1.
Interstate 40 in North Carolina
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Interstate 40 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Barstow, California to Wilmington, North Carolina. In North Carolina, I-40 enters the state along the Pigeon River Gorge, crossing the entire state, it connects the cities of Asheville, Winston-Salem, Greensboro, Durham and Raleigh before ending along U. S. Highway 117/North Carolina Highway 132 in Wilmington. At a total of 423.55 miles, it is the longest interstate highway in North Carolina, there are five auxiliary Interstates in the state related to I-40, as well as one business loop which currently runs through Winston-Salem. The route is labeled east-west for the route, however the eastern portion follows a much more north-south alignment. The freeway bears several names in addition to the I-40 designation, throughout the state the freeway is known as the Blue Star Memorial Highway a name shared with multiple interstates across the state. From the Guilford-Alamance county line to one mile east of NC54, in Graham, from Orange County to Raleigh I-40 is known as the Harriet Morehead Berry Freeway, the John Motley Morehead, III Freeway, and the Tom Bradshaw Freeway. I-40 is the James Harrington Freeway from US70 to I-95, in Duplin County a section of I-40 is known as the Henry L. Stevens, Jr. Highway. From the Pender County-New Hanover County line to the terminus of I-40. Interstate 40 was an original Interstate Highway planned in the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, in North Carolina the original highway was to run from the Tennessee state line to Greensboro where the freeway would end at Interstate 85. In 1958, the first section of completed interstate highway in the state was I-40 along the East–West Expressway in Winston-Salem, I-40 received two extension approvals, the first in 1969 to Interstate 95, to be routed in or near Smithfield, and the second in 1984 to Wilmington. After 34 years since it first opened, the last section completed was the Winston-Salem Bypass in 1992, the highest point is at 2,786 feet, located at Swannanoa Gap, and the lowest point is at 15 feet, located at the Pender–New Hanover county line. All of I-40 is listed in the National Highway System, a network of important to the countrys economy, defense. I-40 is also designated as a Blue Star Memorial Highway throughout the state, I-40 enters North Carolina along the north banks of the Pigeon River, at the foot of Snowbird Mountain. Winding in parallel with the river, I-40 goes through twin tunnels, when the tunnels opened in 1968 they were the first Interstate tunnels east of Mississippi River. I-40 then goes down a steep grade for the next 16 miles, just south of exit 7, I-40 uses another tunnel, for eastbound traffic only, through Hurricane Mountain. The westbound lanes use a rock cut through Hurricane Mountain, a short distance after the tunnel is the North Carolina Welcome Center. Immedietly afterwards is Waterville Lake, where there are a few intersections in this location, used as service access for Walters Dam. Interstate 40 then merges with US74, I-40 and US74 encounters the Interstate 26, Interstate 240 interchange, sometimes called Malfunction Junction, in the southwestern part of the city
2.
Interstate 85 Business (North Carolina)
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In the U. S. state of North Carolina, Interstate 85 Business is a 43. 5-mile-long business loop of Interstate 85, which serves several cities in the Piedmont Triad. Business 85 is exists in two sections that are separated by a 2-mile stretch of I-85 in Greensboro, for almost the entire route, US29 and US70 are cosigned. Business 85 begins from exit 87 of I-85, just south of Lexington and it travels along US52 north then splits from it at exit 87. Becoming a semi-limited expressway, it travels through Lexington with a concurrency with US64. Once past Lexington, the road becomes a more typical expressway, Business 85 goes at a northeast direction, parallel to I-85 further south, as it goes through Thomasville and High Point. It makes an intersection with I-74/US311 by having a full interchange. After 30 miles, Business 85 merges with I-85 in Greensboro, Business 85 continues again from exit 120A of I-85, in Greensboro. Overlapped with I-40, it goes east until it meets I-85 for a time near McLeansville. The entire northern section is 6-lane freeway grade, though because it goes through the city of Greensboro, I-85 Business features one dedicated stretch of freeway. Preddy Boulevard – Official North Carolina name of I-85 Business, from mile marker 33-36 and it is named after the Preddy Brothers, for their outstanding service in World War II. Established in 1984, I-85 Business was a replacement of Temp I-85, from Lexington to Greensboro and it also had a complete concurrency with US 29/US70. In 2005, I-85 was redirected southeast around Greensboro along the Greensboro Urban Loop, with an hidden overlap along I-85 between exits 118-120A, it continues to north then east through Greensboro, with a shared concurrency with I-40. Temporary Interstate 85 was established by 1961 as a designation that directed travelers along US 29/US70. In 1977, a bridge was completed, truncating Temp I-85 south-end near Lexington. In 1984, I-85 was completed on new routing between Lexington and Greensboro, Temp I-85 was replaced by I-85 Business. Media related to Interstate 85 Business at Wikimedia Commons NCRoads. com, I-85 Business NCRoads. com, I-85 Temp
3.
U.S. Route 70 in North Carolina
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U. S. Route 70 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Globe, Arizona, to the Crystal Coast of the US state of North Carolina. In North Carolina, it is a major 488-mile-long east–west highway that runs from the Tennessee border to the Atlantic Ocean, from the Tennessee state line near Paint Rock to Asheville it follows the historic Dixie Highway, in concurrency with U. S. Route 25. The highway connects major cities including Asheville, High Point, Greensboro, Durham, Raleigh, Goldsboro. From Beaufort on east, US70 shares part of the Outer Banks Scenic Byway, US70 is an original US Highway, signed on November 11,1926, when the US Highway System was approved. Since then, the highway has been realigned in places, one of the larger extensions of US70 came in 1931 when the highway was extended concurrently along NC101 from Beaufort to Atlantic. While sections of US70 have been converted to freeway standards, several new projects beginning in the 2000s have placed US70 on interstate grade freeways, such as the Clayton and Goldsboro Bypasses. On May 24,2016, AASHTO assigned the Future I-42 designation to the majority of US 70s routing east of Garner. US70 also overlaps two state scenic byways, the Appalachian Medley, from Hot Springs to Walnut, and the Clayton Bypass Scenic Byway, US70, in concurrency with US25, enters from Tennessee as a two-lane mountain highway meandering through the Bald Mountains. In Hot Springs it crosses the French Broad River and the Appalachian Trail, proceeding south, it goes through the Walnut Mountains and then joins NC213 near Walnut. Continuing on a southeasterly routing, it becomes the US25 Bus. /US70 Bus. split-off towards downtown Marshall at Mashburn Gap. At the Hayes Run Road interchange, NC213 splits and continues towards Mars Hill, before US25 Bus. /US70 Bus. rejoins at Ivy River Road, the highway widens to four lanes, afterwards, it follows along Ivy Creek before crossing the Madison/Buncombe county line. In Weaverville, US 25/US70 joins Future I-26/US 19/US23, US25 separates at Merrimon Avenue, continuing solo into downtown Asheville. At the Patton Avenue interchange, US70 switches to an I-240/US 74A concurrency as it goes east along the Billy Graham Freeway, at Charlotte Avenue, US 70/US 74A splits from I-240 before it goes through the Beaucatcher Cut. At College Street, which changes into Tunnel Road, US 70/US 74A passes through Beaucatcher tunnel, in the East Asheville area is the historic Oteen Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District as well as the Blue Ridge Parkway. At Jones Mountain, US70 leaves the Asheville city limits and begins its parallel north of I-40, as it goes through Swannanoa, at Ridgecrest, US70 merges with I-40. At Swannanoa Gap it crosses the Eastern Continental Divide and enters McDowell County, at the top of the gap, in addition to a reduced speed limit there is a truck information station that requires all trucks to go through before continuing. The following 5-mile descent is a 6% grade along Youngs Ridge to Old Fort, along which are several reduce-speed warning lights, at Old Fort, US70 splits from I-40 and travels through the downtown area and by the Mountain Gateway Museum and Heritage Center. East of Old Fort, US70 travels northeasterly towards Marion, at Pleasant Gardens, it connects with NC80, which travelers can follow towards Mount Mitchell, the highest peak east of the Mississippi River
4.
U.S. Route 220 in North Carolina
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In the U. S. state of North Carolina, U. S. Route 220 is a north–south highway that connects the cities of Rockingham, Asheboro and Greensboro, in the central Piedmont. US220 in North Carolina feature a few dedicated or memorialized stretches of freeway, governor John Motley Morehead Expressway – official North Carolina name of US220 from the south Greensboro city limits to Interstate 40. J. Elsie Webb Thoroughfare – official North Carolina name of US220 from US1, in Rockingham, martha McGee Bell Bridges – official North Carolina name of US 220s twin bridges over the Deep River, near Randleman. Rush C. Collins Bridge – official North Carolina name of US 220s bridge over the Dan River, thomas A. Burton Highway – official North Carolina name of US220 from NC68 to the Virginia state line. By 1939, US220 was realigned west of Seagrove, leaving Old US Highway 220, by 1963, US220 bypassed Madison and Mayodan, the old route through the towns became US220 Business. Between 1964-1966, Stoneville was bypassed to its west, between 1967-1968, US220 we realigned west, onto new freeway, of Asheboro, leaving US220 Business. In the 1970s, US220 was continuously moved onto new freeway, bypassing Randleman, also, at some point during the decade, US220 was extended south to its current terminus with US1, leaving behind Ellerbe Road in Rockingham. In 1980, US220 was moved onto new freeway between Steeds and Emery, its old alignment became US220 Alternate, between 1981-1983, US220 moved onto new freeway from Level Cross to Interstate 85, leaving an unnumbered Randleman Road. In 1995, US220 was moved onto new freeway between Interstate 85 to Interstate 40, on January 7,2008, US220 was moved onto new freeway between Emery to south of Ellerbe, leaving its old alignment another extension of US220 Alternate. U. S. Route 411 was established in 1932 as the second national US411, in Asheboro, it went along Fayetteville Street, then continued north on Randleman Road and on Old Randleman Road into Greensboro. Going northwest, it continued to Madison, where it ended at US311, in 1935, the entire route was renumbered as part of US220. North Carolina Highway 897 was a state highway that traversed from NC 60/NC65, in Winston-Salem. Going north on Liberty Street, from 4th Street, in Winston-Salem, it went at a northeasterly route along Old Walkertown Road, continuing northeasterly, it connects Madison, Mayodan, Stoneville and Price, North Carolina before reaching the Virginia state line. In 1925, it was renumbered as part of NC77, the Western Rockingham Bypass, from the US 74/US74 Bus. interchange to US220 Alt near Ellerbe. Currently all right-of-way purchases have been completed along the proposed route, the remaining sections of the new bypass is currently scheduled to begin construction in late 2017, however, it is subject to reprioritiation. Widen US220 to multi-lanes, from Horse Pen Creek Road, in Greensboro, to Winfree Road, funded, with construction expected to be completed December,2016. New freeway, for Interstate 73, from NC68, near PTI Airport, to NC68, US220 is included, north of Summerfield, with this project. Currently all right-of-way purchases have been completed along the proposed route, with construction scheduled to begin April,2014
5.
U.S. Route 421 in North Carolina
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A majority of the highway is part of the North Carolina Strategic Highway Corridors system. Because of this designation, the state has numerous changes converting a rural two-lane highway into a major freeway/expressway with 4 or more lanes. Numerous former segments of the highway named Old U. S. Route 421 are found along the entire route, immediately after the ferry terminal is the Fort Fisher State Recreation Area, where the first and second battles of Fort Fisher took place. The highway continues north, going through popular tourist destinations in New Hanover county, Kure Beach, US421 eventually enters Wilmington along the river side of the city. From about three miles north of the I-140 interchange, the remains a four-lane divided highway for another ten miles. After its intersection with NC210, it becomes a rural highway for much of its remainder until Dunn. The exception is in Clinton, where it follows Faircloth Freeway to bypass the city, there is one rest area located just north of Delway. Most travelers in this corridor today use I-40, which parallels US421 ten miles to its east, thus, it is unlikely that this section of US421 will ever be upgraded as it has been throughout much of the state. Upon reaching the junction with US401, NC27, and NC210, US421 then splits off to the west, becoming a two-lane expressway until Sanford. Upon reaching Sanford, US421 formerly followed Horner Boulevard with NC87 to cross downtown, but it is now rerouted onto the recently completed Sanford Bypass, the entirety of which is freeway. It runs concurrent with NC87 Bypass until the US 1/US 15/US 501/NC87 interchange, for the rest of its route until Greensboro, US421 remains almost entirely free-flowing. It is an expressway from Sanford to just south of Siler City, bypassing Goldston, Bear Creek, from here to the Greensboro Urban Loop, US421 becomes a freeway, bypassing Staley, Liberty, and Julian. All of these cities/places were connected by US 421s old alignment, near Pleasant Garden, US421 transitions from an expressway to a freeway by overlapping with I-85, it also goes west from this point until Sugar Grove. As the modern eight-lane I-85/US421 overlap loops south of Greensboro, it connects with I-73. Another six miles later, it again to I-40 and continues on towards Winston-Salem. Near Kernersville, US421 switches one last time with Business Loop I-40 going into downtown Winston-Salem, at either exit 1 or exit 188, US421 separates toward Yadkinville. From Winston-Salem to Wilkesboro, US421 continues on four-lane freeway and this section of the highway is mostly farmland, with only Yadkinville as a viable place to stop for food and drink. As US421 enters Wilkesboro city limits, it downgrades to an expressway with various stores, travelers should anticipate higher traffic volumes between US421 Business junction and NC16 junction in Wilkesboro
6.
Greensboro, North Carolina
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Greensboro is a city in the U. S. state of North Carolina. It is the third-largest city by population in North Carolina and the county seat and largest city in Guilford County, as of the 2010 census, the city population was 269,666, and in 2015 the estimated population was 285,342. Three major interstate highways in the Piedmont region of central North Carolina were built to intersect at this city, in 1808, Greensborough was planned around a central courthouse square to succeed Guilford Court House as the county seat. In 2003, the previous Greensboro – Winston-Salem – High Point metropolitan statistical area was re-defined by the U. S. Office of Management and this region was separated into the Greensboro-High Point MSA and the Winston-Salem MSA. The 2010 population for the Greensboro-High Point MSA was 723,801, the combined statistical area of Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, popularly referred to as the Piedmont Triad, had a population of 1,599,477. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Greensboro were a Siouan-speaking people called the Saura, other indigenous cultures had occupied this area for thousands of years, typically settling along the waterways, as did the early settlers. Quaker migrants from Pennsylvania, by way of Maryland, arrived at Capefair in about 1750, the new settlers began organized religious services affiliated with the Cane Creek Friends Meeting in Snow Camp in 1751. Three years later,40 Quaker families were granted approval to establish New Garden Monthly Meeting, the settlement grew rapidly during the next three years, adding members from as far away as Nantucket in Massachusetts. It soon became the most important Quaker community in North Carolina and mother of several other Quaker meetings that were established in the state and west of the Appalachians. After the Revolutionary War, the city of Greensboro was named for Major General Nathanael Greene, although the Americans lost the battle, Greenes forces inflicted heavy casualties on the British Army of General Cornwallis. Following this battle, Cornwallis withdrew his troops to a British coastal base in Wilmington, Greensboro was established near the geographic center of Guilford County, on land that was an unbroken forest with thick undergrowth of huckleberry bushes, that bore a finely flavored fruit. Property for the village was purchased from the Saura for $98. Three north-south streets were laid out intersecting with three east-west streets, the courthouse was built at the center of the intersection of Elm and Market streets. By 1821, the town was home to 369 residents, stimulated by rail traffic and improved access to markets, the city grew substantially, soon becoming known as the Gate City due to its role as a transportation hub for the Piedmont. The railroads transported goods to and from the textile mills. Many of the manufacturers developed workers housing in mill villages near their facilities, Textile companies and related businesses continued into the 21st century, when most went bankrupt, reorganized, and/or merged with other companies as textile manufacturing jobs moved offshore. Greensboro is still a center of the textile industry, with the main offices of International Textile Group, Galey & Lord, Unifi. ITG Brands, maker of Kool, Winston and Salem brand cigarettes, is the third largest tobacco company in the United States and is headquartered in Greensboro, rail traffic continues to be important for the citys economy, as Greensboro is a major regional freight hub
7.
Highway
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A highway is any public road or other public way on land. It is used for roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks, It is not an equivalent term to controlled-access highway, or a translation for autobahn, autoroute. In North American and Australian English, major such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways. Other roads may be designated county highways in the US and Ontario and these classifications refer to the level of government that maintains the roadway. In British English, highway is primarily a legal term, everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system, highway code, highway patrol, the term highway exists in distinction to waterway. Major highways are named and numbered by the governments that typically develop. Australias Highway 1 is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 km or 9,000 mi, China has the worlds largest network of highways followed closely by the United States of America. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes, some major highway routes include ferry services, such as U. S. Route 10, which crosses Lake Michigan. Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses, later they also accommodated carriages, bicycles and eventually motor cars, facilitated by advancements in road construction. In the 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in progressively more modern highway systems to spur commerce and these features are typically present on highways built as motorways. The general legal definition deals with right of use not the form of construction, the status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted. In England and Wales, a highway is also known as The Queens Highway. The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes, scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s, Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. Smaller roads may be termed byways, modern highway systems developed in the 20th century as the automobile gained popularity. The worlds first limited access road was constructed on Long Island New York in the United States known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway, construction of the Bonn–Cologne autobahn began in 1929 and was opened in 1932 by the mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer. In the USA, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 enacted a fund to create a highway system
8.
Motorway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
9.
Route number
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The numbers chosen may be used solely for internal administrative purposes, however, in most cases they are also displayed on roadside signage and indicated on maps. In the United Kingdom, the number consists of a letter followed by a number of up to 4 digits. For example, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 also radiate out from London to points around the coast, all classified roads starting in the zone between the A1 and the A2 begin with the figure 1, etc. Scotland is similarly divided into zones by the A7, A8, motorways are marked by an M, for example the M25, which forms a ring road around London. Motorways are fast freeways and are larger than A roads. Motorways follow different zoning and numbering systems from A and B roads, a similar clock-face zonal system is used in many other European countries. Common route number used in the United States In the United States. There are two national-level route numbering systems, the older United States Numbered Highway System laid out in 1920s, additionally, every state in the U. S. maintains its own set of numbered state highways. Some states have other systems as well, either a system of numbered county highways or secondary state highways, a few cities also have numbered city highways, for example, the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, maintains Charlotte Route 4. The U. S. Highway System, indicated by a shield with black numbers, is based on a numbering grid, with odd routes running generally north–south. Primary routes have a one- or two-digit number, and are supplemented by spur routes that add a digit to their parent route. Routes increase from east-to-west and north-to-south, such that U. S. Route 1 follows the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, likewise U. S. Route 2 runs near the Canadian border, while U. S. Route 98 follows the Gulf Coast. Major cross-country routes end in either a 1 or a 0, Routes like U. S. Route 141 and U. S. Route 441 branch off U. S. Route 41. The now defunct U. S. Route 66, known as the Mother Road, was a cultural touchstone that inspired literature, songs, the Interstate Highway System, indicated by a red and blue shield with white numbers, is a system of entirely freeways. The Interstate System is also based on a grid, with east–west routes bearing even numbers, like with U. S. Highways, subsidiary routes are numbered by adding a hundreds digit to the parent route. Because of the number of these routes, three-digit numbers may be repeated within the system. The numbering system for state highways varies widely from state to state, each state decides how to number its own routes
10.
Freeway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
11.
Interstate 70 in Pennsylvania
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In the U. S. state of Pennsylvania, Interstate 70 runs east–west across the southwest part of the state serving the southern fringe of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. About half of the route is concurrent with Interstate 76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike and this is the oldest segment of I-70 in Pennsylvania, having been completed in 1940, and is only one of two segments of I-70 that are tolled, with the other being the Kansas Turnpike. I-70 is one of only a few Interstate Highways to have a traffic signal—in this case, with U. S. Route 30 in Breezewood, the median narrows to the point that there are no shoulders between the median barrier and the passing lanes on both sides. Several overpasses do not meet minimum requirements, which has resulted in damage to. I-70 crosses the Monongahela River on the Speers-Belle Vernon Bridge and the Youghiogheny River on the Smithton High Level Bridge, in New Stanton, I-70 exits the main highway alignment to merge with the Pennsylvania Turnpike. The main alignment itself continues as a short spur with no route number. For 86 miles from New Stanton to Breezewood, I-70 shares a concurrency with I-76 along the Pennsylvania Turnpike, I-70 passes through a wind farm in Somerset County, and close to the 9/11 Flight 93 National Memorial in Shanksville. It then intersects I-99 in Bedford County before reaching the end of its concurrency with the Turnpike in Breezewood. In Breezewood, I-70 exits the Pennsylvania Turnpike and begins a half-mile wrong-way concurrency with U. S.30 and this is the other segment of the highway in Pennsylvania that is not designed to Interstate standards since it lacks grade separation and access control. I-70 then takes a north/south alignment between Breezewood and the Maryland state line, with the terminus of I-68 less than a mile past the state line near Hancock. U. S.522 also forms a concurrency with I-70 between Warfordsburg and Hancock. By 1947, present Interstate 70 across Pennsylvania was included in the planned Interstate Highway System, the piece south from the Breezewood interchange into Maryland was also in the network. The route between US30 in Breezewood and US522 in Warfordsburg was originally known as Pennsylvania Route 126, in 1957, preliminary numbers were assigned, the longer route via Pittsburgh became the main line of I-70, while the southern bypass became Interstate 70S. On July 15,1960, I-70 was designated onto the Penn-Lincoln Parkway, a southern extension of Interstate 79 to Charleston, West Virginia in 1963 resulted in changes to I-70. On February 26,1964, as part of the formation of Interstate 76, the former I-70 became I-79 from Washington to downtown Pittsburgh and I-76 to and along the Turnpike to New Stanton. This brought the routing of I-70 to its present form, in 2011, PennDOT began preliminary work for a total reconstruction of I-70 between the West Virginia state line and New Stanton. Approximately $500 million will be spent on this 58-mile segment of highway in order to improve it to modern Interstate standards, half of which will be spent redesigning eight interchanges. Other planned improvements include six overpass replacements, a new roadbed, a median, electronic ITS signage
12.
Pennsylvania Turnpike
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The Pennsylvania Turnpike is a toll highway operated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. A controlled-access highway, it runs for 360 miles across the state, the turnpike begins at the Ohio state line in Lawrence County, where the road continues west into Ohio as the Ohio Turnpike. The highway runs east–west through the state, connecting the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg and it crosses the Appalachian Mountains in central Pennsylvania, passing through four tunnels. The road uses a system of tolling between the Warrendale and Neshaminy Falls toll plazas. An additional eastbound toll plaza is located at Gateway, near the Ohio border, E-ZPass, a form of electronic toll collection, is accepted at all toll plazas. Following World War II, the turnpike was extended east to Valley Forge in 1950, in 1954, the road was extended further east to the Delaware River. The mainline turnpike was finished in 1956 with the completion of the Delaware River Bridge, during the 1960s an additional tube was bored at four of the two-lane tunnels, while the other three tunnels were bypassed, these improvements made the entire length of the highway four lanes wide. Improvements continue to be made to the road, rebuilding the section to modern standards, widening portions of the turnpike to six lanes. The turnpike runs east–west across Pennsylvania, from the Ohio state line in Lawrence County to the New Jersey state line in Bucks County and it passes through the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia areas, along with farmland and woodland. The highway crosses the Appalachian Mountains, in the part of the state. The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, created in 1937 to construct, finance, operate, five members comprise the commission, including the secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and four other members appointed by the governor of Pennsylvania. As part of the Interstate Highway System, the turnpike is part of the National Highway System, hutchinson Bypass, and the Southern Beltway. The Pennsylvania Turnpike begins at the Ohio state line in Lawrence County, from the state line, the turnpike heads southeast as a four-lane freeway designated as I-76 through the rural area south of New Castle. A short distance from the Ohio border, the lanes come to the Gateway toll plaza. The highway then crosses into Beaver County, where it reaches its first interchange with I-376 in Big Beaver, after this interchange, the turnpike reaches the exit for PA18 in Homewood before crossing the Beaver River on the Beaver River Bridge. The road then enters Butler County, where it comes to Cranberry Township, here, an interchange accesses U. S. Route 19 and I-79. The turnpike continues through a mix of land and suburban residential development north of Pittsburgh into Allegheny County. The road then approaches the Warrendale toll plaza, and continues southeast to an interchange with PA8 in Hampton Township, the turnpike then comes to the Allegheny Valley exit in Harmar Township, which provides access to PA28 via Freeport Road
13.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
14.
Interstate 41
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The designation travels concurrently with US41, I-894, US45, I-43, and sections of I-94 in Wisconsin and Illinois. The route was added to the Interstate Highway System on April 7,2015. I-41 begins at the I-94/US41 interchange in Russell, Illinois, the Interstate roughly parallels I-43, which runs north–south along Lake Michigan from Milwaukee to Green Bay. I-41 runs through the Fox Valley and Green Bay, where it ends at the I-43 interchange. The freeway portion of US41 and US45 from Milwaukee through the Fox Valley to Green Bay was proposed and designated as an Interstate Highway as part of the 2005 highway funding bill, the final bill omitted the I-41 designation. At the spring meeting of the Special Committee on U. S. Route Numbers of AASHTO on May 18,2012, coordination would have been required with the FHWA and the Illinois Department of Transportation on the I-55 designation. However, IDOT officials were not interested in signing an extension of I-55 from its Chicago terminus to the state line, therefore, the Wisconsin Department of Transportation decided to seek a different designation not requiring the cooperation of their Illinois counterparts. Four designations were proposed by WisDOT and put up for public review, on April 9,2015, Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker announced that the FHWA had approved I-41 as part of the Interstate Highway System. According to WisDOT, the approval came two days earlier, WisDOT replaced or modified 3,500 signs in September 2015 after coordination with IDOT and the FHWA. Over the next 5–10 years, shoulders are slated to be rebuilt as older parts of the highway are upgraded, roads portal Illinois portal Wisconsin portal Official US41 Interstate conversion project page Interstate 41 at Interstate-Guide. com
15.
Interstate 43
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Wisconsin Highway 32 runs concurrently with I-43 in two sections and US41, US45, I-94, I-894, US10, WIS57, and WIS42 overlap I-43 once each. There are no auxiliary or business routes connected to I-43, however, I-43 came about as a result of toll road proposals that included a Milwaukee to Superior corridor that included Hurley, Wausau and Green Bay. Only the Milwaukee-to-Green Bay section was approved, the route was originally planned to follow an alignment about midway between US41 and US141 along WIS57. This section was completed in 1981, the Beloit-to-Milwaukee segment was developed after two separate proposals for Interstates, one of them between Milwaukee and Beloit and the other between Milwaukee and Janesville. The Milwaukee–Beloit route was chosen, completed in 1976 as WIS15, Wisconsin had anticipated the Interstates with studies of possible toll roads. When the original Interstate system was approved the state was given two routes, I-90 and I-94. The Wisconsin Transportation Commission submitted a request to add an Interstate in 1953 connecting Milwaukee to Green Bay, however, only the Milwaukee-to-Green Bay segment was approved. The original plan for the part of I-43 was to locate it midway between US141 and US41, using most of the current alignment of WIS57 north of WIS33 in Saukville. But farmers and landowners within the corridor opposed the plan.25 miles west of WIS57 and this was the case despite the fact that WIS57 had a wide right-of-way of 300 feet. This plan, particularly the new freeway, met resistance from the Brown, Sheboygan, construction first began in 1963 on the freeway that was at the time designated US141. The first segment to begin construction was a 3. 4-mile segment beginning at the Port Washington Road exit in Milwaukee County, an additional 10 miles of the highway were completed in Ozaukee County by 1964. In 1965, a 9. 3-mile bypass of Sheboygan opened to traffic, the last major segment, consisting of 94.4 miles of roadway, was started in 1972 after the last of these governments, Manitowoc County, pledged their support. The portion in Milwaukee County extending from the Port Washington Road exit to the Marquette Interchange was completed in 1981 to open the route, the southwestern portion has also had a history of requests for Interstate routings. Another request for a link to Janesville was also denied, despite the denials, local and state officials continued to seek funding to construct a freeway between these two metropolitan areas. A government collaboration called the Highway 15 Committee was formed to present, the new connector received the US45 designation as that highway was transferred onto the freeway heading north. The first long segment was completed in 1969 and it extended from the US45 connector to CTH-F in Big Bend. After this segment was opened, the WIS15 designation was applied, the next segment, to East Troy, was opened in 1972, the year the Highway 15 Committee had hoped the route would be completed in its entirety. It was extended to Elkhorn in 1973 in conjunction with the US12 freeway construction, I-43 signs were placed on the freeway by 1988 after designation in 1987, replacing WIS15
16.
Interstate 894
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Interstate 894 is a 9. 3-mile auxiliary Interstate Highway in Milwaukee County in the US state of Wisconsin. The route serves as a bypass of downtown Milwaukee, connecting with I-94 at the Zoo Interchange west of downtown, Interstate 41 runs concurrent for its entire length. It can be used to avoid downtown Milwaukee, the route is also called the bypass by local drivers. Usually the numerical designation is used alone for the route in local traffic reporting. I-894 in its entirety is concurrent with I-41, and the east–west portion is also concurrent with I-43, I-894 is part of what was proposed to be an extensive freeway network around the Milwaukee area. The Zoo Freeway portion was completed from Beloit Road northward in 1963, I-43 was routed concurrently with I-894 in 1988. I-894 begins at the Zoo Interchange in Milwaukee with I-41, I-94, US41, the highway heads south as part of the Zoo Freeway from this interchange concurrent with US45. Traffic reports generally refer to this section either as 894 Northbound or the Northbound Bypass, North of the Zoo Interchange, US45 continues separately as the north part of the Zoo Freeway. I-894 enters West Allis before its first exit after the interchange, after the first three exits, I-894 enters Greenfield. Further south, I-894 has interchanges with National Avenue, Oklahoma Avenue and this section of the bypass is usually congested during rush hour because of traffic on I-894 and merging traffic from the Rock Freeway. This 4 mile stretch usually has travel times between 10–15 minutes during the rush hour, the Interstate turns eastward at the Hale Interchange in Hales Corners. US45 turns westbound at that point to follow I-43/Rock Freeway South, the highway becomes the Airport Freeway and reenters Greenfield after the Hale Interchange. Generally, this section is referred to as I-894 eastbound, as I-43 was not added until the late 1980s, westbound I-894 exits to WIS24 after the junction, though the eastbound highway only exits to a nearby local street. I-894 has two more exits after this and meets WIS36 before reentering Milwaukee and it meets WIS241 at exit 9 before terminating at the Mitchell Interchange with I-94, I-43 and US41, I-43 continues northbound concurrent with I-94. I-894 passes generally through residential areas for its length with the exception of a few commercial districts right next to the freeway such as the Southridge Mall district. The highway serves as a bypass of downtown Milwaukee, with the approximate distance traveled through downtown via I-94 at 11.8 miles, I-894 provides a shorter distance for travelers heading to Chicago or the Mitchell International Airport. The Zoo Freeway portion as of 2007 carries at most 170,000 vehicles per day—with the highest values closer to the Zoo Interchange, the Airport Freeway carries up to 134,000 vehicles per day. I-894 is only a part of an important history of the Milwaukee areas freeway system, the freeways that exist today are only a part of what the Milwaukee County Expressway Commission had hoped would be built by 1972
17.
Milwaukee
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Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigans western shore, Milwaukees estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the cultural and economic center of the Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of 2,046,692 as of 2015. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States, the first Europeans to pass through the area were French Catholic missionaries and fur traders. In 1818, the French Canadian explorer Solomon Juneau settled in the area, large numbers of German immigrants helped increase the citys population during the 1840s, with Poles and other immigrants arriving in the following decades. Known for its traditions, Milwaukee is currently experiencing its largest construction boom since the 1960s. In addition, many new skyscrapers, condos, lofts and apartments have been built in neighborhoods on and near the lakefront, the word Milwaukee may come from the Potawatomi language minwaking, or Ojibwe language ominowakiing, Gathering place. The first recorded inhabitants of the Milwaukee area are the Menominee, Fox, Mascouten, Sauk, Potawatomi, Ojibwe, many of these people had lived around Green Bay before migrating to the Milwaukee area around the time of European contact. In the second half of the 18th century, the Indians at Milwaukee played a role in all the wars on the American continent. During the French and Indian War, a group of Ojibwas, in the American Revolutionary War, the Indians around Milwaukee were some of the few Indians who remained loyal to the American cause throughout the Revolution. After American independence, the Indians fought the United States in the Northwest Indian War as part of the Council of Three Fires, during the War of 1812, Indians held a council in Milwaukee in June 1812, which resulted in their decision to attack Chicago. This resulted in the Battle of Fort Dearborn on August 15,1812, the War of 1812 did not end well for the Indians, and after the Black Hawk War in 1832, the Indians in Milwaukee signed their final treaty with the United States in Chicago in 1833. This paved the way for American settlement, Europeans had arrived in the Milwaukee area prior to the 1833 Treaty of Chicago. French missionaries and traders first passed through the area in the late 17th and 18th centuries, alexis Laframboise, in 1785, coming from Michilimackinac settled a trading post, therefore, he is the first European descent resident of the Milwaukee region. Early explorers called the Milwaukee River and surrounding lands various names, Melleorki, Milwacky, Mahn-a-waukie, Milwarck, for many years, printed records gave the name as Milwaukie. One story of Milwaukees name says, ne day during the thirties of the last century a newspaper calmly changed the name to Milwaukee, the spelling Milwaukie lives on in Milwaukie, Oregon, named after the Wisconsin city in 1847, before the current spelling was universally accepted. Milwaukee has three founding fathers, Solomon Juneau, Byron Kilbourn, and George H. Walker, Solomon Juneau was the first of the three to come to the area, in 1818. He was not the first European settler but founded a town called Juneaus Side, or Juneautown, in competition with Juneau, Byron Kilbourn established Kilbourntown west of the Milwaukee River and made sure the streets running toward the river did not join with those on the east side
18.
Interstate 80
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Interstate 80 is a transcontinental limited-access highway in the United States that runs from downtown San Francisco, California, to Teaneck, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The highway was designated in 1956 as one of the routes of the Interstate Highway System. Its final segment was opened to traffic in 1986 and it is the second-longest Interstate Highway in the United States, following I-90. I-80 is the Interstate Highway that most closely approximates the route of the historic Lincoln Highway, from near Chicago east to near Youngstown, Ohio, I-80 is a toll road, containing the majority of both the Indiana Toll Road and the Ohio Turnpike. I-80 runs concurrently with I-90 from near Portage, Indiana, to Elyria, in Pennsylvania, I-80 is known as the Keystone Shortway, a non-tolled freeway that crosses rural north-central portions of the state on the way to New Jersey and New York City. I-80 begins at an interchange with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco and it then heads northeast through Vallejo, Sacramento, and the Sierra Nevada mountains before crossing into Nevada. A portion of the route through Pinole involved the experimental transplantation of the rare species Santa Cruz tarweed in the right-of-way, in Nevada, I-80 traverses the northern portion of the state. The Nevada portion of I-80 follows the paths of the Truckee and Humboldt rivers, the Interstate also follows the historical routes of the California Trail, First Transcontinental Railroad, and Feather River Route throughout portions of the state. I-80 in Nevada closely follows, and at points directly overlaps, the original route of the Victory Highway, State Route 1. After crossing Utahs western border in Wendover, I-80 crosses the desolate Bonneville Salt Flats west of the Great Salt Lake, the longest stretch between exits on an Interstate Highway is located between Wendover and Knolls, with 37.4 miles between those exits. This portion of I-80, crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert, is flat and straight, dotted with large warning signs about driver fatigue. It ascends Parleys Canyon and passes within a few miles of Park City as it follows a route through the mountains towards the junction with the terminus of the western section of I-84. From the junction it continues up Echo Canyon and on towards the border with Wyoming, the route of the Utah section of I-80 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-113. In Wyoming, I-80 reaches its maximum elevation of 8,640 feet above sea level at Sherman Summit, near Buford, farther west in Wyoming, the Interstate passes through the dry Red Desert and over the Continental Divide. I-80 enters Nebraska west of Bushnell, the western portion of I-80 in Nebraska runs very close to the state of Colorado, without entering the state. The intersection of I-76 and I-80 is visible from the Colorado–Nebraska state line, from its intersection with I-76 to Grand Island, I-80 lies in the valley of the South Platte River and the Platte River. Along this length, the road does not vary from a straight line by more than a few yards. After Lincoln, I-80 turns northeast towards Omaha and it then crosses the Missouri River in Omaha to enter the state of Iowa
19.
Interstate 90
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Interstate 90 is a transcontinental freeway, and the longest Interstate Highway in the United States at 3,020.54 miles. Its western terminus is in Seattle, at Edgar Martinez Drive S. near Safeco Field and CenturyLink Field, I-90 crosses the Continental Divide over Homestake Pass just east of Butte, Montana. East of the Wisconsin-Illinois border, much of I-90 follows several toll roads, the Interstate is not tolled through some segments in downtown Chicago, Greater Cleveland, and the rest of Northeast Ohio, Pennsylvania, and through brief sections near Buffalo, Albany, and Boston. Erie, Pennsylvania, Madison, Wisconsin, Billings, Montana, the western I-90 terminus is in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. I-90 eastbound begins at exit 2B, Edgar Martínez Drive S and 4th Avenue S. I-90 westbound exit 2B ends at Edgar Martínez Dr and 4th Ave near Safeco Field, as well as 4th Ave just north of S. Royal Brougham Way near CenturyLink Field, about a block east of the entrance to the Port of Seattles container shipping terminal 46, the tunnel that carries I-90 under the Mount Baker Ridge is on the National Register of Historic Places. The east portal of the tunnel is constructed as a bas relief concrete sculpture and they are the second and fifth longest such bridges, respectively. Forty miles east of Bellevue, I-90 traverses the Cascade Ranges Snoqualmie Pass and it intersects I-82 shortly after exiting the mountains and crosses the Columbia River on the Vantage Bridge at mile post 137. After entering Spokane near mile post 279, it enters Idaho eighteen miles later, since 1980, I-90 from Seattle to Thorp was designated the Mountains to Sound Greenway to protect its outstanding scenic and cultural resources. The Washington section of I-90 is defined in the Revised Code of Washington, the small town of Wallace still prides itself on having what was the last stop light in the Rocky Mountains on I-90. As a result, the government was forced, at great expense, to reroute the freeway to the northern edge of downtown. That section of I-90 opened in September 1991, a bicycle path is routed beneath part of that segment. In the period between 1995 and 1999, there was no numbered speed limit on I-90 in Montana, the speed limit was simply defined as reasonable and prudent as determined on a case-by-case basis by the Montana Highway Patrol. The speed limit in Montana is now 80 mph, from the west I-90 enters Montana on the summit of Lookout Pass. It passes between the Gallatin and Bridger mountain ranges over Bozeman Pass between Bozeman and Livingston and it follows the Yellowstone River from Livingston to Billings where it connects the suburbs of Laurel and Lockwood with the rest of the Billings area. In Lockwood it intersects with I-94s western terminus and turns south, South of Hardin it passes the site of the Battle of the Little Bighorn at Crow Agency on the Crow Indian Reservation. Montana boasts the longest stretch of I-90, ranging just over 551 miles, I-90 enters the state of Wyoming from the north after splitting off from I-94 in Billings, Montana. The first major town is Sheridan where it heads southbound and it then goes across the Powder River Basin toward Gillette, Moorcroft, and Sundance where it shares alignments with both US14 and US16
20.
Indiana
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Indiana /ɪndiˈænə/ is a U. S. state located in the midwestern and Great Lakes regions of North America. Indiana is the 38th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th U. S. state on December 11,1816, before becoming a territory, varying cultures of indigenous peoples and historic Native Americans inhabited Indiana for thousands of years. Indiana has an economy with a gross state product of $298 billion in 2012. Indiana has several areas with populations greater than 100,000. The states name means Land of the Indians, or simply Indian Land and it also stems from Indianas territorial history. On May 7,1800, the United States Congress passed legislation to divide the Northwest Territory into two areas and named the section the Indiana Territory. In 1816, when Congress passed an Enabling Act to begin the process of establishing statehood for Indiana, a resident of Indiana is officially known as a Hoosier. The first inhabitants in what is now Indiana were the Paleo-Indians, divided into small groups, the Paleo-Indians were nomads who hunted large game such as mastodons. They created stone tools made out of chert by chipping, knapping and flaking, the Archaic period, which began between 5000 and 4000 BC, covered the next phase of indigenous culture. The people developed new tools as well as techniques to cook food, such new tools included different types of spear points and knives, with various forms of notches. They made ground-stone tools such as axes, woodworking tools. During the latter part of the period, they built mounds and middens. The Archaic period ended at about 1500 BC, although some Archaic people lived until 700 BC, afterward, the Woodland period took place in Indiana, where various new cultural attributes appeared. During this period, the people created ceramics and pottery, an early Woodland period group named the Adena people had elegant burial rituals, featuring log tombs beneath earth mounds. In the middle portion of the Woodland period, the Hopewell people began developing long-range trade of goods, nearing the end of the stage, the people developed highly productive cultivation and adaptation of agriculture, growing such crops as corn and squash. The Woodland period ended around 1000 AD, the Mississippian culture emerged, lasting from 1000 until the 15th century, shortly before the arrival of Europeans. During this stage, the people created large urban settlements designed according to their cosmology, with mounds and plazas defining ceremonial
21.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
22.
Interstate 465
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Interstate 465, also known as the USS Indianapolis Memorial Highway, is the beltway circling Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. It is roughly rectangular in shape and has a perimeter of approximately 53 miles and it lies almost completely within the boundaries of Marion County, except for two short sections on the north leg in Boone and Hamilton Counties. It crosses I-65, I-69, I-70 and I-74, and provides access to I-65 via I-865. Except for I-65 and I-70, no numbered highways run through downtown Indianapolis, a beltway for Indianapolis was part of the original plan of the Interstate System in 1955. On the citys west side, an alignment corridor paralleling High School Road was preferred, development along 86th Street made its use unfeasible for I-465, so a 91st Street alignment was initially proposed. This proved to be controversial, and caused delays in final alignment selection for the North Leg. Like all Interstate highways in Indiana, the I-465 beltway was constructed in segments which when all were complete, made up the route we know today. There were 16 segments along the original semi-circumferential selected alignment between I-65 in Boone County at exit 129 and that same highway six miles to the south at exit 123 in Marion County. By the time that added section was completed in 1970, Indiana had obtained approval to sign it as I-465 as well. State highway officials concentrated on building the west and south legs of I-465 early in the overall project, the south side sections were next be completed, with three opening in the second half of 1963 and two more on October 15,1964. With these sections open, the length of I-74s concurrency over I-465 was now available for motorists. Also the south junction with I-65 was completed, but that freeway was only open to the north until early 1971. In January 1968 two sections of the east leg, between Pendleton Pike and the SR100 junction near Raymond Street, were completed and opened a day apart. This allowed through traffic from both US36 and SR67 to bypass the increasingly congested SR100 by using the new sections of I-465 instead. On October 23,1968, the section of I-465 between Pendleton Pike and 56th Street at Shadeland Avenue was finished and opened to traffic, completing the east legs eastern bypass of SR100. With its alignment controversies now settled and in the read-view mirror, the section between Michigan Road and Meridian Street was the first on this side of town to see traffic, on October 20,1968. A year to the day later, the segment from US31 to Keystone Avenue was opened to motorists. That occurred on August 18,1970, when the end of the north leg between I-65 near Royalton and Michigan Road was finished and opened to traffic
23.
Indianapolis
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Indianapolis, is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. It is in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States, with an estimated population of 853,173 in 2015, Indianapolis is the second most populous city in the Midwest, after Chicago, and 14th largest in the U. S. The city is the economic and cultural center of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, home to 2 million people and its combined statistical area ranks 26th, with 2.4 million inhabitants. Indianapolis covers 372 square miles, making it the 16th largest city by area in the U. S. The city grew beyond the Mile Square, as completion of the National Road and advent of the railroad solidified the position as a manufacturing. Indianapolis is within a single-day drive of 70 percent of the nations population, Indianapolis has developed niche markets in amateur sports and auto racing. The city is perhaps best known for hosting the worlds largest single-day sporting event. The city is notable as headquarters for the American Legion and home to a significant collection of monuments dedicated to veterans and war dead, the most in the U. S. outside of Washington, D. C. Since the 1970 city-county consolidation, known as Unigov, local government administration has operated under the direction of an elected 25-member city-county council, Indianapolis is considered a high sufficiency global city. In 1816, the year Indiana gained statehood, the U. S. Congress donated four sections of land to establish a permanent seat of state government. Two years later, under the Treaty of St. Marys and this tract of land, which was called the New Purchase, included the site selected for the new state capital in 1820. The availability of new lands for purchase in central Indiana attracted settlers. Although many of these first European and American setters were Protestants, few African Americans lived in central Indiana before 1840. The first European Americans to permanently settle in the area that became Indianapolis were either the McCormick or Pogue families, on January 11,1820, the Indiana General Assembly authorized a committee to select a site in central Indiana for the new state capital. The state legislature approved the site, adopting the name Indianapolis on January 6,1821, in April, Alexander Ralston and Elias Pym Fordham were appointed to survey and design a town plan for the new settlement. Indianapolis became a seat of county government on December 31,1821, a combined county and town government continued until 1832, when Indianapolis incorporated as a town. Indianapolis became an incorporated city effective March 30,1847, Samuel Henderson, the citys first mayor, led the new city government, which included a seven-member city council. In 1853, voters approved a new city charter provided for an elected mayor
24.
Georgia State Route 10 Loop (Athens)
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State Route 10 Loop is a 19. 1-mile-long state highway in the form of a beltway around much of Athens in the U. S. state of Georgia built to freeway standards. Much of the road is concurrent with other routes that travel through the Athens area and it also carries the unsigned SR422. Only US78 Business, SR10, and SR15 Alternate travel through downtown Athens, inner/outer directions are used to sign the loop. Between exits 4 and 8, there is an eight-highway concurrency and this concurrency ties the American record of most highways in a single concurrency. The record holder is Interstate 74, I-465, US31, US36, US40, US52, Indiana State Road 37, and SR67 in the Indianapolis, Indiana metropolitan area. SR10 Loop begins at an interchange with US29, US78, SR8 and SR316 to the south and those three routes join SR10 Loop as it continues east and crosses the Middle Oconee River. The freeway then curves to the northeast and intersects Milledge Avenue, after this intersection, SR10 Loop crosses a Georgia shortline railroad and turns to the northeast, where it meets College Station Road at a diamond interchange. Northeast of here, the crosses the North Oconee River and meets a folded diamond interchange with SR10. At this interchange, US78 splits from the highway and turns east, North of this interchange, SR10 Loop curves to the northwest and intersects with Peter Street and Olympic Drive at a partial cloverleaf interchange, then crosses Trail Creek. This intersection was the last on SR10 Loop to be upgraded to a limited access interchange and its completion in February 2015 completed the Athens beltway as a fully limited-access highway. North of here, the crosses a CSX railroad, then meets an interchange with Old Hull Road. This interchange does not provide access between the two roads, there is only an exit going northbound and only an entrance from Old Hull Road going southbound. Just north of here, the highway meets an interchange at which US29 and SR8 continue north while SR10 Loop, US129, US441, and SR15 exit and turn due west. This interchange also completes access to Old Hull Road by providing the missing from the aforementioned interchange, an exit from the inner loop. West of this interchange, the passes over the western fork of Trail Creek, then meets a partial cloverleaf interchange with North Avenue. Farther west, it intersects Dr Martin Luther King Jr Parkway, here, US441 and SR15 leave the freeway and turn north along Commerce Road. SR10 Loop then curves in a direction and crosses the North Oconee River again before coming to another diamond interchange. At this interchange, US129 leaves SR10 Loop and joins SR15 Alternate heading north towards Jefferson, the freeways next exit to the southwest is a diamond interchange with Tallassee Road and Oglethorpe Avenue
25.
Downtown Athens (Georgia)
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A Downtown Athens Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places by Austin Kinsey in 1978. The commercial and governmental heart of the city has traditionally been toward the end of Downtown Athens. Recent developments, particularly between Lumpkin and Pulaski Streets, have expanded the boundaries of the part of the neighborhood. The term Downtown Athens can also mean this smaller, more area, particularly when used in the context of the citys nightlife. Some definitions of Downtown include the area west of Pulaski Street, which is a more residential area characterized by historic homes, new infill construction. This part of Downtown Athens has the highest concentration of hotels particularly along Broad Street, the Prince Avenue commercial corridor is an important center of business, particularly for those living in the Boulevard and Normaltown neighborhoods. The area has several hotels and apartment buildings, and more high-rise condos are either under construction or planned for the area, the exact delineation of what is Downtown differs for varying purposes. Some of the common ones are, The Downtown area is the cultural center of the city. Several dozen night clubs host performances of local, regional and national bands, the Classic Center, located on Thomas Street on the eastern edge of the neighborhood, is a multi-purpose facility containing a performing arts center, convention space, and banquet halls. It was a site for Blue Collar TV. Downtown Athens is home to award-winning restaurants including The Last Resort, Farm 255, and Weaver Ds. Five & Ten, a high class expensive restaurant is known for the chef, Hugh Acheson. Other notable restaurants include East West Bistro, The Porterhouse Grill, there are a variety of eating options, ranging from higher-priced luxury dining, chain restaurants, ethnic food restaurants, and inexpensive bar food. The streets, particularly on Thursday through Saturday, are filled with people, popular bars are on every street corner, including Magnolias, Allgood, Blue Sky, Silver Dollar, General Beauregards, Walkers Pub, Boars Head, Sandbar and Trappeze. There are around 80 bars in Athens, in recent years, nightlife for this demographic has been concentrated in the neighborhoods rapidly changing West End, the area between Lumpkin and Pulaski Streets. Nightlife catering to a more mainstream college-age demographic remains in the part of the neighborhood, especially along Broad. During the day, visitors of all ages can find a reason to visit Downtown Athens, locally- owned fashion boutiques line the streets, including Encore, Heerys and Cheeky Peach that all include designer brand names. Catering to the diverse populations, vintage shops like Agora
26.
Interstate 74 in Indiana
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In the U. S. state of Indiana, Interstate 74 traverses central parts of the state from west to east. It connects Champaign, Illinois with Indianapolis in the center of the state, Interstate 74 covers 171.54 miles across Indiana, a portion of which is concurrently routed through Indianapolis along the southern and western legs of Interstate 465. The Indiana portion of Interstate 74 begins on the Illinois border near Danville, Illinois, shortly into Indiana, the interstate crosses the Wabash River near Covington. I-74 continues east where it passes over US136 and intersects US41 at Veedersburg about 15 miles east of the Illinois border,19 miles later, the interstate intersects US231 providing access to Crawfordsville to the south. I-74 runs nearly parallel to US136 from the Illinois border until US136 terminates at Interstate 465, once I-74 reaches Indianapolis it continues south, overlapping I-465. I-74 runs concurrent with I-465 on I-465s western and southern segments and it also overlaps with US31, US36, US40, US52, and several state highways, for varying lengths of its route around Indianapolis. I-74 also crosses the White River and passes by the Indianapolis International Airport on the southwest side of Indianapolis, once I-74 reaches the southeast side of Indianapolis it diverges from I-465 and continues to the southeast. At this intersection, I-74 picks up US421 from where it will run concurrent, outside of the Indianapolis area, I-74 continues southeast and runs past Shelbyville. Near the halfway point between Indianapolis and the Ohio border, I-74 runs through Greensburg, uS-421 diverges and runs south through Greensburg. Continuing on east, I-74 runs parallel to State Route 46, just west of the Ohio border, I-74 crosses the Whitewater River. It also intersects with and begins to overlap with US52, the two then continue and cross into Ohio at Harrison. Like all Interstate highways in Indiana, I-74 was constructed in segments which, the eastern segments connecting Indianapolis and Cincinnati were also given a relatively high priority and were all completed and open by October 30,1964
27.
U.S. Route 31 in Indiana
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U. S. Route 31 is a part of the United States Numbered Highway System that runs from Spanish Fort, Alabama, to the Mackinaw City, Michigan. In the U. S. state of Indiana, it is a State Road that enters the state via the George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge between Louisville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Indiana. The 266.02 miles of US31 that lie within Indiana serve as a major conduit, some of the highway is listed on the National Highway System. Various sections are rural two-lane highway and urbanized four-lane divided expressway, the northernmost community along the highway is South Bend near the Michigan state line. US31 was first designated as a US Highway in October 1926, a northern and very far south section of the highway originally served as part of the Dixie Highway. US31 was the Jackson Highway from Indianapolis to Seymour, US31 replaced the original State Road 1 designation of the highway which dated back to the formation of the Indiana State Road system. SR1 ran from Clarksville through Indianapolis to South Bend and ended at the Michigan state line, only the segment of US31 that is north of Indianapolis is included as a part of the National Highway System. The NHS is a network of highways that are identified as being most important for the economy, mobility, the highway is maintained by the Indiana Department of Transportation like all other U. S. The department tracks the traffic volumes along all highways as a part of its maintenance responsibilities using a metric called average annual daily traffic. This measurement is a calculation of the level along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year. In 2010, INDOT figured that lowest traffic levels were the 3,690 personal vehicles and 160 commercial vehicles used the highway daily near Memphis. The peak traffic volume was 168,770 personal vehicles and 18,090 commercial vehicles along the section of US31 concurrent with Interstate 465, US31 overlaps I-65 in Jeffersonville, after crossing the George Rogers Clark Memorial Bridge from Kentucky. It then diverges as the access frontage lanes before splitting off north of Jeffersonville at Clarksville, US31 was widened to two lanes in both directions for its length through Columbus in the early 2000s. At I-465 on the side of Indianapolis, US31 is routed onto I-465 on the east side of the city. This is the closest approach the highway makes to downtown Indianapolis, US31 exits I-465 in southern Hamilton County, and continues northward, primarily as a divided highway. US31 then passes through or near Carmel, Kokomo, Rochester, Plymouth, as US31 approaches South Bend, the route converges with US 20/St. Joseph Valley Parkway and proceeds west and then north, bypassing South Bend, US31 was signed into law by the Governor on March 7 of 1917, as Main Market Highway 1, and signs were installed on June 1 of that year. The name was changed to Indiana State Road 1 within a year when Indiana began the road system
28.
U.S. Route 36
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U. S. Route 36 is an east–west United States highway that travels approximately 1,414 miles from Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado to Uhrichsville, Ohio. The highways western terminus is at Deer Ridge Junction, an intersection in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado and its eastern terminus is at US250 in Uhrichsville, Ohio. US Route 36 begins at US34 at Deer Ridge Junction in Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado and it then passes through Boulder and Denver on its way to Kansas. Between Boulder and Denver, the road that is now US36 was originally built as the Denver-Boulder Turnpike and it serves today as a major arterial freeway in the Front Range Urban Corridor. Between Denver and Byers, US36 exists in unsigned overlaps with I-270 and I-70, after it diverges from I-70 in Byers, US36 is a relatively lightly-traveled two-lane rural highway to the Kansas state line. US-36 passes through all 13 counties in Kansas which border Nebraska, the highway enters the Sunflower State from Colorado in Cheyenne County and shares a 7-mile concurrency through the town of St. Francis with K-27, the first north–south route intersected in Kansas. K-27 splits east of St. Francis and heads south toward Goodland, and US-36 then continues through Bird City and McDonald before intersecting K-25 in Atwood, the seat of Rawlins County. K-383 splits in eastern Norton County and bends northeast toward Almena, the highway passes through the small towns of Agra and Kensington before reaching Smith Center, the seat of Smith County, where US-281 joins US-36 for a 12-mile concurrency. Near Lebanon, US-36 passes about 4 miles south of the Geographic center of the contiguous United States, the road then passes through largely unpopulated areas, except for the tiny town of Mankato in Jewell County. US-81 northbound is a four-lane, at-grade expressway into Nebraska, where it passes through Hebron, after passing through Washington County, US-36 picks up brief concurrencies with US-77 in Marysville, the seat of Marshall County, and with US-75 in Fairview. Between the junctions with US77 and US75, the passes through Nemaha County and its seat. The section of US-36 from Washington, Kansas to St. Joseph and it crosses the Missouri River on the Pony Express Bridge. From the western junction with K-383 to the Missouri state line, except for wider sections in towns and passing lanes on hills, US-36 through Kansas is mostly a two-lane surface road. However some of the principal intersections all along the road are grade-separated diamond interchanges, from the Little Blue River just west of the K-148 junction to the US-77 North junction just west of the Big Blue River at Marysville, US-36 is a four-lane divided surface highway. From Hiawatha to west of Wathena, the road is a two-lane freeway, after passing through Wathena as a surface street, it becomes a four-lane freeway to the Missouri state line. US36 across Missouri is an expressway with some freeway sections, passing through or near St. Joseph, Cameron, Chillicothe, Brookfield, Macon, Monroe City. Between I-35 in Cameron and the Illinois state line, it part of the principal route between Kansas City and Chicago. In the state of Illinois, U. S.36 runs concurrently with much of Interstate 72 and it enters from Missouri across the Mississippi River on the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge, and runs east, crossing Interstate 55 in Springfield
29.
U.S. Route 40
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U. S. Route 40 is an east–west United States Highway. As with most routes whose numbers end in a zero, US40 once traversed the entire United States and it is one of the original 1926 U. S. Highways, and its first termini were San Francisco, California, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. In the western United States, US40 was functionally replaced by Interstate 80, US40 currently ends at a junction with I-80 in Silver Summit, Utah, just outside Park City. Three former and four current state capitals lie along the route, the route was built on top of several older highways, most notably the National Road and the Victory Highway. The National Road was created in 1806 by an act of Congress to serve as the first federally funded construction project. When completed it connected Cumberland, Maryland, with Vandalia, Illinois, the Victory Highway was designated as a memorial to World War I veterans and ran from Kansas City, Missouri to San Francisco, California. The western terminus of US40 is in Silver Summit, Utah at an interchange with Interstate 80, several miles north of Park City, the road is concurrent with US189 until it has reached Heber City. US40 is an access highway from the I-80 junction to its intersection with Utah State Route 32. From there, the road takes a southerly course to Heber City. In Heber City, there is an intersection with SR-113, one mile later, US189 splits off. There would be no major intersections until US40 has reached Fruitland. About 18 miles later, the road enters Duchesne, in Duchesne, it meets US191 and SR-87. US40 passes Duchesne and starts a concurrency, the concurrency goes into Roosevelt, Fort Duchesne and Vernal. In Roosevelt, it meets SR-87 again in a 5-point intersection, there are two intersections with SR-121, in Roosevelt and Vernal. In Fort Duchesne, there is an intersection with SR-88, after US40 passes Vernal, US191 splits off and the concurrency ends. After that, there are no major intersections until US40 reaches Naples. About 9 miles later, US40 enters Jensen, in Jensen, there is an intersection with SR-149. About 18 miles later, the road enters Colorado, US40 enters Colorado,2 miles west of Dinosaur
30.
U.S. Route 52
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U. S. Route 52 is a United States highway that runs across the northern, eastern and southeastern regions of the United States. Contrary to most other even-numbered U. S. Highways, US52 primarily follows a northwest–southeast route, the highways northwestern terminus is at Portal, North Dakota, on the Canadian border, where it continues as Saskatchewan Highway 39. The southeastern terminus of US52 is in Charleston, South Carolina, at Number 2 Meeting Street and White Point Gardens along the Charleston Harbor. In North Dakota, US52 continues from Highway 39 from the Canada–United States border at North Portal, Saskatchewan and Portal, North Dakota to the Red River in Fargo, a distance of 361 miles. US52 passes through Burke, Ward, McHenry, Pierce, Sheridan, Wells, Foster, Stutsman, Barnes, US52 is a two-lane highway in most areas, except for four lane segments between Burlington and Minot, Jamestown and Buchanan, and Jamestown and Fargo. Some segments in Fargo are six lanes, US52 is co-signed with US2 near Minot, where it also intersects with US83. US52 is also co-signed with US281 for 44 miles between Jamestown and Carrington, US 52/US281 in Jamestown is on sign different streets. Include 5th Street NW to 1st Ave, and to west bus loop, the former US52 route was assigned to 10th street SE, 12th Ave SE, and 14th Street SE cosigned with Business Loop 94. The 93.5 miles between Jamestown and Fargo are co-signed with Interstate 94, however, all of the interchanges for the Fargo/West Fargo portion of the route currently do not mention the concurrency with Interstate 94. In the state of Minnesota, US52 enters the state with Interstate 94 at Moorhead, the portion of the highway which overlaps Interstate 94 is unsigned. From downtown St. Paul, US52 continues on its own southeast to Rochester, South of the Twin Cities and through Rochester to Interstate 90, the road is being gradually improved to a freeway. It is currently a freeway from I-90, through Rochester, to Pine Island and it is also a freeway from Interstate 94 in St. Paul to just south of Concord Blvd in Inver Grove Heights. The rest of the highway between Pine Island and Inver Grove Heights is built to expressway standards, mnDOT has a long-term goal of making US52 a freeway of controlled-access interchanges from Rochester to the Twin Cities. US52 enters Iowa north of the community of Burr Oak. It passes by Luther College on the west side of Decorah, at Calmar the road turns to a southwest-northeast orientation. It joins with U. S. Route 18 just to the west of Postville, the two highways overlap until a point east of the unincorporated community of Froelich. US52 roughly parallels the Mississippi River for the rest of its path through Iowa, at Luxemburg it joins with Iowa Highway 3 and turns east. The two highways run together to downtown Dubuque, where it intersects U. S. Highway 61, South of Dubuque, US52, US61, and US151 share a freeway routing until 52 departs in Key West to remain close to the Mississippi River
31.
U.S. Route 421 in Indiana
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U. S. Route 421 enters Indiana from Kentucky, proceeding northwest to Indianapolis, joining Interstate 465, and then continuing northwest to Michigan City. US421 winds through the part of Indiana as it runs from Madison, in the southeastern part of the state. North of Greensburg, US421 intersects and merges with I-74 west, US421 passed an Indianapolis landmark, the Pyramids. North of Indianapolis, US421 continues to the north-northwest, providing a highway link between Indianapolis and Michigan City. US421 ends at its junction with US20 on the side of Michigan City. Originally, the end was a few miles north at the junction with US12 near the shores of Lake Michigan. US421 enters Indiana from Kentucky over the Ohio River, after crossing the Ohio River US421 has a short concurrency with State Road 56. After the concurrency with SR56 ends US421 becomes a four-lane highway, US421 has an intersection with State Road 62. North of Madison US421 becomes a highway, heading north then northeast. US421 heads towards Versailles, passing through an intersection with State Road 250, in Versailles US421 has a concurrency with State Road 129 that ends at U. S. Route 50. US421 heads west out of Versailles concurrenct with US50, west of Varsailles US421 heads northwest, towards Greensburg. US421 passes through Osgood and Napoleon, passing through intersections with State Road 350, US421 enters Greensburg on the southeast side of town and heads to the northwest side of town. In Greensburg US421 is concurrent with State Road 46 and intersects State Road 3, on the northwest side of Greensburg US421 joins Interstate 74. I-74/US421 heads northwest towards Indianapolis, passing near Shelbyville, near Shelbyville I-74/US421 has interchanges with State Road 44 and State Road 9. I-74/US421 enters Indianapolis on the southeast side of the city, US421 heads north and west around Indianapolis, concurrenct with Interstate 465. US421 is concurrent with I-465, until the northwest side of the city, US421 leaves I-465 heading northwest. US421 becomes a highway, heading through intersections with State Road 32, State Road 47, State Road 38, and State Road 29. US421 and SR28 enter Frankfort heading west, the concurrency ends when US421 heads north concurrenct with State Road 38, US 421/SR 38/SR39 heads northwest out of Frankfort, and 5 miles later SR38 heads due west
32.
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
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These specifications include the shapes, colors, and fonts used in road markings and signs. In the United States, all control devices must legally conform to these standards. The manual is used by state and local agencies as well as construction firms to ensure that the traffic control devices they use conform to the national standard. While some state agencies have developed their own sets of standards, including their own MUTCDs, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices advises the FHWA on additions, revisions, and changes to the MUTCD. However, each highway had its own set of signage, usually designed to promote the highway rather than to assist in the direction, in fact, conflicts between these automobile clubs frequently led to multiple sets of signs—sometimes as many as eleven—being erected on the same highway. They reported their findings to the Mississippi Valley Association of Highway Departments and these suggestions included the familiar circular railroad crossing sign and octagonal stop sign. In 1927, the American Association of State Highway Officials, or AASHO, published the Manual and Specifications for the Manufacture, Display, standard Road Markers and Signs to set standards for traffic control devices used on rural roads. This was followed by the Manual on Street Traffic Signs, Signals, and Markings, the MUTCD was first released in 1935, and set standards for both road signs and pavement markings. In 1966, Congress passed the Highway Safety Act, P. L. 89-564,72 Stat,885, which is now codified at 23 U. S. C. §401 et seq. The penalty for noncompliance was a 10% reduction in funding, in turn, taking advantage of broad rulemaking powers granted in 23 U. S. C. §402, the Department simply adopted the entire MUTCD by reference at 23 C. F. R, thus, what was formerly a quasi-official project became an official one. States are allowed to supplement the MUTCD but must remain in substantial conformance with the national MUTCD, most of the repainting to the 1971 standard was done between 1971 and 1974, with a deadline of 1978 for the changeover of both the markings and signage. Comments were accepted until July 31,2008, the new edition was published in 2009. Proposed additions and revisions to the MUTCD are recommended to FHWA by the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, the NCUTCD also recommends interpretations of the MUTCD to other agencies that use the MUTCD, such as state departments of transportation. NCUTCD develops public and professional awareness of the principles of safe traffic control devices and practices, the NCUTCD is supported by twenty-one sponsoring organizations, including transportation and engineering industry groups, safety organizations, and the American Automobile Association. Each sponsoring organization promotes members to serve as voting delegates within the NCUTCD, compared to the Vienna Convention, the MUTCD stresses a consistent color scheme and relatively large, verbose warning signs. MUTCD guide signs tend to be less verbose than their equivalents in Vienna Convention countries, the MUTCD has become widely influential outside the United States, for example, the use of yellow stripes to divide opposing traffic has been widely adopted throughout the Western Hemisphere. Many U. S. states produce their own standards, which take the form of either a manual or supplement to the federal MUTCD
33.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
34.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
35.
State highway
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Depending on the state, state highway may be used for one meaning and state road or state route for the other. In some countries such as New Zealand, the state is used in its sense of a nation. By this meaning a state highway is a maintained and numbered by the national government rather than local authorities. Australias State Route system covers urban and inter-regional routes that are not included in the National Route or the National Highway systems and these routes are marked with a blue shield. Sometimes a state route may be formed when a national route is decommissioned. Most states and territories have introduced an alphanumeric numbering system. Brazil is another country that is divided into states and has state highways, canada is divided into provinces and territories, each of which maintains its own system of provincial or territorial highways. Canadas federal National Highway System is a dual system which includes the Trans-Canada Highway network. Italys Strade Statali extend for some 18,000 km, overseen by the Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade founded in 1946, State highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by state governments. Mexicos State Highway System is a system of urban and state routes constructed and maintained by each Mexican state, the main purpose of the state networks is to serve as a feeder system to the federal highway system. All states except the Federal District operate a road network, each state marks these routes with a white shield containing the abbreviated name of the state plus the route number. New Zealand state highways are national highways – the word state in this sense means government or public, New Zealands state highway system is a nationwide network of roads covering the North Island and the South Island. As of 2006, just under 100 roads have a State Highway designation, the NZ Transport Agency administers them. The speed limit for most state highways is 100 km/h, with reductions when one passes through a populated area. The highways in New Zealand were originally designated on a system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard. Now all of them are state highways, and the network consists of SH1 running the length of main islands, SH 2–5 and 10–58 in the North Island, and SH 6–8. National and provincial highways are numbered north to south. State Highway 1 runs the length of both islands, local highways are the next important roads under the National highways
36.
County highway
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A county highway is a road in the United States and in the Canadian province of Ontario that is designated and/or maintained by the county highway department. Route numbering can be determined by each county alone, by agreement among counties. Any county-maintained road, whether or not it is given a signed number, many other systems are also used, some counties rather arbitrarily assign numbers to all maintained roads, but do not sign them at all or only sign them on standard street sign blades. County roads and highways vary greatly in design standards, funding, some county highways in urban areas are freeways or expressways. County roads that link communities or serve residential areas are often indistinguishable from state highways or residential streets, in rural areas, many county roads carry very little traffic, these roads are maintained less frequently. They may be in poor condition or not paved at all, in remote areas, county roads are made of sand, gravel, or graded earth, seeing only occasional foot, equestrian, and four wheel drive traffic. Some states, such as Wisconsin, use county highways in great numbers, linking major highways, in England and Wales, the term County Road means a road for which the county council is the highway authority. County highway shields are usually a yellow-on-blue pentagon, a black-on-white rectangle, some states, like Virginia and North Carolina, have no county highways in most of their counties, the state government maintains all roads in unincorporated areas. Others, like Connecticut, have no county routes because there is no government at the county level, alaskas county-equivalent boroughs maintain roads in unincorporated areas but none are numbered, Louisianas county equivalents are parishes, and, accordingly, have parish routes. Ohios county roads vary widely in construction, signage, and naming from county to county, in Minnesota, some county roads are known as County state aid highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by counties, but they are eligible for funding from the County State Aid Highway Fund, differences in signage between CSAH routes and other county roads depends on the county. Some counties, such as Stearns County, delineate between the two by using the standard blue pentagon shield for CSAH routes and Minnesotas normal white square shield for other county routes. Most county roads in Minnesota are designated with numbers, although a few non-CSAHs in Dodge County utilize letters instead, a few roads that cross county borders are also signed with an inter-county designation and a letter, but this system is not shown on most maps. In the United States, county highways are denoted in various ways, in states like Wisconsin, county highways are marked with letters—in Wisconsin with 1 to 3 letter combinations. Wisconsins county highways are frequently and clearly marked at most intersections, because the county names are non-exclusive, the state has many county roads with similar or identical names. These highways are marked at the beginning of the highway and marked occasionally throughout the route. In Iowa, county roads are marked with a single letter, the latter generally use numbers in the 600-series with some counties having routes in the 700s along with one route in the 800s. Two counties, Bergen and Monmouth, along some routes in Ocean County, have routes outside this range with 1- or 2-digit numbers along with some numbers in the 100s
37.
Oklahoma
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Oklahoma is a state located in the South Central United States. Oklahoma is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States, the states name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning red people. The name was settled upon statehood, Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged, on November 16,1907, Oklahoma became the 46th state to enter the union. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, or informally Okies, and its capital, a major producer of natural gas, oil, and agricultural products, Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation, energy, telecommunications, and biotechnology. In 2007, it had one of the economies in the United States, ranking among the top states in per capita income growth. Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahomas primary economic anchors, with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas. With small mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, interior Highlands—a region especially prone to severe weather. The name Oklahoma comes from the Choctaw phrase okla humma, literally meaning red people, equivalent to the English word Indian, okla humma was a phrase in the Choctaw language used to describe Native American people as a whole. Oklahoma later became the de facto name for Oklahoma Territory, and it was approved in 1890. Oklahoma is the 20th-largest state in the United States, covering an area of 69,898 square miles and it is one of six states on the Frontier Strip and lies partly in the Great Plains near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. It is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, much of its border with Texas lies along the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen, a failed continental rift. The geologic figure defines the placement of the Red River, the Oklahoma panhandles Western edge is out of alignment with its Texas border. The Oklahoma/New Mexico border is actually 2.1 to 2.2 miles east of the Texas line, the border between Texas and New Mexico was set first as a result of a survey by Spain in 1819. It was then set along the 103rd Meridian, in the 1890s, when Oklahoma was formally surveyed using more accurate surveying equipment and techniques, it was discovered the Texas line was not set along the 103rd Meridian. Surveying techniques were not as accurate in 1819, and the actual 103rd Meridian was approximately 2.2 miles to the east and it was much easier to leave the mistake than for Texas to cede land to New Mexico to correct the surveying error. The placement of the Oklahoma/New Mexico border represents the true 103rd Meridian, cimarron County in Oklahomas panhandle is the only county in the United States that touches four other states, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado and Kansas. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,973 feet above sea level, situated near its far northwest corner in the Oklahoma Panhandle. The states lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary near the town of Idabel, Oklahoma, which dips to 289 feet above sea level
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Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
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Oklahoma State Highway 20
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State Highway 20 is a highway in northeastern Oklahoma. Its eastern terminus is at the corner of Oklahoma, Arkansas, the highway runs a total length of 142.7 miles. It has no lettered spur routes, SH-20 begins just north of the Arkansas River at SH-18 near Ralston. From there, it heads east through Osage County for 20 miles without crossing any other highway, at mile 20.4, it meets State Highway 99 in Hominy. East of Hominy, SH-20 crosses Lake Skiatook before passing through Skiatook, shortly after entering Tulsa County, SH-20 has a junction with SH-11. Four miles later, it has an interchange with US-75, after running through Collinsville, it turns southward onto the US-169 freeway. SH-20 splits from US-169 north of Owasso and it then enters Claremore, where it meets SH-88 and SH-66. It connects to the Claremore toll plaza on I-44/Will Rogers Turnpike, east of Claremore, SH-20 becomes a divided expressway before intersecting US-69 in Pryor. West of Salina, the highway bridges Lake Hudson, in Salina, SH-20 meets SH-82, with which it begins a concurrency. Headed north from Salina, the two begin to cross some mountainous terrain. The highways provide access to Spavinaw State Park, before running through the town of Spavinaw, north of Spavinaw, SH-20 splits off to the east, running through unincorporated Chloeta and serving as the eastern terminus of SH-28. SH-20 overlaps US-59/State Highway 10 through Jay, SH-20 then splits off to the east, running 11 miles to the Arkansas line. The easternmost miles run north/south along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line, the highway continues northward into Missouri at the point where the Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri borders meet, and thereafter becomes Missouri Route 43. This unique feature has led many roadgeeks to mention SH-20/AR-43 on their websites, on April 10,2008, a section of SH-20 in Rogers County near Keetonville, west of Claremore, was closed due to a landside caused by heavy rains. A 500-foot section of roadbed was washed away, forming a large crack in the pavement, the highway was re-opened June 5,2008 after being repaired. SH-20 at OKHighways. com OK-20 on Two Wheel Oklahoma
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Arkansas Highway 43
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Highway 43 is a designation for three north–south state highways in northwest Arkansas. A second segment of 20.0 miles runs northeast from Highway 21 at Boxley to Highway 7 in Harrison, the third segment runs 1.8 miles north in Harrison from US Route 65 to Highway 7. The route begins at AR59 in Siloam Springs and runs west to intersect AR264, the route continues west before turning north and running close to the Oklahoma state line. AR43 runs through Cherokee City before meeting AR102 and later AR72 in Maysville, after Maysville, AR43 runs along the Oklahoma state line concurrent with Oklahoma State Highway 20. This continues for approximately 5.4 miles until both routes terminate at Missouri Route 43, in an almost-as-unique situation, for the northernmost few miles of the overlapping stretch of road AR 43/SH20 turns toward the west, no longer straddling the state line. For those few miles, Highway 43 is located wholly within the state of Oklahoma but is not apparent to the traveler, AR43 begins at Highway 21 at Boxley, and runs north near the Buffalo National River. The route enters Boone County and serves as the terminus of AR206. AR43 terminates at AR7 in south Harrison, the route runs for 15.9 miles in Newton County and 14.1 miles in Boone County. The route begins at U. S. Route 65 on the end of Harrison. Originally numbered AR99, the route was renumbered in the mid-1960s to its present number, AR 99s southern terminus was originally at U. S. Route 412 in Siloam Springs, but was rerouted in the mid-1990s along the former AR204, terminating at Highway 59. Arkansas Highway 43 Spur was a route of 1.0 mile in Siloam Springs. It was decommissioned when AR43 was rerouted along AR204
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British Columbia Highway 5
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Highway 5 is a 524 km north-south route in southern British Columbia, Canada. Highway 5 connects the southern Trans-Canada route with the northern Yellowhead route, a portion of Highway 5 south of Kamloops is also known as the Coquihalla Highway, the northern portion is known as the Southern Yellowhead Highway. The Coquihalla section was a road until 2008. The current Highway 5 is not the first highway in B. C. to have this designation, from 1941 to 1953, the section of present-day Highway 97 and Highway 97A, between Kaleden, just north of Osoyoos, and Salmon Arm, was formerly Highway 5. In 1953, the 5 designation was moved to designate Highway 5A, south of Kamloops, in 1986, Highway 5 was re-routed between Hope and Merritt. The re-routed section of highway between Merritt and Kamloops was completed in 1987, the total cost for the highway between Hope and Merritt was approximately $848 million. South of Kamloops, Highway 5 is known as the Coquihalla Highway,186 km of freeway, the Coquihalla approximately traces through the Cascade Mountains the route of the former Kettle Valley Railway, which existed between 1912 and 1958. It is so-named because near Hope, it follows the Coquihalla River, for about 60 km. In 2003, Premier Gordon Campbell announced the Liberal government would turn over toll revenue to an operator, along with responsibility for operation. In response to opposition from the public, and numerous businesses, in the Interior of British Columbia. On September 26,2008, the government permanently lifted the Coquihalla tolls. Subsequently, the station and signs were dismantled. Although the Yellowhead Highway system is considered part of the Trans-Canada Highway network, Highway 5 is, however, designated as a core route of Canadas National Highway System. Highway 5 begins south at the junction with Highway 3 at uninhabited Othello,7 km east of Hope, exit numbers on the Coquihalla are a continuation of those on Highway 1 west of Hope. The speed limit on the Coquihalla Highway south of Merritt is 120 km/h,35 km north of Othello, after passing through five interchanges, Highway 5 reaches the landmark Great Bear snow shed. The location of the toll booth is 13 km north of the snow shed, passing through another interchange. Highway 5 was the highway in British Columbia to have tolls. Now free to drive, at the Coquihalla Lakes junction, the crosses from the Fraser Valley Regional District into the Thompson-Nicola Regional District
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British Columbia Highway 1
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Highway 1 is part of the British Columbia section of the Trans-Canada Highway. Its total accumulated distance through British Columbia is 1,039 km, the Vancouver Island branch of Highway 1, known locally as the Island Highway, is the main thoroughfare on the south Island. The highway was first given the 1 designation in 1941, and originally went from Victoria to Kelsey Bay, Highway 1 on the Island was shortened to terminate in the downtown core of the city of Nanaimo in 1953, with the section north of Nanaimo being re-numbered 19. When BC Ferries took over the route between Departure Bay in Nanaimo and Horseshoe Bay in West Vancouver in 1961, Highway 1 on the Island was extended to the Departure Bay ferry dock. The Island section of Highway 1, which is 116 km in length, begins at the intersection of Douglas Street and Dallas Road in Victoria. Highway 1 proceeds north through the city of Victoria for 4 km, passing by the terminus of Highway 17. Once out of Victoria there are three at grade intersections at Boleskine Rd, Tillicum Rd and Mckenzie Avenue, between Tillicum and Mckenzie there is a limited interchange at Interurban. Highway 1 then continues on a 10 km long four to six lane freeway, with five interchanges along its length, after its intersection with the Westshore Parkway, the highway narrows to two lanes as it enters Goldstream Provincial Park. The highway from this point is known locally as the Malahat, from the southern entrance to Goldstream park, the Malahat section of Highway 1, which is known for its steep grades, goes north for 20 km. The Malahat portion of the highway is mostly a three-lane cross-section, 50% of the Malahat highway is divided with concrete median. The Malahat section ends when it reaches the community of Mill Bay, in Mill Bay, Highway 1 once again widens out into four lanes, then passes through signalized intersections at Butterfield Road, Frayne Road and Deloume Road. Highway 1 then travels north through a gauntlet of fifteen traffic lights for 29 km and these provide access to Shawnigan Lake, Cobble Hill, Cowichan Bay and Duncan. Next is a junction with Highway 18. The highway then proceeds north for 10 km through stoplights at Mays Road, from the Chemainus junction, Highway 1 travels 11 km northwest to the city of Ladysmith accessed by intersections with traffic lights at Davis Road, Roberts Street, and Ludlow Road. It then continues northwest for another 13 km through signalized junctions at Oyster Sto-Lo Road, Cedar Road, Timberlands Road, and Spitfire Way, the highway then reaches an unsignalized junction at Cassidy. Immediately after crossing a bridge over the Nanaimo River, there is an interchange with Nanaimo River Road, Highway 1 enters the City of Nanaimo about 6 km north of Cassidy, where Highway 19 merges onto the highway from the B. C. The two highways follow a short freeway that reaches 7 lanes at its widest point and it runs another 2 km north to a point where Highways 1 and 19 split off at a junction with Cedar Road. Highway 19 proceeds northwest to bypass Nanaimo, while Highway 1 continues north through the city of Nanaimo for 7 km to the B. C, ferry terminal at Departure Bay, where the Island section of Highway 1 terminates
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British Columbia Highway 97
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The route takes its number from U. S. Route 97, with which it connects at the international border. The highway was initially designated 97 in 1953, the Okanagan Highway is a 189 km section of Highway 97 between the international border and the junction of Highway 97A north of Vernon. It is named for the Okanagan region of British Columbia, through which it largely passes and it begins in the south at the international border crossing north of Oroville, and travels 4 km north to its junction with the Crowsnest Highway at Osoyoos. The highway travels north for 47 km, passing through the Testalinden Creek Landslide, from Okanagan Falls, Highway 97 runs near the western shore of Skaha Lake before arriving at the locality of Kaleden, where Highway 3A diverges west. 13 km north of Kaleden, Highway 97 arrives at the city of Penticton, the highway enters the city of Kelowna upon landfall on the east shore of the lake. 6 km east into the city centre, the highway reaches its junction with Highway 33, as the Okanagan is a highly popular travel destination and also has the highest population in inland B. C. this section of highway 97 is by far the busiest. Congestion is frequent - particularly near the William Bennet Bridge, four kilometres north of the Highway 33 junction, Highway 97 leaves the urbanized area of Kelowna. For the next 43 km, the route travels well east of Okanagan Lake, prior to 2013, the highway ran alongside the west shore of Wood Lake to Oyama. A new 9 km section of highway was constructed and opened to traffic at that time. The original section of the highway skirting the shore of Wood Lake is now known as Pelmewash Parkway. Both Oyama and Winfield lie within the municipality of Lake Country, Highway 97 then passes along the west shore of Kalamalka Lake before entering the city of Vernon and a junction with Highway 6 just south of the city centre. The highway then travels north for 10 km to a junction with Highway 97A near Swan Lake. Highway 97 continues northwest from Highway 97A for 81 km, past the town of Falkland, before it merges onto the Trans-Canada Highway at Monte Creek, the highway follows Highway 1 for 105 km west to Cache Creek. The Cariboo Highway section of Highway 97, between Cache Creek and Prince George, is 441 km in length and named for the Cariboo region, through which it travels. Much of its length as far as Quesnel follows approximately the route of the original Cariboo Wagon Road, the Cariboo Wagon Roads lower stretches between Yale and Cache Creek were severed in many places by the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. Today the Cariboo Highway designation begins at Cache Creek, veering north for 11 km to its junction with Highway 99, over the next 120 km continuing generally northward, the highway passes through McLeese Lake and Marguerite. En route, Highway 97 follows the east bank of the Fraser River to the city of Quesnel, and a junction with Highway 26. Over the next 115 km north of Quesnel, after passing through the hamlets of Strathnaver, Hixon, Stoner and Red Rock, north of here, the highway veers away from the Fraser River, and the British Columbia Railway veers northwestward from it
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Kamloops
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Kamloops is a city in south central British Columbia in Canada at the confluence of the two branches of the Thompson River near Kamloops Lake. It is the largest community in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District and the location of the districts offices. The surrounding region is commonly referred to as the Thompson Country. It is ranked 37th on the list of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada and represents the 44th largest census agglomeration nationwide, with 90,280 residents in 2016. Prior to the arrival of European settlers, the Cree-Saulteaux band led by Chief Yawassannay had migrated to this region in the early 15th century where they met the local Secwepemc nation, the Yawassanay bands Kamloops settlement was the largest of their three tribal areas. The rival North West Company established another post - Fort Shuswap - nearby in the same year, the two operations were merged in 1813 when the North West Company officials in the region bought out the operations of the Pacific Fur Company. The logging industry of the 1970s brought many Indo-Canadians into the Kamloops area, in 1973, Kamloops annexed Barnhartvale and other nearby communities. Kamloops is the version of the Shuswap word Tkəmlúps, meaning meeting of the waters. Shuswap is still spoken in the area by members of the Tkemlúps Indian Band, an alternate origin sometimes given for the name may have come from the native names accidental similarity to the French Camp des loups, meaning Camp of Wolves, many early fur traders spoke French. Industries in the Kamloops area include primary resource processing such as Domtar Kamloops Pulp Mill, Tolko-Heffley Creek Plywood and Veneer, Lafarge Cement, Highland Valley Copper Mine, RIH is the citys largest employer. TRU serves a student body of 10,000 including an international contingent mainly from Asian countries. Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning is the biggest distance education provider in British Columbia, Kamloops is also well known for its public art including numerous pole carvings and murals. Kamloops is a hub for the region due to its connections to Highways 5 and 97. Kamloops is also a transportation hub. The Canadian Pacific and Canadian National main line routes connect Vancouver BC in the west with Kamloops, the two rail roads diverge to the north and east where they connect with the rest of Canada. Kamloops North railway station is served three times per week by Via Rails The Canadian, Kamloops is home to Kamloops Airport, a small Regional airport expanded in 2010. Airlines currently flying to Kamloops are Air Canada Express, WestJet Encore, Canadian North, greyhound Canada connects Kamloops with Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary. Local bus service is provided by the Kamloops Transit System, Kamloops is situated in the Thompson Valley and the Montane Cordillera Ecozone
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Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
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