1.
New Zealand electorates
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An electorate is a geographical constituency used for electing members to the New Zealand Parliament. In informal discussion, electorates are often called seats, the most formal description, electoral district, is used in legislation. The size of electorates is determined on a basis such that all electorates have approximately the same population. Before 1996, all members of Parliament were directly chosen for office by the voters of an electorate, the 71 electorates are made up from 64 general and seven Māori electorates. Originally, electorates were drawn up based on political and social links, each electorate was allocated a different number of MPs in order to balance population differences. All electorates used a plurality voting system, from 1881, a special country quota meant that rural seats were allowed to contain fewer people than urban seats, preserving the inequality and over-representing farmers. For the 1905 election the multi-member electorates were abolished, the quota system persisted until 1945. Today, electorate boundaries are determined by the Representation Commission, the Commission consists of, Four government officials—the Government Statistician, the Surveyor-General, the Chief Electoral Officer, and the Chairperson of the Local Government Commission. A representative of the party or coalition, and a representative of the opposition block. A chairperson nominated by the members, with the exception of Chairperson of the Local Government Commission. Boundaries are reviewed after each New Zealand Census, which occurs every five years. The number of māori electorates are determined by the Māori Electoral Option where Māori voters can opt to be in either a māori electorate or a general electorate, South Island Māori opting for the general roll are included in the population on which the South Island Quota is established. The North Island population being divided into electorates of approximately the same population as the South Island ones, electorates may vary by no more than 5% of the average population size. This has caused the number of list seats in Parliament to decline as the population is experiencing northern drift due to internal migration and immigration. Because of the increasing North Island population, the North Island was awarded an additional electoral seat beginning in the 2008 general election, another North Island seat was created for the 2014 general election. Each time, the need for a seat was determined from the results of the most recent census. The total number of list seats has thus declined from 51 to 49 since 2007, although the New Zealand Parliament is intended to have 120 members, recent iterations have exceeded this quantity. Due to some parties winning more seats than their proportion of the party vote suggests
2.
Tasman District
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Tasman District is a local government district in the north of the South Island of New Zealand. It borders the West Coast Region, Marlborough Region and Nelson City and it is administered by the Tasman District Council, a unitary authority, which sits at Richmond, with community boards serving outlying communities in Motueka and Golden Bay. The city of Nelson has its own unitary authority separate from Tasman District, Tasman District is a large area at the western corner of the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. It covers 9,786 square kilometres and is bounded on the west by the Matiri Ranges, Tasman Mountains, the Victoria Ranges form Tasmans southern boundary and the districts highest point is Mount Franklin, at 2,340 metres. The landscape is diverse, from mountainous areas to valleys and plains. The limestone-rich area around Mount Owen and Mount Arthur is notable for its extensive networks, among them New Zealands deepest caves at Ellis Basin. There is abundant bush and bird life, golden beaches, the unique 40-kilometre sands of Farewell Spit. These assets make the district a popular destination for tourists, Tasman is home to three national parks, Abel Tasman National Park, Nelson Lakes National Park and Kahurangi National Park. The Maruia Falls,8 kilometres southwest of Murchison were created by the 1929 Murchison earthquake when a slip blocked the original channel, the sub-national GDP of the Nelson region was estimated at US$2.343 billion in 2003, 2% of New Zealands national GDP. Tasman Bay, the largest indentation in the north coast of the South Island, was named after Dutch seafarer, explorer and he was the first European to discover New Zealand on 13 December 1642 while on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company. Tasman Bay passed the name on to the district, which was formed in 1989 largely from the merger of Waimea. Tasman District Council headquarters are at Richmond, close to the adjoining Nelson City, the head of local government is the mayor. Community Boards exist to outlying areas in Motueka and Golden Bay. Other towns are Motueka, Brightwater, Collingwood, Murchison, Riwaka, Saint Arnaud, Takaka, Tapawera, Wakefield, Mapua, according to tradition, the Māori waka Uruao, brought ancestors of the Waitaha people to Tasman in the 12th Century. Archaeological evidence suggests the first Māori settlers explored the region thoroughly, the succession of tribes into the area suggests considerable warfare interrupted their lives. Around 1828, Ngati Toa under Te Rauparaha and the northern tribes of Ngati Rarua and Ngati Tama. They took over much of the area from Farewell Spit to the Wairau River, the first immigrant ships from England arrived in Nelson in 1842 and the European settlement of the region began under the leadership of Captain Arthur Wakefield. In the 1850s, agriculture and pastoral farming started and villages were established on the Waimea Plains, in 1856, the discovery of gold near Collingwood sparked New Zealands first gold rush
3.
Collingwood, New Zealand
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Collingwood is a town in the north-west corner of the South Island of New Zealand along Golden Bay. The town is a destination due to its proximity to Kahurangi National Park. The town was originally named Gibbstown after the settler and politician William Gibbs. The settlement was later renamed Collingwood for Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, Lord Nelsons second-in-command at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, following the discovery of payable gold-deposits in the Aorere Valley in 1856 the towns population surged and the suggestion was made that Collingwood should become New Zealands capital. The town has been damaged by several times, being almost destroyed in 1904. Collingwood is located along the shore of Golden Bay at the mouth of the Aorere River. The town is the endpoint for State Highway 60, Collingwood Area School is a composite school catering for primary, secondary, and adult education in the greater Collingwood area, and has around 130 students on roll. The school celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009, the Reed Dictionary of New Zealand Place Names
4.
Takaka, New Zealand
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Takaka is a small town situated at the southeastern end of Golden Bay, at the northern end of New Zealands South Island, located on the lower reaches of the Takaka River. It lies at the start of the road which follows the river valley before climbing over Takaka Hill. During the period,1853 to 1876, Takaka was administrated as part of the Nelson Province, farming, sawmilling, limestone quarrying and tourism are major local industries. The area around Takaka is mineral-rich, with gold, iron ore, copper, silver and asbestos all found locally, Takaka and Golden Bay are also known for rock climbing, the most area being Paynes Ford. This area is situated about 20 minutes walk from Takaka and has over 200 bolted climbs, the most famous climb is 1080 and the letter G because of its unique no-hands-rest at the top and its views of Golden Bay. The town is known for Te Waikoropupu Springs, which holds the world record for fresh water clarity. In June 2005, much of the town was evacuated after fire swept through Takakas biggest industrial complex. There were fears that volatile chemicals stored at the plant might explode, leading to the release of poisonous gases, the antipode of Takaka is exactly in the town of Coriscada, Portugal
5.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
6.
Arthur Collins (politician)
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Arthur Shuckburgh Collins, known as Arthur Collins and later as Arthur Collyns, was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from Nelson, New Zealand. Collins was born on 31 December 1832 in Devon, England and his parents were William Wrangham Collins and Henrietta Shuckburgh. The family emigrated to Nelson on the Pekin from London, arriving on 15 January 1850, in his younger years, he excelled in sports. Collins married Catherine Anne Collins on 25 September 1855 in Nelson and they had three girls before his wife died on 8 February 1864. On 25 January 1866, he married again—Erica Elspeth Collins, ten children resulted from this marriage. Sometime in the 1870s, he changed the spelling of his surname to Collyns and his daughter Hilda Reay was registered as Collins, whilst his son Arthur Wrangham was registered as Collyns. He represented the Collingwood electorate from 1868 to 1873, when he resigned and he was a Provincialist, but once elected, he changed his mind and became an ardent supporter of the abolition of the provinces. He then represented the Suburbs of Nelson electorate in 1881 from 11 January to 8 November, Collyns died on 26 September 1911. He is buried, as are his wives, at Wakapuaka Cemetery and his second wife had died before him, on 27 June 1897
7.
New Zealand general election, 1871
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The New Zealand general election of 1871 was held between 14 January and 23 February to elect 78 MPs across 72 electorates to the fifth session of the New Zealand Parliament. 1871 was the first general election to include the four Māori electorates, the first Māori Members of Parliament had been elected in 1868, but in 1871 three retired and one was defeated. So in 1871 four new Māori MPs were elected, in 1866 the secret ballot was introduced for general elections. The 1871 general election was the first one at which it was used, the secret ballot not used in Māori electorates until 1938, thus Māori voters continued to inform a polling officer orally of their chosen candidate. The date of election is defined here as the day on which the poll took place, or if there was no contest, the earliest election day was 14 January 1871. The earliest date in the general electorate results table,13 January 1871, the last election was held on 23 February 1871 in the Franklin electorate. 68 European electorates and 4 Māori electorates were defined by the Representation Act 1870, six of the general electorates had two representatives, the rest were single member electorates
8.
New Zealand general election, 1866
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The New Zealand general election of 1866 was held between 12 February and 6 April to elect 70 MPs to the fourth term of the New Zealand Parliament. In 1867 four Māori electorates were created, initially as a measure for five years. The first Māori elections for seats were held in 1868. The first four Māori members of parliament were Tareha te Moananui, Frederick Nene Russell and John Patterson, who all retired in 1870, a Moorhouse was elected in both the Mount Herbert and Westland electorates
9.
New Zealand general election, 1879
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The New Zealand general election of 1879 was held between 28 August and 15 September 1879 to elect a total of 88 MPs to the 7th session of the New Zealand Parliament. The Māori vote was held on 8 September, a total of 82,271 European voters turned out to vote, plus 14,553 Māori voters. Following the election, John Hall formed a new government, formal political parties had not been established yet, this only happened after the 1890 election. The same 73 electorates were used as for the last election, in October 1875, Parliament passed the Representation Act 1875, which resolved to increase the size of Parliament to 88 representatives across the 73 electorates. Two of the electorates were represented by three members each, a further eleven electorates were represented by two members each. The remaining 60 electorates were represented by a member each. The election came about when George Greys government was defeated in a motion in July. He successfully requested a dissolution from the Governor of New Zealand, the parliamentary term was reduced from five to three years. The election was held between 28 August and 15 September, the date of election is defined here as the day on which the poll took place, or if there was no contest, the day of nomination. The earliest date was the meeting in the Avon electorate. The last elections were held on 15 September, where John Studholme and Edward George Wright were elected in the Gladstone and Coleridge electorates, the election in the Maori electorates were held on 8 September. With Pitt, Curtis and Adams all formally withdrawing from the contest, in 14 seats there was only one candidate. In the European electorates, the population over 21 years of age was 116,008. Of those,82,271 were enrolled and the turnout was 66. 5%, the male Māori population was estimated at 14,553, of which 6,686 voted. The Maori statistics are to be treated with caution, though, when the first Maori roll was established for the 1949 election, for example, more votes were cast than were voters on the roll. The initial results showed a virtual deadlock with no clear winner, inititially the opposition seemed to have won slightly more seats than the Greyites but not enough to claim a majority outright. However, after days of negotiations a new ministry was formed by John Hall who had ensured support from 45 members. George Grey was elected in both the Thames and the City of Christchurch electorates, Grey came first in the three-member Christchurch electorate
10.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
11.
Nelson (New Zealand electorate)
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Nelson is a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the House of Representatives of New Zealand. From 1853 to 1860, the electorate was called Town of Nelson, from 1860 to 1881, it was City of Nelson. The electorate is the one that has continuously existed since the 1st Parliament in 1853. The current MP for Nelson is Nick Smith of the National Party and he has held this position since 1996. The Representation Commission last adjusted the boundaries in the 2007 review, which first applied at the 2008 election, an electorate based on the Nelson has been contested at every election since the first Parliament in 1853. Two of the original 24 electorates from the 1st Parliament still exist, the electorate was initially known as Town of Nelson. From 1866 to 1881, it was called City of Nelson, since 1881, it has been known as simply Nelson. From 1853 to 1881, Nelson was a two-member electorate, james Mackay and William Travers were the first two representatives elected in 1853. Travers and William Cautley both resigned on 26 May 1854, Travers subsequently contested the seat that Cautley had vacated, being elected in the 21 June 1854 Waimea by-election. Samuel Stephens, who succeeded Travers in Nelson, died before the end of the first term, alfred Domett retired from politics at the end of the 3rd Parliament. Edward Stafford resigned in 1868 during the term of the 4th Parliament, nathaniel Edwards won the resulting by-election. Martin Lightband resigned after a year in Parliament in 1872 and was succeeded by David Luckie, Nelson became a single member electorate in 1881. Henry Levestam, who was first elected in an 1881 by-election to replace Adams was confirmed by the voters at the three general elections, but he died in office on 11 February 1889. Joseph Harkness won the resulting 1889 by-election and was confirmed in the 1890 election, harry Atmore an Independent Member of Parliament succeeded John Graham in the 1911 election, but he was defeated at the next election in 1914 by Thomas Field of the Reform Party. At the subsequent election in 1919, Atmore defeated Field and represented the electorate until his death on 21 August 1946, atmores death did not cause a by-election, as the 1946 election was held in November of that year. The contest was won by Edgar Neale of the National Party and he held the electorate until 1957, when he retired. Neale was succeeded by Stanley Whitehead of the Labour Party in the 1957 election and this started Labours dominance in the electorate, which was to last for four decades. Whitehead died on 9 January 1976 in the office and this caused the 1976 by-election, in the 1981 election, Courtney stood as an Independent against Labours Philip Woollaston, with the latter the successful candidate
