1.
Intellectual property
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Intellectual property refers to creations of the intellect for which a monopoly is assigned to designated owners by law. Intellectual property rights are the protections granted to the creators of IP, and include trademarks, copyright, patents, industrial design rights, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets. Artistic works including music and literature, as well as discoveries, inventions, words, phrases, symbols, the Statute of Monopolies and the British Statute of Anne are seen as the origins of patent law and copyright respectively, firmly establishing the concept of intellectual property. The first known use of the intellectual property dates to 1769. The first clear example of modern usage goes back as early as 1808, the German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property to the confederation. According to Lemley, it was only at point that the term really began to be used in the United States. The history of patents does not begin with inventions, but rather with royal grants by Queen Elizabeth I for monopoly privileges, the evolution of patents from royal prerogative to common-law doctrine. The term can be used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown. The statement that discoveries are. property goes back earlier, in Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propriété intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846. Until recently, the purpose of property law was to give as little protection as possible in order to encourage innovation. Historically, therefore, they were granted only when they were necessary to encourage invention, limited in time, the concepts origins can potentially be traced back further. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one years patent to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury. Intellectual property rights include patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications, a copyright gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Copyright may apply to a range of creative, intellectual, or artistic forms. Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed, an industrial design right protects the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern, an industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Plant breeders rights or plant variety rights are the rights to use a new variety of a plant. The variety must amongst others be novel and distinct and for registration the evaluation of propagating material of the variety is examined, a trademark is a recognizable sign, design or expression which distinguishes products or services of a particular trader from the similar products or services of other traders
2.
Software
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Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs, computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media. Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be used on its own. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor—typically a central processing unit, a machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also cause something to appear on a display of the computer system—a state change which should be visible to the user. The processor carries out the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to jump to a different instruction, the majority of software is written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for programmers, meaning closer to a natural language. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two, an outline for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. However, neither the Analytical Engine nor any software for it were ever created, the first theory about software—prior to creation of computers as we know them today—was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. This eventually led to the creation of the academic fields of computer science and software engineering. Computer science is more theoretical, whereas software engineering focuses on practical concerns. However, prior to 1946, software as we now understand it—programs stored in the memory of stored-program digital computers—did not yet exist, the first electronic computing devices were instead rewired in order to reprogram them. On virtually all platforms, software can be grouped into a few broad categories. There are many different types of software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a modern computer is so large—see list of software. System software includes, Operating systems, which are collections of software that manage resources and provides common services for other software that runs on top of them. Supervisory programs, boot loaders, shells and window systems are parts of operating systems. In practice, an operating system bundled with additional software so that a user can potentially do some work with a computer that only has an operating system. Device drivers, which operate or control a particular type of device that is attached to a computer, utilities, which are computer programs designed to assist users in the maintenance and care of their computers
3.
Apache Software Foundation
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The Apache Software Foundation /əˈpætʃiː/ is an American non-profit corporation to support Apache software projects, including the Apache HTTP Server. The ASF was formed from the Apache Group and incorporated in Delaware, the Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License and is free, the Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license. Each project is managed by a team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a meritocracy, implying that membership of the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have contributed to Apache projects. The ASF is considered a second generation open-source organization, in that support is provided without the risk of platform lock-in. Among the ASFs objectives are, to legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects. The ASF also holds several ApacheCon conferences each year, highlighting Apache projects, the history of the Apache Software Foundation is linked to the Apache HTTP Server, development beginning in February 1993. A group of eight developers started working on enhancing the NCSA HTTPd daemon and they came to be known as the Apache Group. On March 25,1999, the Apache Software Foundation was formed, the name Apache was chosen from respect for the Native American Apache Nation, well known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and their inexhaustible endurance. It also makes a pun on a patchy web server—a server made from a series of patches—but this was not its origin, the group of developers who released this new software soon started to call themselves the Apache Group. Apache divides its software development activities into separate areas called top-level projects. Unlike some other organizations that host FOSS projects, before a project is hosted at Apache it has to be licensed to the ASF with a grant or contributor agreement. In this way, the ASF gains the necessary intellectual property rights for the development, the ASF board of directors has responsibility for overseeing the ASFs activities and acting as a central point of contact and communication for its projects. The board assigns corporate issues, assigning resources to projects, and manages corporate services, including funds and it does not make technical decisions about individual projects, these are made by the individual Project Management Committees. With no employees and 2,663 volunteers, it spent $270,846 on infrastructure, $92,364 on public relations, Apache Attic Apache Incubator Wikinomics, How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, Don Tapscott, Anthony D. Williams. Official website ASF Projects Directory ASF Committer Directory General ASF Wiki ApacheCon website ApacheCon Wiki Apache popular APIs in GitHub
4.
Canonical (company)
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Canonical employs staff in more than 30 countries and maintains offices in London, Boston, Taipei, Shanghai, Tokyo and the Isle of Man. Canonical Ltd. has created and continues to back several projects, principally these are free and open-source software or tools designed to improve collaboration between free software developers and contributors. Some projects require a Contributor License Agreement to be signed. K, Canonical also claimed it would wait for the business to turn into a profitable one within another three to five years. Shuttleworth regarded Canonical as positioning itself as demand for services related to free software rose and this strategy has been compared to Red Hats business strategies in the 1990s. In an early 2009 New York Times article, Shuttleworth said that Canonicals revenue was creeping towards $30 million, however, as of 2013 the company was again in investment mode, making a $21.3 million loss as it invested in mobile. At the same time, the word Ubuntu was trademarked in connection with clothing, Canonical Group Ltd is located in London. Canonical USA Inc. is located in Lexington, Massachusetts, Canonical China Ltd is located in Shanghai. Canonical Brasil Ltda is located in São Paulo, Canonical Canada Ltd is located in Montreal. Canonical Ltd Taiwan Br. is located in Taipei, Canonical has more than 500 employees. The head office is in London, previously on the 27th floor of Millbank Tower, in the summer of 2006, Canonical opened an office in Montreal to house its global support and services operation. Taipei 101 is also home to a Canonical office, there is also an OEM team in Lexington, Massachusetts, United States. Bernard, was responsible for all major marketing deployments Stuart Langridge Jono Bacon, Ubuntu community leader Official website
5.
CyanogenMod
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CyanogenMod is a discontinued popular open-source operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. Although the CyanogenMod name has been discontinued, rebranded development continues under the LineageOS name and it was developed as free and open source software based on the official releases of Android by Google, with added original and third-party code, and based on a rolling release development model. Although only a subset of total CyanogenMod users elect to report their use of the firmware, as of 23 March 2015 and it was also frequently used as a starting point by developers of other ROMs. In 2013, the founder, Steve Kondik, obtained venture funding under the name Cyanogen Inc, the code itself, being open source, has been forked under the name LineageOS and community efforts are in progress to resume development as a community project. CyanogenMod offers features and options not found in the official firmware distributed by mobile device vendors, CyanogenMod does not contain spyware or bloatware, according to its developers. CyanogenMod is also said to increase performance and reliability compared with official firmware releases, the name CyanogenMod derives from cyanogen + Mod. Soon after the introduction of HTC Dream mobile phone in September 2008, having root access, combined with the open source nature of the Android operating system, allowed the phones stock firmware to be modified and re-installed onto the phone. In the following year, modified firmwares for the Dream were developed and distributed by Android enthusiasts, One, maintained by a developer named JesusFreke, became popular among Dream owners. In August 2009, JesusFreke stopped work on his firmware, CyanogenMod grew in popularity, and a community of developers, called the CyanogenMod Team made contributions. Within a few months, the number of devices and features supported by CyanogenMod blossomed, similar to many open source projects, CyanogenMod was developed using a distributed revision control system with the official repositories being hosted on GitHub. Contributors submit new features or bugfix changes using Gerrit, contributions may be tested by anyone, voted up or down by registered users, and ultimately accepted into the code by one of a handful of CyanogenMod developers. A version of ADW. Launcher, a launcher for the Android operating system. As of version 9, CyanogenMods own launcher, Trebuchet, is included with the firmware, some unofficial builds for supported devices were listed in the CyanogenMod Wiki. The custom portions of CyanogenMod are primarily written by Cyanogen but include contributions from the xda-developers community, CyanogenMod 7 development began when Google released Android 2. 3s source code. On 15 February 2011, the first release candidates of CyanogenMod 7 were rolled out on several of the supported devices, the fourth release candidate was released on 30 March 2011 and brought increased support for the Nook Color and similar devices as well as many bug fixes. On 11 April 2011, the version of CyanogenMod 7.0 was released, based on Android 2.3.3. CyanogenMod 7.1 was released on 10 October 2011, based on Android 2.3.4. The latest stable version, CyanogenMod 7.2 was released on 16 June 2012, based on Android 2.3.7, bringing a predictive dialer, lock-screen updates, ICS animation backports
6.
Diaspora (software)
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Diaspora is a free personal web server that implements a distributed social networking service. Installations of the software form nodes which make up the distributed Diaspora social network, the project was founded by Dan Grippi, Maxwell Salzberg, Raphael Sofaer and Ilya Zhitomirskiy, students at New York Universitys Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. The group received crowdfunding in excess of $200,000 via Kickstarter, a consumer alpha version was released on 23 November 2010. Konrad Lawson, blogging for the Chronicle of Higher Education, suggested Diaspora in July 2011 as an alternative to corporately produced software and it allows its users to host their data with a traditional web host, a cloud-based host, an ISP, or a friend. The framework, which is being built on Ruby on Rails, is free software, a key part of the original Diaspora software design concept was that it should act as a social aggregator, allowing posts to be easily imported from Facebook, Tumblr and Twitter. Instead, you can directly, securely, and without running exchanges past the prying eyes of Zuckerberg. As of 2016, the API for this feature was still under discussion, after the project raised over $200,000 in crowdfunding via the Kickstarter website by 1 June 2010, the group began working on the software. A developer preview with a number of security holes was released on 15 September 2010, on 23 November, a redesigned website was published in preparation for the alpha release, with the old site still available as a blog section. The early security holes were fixed with the alpha release, the early alpha version contained many bugs and security flaws, but feedback on the free software led to quick improvements. The softwares beta release was scheduled for November 2011, but was postponed due to the need to add new design features. In February 2012, the developers indicated that they had completed work on the software back-end to improve both pod up-time and website response time, the developers felt that allowing individual creativity in posts would differentiate the Diaspora platform from competitors. In June 2012, the development team was scheduled to move to Mountain View, in August 2012 the developers focus changed to working on creating makr. io, as part of their yCombinator class. In August 2012, the founders of Diaspora announced that they would let the community take over governance of the project, while they would stay involved, but take a lesser role. The project was adopted by, and became part of, the Free Software Support Network, which is in turn run by Eben Moglen, the FSSN acts as an umbrella organization to Diaspora development and manages Diasporas branding, finances and legal assets. In October 2012, the project made its first community release at 0.0.1.0, at the same time development was moved to a development branch, leaving the master branch for stable releases. Additionally, efforts were underway to package Diaspora for Linux distributions, Diaspora uses a semantic versioning scheme that is prefixed with another number which will be increased when necessary to indicate a major milestone for the project. These are the software versions released since community development started in August 2012
7.
Qt Project
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The Qt Project is a project to co-ordinate the development of the Qt software framework. The project was founded by Nokia, and has now led by Digia’s subsidiary The Qt Company since it acquired Qt software technologies, trademarks. Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng began development of Qt in 1991, three years before the company was incorporated as Quasar Technologies, then changed the name to Troll Tech, until version 1.45, source code for Qt was released under the Qt Free Edition License. Controversy arose around 1998 when it became clear that KDE’s K Desktop Environment was going to one of the leading desktop environments for Linux. As it was based on Qt, many people in the free software movement worried that a piece of one of their major operating systems would be proprietary. With the release of version 2.0 of the toolkit, the license was changed to the Q Public License, a free software license but one regarded by the Free Software Foundation as incompatible with the GPL. Compromises were sought between KDE and Trolltech whereby Qt would not be able to fall under a restrictive license than the QPL. This led to the creation of the KDE Free Qt Foundation which guarantees that Qt would fall under a BSD-style license should no free/open source version of Qt be released during 12 months. In 2000, Qt 2.2 was released under the GPL v2, on 28 January 2008 Nokia announced to acquire Trolltech. On 14 January 2009 Qt version 4.5 was relicensed, the Qt Project was founded on 21 October 2011. In August 2012 Digia announced to all rights to Qt. The Qt Project is not a legal entity or organization. Qts Open Governance is modelled after WebKits, decision-making takes place in a process the project describes as lazy consensus. The project facilitates online communication among its developers and community members through public forums, mailing lists, aside from the project leader Digia and various individuals, a number of other organizations participate in the Qt Project. Second-largest Qt contributor is KDAB, a Swedish Qt consulting company, KDAB is involved in many areas, including maintenance of several components. KDAB together with RIM/BlackBerry are maintaining the QNX and BlackBerry 10 ports of Qt, another big participator is Intel, contributing for example Wayland support. AudioCodes maintains IBM ClearCase support in Qt Creator, various individuals from KDE implement features from KDE Frameworks in Qt. Official website Qt website KDE Free Qt Foundation Qt Project statistics
8.
Discourse (software)
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Discourse is an open source Internet forum and mailing list management software application founded in 2013 by Jeff Atwood, Robin Ward, and Sam Saffron. Discourse received funding from First Round Capital and Greylock Partners, however, the stated goals of the project are social rather than technical, to improve online discussion quality through improved forum software. The application is written in JavaScript and Ruby on Rails and uses the Ember. js framework, postgreSQL serves as its back-end database management system. The sourcecode is distributed under the GNU General Public License version 2
9.
Django (web framework)
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Django is a free and open-source web framework, written in Python, which follows the model-view-template architectural pattern. It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation, an independent organization established as a 501 non-profit, Djangos primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. Django emphasizes reusability and pluggability of components, rapid development, Python is used throughout, even for settings files and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection, some well-known sites that use Django include the Public Broadcasting Service, Pinterest, Instagram, Mozilla, The Washington Times, Disqus, Bitbucket, and Nextdoor. Django was born in the fall of 2003, when the web programmers at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper, Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison and it was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005. The framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt, in June 2008, it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation would maintain Django in the future. Despite having its own nomenclature, such as naming the callable objects generating the HTTP responses views, the core Django framework can be seen as an MVC architecture. More than 2500 packages are available to extend the original behavior, providing solutions to issues the original tool didnt, registration, search, API provision and consumption, CMS. This extensibility is, however, mitigated by internal components dependencies, Django can be run in conjunction with Apache, NGINX using WSGI, Gunicorn, or Cherokee using flup. Django also includes the ability to launch a FastCGI server, enabling use behind any web server which supports FastCGI and it is also possible to use other WSGI-compliant web servers. Django officially supports four database backends, PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server can be used with django-mssql on Microsoft operating systems, while similarly external backends exist for IBM DB2, SQL Anywhere and Firebird. There is a fork named django-nonrel, which supports NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB, Django may also be run in conjunction with Jython on any Java EE application server such as GlassFish or JBoss. In this case django-jython must be installed in order to provide JDBC drivers for database connectivity, Google App Engine includes support for Django version 1. x. x as one of the bundled frameworks. For developing a Django project, no tools are necessary. Nevertheless, editors specialized on computer programming can help increase the productivity of development, since Django is written in Python, text editors which are aware of Python syntax are beneficial in this regard. Integrated development environments add further functionality, such as debugging, refactoring, unit testing, as with plain editors, IDEs with support for Python can be beneficial. Some IDEs that are specialized on Python additionally have integrated support for Django projects, for comparison of such Python IDEs, see the main article, There is a semiannual conference for Django developers and users, named DjangoCon, that has been held since September 2008. DjangoCon is held annually in Europe, in May or June, while another is held in the United States in August or September, the 2012 DjangoCon took place in Washington D. C from 3 to 8 September
10.
Dojo Toolkit
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Dojo Toolkit is an open source modular JavaScript library designed to ease the rapid development of cross-platform, JavaScript/Ajax-based applications and web sites. It was started by Alex Russell, Dylan Schiemann, David Schontzler, the Dojo Foundation is a non-profit organization created with the goal to promote the adoption of the toolkit. New, The official name of the rebranded and relaunched merging of the jQuery Foundation, Dojo is a JavaScript framework targeting the many needs of large-scale client-side web development. The entire toolkit can be downloaded as a ZIP and is hosted on the Google CDN. The toolkit includes about three thousand JavaScript modules, in addition to images and other resources, the Dojo Toolkit is organized in several parts, dojo contains the core and most non-visual modules. Dijit is a library of user-interface modules for widgets and layout, dojox holds assorted modules not yet considered stable enough to include in dojo or dijit. Util includes build tools such as optimization, documentation, style-checking, traditionally, this is done with the JavaScript object XMLHttpRequest. Dojo provides a wrapper around various web browsers implementations of XMLHttpRequest, and dojo. io also supports other transports. -- under a root dojo namespace, after initialization of the root namespace any Dojo package can be loaded by using utility functions supplied in the bootstrap. Dojo packages can consist of files, and can specify which files constitute the entire package. Any package or file can also specify a dependency on other packages or files, workarounds for cross-domain loading of most Dojo packages are provided. This allows all necessary code to be loaded and initialized at once, pre-built profiles for some common use cases are available for download from the same location as the full toolkit. In addition to providing support functions for reading and writing cookies, Dojo also provides a local, Dojo Storage allows web applications to store data on the client-side, persistently and securely and with a users permission. It works across existing web browsers, including Internet Explorer, Firefox, when included in a web page, Dojo Storage determines the best method for persistently storing information. On Firefox 2, it uses native browser persistence, on other browsers it uses a hidden Flash applet, with Flash 6+ being installed on about 95% of computers connected to the web, this makes the storage mechanism accessible for much of the webs installed base. For a web application that is being loaded from the system, Dojo Storage will transparently use XPCOM on Firefox. The programmer using Dojo Storage is abstracted from the mechanism used and is presented with a simple hash table abstraction, with methods such as put. Dojo Storage is not supported in versions later than the 1.3 release, as of January 2007, Dojo includes the following example server-side datastore implementations in the dojo
11.
EBay
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EBay Inc. is a multinational e-commerce corporation, facilitating online consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales. It is headquartered in San Jose, California, eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble. Today it is a business with operations in about 30 countries. The company manages eBay. com, an auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods. It previously offered online money transfers, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay from 2002 until 2015, the website is free to use for buyers, but sellers are charged fees for listing items and again when those items are sold. The AuctionWeb was founded in California on September 3,1995 by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a personal site. One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained, Im a collector of broken laser pointers and this was revealed in Adam Cohens book, The Perfect Store, and confirmed by eBay. Reportedly, eBay was simply a hobby for Omidyar until his Internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase forced him to start charging those who used eBay and it resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBays first employee to handle the number of checks coming in for fees. Jeffrey Skoll was hired as the first president of the company in early 1996, growth was phenomenal, in January 1997 the site hosted 2,000,000 auctions, compared with 250,000 during the whole of 1996. The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997, originally, the site belonged to Echo Bay Technology Group, Omidyars consulting firm. Omidyar had tried to register the domain name echobay. com, but found it already taken by the Echo Bay Mines, in 1997, the company received $6.7 million in funding from the venture capital firm Benchmark Capital. Meg Whitman was hired as eBay President and CEO in March 1998, at the time, the company had 30 employees, half a million users and revenues of $4.7 million in the United States. EBay went public on September 21,1998, and both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires, eBays target share price of $18 was all but ignored as the price went to $53.50 on the first day of trading. As the company expanded product categories beyond collectibles into almost any saleable item, in February 2002, the company purchased iBazar, a similar European auction web site founded in 1998, and then bought PayPal on October 3,2002. By early 2008, the company had expanded worldwide, counted hundreds of millions of registered users,15, after nearly ten years at eBay, Whitman decided to enter politics
12.
Eclipse (software)
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Eclipse is an integrated development environment used in computer programming, and is the most widely used Java IDE. It contains a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment and it can also be used to develop documents with LaTeX and packages for the software Mathematica. Development environments include the Eclipse Java development tools for Java and Scala, Eclipse CDT for C/C++, the initial codebase originated from IBM VisualAge. The Eclipse software development kit, which includes the Java development tools, is meant for Java developers and it was one of the first IDEs to run under GNU Classpath and it runs without problems under IcedTea. Eclipse was inspired by the Smalltalk-based VisualAge family of integrated development environment products, although fairly successful, a major drawback of the VisualAge products was that developed code was not in a component-based software engineering model. Instead, all code for a project was held in a compressed lump, individual classes could not be easily accessed, certainly not outside the tool. A team primarily at the IBM Cary NC lab developed the new product as a Java-based replacement, in November 2001, a consortium was formed with a board of stewards to further the development of Eclipse as open-source software. It is estimated that IBM had already invested nearly $40 million by that time, the original members were Borland, IBM, Merant, QNX Software Systems, Rational Software, Red Hat, SuSE, TogetherSoft, and WebGain. The number of stewards increased to over 80 by the end of 2003, in January 2004, the Eclipse Foundation was created. Eclipse 3.0 selected the OSGi Service Platform specifications as the runtime architecture, the Association for Computing Machinery recognized Eclipse with the 2011 ACM Software Systems Award on 26 April 2012. The Eclipse Public License is the license under which Eclipse projects are released. Some projects require dual licensing, for which the Eclipse Distribution License is available, Eclipse was originally released under the Common Public License, but was later re-licensed under the Eclipse Public License. The Free Software Foundation has said that both licenses are free software licenses, but are incompatible with the GNU General Public License, different versions of Eclipse have been given different science-related names. The versions named after Callisto, Europa, and Ganymede, which are moons of Jupiter, were followed by a named after Galileo the discoverer of those moons. These were followed by two sun-themed names, Helios of Greek mythology, and Indigo, one of the seven colors of a rainbow, the version after that, Juno, has a triple meaning, a Roman mythological figure, an asteroid, and a spacecraft to Jupiter. Kepler, Luna, and Mars continued the theme, and then a new theme of chemical elements began with Neon. Since 2006 the Foundation has coordinated an annual Simultaneous Release, each release includes the Eclipse Platform and several other Eclipse projects. As of 2008, each Simultaneous Release has occurred on the 4th Wednesday of June, Eclipse uses plug-ins to provide all the functionality within and on top of the runtime system
13.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
14.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
15.
Joomla
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Joomla is a free and open-source content management system for publishing web content. It is built on a web application framework that can be used independently of the CMS. As of November 2016, Joomla. has been downloaded over 78 million times, over 7,800 free and commercial extensions are available from the official Joomla. Extension Directory, and more are available from other sources and it is estimated to be the second most used content management system on the Internet, after WordPress. Joomla was the result of a fork of Mambo on August 17,2005, at that time, the Mambo name was a trademark of Miro International Pvt. Ltd, who formed a foundation with the stated purpose of funding the project. Joomla developers created a website called OpenSourceMatters. org to distribute information to the software community, project leader Andrew Eddie wrote a letter that appeared on the announcements section of the public forum at mamboserver. com. Over one thousand people joined OpenSourceMatters. org within a day, most posting words of encouragement, the website received the Slashdot effect as a result. Miro CEO Peter Lamont responded publicly to the development team in an article titled The Mambo Open Source Controversy —20 Questions With Miro and this event created controversy within the free software community about the definition of open source. Forums of other projects were active with postings about the actions of both sides. In the two weeks following Eddies announcement, teams were re-organized and the community continued to grow, eben Moglen and the Software Freedom Law Center assisted the Joomla core team beginning in August 2005, as indicated by Moglens blog entry from that date and a related OSM announcement. The SFLC continue to provide guidance to the Joomla project. On August 18, Andrew Eddie called for community input to suggest a name for the project, the core team reserved the right for the final naming decision, and chose a name not suggested by the community. On September 22, the new name, Joomla. was announced and it is the anglicised spelling of the Swahili word jumla, meaning all together or as a whole which also has a similar meaning in at least Amharic, Arabic and Urdu. On September 26, the development team called for submissions from the community and invited the community to vote on the logo. On October 2, brand guidelines, a manual. Joomla 1.5 was released on January 22,2008, and this version was the first to attain long-term support, such versions are released each three major or minor releases and supported until three months after the next LTS version is released. April 2012 marks the official end-of-life of Joomla 1.5, with Joomla 3.0 released, Joomla 1.6 was released on January 10,2011
16.
JQuery
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JQuery is a cross-platform JavaScript library designed to simplify the client-side scripting of HTML. It is free, open-source software using the permissive MIT license, Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript library by a large margin. JQuerys syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, the modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications. The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its engine, created a new programming style, fusing algorithms. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use within Microsofts ASP. NET AJAX, jQuery, at its core, is a Document Object Model manipulation library. The DOM is a representation of all the elements of a Web page. JQuery simplifies the syntax for finding, selecting, and manipulating these DOM elements, for example, jQuery can be used for finding an element in the document with a certain property, changing one or more of its attributes, or making it respond to an event. JQuery also provides a paradigm for event handling that goes beyond basic DOM element selection and manipulation, the event assignment and the event callback function definition are done in a single step in a single location in the code. JQuery also aims to incorporate other highly used JavaScript functionality, thus, it encourages developers to completely separate JavaScript code from HTML markup. Brevity and clarity, jQuery promotes brevity and clarity with features like chainable functions, elimination of cross-browser incompatibilities, The JavaScript engines of different browsers differ slightly so JavaScript code that works for one browser may not work for another. Like other JavaScript toolkits, jQuery handles all these cross-browser inconsistencies and provides a consistent interface that works across different browsers, extensibility, New events, elements, and methods can be easily added and then reused as a plugin. JQuery was originally released in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig and was influenced by Dean Edwards earlier cssQuery library and it is currently maintained by a team of developers led by Timmy Willison. JQuery has also a software license history. Originally under the CC BY-SA2.5, it was relicensed to the MIT license in 2006, on end of 2006 it was dual-licensed under GPL and MIT license. As this led to confusion, in 2012 the GPL was dropped and is now only MIT licensed. x and 2. x of jQuery support current-1 versions of Firefox, Chrome, Safari. Version 1. x also supports Internet Explorer 6 or higher, however, jQuery version 2. x dropped Internet Explorer 6–8 support and supports only IE9 and later versions
17.
Python (programming language)
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Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale and it has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for operating systems, allowing Python code to run on a wide variety of systems. CPython, the implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-based development model. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation, about the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996, Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a hobby programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. Would be closed, but I had a computer. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately, I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood. Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 and had major new features, including a cycle-detecting garbage collector. With this release the development process was changed and became more transparent, Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on 3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of its features have been backported to the backwards-compatible Python 2.6. x and 2.7. x version series. The End Of Life date for Python 2.7 was initially set at 2015, many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic programming. Python uses dynamic typing and a mix of reference counting and a garbage collector for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution, which binds method, the design of Python offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. The language has map, reduce and filter functions, list comprehensions, dictionaries, and sets, the standard library has two modules that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML. Python can also be embedded in existing applications that need a programmable interface, while offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. As Alex Martelli put it, To describe something as clever is not considered a compliment in the Python culture. Pythons philosophy rejects the Perl there is more one way to do it approach to language design in favor of there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it. Pythons developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython that would offer an increase in speed at the cost of clarity
18.
Meteor (web framework)
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Meteor, or MeteorJS, is a free and open-source JavaScript web framework written using Node. js. Meteor allows for rapid prototyping and produces cross-platform code, on the client, Meteor depends on jQuery and can be used with any JavaScript UI widget library. Meteor is developed by the Meteor Development Group, the startup was incubated by Y Combinator and received $11. 2M in funding from Andreessen Horowitz in July 2012. It plans to become profitable by developing an environment for Meteor apps to sell to large organizations. Meteor was first introduced in December 2011 under the name Skybreak, in October 2014, Meteor Development Group acquired Y Combinator alum FathomDB, with the goal of expanding Meteors database support. In October 2015, Meteor Development Group announced Galaxy, a cloud platform for operating and managing Meteor applications
19.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
20.
OpenMediaVault
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OpenMediaVault is a free Linux distribution designed for network-attached storage. The projects lead developer is Volker Theile, who instituted it in 2009, OMV is based on the Debian operating system, and is licensed through the GNU General Public License v3. By the end of 2009, Volker Theile was the active developer of FreeNAS. M0n0wall is a variation of the FreeBSD operating system, and Theile decided he wanted to rewrite FreeNAS for Linux, the project team had known for months that FreeNAS needed a major rewrite in order to support crucial features. Meanwhile, FreeNAS still needed to be rewritten and maintained, to accomplish this, Cochard-Labbé handed development over to iXsystems, an American company that develops the PC-BSD operating system. Theile chose Debian because the number of programs in its package management system meant that he wouldnt have to spend time repackaging software himself. OpenMediaVault makes few changes to the Debian operating system and it provides a Web-based user interface for administration and customisation, and a plug-in API for implementing new features. One can install plug-ins through the Web interface, multi-language, Web-based graphical user interface Protocols, CIFS, FTP, NFS, SSH, rsync, iSCSI, AFP and TFTP Software-RAID Monitoring, Syslog, Watchdog, S. M. A. R. T. The majority of those Plug-ins are developed by a group called OpenMediaVault Plugin Developers, the status of all Plug-ins can be viewed online. In October 2014 there were around 30 plugins available, in June 2015 there are already more than 70 stable plug-ins available
21.
Puppet (company)
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Puppet is a privately-held information technology automation software company based in Portland, Oregon. Puppets primary product, Puppet Enterprise, comprises a commercially supported version of its open-source configuration management tool, in June 2013, Puppet released Puppet Enterprise 3.0, which features a rewritten orchestration engine that will ease the automated rollout of changes across multiple sites and clouds. Puppet partners and has technology integrations with VMware, Amazon Web Services, Cisco, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure, Eucalyptus, Rightscale and it is a model-driven solution that requires limited programming knowledge to use. In 2005, Puppet was founded by current CEO Luke Kanies, in November 2011, Puppet raised an additional $8.5 million in Series C financing from new investors Cisco, Google Ventures, VMware and other existing investors. In January 2013, VMware invested $30 million in the company, the funding round also brought a strategic partnership between VMware and Puppet to jointly deliver, market and sell products built for their mutual customers
22.
Zend Technologies
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The companys operations are currently centered on the development of products relating to the development, deployment and management of PHP-based web applications, including Zend Studio. Zend Technologies was founded by Andi Gutmans and Zeev Suraski who, along with other Israeli graduates of the Technion, the name Zend is a combination of Suraskis and Gutmans forenames, Zeev and Andi. In 1997, Gutmans and Suraski rewrote the parser of PHP-FI, originally written by Lerdorf, in 1998 they redesigned that parser completely, and named it the Zend Engine. PHP4 is based on the first version of the Zend Engine, in 1999, their company Zend Technologies was formally established and received initial funding from the Israeli venture capital funds Platinum Neurone Ventures and Walden Israel. Doron Gerstel, a business executive, was recruited to head the company as CEO. In 2000 Jim Jagielski was hired as the CTO of US operations, in July 2004, Zend Technologies raised $8M in a series C funding and established its headquarters in the USA. In January 2005 Intel Capital and SAP Ventures joined the existing investors in Zend Technologies, in June 2006, Zend Technologies received the Best Startup Software Company Award at the Israeli Venture Association Annual Hi Tech Conference in Tel Aviv. The award was presented by Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, in August 2006 Zend raised $20 Million in a series D funding. In February 2009, Zends Co-Founder Andi Gutmans was appointed as Chief Executive Officer, after serving as the companys VP of Research. Zend also recruited Mark Burton, who served as EVP of worldwide sales at MySQL. In October 2015, Rogue Wave Software acquired Zend, Zend Server is a web application server for running and managing PHP applications. Zend Server comes with built-in application monitoring, application problem diagnostics, caching and optimization capabilities, the community edition of Zend Server was a free, complete PHP stack that were advertised by the company as suited for developing PHP applications or running non-critical applications in production. Zend Server Community Edition supported Linux, Windows, iSeries i5/OS, and Mac OS X, starting with Zend Server 7.0, the free edition was discontinued and is now only available as a paid upgrade. Zend Platform is a product that runs on a web server, monitoring PHP applications and reporting on performance and it also offers a PHP accelerator, a content caching solution including an API for partial page caching, session clustering and numerous management tools. Zend Platform can be used in conjunction with Zend Studio to do remote debugging and profiling of PHP applications in their native server environment, Zend Studio is a commercial, proprietary integrated development environment for PHP. Zend Guard is a product that can prevent peeping into PHP scripts, Zend also provides a PHP Certification Test and certifies people succeeding on the exam as Zend Certified PHP Engineers. This is not to be confused with the Zend Framework Certification and it is intended to prove that a person is fully qualified to develop PHP web applications. There are over 10,000 Zend Certified Engineers in the world with either PHP4 or PHP5 or PHP5.3 certifications
23.
Zend Framework
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Zend Framework is an open source, object-oriented web application framework implemented in PHP5 and licensed under the New BSD License. The Framework is basically a collection of professional PHP based packages, Zend Framework provides to users a support of the Model View Controller in combination with Front Controller solution. MVC implementation in Zend Framework has five main areas, Zend Framework is licensed under the Open Source Initiative -approved New BSD License. For ZFv1 all code contributors must sign a Contributor License Agreement based on the Apache Software Foundation’s CLA, the licensing and contribution policies were established to prevent intellectual property issues for commercial ZF users, according to Zends Andi Gutmans. There is also a support available for the framework for a total duration of 3 years. In order to do this one need to modify the Composer requirement for Zend Framework and this will result in modification of composer. json file and will pin the semantic version 2.4.0 which will ensure you get updates specifically from 2.4 series. If user want to use a different LTS then they need to specify X. Y. ) version, the Zend Framework documentation shows simple and easy to manage steps for the installation of the framework. The first step is the addition of the folder to your include path. A recommended advice, move library folder to another shared location, the steps to include the Zend Framework is first to download the lates version, secondly download lates nightly snapshot, use a>>Subversion client, exporting, and external definitions. For downloading various options are available such as. zip and. tar. gz formate, the Snapshots are Zend Frameworks bundled documentation which considers Subversion client. After installation it is required that you must set up your include path to Zend in order to access the repository, according to Zends documentation the repository can be found at http, //framework. zend. com/svn/framework/standard/trunk. The framework is has a structure and based on directories such as application, library, public. This is based because Zend is inclined towards keeping separation of different parts of application individually, the functionality of application, library and public directory is used as per the request of the user. The recommended directory structure as shown by Zend Framework is given as, This directory contains all the nodes which are necessary to run the application, the Framework further enahances by separation the business, display and control logic through separate directories which contains MVC framework. Zend explanation also shows that the directory contains the application directory and will house the MVC system with configuration, service. The config/ directory has application wide configurtions, controllers/, model/, and views/ these are the default controller, view controller directories in the framework. These are simple and approachable layouts to start your application, controller/helpers/ here the actions helpers are stored and they will be namedspaced as Controller_Helper_ for default modules or <module. _Controller_Helper in different modules. The module structure is similar to that of the aforementioned directory structures and are
24.
Unity (user interface)
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Unity is a discontinued graphical shell for the GNOME desktop environment developed by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu operating system. Unity debuted in the edition of Ubuntu 10.10. Unlike GNOME, KDE Software Compilation, Xfce, or LXDE, Unity is part of the Ayatana project, an initiative with the stated intention of improving the user experience within Ubuntu. In addition to Unity, there are Application Indicators and other such as MeMenu, the notification system. On 5 April 2017 Mark Shuttleworth announced that work on Unity will end, launcher – a dock that also serves as a window switcher. Multiple instances of an application are grouped under the dock icon. The user has a choice whether or not to lock an application to the launcher, If it is not locked, an application may be started using the Dash or via a separately installed menu. Quicklist – the accessible menu of launcher items, Dash – an overlay that allows the user to search quickly for information both locally and remotely and displays previews of results. The Dash search feature was the subject of the privacy controversy, head-up display – introduced with Ubuntu 12.04. It allows hotkey searching for top menu bar items from the keyboard, without the need for using the mouse, Indicators – a notification area, containing displays for the clock, network and battery status, sound volume etc. Dash The Unity Dash is a desktop search utility in Unity, Unity Preview is a function that previews an item in the search results. Lens is a channel to throw the search query to Scope, Scope is a search engine of Dash. The search query is thrown by Lens, the following lenses and scopes are installed by default, Home lens Application lens is a lens to find applications to launch or install. The source of applications is the Ubuntu Software Center. File lens is a lens to show files from local and remote sources, Google Docs scope is a lens which searches files from Google Drive. Music lens is a lens to search the users music library, Music Stores scope is a scope to search online music stores, such as the Ubuntu One Music Store. Video lens is a lens to search videos from the video library. Social lens is a lens to find the users SNS activities such as Twitter, Facebook, shopping lens is a lens for online shopping
25.
Launchpad (website)
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Launchpad is a web application and website that allows users to develop and maintain software, particularly open-source software. It is developed and maintained by Canonical Ltd, on 21 July 2009, the source code was released publicly under the GNU Affero General Public License. As of January 2013, the Launchpad repository hosts more than 30,000 projects, the domain launchpad. net attracted 1 million visitors by August 2009 according to a Compete. com survey. It has several parts, Answers, a community support site, blueprints, a system for tracking Specifications and new features. Bugs, a bug tracker that allows bugs to be tracked in multiple contexts, code, source code hosting, with support for the Bazaar and Git version control systems. Translations, a site for localising applications into different human languages, a significant but less visible component is Soyuz, the distribution management portion of Launchpad. Launchpad is currently used in the development of Ubuntu, an operating system. Launchpad uses the FOSS Zope 3 application server, several of Canonical Ltd. s own projects use Launchpad for development including Ubuntu and Bazaar. Development of Launchpad is itself managed in Launchpad, in response, the developers stated that they aimed to eventually release it under a free software license, but that it could potentially take years. On 9 July 2007, Canonical Ltd. released Storm, the first Launchpad component made available under a software license. However, this left some members of the open-source movement dissatisfied. On 22 July 2008, Mark Shuttleworth announced at OSCON that the source code would be released within the next twelve months. On 19 December 2008, Canonical Ltd. released the Launchpad component lazr. config, an open API is currently in beta testing, which will allow programs to interact with the website. Calls for an open API to be released were aided by projects like Leonov that resorted to screen scraping to get data from Launchpad, in December 2008, Canonical announced that the source code to the Launchpad website would be released under a free software license by 21 July 2009. It was also announced two large components of Launchpad, Soyuz and Codehosting, would not be released under a free software license. Later, the date was changed to a more general timeframe of July/August 2009. However, on 21 July 2009, the software was released under the AGPLv3, comparison of open source software hosting facilities Personal Package Archive Official website
26.
Puppet (software)
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In computing, Puppet is an open-source software configuration management tool. It runs on many Unix-like systems as well as on Microsoft Windows, Puppet is produced by Puppet, founded by Luke Kanies in 2005. It is written in Ruby and released as software under the GNU General Public License until version 2.7.0. Puppet is designed to manage the configuration of Unix-like and Microsoft Windows systems declaratively, the user describes system resources and their state, either using Puppets declarative language or a Ruby DSL. This information is stored in files called Puppet manifests, any actions taken by Puppet are then reported. The resource abstraction layer enables administrators to describe the configuration in terms, such as users. Puppet is model-driven, requiring limited programming knowledge to use, Puppet comes in two flavors, Puppet Enterprise and Open Source Puppet. In addition to providing functionalities of Open Source Puppet, Puppet Enterprise also provides GUI, API, the client is known as agent and the server is known as master. It can also be used as a stand-alone application, Puppet Master is installed on one or more servers and the systems that need to be configured install Puppet Agent. Puppet Agents communicate with the server and fetch configuration instructions, the Agent then applies the configuration on the system and sends the status report to the server. Devices can run Puppet Agent as a daemon, that can be triggered periodically as a job or can be run manually whenever needed. Puppet architecture consists of, Configuration Language, In Puppet, items to be configured are termed as ‘resources’, since Puppet follows declarative language, it just needs to specify ‘what’ action needs to be performed on the resources. The action is implemented by declaring three things for every resource, its type, title and a list of attributes whose state needs to be configured, Puppet code is written into files called Manifests. These are stored on the server and contain instructions for each client. Format for writing manifest files is stated below, example, Resource Abstraction, Puppet provides resource abstraction by providing the ability to configure resources on different platforms without worrying about the platform dependencies. Facter is the piece of information which agents provide to the server describing what kind of operating system is being used, their IP, hostname, etc. Indirectly, it is a way of informing Puppet as to what needs to be followed for software configuration in its case. For any given type of resource, there are a number of providers, providers have packet management tools corresponding to different platforms/operating systems
27.
Uncomplicated Firewall
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Uncomplicated Firewall is a program for managing a netfilter firewall designed to be easy to use. It uses a command-line interface consisting of a number of simple commands. UFW is available by default in all Ubuntu installations after 8.04 LTS, Gufw is an easy, intuitive graphical user interface for managing Uncomplicated Firewall. It supports common tasks such as allowing or blocking pre-configured, common P2P, Gufw has been designed for Ubuntu, but is also available in Debian-based distributions and in Arch Linux, anywhere Python, GTK+ and UFW are available. Ubuntu Firewall - Information about Uncomplicated Firewall on Ubuntu Gufw - Official Gufw website Gufw - Community Documentation
28.
Software Updater
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In several Linux operating systems, the Software Updater program updates installed software and their associated packages with important software updates for security or with recommended patches. It also informs users when updates are available, listing them in order for users to choose which updates to install. It was originally written for Ubuntu although it is now part of the standard Debian operating system, the application was originally called Update Manager, it was announced in May 2012 that starting with Ubuntu 12.10 the name would change to Software Updater to better describe its functions. The Software Updater cannot uninstall updates, although this can be accomplished by other package such as Ubuntu Software Center. In Ubuntu, the Software Updater can update the system to new versions which are released every six months for standard releases or every two years for Long Term Support releases. This functionality is included by default in the desktop version but needs to be added to the server version
29.
Ubiquity (software)
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Ubiquity is the default installer for Ubuntu and its derivatives. It is run from the Live CD or USB and can be triggered to run from the options on the device or on the desktop of the Live mode and it was first introduced in Ubuntu 6.06 LTS. At program start, it allows the user to change the language to a language if they prefer. It is designed to be easy to use, Ubiquity consists of a configuration wizard allowing the user to easily install Ubuntu and shows a slideshow showcasing many of Ubuntu’s features while it is installing. In Ubuntu 10.10, the team made changes to simplify the tool. Ubiquity allows the user to choose the installer to automatically update the software while its installing, if the user allows this, the installer will download the latest packages from the Ubuntu repository ensuring the system is up to date. When reviewing Ubuntu 10.10, Ryan Paul from Ars Technica said “During my tests, at the bottom the installer window, a progress bar is shown once the installation has started. At the end of the stage, a slideshow will show up until the end of install. The slideshow display short summaries and screenshots about the applications in Ubuntu, however though, not all the software shown is in the default installation and are available to download from the Ubuntu Software Center. These are so the user becomes more aware about other applications available for the platform. At the Ubuntu Developers Summit for Ubuntu 12.10, the agreed to remove this feature citing a lack of testing. Ubiquity allows OEMS and other Ubuntu derivatives to customise aspects of it such as the slideshow, anaconda Wubi Debian-Installer Ubiquity Ubiquity in Launchpad
30.
Ubuntu One
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Ubuntu One is an OpenID-based single sign-on service operated by Canonical Ltd. to allow users to log onto many Canonical-owned Web sites. Until April 2014, Ubuntu One was also a file hosting service, the service enabled users to store files online and sync them between computers and mobile devices, as well as stream audio and music from cloud to mobile devices. In April 2014, Canonical announced that the storage and synchronization features would be shut down at the end of July 31 of 2014. Ubuntu One had a client application that ran on Ubuntu 9.04 and later, Windows XP or newer, other Linux distributions not running GNOME were supported through a console client. The source code is available through launchpad and can easily be compiled for other Unix-like operating systems such as FreeBSD, there was an Ubuntu One music app for iOS devices. A free Ubuntu One account offered 5 GB of storage, the Ubuntu One service was similar to services such as Microsoft OneDrive, iCloud, Dropbox, Google Play Music, Amazon Cloud Player. Its client code was written in Python and it used Twisted for its low-level networking and Protocol Buffers for protocol description. Data was synced over a protocol called u1storage, and stored on Amazon S3. It also had capabilities for purchasing DRM-free music while synchronizing them automatically with an Ubuntu One Account via the Ubuntu One Music Store, Ubuntu One published APIs for developers wishing to build applications with file and data synchronization or music streaming. Other sites that support OpenID authorization also had support for Ubuntu One, on June 2013, the Ubuntu Single Sign On account was re-branded under Ubuntu One as part of consolidating Canonicals online services under the Ubuntu One brand. Also, the announcement identified Ubuntu Pay as another service to come under the brand, on April 2,2014, Canonical announced shutting down of select Ubuntu One services. As of the day of announcement, it was no longer possible to purchase space or music. File services would be unavailable from June 1, but existing users were allowed to download their content until July 31, Canonical explained that they were not willing to make more investment in Ubuntu One, which would be required to compete with other services. Instead, their priority is making an operating system for phones, tablets. The company also announced plans to release the code for the Ubuntu One server software to the public under an open-source license. The shutdown of cloud storage and synchronization services does not affect the single function of Ubuntu One. On July 31,2014 the service was shut down and all of the files were deleted. In August 2015 Canonical released the file syncing code under the GNU AGPL, some other server parts remain to be released with no ETA
31.
Upstart
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Upstart is an event-based replacement for the traditional init daemon – the method by which several Unix-like computer operating systems perform tasks when the computer is started. It was written by Scott James Remnant, an employee of Canonical Ltd. The traditional init process was only responsible for bringing the computer into a normal running state after power-on. As a result, the design is strictly synchronous, blocking future tasks until the current one has completed and its tasks must also be defined in advance, as they are limited to this prep or cleanup function. Upstart operates asynchronously, it handles starting of the tasks and services during boot and stopping them during shutdown, easy transition and perfect backward compatibility with sysvinit were the explicit design goals, accordingly, Upstart can run unmodified sysvinit scripts. Upstart allows for extensions to its event model through the use of initctl to input custom, single events, by default, Upstart includes bridges for socket, dbus, udev, file, and dconf events, additionally, more bridges are possible. Ubuntu 9.10 introduced native Upstart bootup as of Alpha 6, Upstart is used in Googles Chrome OS and Chromium OS. It was eventually removed from the Debian archives in December 2015, Ubuntu finished the switch to systemd as its default init system in version 15.04, with the exception of Ubuntu Touch. In Fedora 9, Upstart replaced sysvinit, however, systemd replaced Upstart in the Fedora 15 release, Red Hat includes Upstart in their Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 release. As a result, it is used by RHEL6 variants such as CentOS, Scientific Linux. For RHEL7, systemd is used instead, openSUSE included Upstart in version 11.3 Milestone 4, but not as default. Systemd replaced Upstart, as the default init system in openSUSE12.1, Upstart is used in HPs webOS for the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi, HP Veer, and HP Pre 3 smart phones, along with the HP TouchPad tablet. Upstart replaced the sysvinit in Maemo 5 for Nokia Internet tablets
32.
KDE
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KDE is an international free software community that develops Free and Libre software. Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop, KDE Frameworks and a range of applications designed to run on modern Unix-like. It further provides tools and documentation for developers that enables them to write software and this supporting role makes KDE a central development hub and home for many popular applications and projects like Calligra Suite, Krita or digiKam. The Plasma Desktop, being one of the most recognized projects of KDE, is the desktop environment on many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, Mageia, Chakra, Kubuntu. It was also the default desktop environment on PC-BSD, but was replaced with Lumina. The work of the KDE community can be measured in the following figures, more than 1800 contributors participate in developing KDE software. About 20 new developers contribute their first code each month, KDE Software consists of over 6 million lines of code. KDE Software is translated in over 108 languages, KDE Software is available on more than 114 official FTP mirrors in over 34 countries. A read-only mirror of all repositories can be found on Github, K Desktop Environment was founded in 1996 by Matthias Ettrich, who was then a student at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. At the time, he was troubled by certain aspects of the Unix desktop, among his concerns was that none of the applications looked, felt, or worked alike. He proposed the creation of not merely a set of applications but a desktop environment in which users could expect things to look, feel, and work consistently. He also wanted to make this easy to use, one of his complaints about desktop applications of the time was that it is too complicated for end user. His initial Usenet post spurred a lot of interest, and the KDE project was born, the name KDE was intended as a wordplay on the existing Common Desktop Environment, available for Unix systems. CDE is an X11-based user environment jointly developed by HP, IBM and it was supposed to be an intuitively easy-to-use desktop computer environment. The K was originally suggested to stand for Kool, but it was decided that the K should stand for nothing in particular. Therefore, the KDE initialism expanded to K Desktop Environment before it was dropped altogether in favor of KDE = Community due to the rebranding effort. The rebranding focused on de-emphasizing the desktop environment as just another product, what would have been previously known as KDE4 was split into three products, Plasma Workspaces, KDE Applications, and KDE Platform – bundled as KDE Software Compilation 4. As of today the name KDE no longer stands for K Desktop Environment, the financial and legal matters of KDE are handled by KDE e. V
33.
Free Software Foundation Europe
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The Free Software Foundation Europe was founded in 2001 to support all aspects of the free software movement in Europe. FSFE is a registered association under German law, and has registered chapters in several European countries. It is as an official European sister organization of the US-based Free Software Foundation, FSF and FSFE are financially and legally separate entities. FSFE believes that access to and control of software determines who may participate in a digital society, therefore, the freedoms to use, copy, modify and redistribute software, as described in The Free Software Definition, are necessary for equal participation in the Information Age. The focus of FSFEs work is political, legal, and social with the aim of promoting Free Software, in particular, it is actively promoting Free Software politically as Europe-based global competence center in dialog with politicians and press. Follows and seeks to influence legal and political activities that are contrary to the goals, provides a contact point and orientational help on all issues regarding Free Software. Works closely together with lawyers active in the Free Software area in Universities and practices in order to follow, also it cooperates with lawyers throughout Europe to maximize the legal security of Free Software. Supports, coordinates and develops projects in the Free Software area and it also provides computer resources to Free Software developers to enable them to continue their developments. Helps companies to develop business models based on Free Software or fit existing models to it, it encourages companies in their evolution to Free Software. To make it easier for companies based on Free Software to be commercially successful, helps coordinating and networking other initiatives in the Free Software area. Software patents are considered by the FSFE to be a menace to society and economy, European Union v. Microsoft In 2001 the European Union, through the DG Competition of the European Commission, started investigating Microsofts dominant position in the desktop operating systems. The Free Software Foundation Europe was invited by the EC to represent the stance of the Free Software movement and it provided strong evidence in court thanks to the effort volunteers like Andrew Tridgell, Jeremy Allison, Volker Lendeke and their lawyer, Carlo Piana. The case is now considered one of the cases in European antitrust. World Intellectual Property Organization The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of 16 specialized agencies of the United Nations system of organisations and its role is to administer 24 international treaties dealing with different aspects of limited monopolies on knowledge. As an observer to WIPO and together with a coalition of other players with similar goals. FSFE Legal Team The legal branch of FSFE that helps individuals, projects, businesses and government agencies find Free Software legal information, experts and support. FSFE Legal provides compliance, best practice, procurement and governance resources in-house, in partnership with FSFE’s associate organisations and its mission is to spread knowledge, solve problems and encourage the long-term growth of Free Software. Each month, FSFE publishes a newsletter, in multiple languages and we form a non-profit non-governmental organisation and network that itself is part of a global network of people with common goals and visions
34.
Ubuntu (operating system)
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Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support. It uses Unity as its user interface for the desktop. Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called clouds, development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd. a company of South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other related to Ubuntu. The Ubuntu project is committed to the principles of open-source software development, people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it. Ubuntu is built on Debians architecture and infrastructure, to provide Linux server, desktop, phone, tablet, the first release was in October 2004. Starting with Ubuntu 6.06, every release, one release every two years, receives long-term support. Long-term support includes updates for new hardware, security patches and updates to the Ubuntu stack. The first LTS releases were supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server, since Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, LTS releases get regular point releases with support for new hardware and integration of all the updates published in that series to date. Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debians unstable branch, both distributions use Debians deb package format and package management tools. Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily compatible with each other, however. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian, Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, had expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible, before release, packages are imported from Debian unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. One month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together, Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation, the purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the goal as to ensure the continuity of the Ubuntu project. On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd-party cloud management platforms, Unity has become the default GUI for Ubuntu Desktop, although following the release of Ubuntu 17.10 it will move to the GNOME3 desktop instead as work on Unity ends. A default installation of Ubuntu contains a range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Transmission
35.
Canonical Ltd.
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Canonical employs staff in more than 30 countries and maintains offices in London, Boston, Taipei, Shanghai, Tokyo and the Isle of Man. Canonical Ltd. has created and continues to back several projects, principally these are free and open-source software or tools designed to improve collaboration between free software developers and contributors. Some projects require a Contributor License Agreement to be signed. K, Canonical also claimed it would wait for the business to turn into a profitable one within another three to five years. Shuttleworth regarded Canonical as positioning itself as demand for services related to free software rose and this strategy has been compared to Red Hats business strategies in the 1990s. In an early 2009 New York Times article, Shuttleworth said that Canonicals revenue was creeping towards $30 million, however, as of 2013 the company was again in investment mode, making a $21.3 million loss as it invested in mobile. At the same time, the word Ubuntu was trademarked in connection with clothing, Canonical Group Ltd is located in London. Canonical USA Inc. is located in Lexington, Massachusetts, Canonical China Ltd is located in Shanghai. Canonical Brasil Ltda is located in São Paulo, Canonical Canada Ltd is located in Montreal. Canonical Ltd Taiwan Br. is located in Taipei, Canonical has more than 500 employees. The head office is in London, previously on the 27th floor of Millbank Tower, in the summer of 2006, Canonical opened an office in Montreal to house its global support and services operation. Taipei 101 is also home to a Canonical office, there is also an OEM team in Lexington, Massachusetts, United States. Bernard, was responsible for all major marketing deployments Stuart Langridge Jono Bacon, Ubuntu community leader Official website
36.
Ubuntu version history
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Ubuntu releases are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd, the developers of the Ubuntu operating system, using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004, consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional, if the release is delayed until a different month to that planned, the version number will change accordingly. However the desktop version of LTS releases before 12.04 were supported for three years. Releases 6.06,8.04,10.04,12.04,14.04, non-LTS releases prior to 13.04 have typically been supported for 18 months, and have always been supported until at least the date of the next LTS release. This has changed, however, for 13.04 and subsequent non-LTS releases, Ubuntu releases are also given code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter. With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer. Names are occasionally chosen so that animal appearance or habits reflects some new feature, Ubuntu releases are often referred to using only the adjective portion of the code name. Ubuntu 4.10, released on 20 October 2004, was Canonicals first release of Ubuntu, building upon Debian, with plans for a new release every six months, Ubuntu 4. 10s support ended on 30 April 2006. Ubuntu 4.10 was offered as a download and. Ubuntu 5.04, released on 8 April 2005, was Canonicals second release of Ubuntu, Ubuntu 5. 04s support ended on 31 October 2006. Ubuntu 5.04 allowed installation from USB devices, beginning with Ubuntu 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding. Ubuntu 5.10, released on 12 October 2005, was Canonicals third release of Ubuntu, Ubuntu 5. 10s support ended on 13 April 2007. Ubuntu 6.06, released on 1 June 2006, was Canonicals fourth release, Ubuntu 6.06 was released behind schedule, having been intended as 6.04. It is sometimes described as their first Late To Ship release. Development was not complete in April 2006 and Mark Shuttleworth approved slipping the release date to June, Ubuntu 6. 06s support ended on 14 July 2009 for desktops and ended in June 2011 for servers. Ubuntu 6.06 did not include a means to install from a USB device, Ubuntu 6.10, released on 26 October 2006, was Canonicals fifth release of Ubuntu. Ubuntu 6. 10s support ended on 25 April 2008, Ubuntu 6.10 added several new features including a heavily modified Human theme, Upstart init daemon, automated crash reports, Tomboy note taking application, and F-Spot photo manager. EasyUbuntu, a party program designed to make Ubuntu easier to use, was included in Ubuntu 6.10 as a meta-package
37.
Ubuntu (philosophy)
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Ubuntu is a Nguni Bantu term meaning humanity. It is often translated as humanity towards others, but is often used in a more philosophical sense to mean the belief in a universal bond of sharing that connects all humanity. The term ubuntu appears in South African sources from as early as the mid-19th century, reported translations covered the semantic field of human nature, humanness, humanity, virtue, goodness, kindness. The concept was popularised in terms of a philosophy or world view beginning in the 1950s, from the 1970s, the ubuntu began to be described as a specific kind of African humanism. The first publication dedicated to ubuntu as a philosophical concept appeared in 1980, Hunhuism or Ubuntuism, Hunhuism or Ubuntuism is presented as political ideology for the new Zimbabwe, as Southern Rhodesia was granted independence from the United Kingdom. From Zimbabwe, the concept was taken over in South Africa in the 1990s as an ideal for the transition from apartheid to majority rule. There are many different, and not always compatible, definitions of what ubuntu is, Ubuntu asserts that society, not a transcendent being, gives human beings their humanity. An example is a Zulu-speaking person who when commanding to speak in Zulu would say “khuluma isintu, when someone behaves according to custom, a Sotho-speaking person would say “ke motho, ” which means he/she is a human. The exclusionary and abhorrent aspect of this would be exemplified by a tale told in Nguni “kushone abantu ababili ne Shangaan”, in Sepedi “go tlhokofetje batho ba babedi le leShangane”, in each of these examples, humanity comes from conforming to or being part of the tribe. It is a demand for a creative intersubjective formation in which the ‘other’ becomes a mirror for my subjectivity and this idealism suggests to us that humanity is not embedded in my person solely as an individual, my humanity is co-substantively bestowed upon the other and me. Humanity is a quality we owe to each other and we create each other and need to sustain this otherness creation. And if we belong to other, we participate in our creations, we are because you are. The ‘I am’ is not a subject, but a dynamic self-constitution dependent on this otherness creation of relation. An extroverted communities aspect is the most visible part of this ideology, there is sincere warmth with which people treat both strangers and members of the community. This overt display of warmth is not merely aesthetic but enables formation of spontaneous communities, the resultant collaborative work within these spontaneous communities transcends the aesthetic and gives functional significance to the value of warmth. How else are you to ask for sugar from your neighbour, warmth is not the sine qua non of community formation but guards against instrumentalist relationships. Unfortunately, sincere warmth may leave one vulnerable to those with ulterior motives, Ubuntu as political philosophy has aspects of socialism, propagating the redistribution of wealth. This is similar to policies in liberalism
38.
Jono Bacon
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Jono Bacon is a writer and software engineer, originally from the United Kingdom, but now based in California. He works as a consultant on community strategy, Bacon started his work with the Linux community when he created the Linux UK website. When he left this project he moved on to join the KDE team, Bacon started his career as a Linux journalist before moving on, in 2006, to work for OpenAdvantage, to help move organizations to Open Source solutions. From 4 September 2006 until 28 May 2014, he worked for Canonical Ltd. as the Ubuntu Community Manager, from 29 May 2014 until 30 October 2015 he worked at XPrize as the Senior Director of Community. From 14 November 2015 to May 2016, Bacon worked as Director of Community for GitHub and he currently works as a consultant on community strategy. Bacon has written for a variety of publications, including Linux User and Developer, Linux Format, Linux Magazine, MacTech, MacFormat, Bacon was the co-founder of the LugRadio and Bad Voltage podcasts, and was a co-host on FLOSS Weekly. Bacon played in several bands, as singer and guitarist. From 2008 to 2012 he and Defiance guitarist Jim Adams ran the metal band Severed Fifth, which released three albums, and distributed its music freely under a Creative Commons license
39.
Benjamin Mako Hill
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Benjamin Mako Hill is a free software activist, hacker, and author. Hill is an assistant professor in Communication at the University of Washington, Hill has a masters degree from the MIT Media Lab and received a PhD in an interdepartmental program involving the MIT Sloan School of Management and the MIT Media Lab. Since fall 2013, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Washington and he is also a Fellow at the MIT Center for Civic Media where he coordinates the development of software for civic organizing. He has worked as an advisor and contractor for the One Laptop per Child project and he is a speaker for the GNU Project, and serves on the board of Software Freedom International. Since 2006 he is married to Mika Matsuzaki, having used mathematically constrained wedding vows at the marriage ceremony, since 1999, Hill has been an active member of Debian. In addition he served on the board of Software in the Public Interest from March 2003 until July 2006, Hill is also a core developer and founding member of Ubuntu, and continues to be an active contributor to the project. In addition to technical responsibilities, he coordinated the construction of a community around the Ubuntu Project as project community manager during Ubuntus first year, during this period, he worked full-time for Canonical Ltd. Within the Project, he served on the Community Council governance board that oversees all aspects of the project. His work included contributing to a code of conduct and diversity statement for the project, in addition to software development, Hill writes extensively. He has been published in books and magazines, newsletters, and online journals. He has also studied the sociology of community involvement in web communities and he has talked about these topics publicly, as well as giving a keynote address at 2008 OSCON. He spends a significant amount of his traveling and giving talks on FOSS and intellectual property primarily in Europe. Previous to his current positions, Hill pursued research full-time as a researcher at the MIT Media Laboratory. At the lab, he has worked in both the Electronic Publishing and Computing Culture groups on collaborative writing and decision-making software, One project, Selectricity is an award-winning voting tool which received prizes and grants from MTV and Cisco. He was a fellow at the Harvard Berkman Center for Internet & Society and he serves on the advisory board of the Wikimedia Foundation, the advisory council of the Open Knowledge Foundation and the board of the Free Software Foundation. He was a member of the Ubuntu Community Council in 2009. Debian GNU/Linux 3. com MIT LabCAST, Selectricity Laboratories of Oligarchy, video recording of a presentation at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society
40.
Ian Jackson
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Ian Jackson is a long time free software author and Debian developer. Jackson wrote dpkg, SAUCE, userv and debbugs and he used to maintain the Linux FAQ. He runs chiark. greenend. org. uk, a popular server, Jackson has a PhD in Computer Science from Cambridge University. He currently works for Citrix and previously worked for Canonical Ltd. Jackson became Debian Project Leader in January 1998, before Wichert Akkerman took his place in 1999. Debian GNU/Linux 2.0 was released during his term, during that time he was also a vice-president and then president of Software in the Public Interest in 1998 and 1999. Jackson was a member of the Debian Technical Committee until November 2014 when he resigned as a result of controversies around the use of systemd in Debian
