA53 heads into areas as a two-lane undivided road. Here, the road becomes 2nd Street and passes commercial areas. The route passes residential areas before crossing back into Cresson Township and becoming Gallitzin Road. PA53 turns northeast and heads into Gallitzin Township, passing over the Norfolk Southern line and heading through woods, the road heads northwest through more forests, crossing a R. J. Corman Railroad line and passing through Syberton, the route winds north-northeast through more rural areas with occasional homes a short distance to the west of the railroad tracks, running through Amsbry. PA53 continues into Ashville and becomes West Main Street, passing homes as it comes to an intersection with PA36, at this point, the route turns southeast to join that route on Liberty Street, passing residences and businesses as it crosses the R. J
39.
U.S. Route 119 in Pennsylvania
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U. S. Route 119 travels through Connellsville, Greensburg, and Punxsutawney, and bypasses Uniontown and Indiana. There are numerous other boroughs and villages along its 133-mile route in the Keystone State, the southern entrance of US119 is at the West Virginia state line one-half-mile south of Point Marion. The northern terminus is at US219 two miles south of DuBois, Pennsylvania, US119 is in the National Highway System from the West Virginia state line to Exit 0 of PA Turnpike 66, and from US22 to US219. US119 enters Pennsylvania from Monongalia County, WV just south of Point Marion, known as Morgantown Rd. for most of its route south of Uniontown, it travels north through Point Marion. The highway leaves the borough upon crossing the Cheat River at its confluence with the Monongahela River, Route 119 then turns toward the east-northeast and heads toward Smithfield. To the northeast of Smithfield, Morgantown Rd. intersects with Big Six Rd. which provides access to PA43 at exit 8. This begins a section of the highway runs parallel to two other highways, PA43 and PA857, till the PA857 terminus at the Uniontown bypass in South Union Township. US119 merges with US40 to form part of the George C. Marshall Parkway, which bypasses the city of Uniontown to the west and north. Exits along the US119 section of the bypass include Walnut Hill Rd. McClellandtown Rd. Main St. the north end of concurrency with US40, Pittsburgh St. N. Gallatin Ave. and Connellsville Rd. Shortly after the Connellsville Rd. exit, US119 passes Penn State Fayette, eleven miles northeast of Uniontown and six miles north of Penn State, US119 enters the city of Connellsville. Route 119 becomes a pair of 8th and 9th Sts. in western Connellsville. After intersection PA 201/PA711, US119 crosses the Youghiogheny River via the Memorial Bridge, the highway leaves Connellsville as Memorial Blvd and heads to the north intersecting with the southern terminus of PA982. North of Pleasant Valley Rd. is a interchange with Everson Valley Rd. Just north of this intersection, US119 leaves Fayette County, the highway enters Westmoreland County in East Huntingdon Township. US119 continues north between the boroughs of Scottdale and Mount Pleasant, East of Scottdale, US119 has an exit with PA819 signed for the two communities, and then west of Mount Pleasant is an interchange with PA31, which also provides access to PA981. After leaving the expressway, US119 enters Youngwood as Hellman St. which becomes the one-way pair of 3rd, shortly after leaving Youngwood, US119 intersects the Lincoln Highway, which bypasses Greensburg to the west and south. Route 119 becomes Main St. at this point and travels through downtown Greensburg, at PA130, Pittsburgh St. US119 turns to the right and leaves Greensburg as Harvey Ave and heads to the northeast toward the historical Hannastown. Once leaving Greensburg US119 becomes predominantly a two-lane road again for the first time joining the Uniontown bypass nearly 40 miles south
40.
Pennsylvania Route 153
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Pennsylvania Route 153 is a 48. 7-mile-long state highway located in Clearfield and Elk Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA 253/PA453 near Viola, the northern terminus is at US219 near Brockport. PA153 begins at an intersection with PA 253/PA453 in the community of Viola in Gulich Township, Clearfield County, the road heads through forests before continuing through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, passing through Ginter and Morann. The route continues into Woodward Township and becomes Morann Avenue, turning north through wooded areas with fields and homes. PA153 enters Houtzdale and becomes Brisbin Street, passing homes, from here, the road passes a few businesses before running through more residential areas. The route passes through a wooded area of Woodward Township before crossing into Brisbin and becoming Teutonic Avenue, passing more homes. PA153 turns northwest onto Swoop Street and is lined with more residences, the road heads back into Woodward Township and becomes Henderson Street, heading north through forests before turning northwest into a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes. The road makes a jog east into Decatur Township before resuming along the border again, PA153 heads into a mix of farms and woods with some homes, heading north-northeast into Decatur Township and passing to the east of Jeffries. The route continues north throuygh more woodland with patches of fields, the road continues through forests and turns west onto Old Erie Pike, passing through a few fields. PA153 heads northwest onto Krebs Highway and passes through woodland with occasional farms, the route crosses Clearfield Creek into Lawrence Township and passes through more rural areas. The road becomes Park Avenue Extension and comes to an interchange with PA879, at which point it heads into Clearfield and passes homes along with a few businesses. At the intersection with Market Street, the pair becomes North 2nd Street northbound and North Front Street southbound. Here, PA153 turns northwest to form a concurrency with US322 on two-way, two-lane Bridge Street, the two routes turn north onto West Front Street, a three-lane road with a center left-turn lane, and pass through residential and commercial areas. The road heads back into Lawrence Township and turns northwest, crossing a R. J, US 322/PA153 becomes a four-lane divided Rockton Mountain Highway and passes more development along with some woods. The road continues into forested areas and heads into Pine Township. PA153 splits from US322 by continuing northwest along State Park Road, the road turns to the north and widens back into a four-lane divided highway as it comes to an interchange with I-80. Past this, the passes to the west of S. B. Elliott State Park and narrows back into a two-lane undivided road. PA153 passes through Anderson Creek and heads into Huston Township, the road turns to the northwest and heads into the residential community of Penfield, where it crosses PA255
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Pennsylvania Route 253
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Pennsylvania Route 253 is a 16. 0-mile-long state highway located in Cambria and Clearfield counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA53 in Van Ormer, the northern terminus is at PA53 in Houtzdale. PA253 begins at an intersection with PA53 in the community of Van Ormer in Reade Township, Cambria County, the road heads through forested areas, turning northeast and passing through the residential community of Hollentown. The route runs through wooded areas with some fields and homes. At this point, PA253 turns northwest to form a concurrency with PA865 on Skyline Drive, PA253 splits from PA865 by turning east onto Executive Drive, continuing through a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional development. The route turns northeast into wooded areas with a few fields. PA253 enters Gulich Township in Clearfield County and becomes Cambria Street, the route comes to an intersection with PA453 and turns northwest to join that route on Viola Pike. In the community of Viola, the road intersects PA153, PA 253/PA453 turns north and intersects PA729, at which point it passes between the residential community of Janesville to the west and woodland to the east. The two routes continue north-northeast through more woods with scattered fields, becoming Main Street and heading into Ramey. Here, the road heads northeast past homes, with PA453 splitting from PA253 by turning northwest onto Union Street, PA253 runs through more residential areas, turning northwest onto Beluah Street before heading northeast onto Miriam Street. The road heads back into Gulich Township and enters forests with some fields, here, the route becomes 4th Avenue and passes through the community of Kendrick, passing farm fields before heading into wooded areas with some homes and turning to the east. PA253 heads into Houtzdale and becomes Elizabeth Street, ending at intersection with PA53. At this point, Elizabeth Street continues east as PA53
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Pennsylvania Route 255
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Pennsylvania Route 255 is a 39. 7-mile-long state highway located in Clearfield and Elk Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at US219 near DuBois, the northern terminus is at US219 Johnsonburg. PA255 begins at an intersection with US219 in DuBois, Clearfield County, the route becomes the border between Sandy Township to the north and DuBois to the south, passing more businesses and coming to Shaffer. At this point, PA255 becomes Bee Line Highway and heads northeast through wooded areas with commercial development. Past this interchange, the road becomes two lanes and runs through woodland with some fields and development. The route turns north and heads through the community of Sabula, where the tracks turn east away from the road. PA255 turns northeast and crosses into Huston Township, becoming Bennetts Valley Highway, the road passes through agricultural areas before heading into the residential community of Penfield and intersecting PA153. From here, the route heads through a mix of woodland and farmland with some homes, passing through Mill Run, PA255 enters Jay Township in Elk County and continues through agricultural and wooded areas with some residences, heading through Scattertown and Force. The road turns north through rural areas and comes to a junction with the western terminus of PA555. The route runs through areas of development and passes through Byrnedale, heading into forested areas with occasional fields and curving to the northwest. After a turn to the west, PA255 continues into Fox Township and turns northwest, the road becomes a four-lane divided highway and heads north through a mix of farmland and woodland with areas of housing. At the intersection with Old Kersey Road, the route becomes a road with a center left-turn lane. PA255 heads into St. Marys and becomes South St. Marys Road, heading past a mix of homes and businesses. The route gains a center lane and runs past more commercial establishments before heading into residential areas on four-lane undivided South St. Marys Street. PA255 heads into the downtown of St. Marys and intersects PA120, forming a concurrency with that route. At the intersection with Michael Street, PA120 splits to the east and PA255 northbound heads northwest along with westbound PA120 on one-way North Michael Street, the route soon turns west-southwest onto Maurus Street, passing homes. PA255 curves north-northwest onto Johnsonburg Road and passes Elk Regional Health Center St. Marys Campus before passing more residential areas. The road continues northwest into forested areas with fields and homes
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Pennsylvania Route 286
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Pennsylvania Route 286 is a 69-mile-long, east–west state highway located in Allegheny, Westmoreland, Indiana, and Clearfield Counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at US22 in Monroeville, the eastern terminus is at US219 near Burnside. PA286 goes by many names along its route, the names it goes by includes Golden Mile Highway, Saltsburg Road, Washington Street, Salt Street, Main Street, Oakland Avenue, Philadelphia Street, and Franklin Street. Though signed east–west, the route takes a more northeast-southwest direction, especially in Indiana, the route starts at an interchange at U. S. Route 22 in a rural portion of the Municipality of Monroeville and continues into Plum Borough. The route spends only a little over four miles in Allegheny County before crossing the Allegheny/Westmoreland county line, the route continues north before turning east at the intersection of PA380, where the two routes exchange the Golden Mile Highway and Saltsburg Road in the town of Murrysville. The route continues east in Westmoreland County, where it overpasses PA66 in the village of Mamont and it then intersects PA819 in Bell Township, and PA380 in the village of Wakena, where it terminates. The route then has a concurrency with PA981 before crossing the Kiskiminetas River and entering the town of Saltsburg, Indiana County. The route enters the borough from the southwest, and has a concurrency with PA954 in downtown. After passing under US119, the route continues northeast, since its establishment, the route has stayed on the same roads. Pennsylvania Route 286 Truck is a 7-mile-long truck route in Indiana County, the route starts at the interchange of PA286 on US 422/PA56. After a short distance, the heads north on US119. The route eventually goes west, and eventually meets up again with PA286 just east of Indiana, roads portal Pennsylvania portal Pennsylvania Highways - Pennsylvania Route 286
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Pennsylvania Route 410
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Pennsylvania Route 410 is a 9-mile-long state highway located in Jefferson and Clearfield Counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at US119 near Big Run, the eastern terminus is at US 219/US322 in Brady Township. PA410 begins at an intersection with US119 in Henderson Township, Jefferson County, the route crosses a Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad line and heads through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes, turning to the northeast. The road heads north through open agricultural areas before another curve to the northeast. PA410 enters Brady Township in Clearfield County and becomes Main Street, heading east through more farms, the road crosses into Troutville and turns northeast, passing homes. The route heads back into Brady Township and runs through agricultural areas with some residences. The road heads past more fields before turning east-northeast through wooded areas, PA410 continues northeast through a mix of farmland and woodland with some homes before ending at an intersection with US 219/US322 in the community of Luthersburg. Pennsylvania Route 410 Truck is a route around a weight-restricted bridge over the Beaver Run. The route begins at the intersection of PA410 and US 219/322, after US322 and US219 split, the route follows US219. At the intersection later at Pennsylvania Route 729 and Pennsylvania Route 879, at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 36 and US219, PA410 Truck follows PA36. Truck PA410 then follows US119 at the intersection of PA36 and US119, the route was signed in 2013
I-80
US 219
US 322
PA 36
PA 53
US 119
PA 153
PA 253
PA 255
PA 286
PA 410
PA 453
PA 729
PA 830
PA 865
PA 879
PA 969
PA 970
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