1.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Barron Collier
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He also owned a telephone company and a steamship line. Collier was born in Memphis, Tennessee and he quit school at age sixteen to work for the Illinois Central Railroad. Within four years, he started his own business, the Consolidated Street Railway Advertising Company of New York City, by age twenty-six, he was already worth a million dollars. Collier married in 1907 to Juliet Gordon Carnes, also a native of Memphis, in 1911, the Colliers visited Fort Myers, Florida, on vacation, and fell in love with the area. They bought nearby Useppa Island for the sum of $100,000, Collier was an avid fisherman and established the Izaak Walton Club at their Useppa Island resort. Named for the seventeenth century author of The Compleat Angler, it one of the most exclusive sporting clubs in the world. Collier next developed golf courses and improved a hunting club, the Rod and Gun Club, in Everglades City, Florida, that also attracted wealthy tourists. Over the next decade, the Colliers went on to more than a million acres of land in Southwest Florida. He invested millions of dollars to transform and develop the wilderness, including drainage of the Everglades, for his influence and investment in the states future, the Florida legislature named the newly created Collier County in his honor on May 8,1923. Barron Colliers tremendous energy was manifest in other areas and he was involved in the national Boy Scout movement. In New York he served as deputy commissioner for public safety. Following the Lindbergh kidnapping in March 1932, he was an influential figure persuading the U. S. government to join INTERPOL in 1938, interpol originally had been formed in 1923. He was decorated by nine foreign governments and his wife, Juliet Carnes Collier, appeared on the cover of the U. S. edition of the Tatler, the Tatler and American Sketch, in the early 1930s. Collier died March 13,1939, in Manhattan, survived by his wife and three sons, Barron Jr. Miles, and Samuel, and was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in Bronx, New York. Although the Great Depression had strained his finances and slowed development of their Florida lands, Miles, Cameron Argetsinger, and Briggs Cunningham were instrumental in founding Watkins Glen near one of their summer retreats. Juliet worried about the risks of racing and tried to influence her sons against it, however, Sam died in a racing accident. Reclaiming the Everglades / Barron Gift Collier, Barron Collier at Find a Grave
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Naples, Florida
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Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the population was about 20,600. Naples is a city of the Naples-Marco Island, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. Naples is one of the wealthiest cities in the United States, with the sixth highest per capita income in America, real estate is among the most expensive in the country, with houses for sale in excess of $40 million. The city of Naples was founded during the late 1880s by former Confederate general, senator John Stuart Williams and his partner, Louisville businessman Walter N. Haldeman, the publisher of the Louisville Courier-Journal. Throughout the 1870s and 80s, magazine and newspaper stories telling of the mild climate and abundant fish. The name Naples caught on when promoters described the bay as surpassing the bay in Naples, during the war the U. S. Army Air Forces built a small airfield and used it for training purposes, it is now the Naples Municipal Airport. Fill was required to damage from a 1945 hurricane. A local dredging company, Forrest Walker & Sons, created a north of 16th Avenue S. In 1949, Forrest Walker asked Mr. Rust to sell him the 296 acres from Jamaica Channel to todays 14th Avenue S. The Jamaica Channel was widened, one canal was dredged, and 14th Avenue S was created by March 1950, additional channels were eventually added to the south of 14th Avenue S and are named alphabetically for local water birds. From the channels there are coves named Flamingo, Gull, Heron and these initial channels, canals, and coves were dredged and bulldozed from the mangrove swamps. Where shallow rock precluded digging, land was filled to create lots with navigable water, the Aqualane Shores Association was incorporated as a non-profit corporation on February 3,1966. The numerous canals and waterfront homes add a feature to the south portion of Naples. As of the census of 2010, there were 19,537 people,9,710 households, the population density was 1,744.3 per square mile. There were 16,957 housing units at a density of 1,410.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 1% White,4. 5% Black,0. 12% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 5% of the population,34. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 20. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Florida's 19th congressional district
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NOTE, This districts boundaries were changed in 2016. This map is not presently accurate, Floridas 19th congressional district is an electoral district for the U. S. Congress, located in southern Florida. The district includes an area on the west coast of Florida from Fort Myers to Marco Island, the district is currently represented by Republican Francis Rooney. As of January 2017, there are five members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 19th congressional district who are currently living at this time. *Still serving in Congress from a different district, from 2003 to 2013, the 19th district was based in South Florida. The district included parts of Palm Beach and Broward counties, including the cities of Coral Springs, Margate, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Florida's 25th congressional district
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NOTE, This districts boundaries were changed in 2016. This map is not presently accurate, Floridas 25th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Florida. The district stretches from suburbs west of Miami west along the border of The Everglades along Alligator Alley to communities east of Naples. The prior 25th district, from 2003 through 2012, stretched across a swath of the Everglades and included parts of Collier, Miami-Dade. It took in the Miami-Dade municipalities of Homestead, Leisure City, the district is currently represented by Republican Mario Diaz-Balart. NOTE, Rory Arrojo ran as a candidate on the Tea Party platform on the ballot, NOTE, Craig Porter ran as a candidate on the Florida Whig Party platform on the ballot. As of January 2017, there is one member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Floridas 25th congressional district who is currently living at this time. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Rep. David Riveras Official House of Representatives Website
9.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
10.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
11.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
14.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
15.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
16.
Everglades City, Florida
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Everglades City is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States, of which it is the former county seat. As of the 2013 census, the population is 402 and it is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center for Everglades National Park is in Everglades City, Everglades City is located at 25°51′32″N 81°23′05″W. It is at the mouth of the Barron River, on Chokoloskee Bay, Chokoloskee Bay is approximately ten miles long and 2 miles wide, and runs southeast to northwest along the mainland of Collier County. It is separated from the Gulf of Mexico by the end of the Ten Thousand Islands. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.2 square miles. Everglades City has a savanna climate, which consists of warm dry winters. As of the census of 2000, there were 479 people,230 households, the population density was 513.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 345 housing units at a density of 369.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 45% White,0. 84% African American,0. 63% Native American,0. 42% Asian,1. 46% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 97% of the population. Of all households,27. 0% were made up of individuals and 9. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.50. In the city, the population was out with 11. 9% under the age of 18,4. 2% from 18 to 24,19. 0% from 25 to 44,30. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age is 25 years, for every 100 females there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $36,667, and the median income for a family was $38,929. Males had an income of $32,083 versus $22,222 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,535, about 6. 1% of families and 6. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 5% of those under age 18 and 1. 6% of those age 65 or older. A legend says that Seminoles planted potatoes along what is now the Barron River during the Seminole Wars, in the vicinity of the present Everglades City. American settlement began after the Civil War, when Union sympathizers who had farmed on Cape Sable to supply Key West during the war, the first permanent settler was William Smith Allen, who arrived on the banks of Potato Creek in 1873
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Immokalee, Florida
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Immokalee is an unincorporated area and a census-designated place in Collier County, Florida, United States. The population was 24,154 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. Originally the region was occupied by the Calusa Indians and centuries later occupied by the Seminole, initially the settlement was known as Gopher Ridge by the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. Immokalee means My Home in Mikasuki language, when the swamps were drained in the region, agriculture became the dominant industry. European-American hunters, trappers, Indian traders, cowmen, and missionaries moved in before the development of permanent villages, the first permanent settlement was founded in 1872. In 1921 the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad was extended south to Immokalee, the Immokalee area is heavily agricultural. It is one of the centers of tomato growing in the United States. Immokalee is located in northern Collier County along Florida State Road 29, laBelle is 24 miles to the north, and Interstate 75 is 20 miles to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 23.3 square miles, of which 22.7 square miles is land and 0.58 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 19,763 people,4,715 households, the population density was 2,449.1 people per square mile. There were 4,987 housing units at a density of 618. 0/sq mi. 13. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.91 and the average family size was 4.10. In the CDP, the population was out with 34. 9% under the age of 18,15. 7% from 18 to 24,31. 2% from 25 to 44,14. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 129.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 145.9 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $24,315, and the median income for a family was $22,628. Males had an income of $17,875 versus $16,713 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,576, about 34. 6% of families and 39. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46. 1% of those under age 18 and 26. 9% of those age 65 or over. Immokalee Airport is an airport located 1 mile northeast of the central business district
18.
Marco Island, Florida
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Marco Island is a city in Collier County, Florida, United States, located on an island by the same name in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Southwest Florida. It is a city of the Naples–Marco Island Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 16,413 at the 2010 census, Marco Island is the largest barrier island within Southwest Floridas Ten Thousand Islands area extending southerly to Cape Sable. Parts of the island have some scenic, high relative to the generally flat south Florida landscape. Like the city of Naples to the north, Marco Island has a climate, specifically a tropical wet. It is known for wet and dry seasons, with most of the rainfall falling between the months of June and October. The history of Marco Island can be traced as far back as 500 A. D. when the Calusa people inhabited the island as well as the rest of southwest Florida. A number of Calusa artifacts were discovered on Marco Island in 1896 by anthropologist Frank Hamilton Cushing as part of the Pepper-Hearst Expedition, the most notable artifact discovered was the carved wooden Key Marco Cat which is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. When Spanish explorers came to the island in the mid 1500s, early development of the island began in the late 1800s after the arrival of William Thomas Collier and his family. Collier founded the village of Marco on the island in 1870, bill Collier, opened a hotel on the island, known today as the Olde Marco Inn. Clam digging became an industry on Marco Island and throughout the Ten Thousand Islands in the early 1900s. The Burnham Clam Cannery began operation near Caxambas Pass in 1903, the Doxsee Clam Cannery also operated from 1911 to 1947. Ferry service began to the island in 1912, which operated between Marco Island and the Isles of Capri, a road on the mainland linked the ferry landing with East Naples. A small piece of road still exists today and is known as Barefoot Williams Road. Barron G. Collier purchased a large amount of land on Marco Island in 1922, Collier City was abolished in 1957. James Harvey Doxsee Sr. served as Collier Citys only mayor, also in 1927, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad began service to the island after extending their route from Fort Myers and Naples. The railroad ran to the island along the present route of State Road 951, rail service was discontinued in 1944. The first vehicle bridge to the island was a wooden swing bridge built in 1938 near Goodland on the southeast side of the island
19.
Cape Coral, Florida
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Cape Coral /ˈkɔːrəl/ is a city located in Lee County, Florida, United States, on the Gulf of Mexico. Founded in 1957 and developed as a master-planned, pre-planned community, the citys population estimate was 165,831 for 2013 and 181,211 for 2015. With an area of 120 square miles, Cape Coral is the largest city between Tampa and Miami and it is a principal city in the Cape Coral – Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population estimate for the area was 679,513 for 2014. The city is known as a Waterfront Wonderland, with over 400 mi of navigable waterways, Cape Coral was founded as Redfish point. The Gulf American Land Corporation, was formed to develop the area, canals were dug, streets paved, houses and businesses built. Cape Coral was promoted like no other Florida development, celebrities were brought in to tout the benefits of the Cape, as it is known locally. The first building was the Rosens company headquarters, at the corner of Coronado, Cape Corals first permanent resident was Kenny Schwartz, the Rosens general manager. Cape Corals first four homes were completed in May 1958, on Riverside, Development continued through the early 1960s, mostly on Redfish Point, south of Cape Coral Parkway. By 1963, the population was 2,850,1,300 buildings had been finished or were under construction,80 mi of road had been built, the public yacht club, a golf course, medical clinic and shopping center were up and running. A major addition for Cape Coral was the construction of the 3,400 feet long Cape Coral Bridge across the Caloosahatchee River, before the bridge, a trip to Fort Myers was more than 20 mi via Del Prado Boulevard and over the Edison Bridge to cross the river. There was a lot of hype, promotion and advertising, celebrities like Bob Hope, Anita Bryant, and Hugh Downs were brought in. A movie with Phyllis Diller, The Fat Spy, was filmed in Cape Coral, the first building in Cape Coral, even before any houses were constructed, was the Rosens sales office. It was built right on the spot where Georges Auto now stands, at Cape Coral, Cape Coral is a large peninsula and is bordered in the south and east by the Caloosahatchee River and in the west by Matlacha Pass. The city of Fort Myers lies across the Caloosahatchee River to the east, Matlacha Pass is home to Matlacha Pass National Wildlife Refuge and the states Matlacha Pass Aquatic Preserve. The city has over 400 miles of canals, more than any city in the world. Most of the canals are navigable and some have access to the Gulf of Mexico, Cape Corals canal system is so extensive that local ecology and tides have been affected. Cape Coral features a climate on the border between a subtropical and a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system
20.
Fort Myers, Florida
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Fort Myers is the county seat and commercial center of Lee County, Florida, United States. Fort Myers is a gateway to the Southwest Florida region and a major tourist destination within Florida, the winter homes of Thomas Edison and Henry Ford are a primary tourist attraction in the region. The city is named after Colonel Abraham Myers, the geographic statistical area is serviced by Southwest Florida International Airport, located southeast of the city. Fort Myers was one of the first forts built along the Caloosahatchee River as a base of operations against the Seminole Indians during the American Indian Wars, during the Seminole Wars, Fort Myers was a strategic location for its visibility and access to Atlantic waterways. During the American Civil War, Confederate blockade runners and cattle ranchers called Fort Myers home and these settlers prospered through trading with Seminole Indians and Union Soldiers. The Fort Myers community was founded by Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez on February 21,1866. Captain Manuel A. Gonzalez was familiar with the area as a result of his years of delivering mail and supplies to the Union Army at the Fort during the Seminole Indian Wars. When the U. S. Government abandoned the Fort following the Civil War, Gonzalez traveled by sailing vessel from Key West, three weeks later, Joseph Vivas and his wife, Christianna Stirrup Vivas, arrived with Gonzalezs wife, Evalina Gonzalez, and daughter, Mary Gonzalez. Gonzales had shipped supplies and carried mail during the war and settled his family near the abandoned Fort Myers to begin the towns first trading post, Gonzalez traded tobacco, beads, and gunpowder, and sold otter, bobcat, and gator hide, to the neighboring Seminole Indians. In 1881, the wealthy industrialist Hamilton Disston of Philadelphia came to the Caloosahatchee Valley to dredge, diston connected Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee River, which allowed steamboats to run from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Okeechobee and up the Kissimmee River. On August 12,1885, the town of Fort Myers—all 349 residents—was incorporated. By that time, it was the second largest town on Florida’s Gulf Coast south of Cedar Key, in 1885, inventor Thomas Alva Edison was cruising Florida’s west coast and stopped to visit Fort Myers. He soon bought 13 acres along the Caloosahatchee River in town, after the Lodge was completed in 1886, Edison and his wife, Mina, spent many winters at their home in Fort Myers. Edison also enjoyed local recreational fishing, for which Fort Myers had gained national notoriety, in 1898, Fort Myers became a nationally known winter resort destination with the building of the Royal Palm Hotel. On May 10,1904, access to the Fort Myers area was improved with the opening of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. This route provided Lee County both passenger and freight railroad service, in 1908, the Arcade Theater was constructed in downtown Fort Myers. It served originally as a house, and was an auditorium that Fort Myers resident Thomas Edison sat in to view his first films, with his friends Henry Ford. The Arcade Theatre was eventually converted into a movie house
21.
Lee County, Florida
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Lee County is a county in the State of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 618,754, the county seat is Fort Myers, and the largest city is Cape Coral. Lee County comprises the Cape Coral–Fort Myers, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, Lee County was created in 1887 from Monroe County. It was named for Robert E. Lee, Confederate general in the American Civil War, incorporated in 1886, Fort Myers is the center of a popular tourist area in Southwest Florida and the seat of Lee County. It is about 120 miles south of Tampa at the point of the Gulf of Mexico. Fort Myers was the frequent winter home of Thomas Edison, as well as Henry Ford, Lee County has been the host to several Major League Baseball teams for Spring Training, over the past several decades. Currently, it is the home of the Boston Red Sox. Fort Myers, built in 1850 as a fort to fend off Seminole Indians, was named after Col. Abraham C. Myers, who was stationed in Florida for seven years and was the son-in-law of the fort’s establisher and commander, in 1858, after years of elusive battle, chief Billy Bowlegs and his warriors were persuaded to surrender and move west, and the fort was abandoned. Billy’s Creek, which flows into the Caloosahatchee River, was named after a camp where Billy Bowlegs. In 1863, the fort was reoccupied by Federal troops during the Civil War, in 1865 the fort was attacked unsuccessfully by a small group of Confederates. After the war, the fort was again deserted, the first settlers arrived in 1866, but it was not until 1882 when the city experienced a significant influx of settlers. Fort Myers first became a nationally known winter resort with the building of The Royal Palm Hotel in 1898, but what really sparked the city’s growth was the construction of the Tamiami Trail Bridge built across the Caloosahatchee River in 1924. After the bridge’s construction, the city experienced its first real estate boom and his ships often made port at Cayo Costa at the entrance to the harbor. Enchanted by the island, he eventually decided to settle there. Padilla prospered until the outbreak of the Spanish–American War when his fleet was burned and scuttled and he then turned to another means of livelihood – fishing. When the government claimed his land he was disinclined to set up another ranch so moved with his wife further down the island and as before, simply homesteaded. The Padilla family is one of the first pioneer families of Lee County, in 1923, Collier and Hendry Counties were created by splitting these areas from Lee County
22.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
23.
Southwest Florida
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Southwest Florida is the region along the south west gulf coast of the U. S. State of Florida. For some purposes, the counties of DeSoto, Glades, and Hendry. The region includes four areas, the North Port-Bradenton-Sarasota MSA, the Cape Coral-Fort Myers MSA, the Naples-Marco Island MSA. The most populous county in the region is Lee County, inland counties are notably rural, with the primary economic driver being agriculture. Important products grown in area include tomatoes, beef, sugarcane. Agricultural harvesting in Southwest Florida employs approximately 16,000 seasonal workers,90 percent of which are thought to be migrants, each county in the region has its own county government. Within each county, there are also self-governing cities, towns, the remaining majority of land in each county is controlled directly by the county government. It is also common for incorporated municipalities to contract county services in order to save costs. The region is designated as one of Floridas 4 districts for the Committee of Southern Historic Preservation, the district has been represented by Tommy Stolly since 2013. Southwest Florida is served by major highways, including the Tamiami Trail. Long-term cooperative infrastructure planning is coordinated by the Southwest Florida Regional Planning Council, and in heavily populated Lee County, greyhound Lines serves several locations in Southwest Florida, including Bradenton, Fort Myers, Naples, Port Charlotte, Punta Gorda and Sarasota. The areas secondary airport, Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport, served 1.34 million passengers in 2009, Seminole Gulf Railway provides freight services throughout Southwest Florida. Tourism is an economic driver in the area. In addition, many residents live in the area during the winter months. Armands Circle on St. Armands Key Attractions including, Edison and Ford Winter Estates in Fort Myers Lake Okeechobee renowned for fishing, Naples Botanical Garden Naples Zoo at Caribbean Gardens Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation where the Seminole nation operates a sizable casino. The university belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida, FGCU competes in the Atlantic Sun Conference in NCAA Division I sports. The following table shows the teams and major NCAA Division 1 teams that play in Southwest Florida. Florida is the home for Major League Baseball spring training
24.
Tamiami Trail
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The Tamiami Trail /ˈtæ. mi. ˌæ. mi ˈtreɪl/ is the southernmost 275 miles of U. S. Highway 41 from Florida State Road 60 in Tampa to US1 in Miami. A portion of the road also has the designation of State Road 90. The 275-mile north–south section extends to Naples, whereupon it becomes an east–west road crossing the Everglades. It becomes Southwest Eighth Street in Miami-Dade County, famous as Calle Ocho in the Little Havana section of Miami, before ending east of Miami Avenue at Brickell Avenue in Brickell, construction on the north–south section was begun in 1915. The east–west portion was called the Miami-Marco Road. The following year, Miami’s Capt. James Franklin Jaudon first proposed a road connecting Florida’s Gulf, the notion was seconded by Tampa’s E. P. Dickey, who suggested a name, the Tamyami Trail. The name Tamiami is said to be a contraction of the phrase Tampa to Miami, while support in Tampa for the proposed road was lacking, Miami Herald columnist William Stewart Hill would keep the idea alive whenever he felt that support was waning on the southeastern coast. At the time, Lee County was a larger county. In 1919, for reasons, Lee County was unable to complete its portion of the Tamiami Trail. Captain Jaudon had already purchased 207,360 acres of land, the proposal was accepted, the Chevelier Corporation began laying out a new route for the road and in 1921 began construction on the new segment of the Tamiami Trail. This segment is known as Loop Road. In 1922, the State of Florida ran out of funds for the east–west portion. So in 1923, Collier County was created out of the portion of Lee County. Almost immediately contention arose over the change of the route, the sponsors of the new county advocated for the original route, which was completely inside the boundaries of Collier County, and the State Road Department agreed with Collier County. Even so, the Board of County Commissioners of Dade County supported the Chevelier segment, since so much money had already been invested, as construction of the north–south section resumed, Collier hired A. R. Richardson to be the head engineer of the Naples-to-Miami section. A few months later, A. W. Frederick replaced Richardson, construction started on the east–west stretch in 1923. An east–west canal was created using explosives, the dirt was used to construct the roadway
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Big Cypress National Preserve
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Big Cypress National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in southern Florida, about 45 miles west of Miami. In 2008, Florida film producer Elam Stoltzfus featured this preserve in a PBS documentary, Big Cypress has a tropical savannah climate. Days are some of the hottest in Florida, January has an average high of 78.4 and August has an average high of 94.0 while Miami only averages 76.1 and 90.7. However, nights cool down into the 50s in winter, means range from 66.5 in January to 84.7 in August. Highs exceed 90 on 159 days per year, while they fall below 70 on just 10, hardiness zone is 10A, with an average annual minimum of 34. The lowest recorded maximum was 48 in 2010, while the highest minimum on record was 89 in 2005, ecologically, the preserve is slightly more elevated than the western Everglades. Big Cypress was historically occupied by cultures of Native Americans. Their descendants include the federally recognized Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, early European-American settlers hunted herons and egrets, whose feathers were extremely popular with 19th and 20th-century hat-makers in New York and Paris. Poachers hunted American alligators and crocodiles to near extinction, when the timber industry began to operate in the area, it built railroads, and cut and hauled out most of the cypress ecosystems old growth trees. Portions of the Big Cypress were farmed for winter vegetables, the search for oil in Florida began in 1901, but with no success. The wells currently produce about 20 barrels of oil per day and they and other hunters may use off-road vehicles, and home and business owners have been permitted to keep their properties in the preserve. In the 1960s, Native Americans, hunters, and conservationists succeeded at fighting an effort to move Miami International Airports international flights to a new airport in the Big Cypress area and they followed up with a campaign to have Big Cypress included in the National Parks System. Although construction of the new airport had begun, it was stopped after one runway was completed. It is now known as the Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport, the preserve is highly diverse biologically. The preserve is home to federally listed endangered species including, the eastern indigo snake. Twelve campgrounds in Big Cypress are tailored to motor vehicles, where tourists planning overnight stays can park their vehicles, the southern terminus of the Florida National Scenic Trail is located in Big Cypress, and provides hiking opportunities during the winter months. Some of the most beautiful wading and walking can be found in cypress strands, because alligators are numerous and often large, wading through the cypress country requires constant alertness. The preserves visitor center offers a video about the surroundings
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Everglades National Park
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Everglades National Park is a U. S. National Park in Florida that protects the southern 20 percent of the original Everglades. In the United States, it is the largest tropical wilderness, the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River and it is the third-largest national park in the lower 48 states after Death Valley and Yellowstone. It has been declared an International Biosphere Reserve, a World Heritage Site, although most U. S. national parks preserve unique geographic features, Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing.25 miles per day out of Lake Okeechobee, the Park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the western hemisphere. The majority of South Floridas fresh water, which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer, is recharged in the park. Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades until plans arose in 1882, to drain the wetlands, as the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the South Florida metropolitan area. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, the ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and restoration of the Everglades is a politically charged issue in South Florida. Everglades National Park covers 1,509,000 acres, throughout Dade, Monroe, the elevation typically ranges from 0 to 8 feet above sea level, but a Calusa-built shell mound on the Gulf Coast rises 20 feet above sea level. The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat, although rock formations are not a central draw to Everglades National Park, the limestone that underlies the Everglades is integral to the formation of the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent Gondwana, after it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit calcium carbonate in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone. Tiny bits of shell, sand, and bryozoans compressed over multiple layers forming unique structures in the limestone called ooids, the Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels at the end of the Wisconsin ice age rose, Lake Okeechobee began to flood and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast peat deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago, plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the Caribbean. Although the limestone shelf appears to be flat, there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the properties of the water. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded six months or less are covered by marl, plant communities are determined by the type of soil and amount of water present. While they are common in the portion of Florida, no underground springs feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the Floridan Aquifer lies about 1,000 feet below the surface of South Florida, however, the Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the sponge-like permeable limestone beneath the exposed land
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Gulf of Mexico
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The Gulf of Mexico is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. The U. S. states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas border the Gulf on the north, Atlantic and Pacific coasts, or sometimes the south coast, in juxtaposition to the Great Lakes region being the north coast. One of the seven main areas is the Gulf of Mexico basin. The Gulf of Mexico formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics, the Gulfs basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles wide and floored by sedimentary rocks and recent sediments. It is connected to part of the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U. S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba, with the narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 1.6 million km2, almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. The basin contains a volume of roughly 2,500 quadrillion liters, the consensus among geologists who have studied the geology of the Gulf of Mexico, is that prior to the Late Triassic, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist. It was created by the collision of plates that formed Pangea. As interpreted by Roy Van Arsdale and Randel T. Cox, geologists and other Earth scientists agree in general that the present Gulf of Mexico basin originated in Late Triassic time as the result of rifting within Pangea. The rifting was associated with zones of weakness within Pangea, including sutures where the Laurentia, South American, first, there was a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic phase of rifting during which rift valleys formed and filled with continental red beds. Second, as rifting progressed through Early and Middle Jurassic time and it was at this time that tectonics first created a connection to the Pacific Ocean across central Mexico and later eastward to the Atlantic Ocean. This flooded the basin created by rifting and crustal thinning to create the Gulf of Mexico. While the Gulf of Mexico was a basin, the subsiding transitional crust was blanketed by the widespread deposition of Louann Salt. Initially, during the Late Jurassic, continued rifting widened the Gulf of Mexico and progressed to the point that sea-floor spreading, at this point, sufficient circulation with the Atlantic Ocean was established that the deposition of Louann Salt ceased. During the Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous, the occupied by the Gulf of Mexico experienced a period of cooling. The subsidence was the result of a combination of stretching, cooling. Initially, the combination of stretching and cooling caused about 5–7 km of tectonic subsidence of the central thin transitional
28.
Hendry County, Florida
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Hendry County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 39,140, Hendry County comprises the Clewiston, Fla. Hendry County was created in 1923 and it was named for Captain Francis A. Hendry, one of the first white settlers. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,190 square miles. The county borders Lake Okeechobee, the Lake Okeechobee Scenic Trail runs through Hendry County, as of the census of 2000, there were 36,210 people,10,850 households, and 8,137 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 people per square mile, there were 12,294 housing units at an average density of 11 per square mile. 39. 59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the family size was 3.44. In the county, the population was out with 30. 0% under the age of 18,13. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 3% from 25 to 44,18. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 125.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.4 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,592, and the median income for a family was $34,902. Males had an income of $25,896 versus $20,070 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,663, about 16. 9% of families and 24. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29. 9% of those under age 18 and 15. 0% of those age 65 or over. In 2010 the population of Hendry Country was 39,140
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Broward County, Florida
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Broward County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of 2010, the population was 1,896,425, making it the second-most populous county in Florida and its county seat is Fort Lauderdale. Broward County is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census, although the area has been settled since about 1400 B. C. Broward County was founded on October 1,1915 and it was named for Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, Governor of Florida from 1905 to 1909, remembered for his campaign to turn the Everglades into useful land. It was originally intended to be named Everglades County, but then-Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Ion Farris amended the bill established the county to be named after Broward. In 1915, Palm Beach County and Dade County contributed nearly equal portions of land to create Broward County, Broward County began a huge development boom after its incorporation, with the first tourist hotel, in Fort Lauderdale, opening in 1919. A year later, developers began dredging wetlands in the county in order to create island communities, by 1925, the boom was considered to have reached its peak, but a 1926 hurricane caused economic depression in the county. The structure of county government was signed into law in 1975 with the passage of the Broward County charter and it was one of the counties at the center of the 2000 U. S. From 2008 to 2011, Broward County led the nation in new HIV/AIDS diagnoses, the per capita cases of new infections in Broward has not decreased in over a decade, prompting government health agencies to direct more funding to AIDS prevention campaigns in Broward. During that time period, Dade County was ranked number two nationally for the epidemic, however, as of January 31,2014, those statistics have reversed, though not dramatically enough to be called an improvement. Some communities in the area have been affected disproportionately, with 48% of the afflicted being in black communities. In Broward County, sexual education in schools is not mandatory. In 2013, the Broward County School Board held a vote to require schools to teach sex-ed at least once a year for every grade, a program slated to begin in the 2014-2015 school year if passed. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,323 square miles. Broward County has an elevation of six feet above sea level. It is rather new geologically and located at the edge of the Florida Platform. Broward County is composed of Oolite limestone while western Broward is composed mostly of Bryozoa, Broward is among the last areas of Florida to be created and populated with fauna and flora, mostly in the Pleistocene. Within developable land, Broward County has a density of 3,740 per square mile
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Miami-Dade County, Florida
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Miami-Dade County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U. S. state of Florida. It is the southeasternmost county on the U. S. mainland, according to a 2015 census report, the county had a population of 2,693,117, making it the most populous county in Florida and the seventh-most populous county in the United States. It is also Floridas third-largest county in terms of land area, Miami-Dade County is included in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is home to 34 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas, southern Miami-Dade County includes the Redland and Homestead areas, which make up the agricultural economy of Miami. Agricultural Redland makes up one third of Miami-Dade Countys inhabited land area, and is sparsely populated. The western portion of the county extends into the Everglades National Park and is populated only by a Miccosukee tribal village, East of the mainland in Biscayne Bay is also Biscayne National Park and the Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves. The earliest evidence of Native American settlement in the Miami region came from about 12,000 years ago, the first inhabitants settled on the banks of the Miami River, with the main villages on the northern banks. The Tequesta Indians fished, hunted, and gathered the fruit and roots of plants for food and they buried the small bones of the deceased with the rest of the body, and put the larger bones in a box for the village people to see. The Tequesta are credited with making the Miami Circle, Juan Ponce de León was the first European to visit the area in 1513 by sailing into Biscayne Bay. His journal records that he reached Chequescha, a varianth of Tequesta and it is unknown whether he came ashore or made contact with the natives. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and his men made the first recorded landing when they visited the Tequesta settlement in 1566 while looking for Avilés missing son, shipwrecked a year earlier. Spanish soldiers led by Father Francisco Villarreal built a Jesuit mission at the mouth of the Miami River a year later, after the Spaniards left, the Tequesta Indians were left to fend themselves from European-introduced diseases like smallpox. By 1711, the Tequesta sent a couple of local chiefs to Havana, Cuba, the Cubans sent two ships to help them, but Spanish illnesses struck and most of the Indians died. The first permanent European settlers arrived in the early 19th century, people came from the Bahamas to South Florida and the Keys to hunt for treasure from the ships that ran aground on the treacherous Great Florida Reef. Some accepted Spanish land offers along the Miami River, at about the same time, the Seminole Indians arrived, along with a group of runaway slaves. The area was affected by the Second Seminole War, during which Major William S. Harney led several raids against the Indians, most non-Indian residents were soldiers stationed at Fort Dallas. It was the most devastating Indian war in American history, causing almost a total loss of population in Miami, after the Second Seminole War ended in 1842, William English, re-established a plantation started by his uncle on the Miami River. He charted the “Village of Miami” on the bank of the Miami River
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Monroe County, Florida
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Monroe County is a county located in the state of Florida. As of the 2010 census, the population was 73,090 and its county seat is Key West. Monroe County includes the islands of the Florida Keys, only 24 people live on the mainland. Monroe County comprises the Key West, FL Micropolitan Statistical Area, although 87% of the countys land area is on the mainland, that region is part of the Everglades and is virtually uninhabited. Over 99% of the population lives on the Florida Keys. Monroe County was created in 1823 and it was named for James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, who served from 1817 to 1825. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3,738 square miles. It is the largest county in Florida by total area, more than 99 percent of the Monroe County population lives in the island chain known as the Florida Keys. The area, officially named Cape Sable Census County Division, is virtually uninhabited, as of the Census of 2000, this area had 86.9 percent of the countys land area, but only 0.075 percent of its population. The Census Bureau defines this area as Census Tract 9701 of Monroe County, the only three populated places appearing on detailed maps and in the USGS geographic name database are Flamingo, Pinecrest, and Trail City. Flamingo, located on the south coast and at the end of State Road 9336, is the location of the Flamingo Lodge,11 km northeast on the highway is the West Lake Trail. Pinecrest, located in the interior of the county on Loop Road. Trail City is 6 km west of Pinecrest on Loop Road, Loop Road can be found on most maps as CR94, although the roadway no longer has a numbered designation and is now managed by the National Park Service. Between the south coast of Floridas mainland and the Florida Keys is Florida Bay, which is encompassed by the Everglades National Park and contains numerous islets or keys. Collier County – north Miami-Dade County – east and north As of the census of 2000, there were 79,589 people,35,086 households, the population density was 80 people per square mile. There were 51,617 housing units at a density of 52 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 65% White,4. 77% Black or African American,0. 38% Native American,0. 83% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 55% from other races, and 1. 78% from two or more races. 15. 77% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, in 2005 Monroe County had a population that was 75. 1% non-Hispanic white,17. 7% Latino,5. 4% African-American and 1. 1% Asian
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Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge
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It is north of I-75 and west of SR29. The Florida panther is the only species found east of the Mississippi River. The refuge is part of a network of land and government protected areas. Some of the sections of the system are the Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve. In all, less than 100 panthers use the area, with fewer than a passing through the refuge each month. To protect the panther and other endangered inhabitants, general use is only available at the southeast corner of the refuge. All other areas can only be seen by way of limited tours, the refuge is a mix of dry, upland habitat and wetlands, including pine rocklands and tropical hardwood hammocks. Among the rare flowering plants there are tropical orchids such as Cyrtopodium punctatum and Epidendrum nocturnum, besides the panthers, the refuge is home to Big Cypress fox squirrels, bobcats, Florida black bears, American alligators, swallow-tailed kites and several wood stork rookeries. In 2005, the refuge had an 18-person staff and a year budget of $1,500,000. Approximately 8,000 visitors come to the each year
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Ten Thousand Islands
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The Ten Thousand Islands are a chain of islands and mangrove islets off the coast of southwest Florida, between Cape Romano and the mouth of Lostmans River. Some of the islands are high spots on a Submergent coastline, others were produced by mangroves growing on oyster bars. Despite the name, the islets in the only number in the hundreds. The northern part of the Ten Thousand Islands, between Cape Romano and Everglades City, is in the Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, the southern part of the Ten Thousands Islands, south of Everglades City, is in Everglades National Park. The 99-mile long Wilderness Waterway begins at Everglades City and ends at Flamingo at the tip of the Florida peninsula. Administrative control of the islands is split between Collier County and Monroe County, the Ten Thousand Islands were used and occupied by Native Americans for thousands of years. Evidence of former living sites can be found under as much as four feet of water, a number of shell rings and other shell complexes have been identified in or adjacent to the Ten Thousand Islands. The material culture of the Indians living in the Ten Thousand Islands was distinctive enough to be classified as at a least a sub-area of the Glades culture area, almost all of the Ten Thousand Islands are currently uninhabited. The largest, Chokoloskee Island, which is connected to Everglades City by a causeway, has about 400 permanent residents, other islands have been sporadically inhabited in the 19th and 20th centuries by individuals or families. Some of the Ten Thousand Islands are suitable for overnight visits, as dictated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Since this is an area where wind, weather and lack of fresh water can become threatening. The southern tip has become a destination for snorkeling and water sports vacations. Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Dismal Key Milanich, Jerald T, gainesville, Florida, University Press of Florida. Coral Gables, Florida, University of Miami Press and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Usgs. gov, Ten Thousand Islands and Rookery Bay Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge Profile
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Immokalee Regional Airport
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Immokalee Regional Airport is a public use airport located one nautical mile northeast of the central business district of Immokalee, in Collier County, Florida, United States. The airport is owned by the Collier County Airport Authority, formerly known as Immokalee Airport, it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility. Established as Immokalee Army Airfield, activated on July 5,1942, assigned to United States Army Air Forces East Coast Training Center. Was an auxiliary to Hendricks Army Airfield and was an AAF Specialized Pilot Training School for B-17, also provided flexible gunnery training for Buckingham Army Airfield near Fort Myers. Transferred to Third Air Force in July 1944 with the drawdown of AAFTCs pilot training program and was a training facility for replacement personnel. Became an auxiliary of the Sarasota Army Airfield replacement fighter pilot training school, declared surplus and turned over to the Army Corps of Engineers on September 30,1945. Eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration and became a civil airport, Immokalee Regional Airport covers an area of 1,330 acres at an elevation of 37 feet above mean sea level. It has two paved runways, designated 9/27 and 18/36. 9/27 is 5,000 x 100 feet and 18/36 is 5,000 x 150 feet, for the 12-month period ending October 22,2013, the airport had 36,500 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 100 per day. At that time there were 60 aircraft based at airport,45 single-engine,9 multi-engine,4 jet. Florida World War II Army Airfields Immokalee Regional Airport at Collier County website Immokalee Regional Airport
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Naples Municipal Airport
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Naples Municipal Airport is a public use airport located two nautical miles northeast of the central business district of Naples, the most populous city and county seat of Collier County, Florida. It is owned by the City of Naples Airport Authority, the airport provides space for general aviation, as well as mosquito control and Med Flight Collier. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 3,316 passenger boardings in calendar year 2008,514 enplanements in 2009, established in 1942 as Naples Army Airfield by the United States Army Air Forces. Assigned initially to the Southeast Training Center, provided basic flight training to flight cadets by Embry-Riddle Co, Fairchild PT-19s were the primary trainer used. Along with the training, was a sub-base to Buckingham Army Airfield for flexible gunnery training. Inactivated on November 1,1945, being turned over to the War Assets Administration for conveyance to civil control as a public airport. Provincetown-Boston Airlines began scheduled service to Miami International Airport in the 1950s, passenger numbers dipped when American Eagle ceased scheduled service to Miami in 2001, and dipped even further following the September 11 attacks. Scheduled airline service to Naples ended in 2003 when US Airways Express ceased service to Tampa International Airport, Naples Municipal Airport covers an area of 732 acres at an elevation of 8 feet above mean sea level. It has two paved runways, 5/23 measuring 6,600 by 150 feet and 14/32 measuring 5,000 by 100 ft. It also has one runway designated SW/NE which measures 1,850 by 100 ft. For the 12-month period ending September 30,2011, the airport had 84,339 aircraft operations, an average of 231 per day, 91% general aviation, 9% air taxi, and <1% military. In November 2016, there were 363 aircraft based at airport,224 single-engine,70 multi-engine,54 jet and 15 helicopter. 1Elite Airways flights to and from Portland stop in Orlando/Melbourne, on September 10,1985, a Douglas DC-3 of Collier County Mosquito Control District crashed at East Naples while on approach to Naples Municipal Airport following an engine failure. The aircraft was on agricultural duties at the time, on June 20,2005, a Cessna 182 Skylane departing Naples Municipal Airport entered an area of severe weather over the Gulf of Mexico. The aircraft was never recovered, with the resulting in one fatality. Other sources Naples Municipal Airport, official site Naples Municipal Airport
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Interstate 75 in Florida
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Interstate 75 is a part of the Interstate Highway System and runs from the Hialeah–Miami Lakes border, a few miles northwest of Miami, to Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, I-75 runs for 471 miles in Florida, making it the longest interstate in any state east of the Mississippi River. The interstate maintains a speed limit of 70 mph for its length in Florida. The portion of I-75 from Tampa northward was a part of the original 1955 Interstate Highway plans, for FDOT inventory purposes, it is designated as State Road 93 for most of its length in Florida. I-75 begins its journey at an interchange with SR826 and SR924 on the Hialeah–Miami Lakes border. As it curves around the border of Miami Lakes, I-75 serves some of the fringes of South Florida as an eight-lane highway. After an exit with SR860, I-75 has a interchange with the Homestead Extension of Floridas Turnpike before crossing into Broward County. There, it continues through the suburbs of Pembroke Pines, Weston, Miramar, Davie. It was originally constructed as a highway before it was converted to a four-lane highway meeting Interstate Highway standards. At this point, I-75 loses a lane in each direction, heading west, the Alligator Alley section west of Fort Lauderdale, Florida and east of Naples is due west–east and is one of only two sections of I-75 that are tolled. There are only two interchanges along the 75 mile tolled portion of Alligator Alley in addition to two rest areas and a number of scenic outlook points as it crosses the Florida Everglades. I-75 enters Collier County along Alligator Alley just west of the Snake Road exit, there are a number of small bridges along Alligator Alley to allow wildlife to pass under the freeway especially along the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge east of SR29. Extensive fencing also prevents wildlife from crossing traffic, once near Naples at County Road 951, I-75 makes a sharp turn north resuming its south–north trajectory and gains a third lane each way as it parallels Floridas west coast. At this point, Alligator Alley ends and I-75 is toll free for the rest of its length in Florida, North of Ellenton, I-275 splits from I-75 to serve St. Petersburg and Pinellas County via the Sunshine Skyway Bridge and Tampa via the Howard Frankland Bridge. I-75 parallels the shore of Tampa Bay as a bypass route of the Tampa Bay Area, as it passes by the communities of Brandon, Temple Terrace. Two expressways access downtown Tampa from I-75, the Lee Roy Selmon Expressway, within the Tampa Bay Metropolitan Area, many interchanges are far more complex than mere diamond, cloverleaf, or even SPUI interchanges. Aside from the turbine interchange with I-4, there are interchanges with Fowler Avenue. A flyover ramp was built from southbound Bruce B, widened median segments exist in Northern Pasco County, Hernando County, and in Sumter County north of County Road 476-B
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U.S. Route 41 in Florida
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U. S. Route 41 in the U. S. state of Florida is a north–south United States Highway. It runs 479 miles from Miami in South Florida northwest to the Georgia border north of the Lake City area, within the state, US41 is paralleled by Interstate 75 all the way from Miami to Georgia, and I-75 has largely supplanted US41 as a major highway. State Road 684 from the junction with the end of US41 Business to 44th Avenue Connection in unincorporated Manatee County. State Road 55 from 44th Avenue Connection to the end of US41 Business in Palmetto. State Road 599 from the junction of the end of US41 Business. State Road 600 from US41 south to Nebraska Avenue in Tampa, State Road 25 from the junction with US441, US41 and North Main Street in High Springs to the Georgia state line near Jennings. From there, the route concurrent with SR A1A westbound, then south along US 1/SR5. Between Miami and Naples, US41 cuts across the Florida peninsula and this section has been designated a National Scenic Byway. The byway runs east–west through the Big Cypress National Preserve, skirting the border of the Everglades National Park for about 20 miles. Alligators are a common sight along the scenic Tamiami Trail from Miami to Naples, unlike the parallel road, Alligator Alley, the trail is only one lane in each direction, and it has no fences to keep wildlife from crossing it. In Naples, US41 changes direction at the intersection of hidden SR90 and hidden SR45, turning from west to north towards Tampa and this segment of US41 is still considered the Tamiami Trail. US41 has a bypass in Fort Myers that separates from the trail, however in the Venice Area, US41 breaks away from the trail onto hidden SR 45A, a connector to I-75 can be found just north of the northern end of the business route. Two major US highways terminate at US41 in the Sarasota-Bradenton Metropolitan Area, the first is US301 in Sarasota, which runs straight, while US41 curves to the west towards the John Ringling Causeway, only to turn back north again. North of the end of it CR610, it runs along the western edge of Sarasota-Bradenton International Airport where it crosses the Sarasota-Manatee County line. Across from the airport, the road serves as the address for New College of Florida, in Bradenton, US41 makes a sharp turn east onto SR684 at the intersection of US41 Business. The road curves north onto SR55 and it encounters US301 again, US301 makes a sharp right turn onto SR43 at a diamond interchange, while US41 continues north. Just after the interchange with the end of US41 Business in Memphis. Here, US41 rejoins hidden SR45, while hidden SR55 moves to US19, the rest of US 41s journey will continue along the east coast of Tampa Bay
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Florida State Road 29
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State Road 29 is a state highway that runs north–south through Southwest Florida. A rural road, it mostly through uninhabited farmland in its northern half. State Road 29 begins at an intersection with U. S. Route 41 in the community of Carnestown. North of I-75, State Road 29 borders the Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge to the west, SR29 turns west briefly and back north through the city of Immokalee, a small farming town with large migrant populations. Just north of Immokalee, SR29 intersects with State Road 82, after crossing the Caloosahatchee River on a small drwbridge, SR29 turns northeast and continues to its northern terminus is an intersection with US27, just south of Palmdale. State Road 29 was extended from Immokalee to Everglades City in the 1920s around the time as the construction of the Tamiami Trail. Its construction was championed by Barron Collier as a connection to Everglades City. The route was designated State Road 164 until 1945, when it was changed to State Road 29 as part of a statewide renumbering, part of this line was once the Deep Lake Railroad, which was once owned by Barron Collier. The railroad was removed from Sunniland south to Everglades City in 1957, now designated County Road 29 north of Everglades City and County Road 29A south of it, the historic southern terminus of SR29 is in Chokoloskee, on Chokoloskee Island within the National Park. When plans were made to upgrade Alligator Alley to carry Interstate 75 in 1973 and this decision was reversed in 1989 during construction of I-75 and interchange ramps were included after steps were taken to protect the endangered Florida panther. State Road 29 Truck is a detour along South Bridge Street. It begins at the northwest corner of LaBelle Airport south of the southeast corner of SR29, SR29 Truck also intersects CR 80A, and runs along the east side of SR29 until it reaches SR80 near the Old Hendry County Courthouse. County Road 29A is a route bypassing Immokalee to the northeast and it runs mostly southeast to northwest, and is named New Market Road. The road serves as the headquarters for the Immokalee State Farmers Market, at Charlotte Street New Market Road East becomes New Market Road West. County Road 29A is a short, former segment of State Road 29 in LaBelle, media related to Florida State Road 29 at Wikimedia Commons Florida Route Log
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Florida State Road 951
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The next intersection, Mainsail Drive, provides access to Marco Island Airport. Most of the current portion of State Road 951 south of U. S. Route 41 came into existence around 1955 during development of the Isles of Capri. It was built upon the rail bed of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroads Marco Island route. Prior to the mid-1970s, State Road 951 extended along a longer route than it does today. It began at the Isles of Capri, when the Jolley Bridge was built to Marco Island in 1969, the route across it was designated SR 951B. The current Collier Boulevard north of SR84 was designated State Road 858 at the time, many state roads in Collier County were redesignated in the mid-1970s. The state road designation of the northernmost 14 miles of SR951 were phased out in the 1980s as they were relinquished to county control and they were also removed from other roads in the Big Cypress Swamp. State Road 951 formerly extended 2.6 miles to the south and this section was turned over to the city of Marco Island on November 29,2004. The entire route is in Collier County
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
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Collier County, Florida
