1.
Mandaluyong
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Mandaluyong is a city in the Philippines located directly east of Manila. It is one of the sixteen cities which, along with the Municipality of Pateros, make up Metro Manila and it is known for the Ortigas Center, a commercial and business center that is also shared with Pasig. The city is bordered by Manila to the west, San Juan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, Pasig to the east, according to the 2015 census, it has a population of 386,276. It is also the 6th-smallest city in the Philippines with an area of 11.06 km2. There are different stories on the origin of the name Mandaluyong, one tells of how the place was abundant with a kind of person called luyongwas in love with manda since they were adults, from which beautiful canes and furniture were made. Another claims that the Spaniards named the place based on the report of a navigator named Acapulco and this seems to confirm traditional pre-Hispanic stories that giant waves from the sea would meet the adjoining hills of the vast lowland, referred to as salpukan ng alon. Felix dela Huerta, a Franciscan historian, observed that the topography of this land resembled giant waves of the sea. Romantic residents, however, peddle the similarly formulaic legend of a Maharlika named Luyong who fell in love with Manda, the chieftain had no personal liking for Luyong and forbade him Mandas hand. Luyong overcame this objection by winning a series of tribal contests which was the custom at the time, the couple settled thereafter in a place which was later called “Mandaluyong by means of joining their names. Residents of Mandaluyong have always known for their industry. Men did the laundry to the amusement of non-residents until shortly after the war and these industrious people trace their roots to Emperor Soledan and Empress Sasaban of the Kingdom of Sapa whose son Prince Balagtas ruled as sovereign of the kingdom in about the year 1300. More than a later, in about the year 1470. The vast Kingdom comprised what are now Quiapo, San Miguel, Sta, Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Malate, Malate and Sta. Ana in Manila, and Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Parañaque, Mandaluyong was first known as a barrio of Sta. Ana de Sapa which was part of the District of Paco, named San Felipe Neri by the Spaniards in honor of the Patron Saint of Rome, it was separated civilly from Sta. On September 15,1863 San Felipe Neri established its own parish and under the administration of the Congregation “Dulcisimo Nombre de Jesus”, it constructed its own church, convent and school. The Parish of San Felipe Neri played a significant role as a station for propagating the Katipunan during the 1896-1898 Revolution. Mandaluyong shows significance in the historic Philippine Revolution of 1896 as the baluarte of Katipunan or Makabuhay group with seventeen branches, in this site, Bonifacio read the last manifestation of the Katipunan before they transferred in Hagdan Bato, in the house of Felix Sanchez
2.
Mega Manila
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Mega Manila is the term used for the megalopolis in the Philippine regions of Central Luzon, Calabarzon, Mimaropa and Metro Manila. Mapping out the area around Manila requires finer granularity than the more generic term Mega Manila. Mega Manila is used in reference to the relationship of Metro Manila to surrounding provinces. Mega Manila, as a metropolitan area defined by the Philippine Information Agency, is divided into the national capital region. Mega Manilas 2010 population is projected at 35,607,000, or 37. 8% of the countrys population, and covers roughly half of Luzon, about 50,000 square kilometers, including many rural areas. As a comparison, only the cities of Tokyo, Jakarta, both Mega Manila definitions only include entire provinces, without finer detail. This Nielsen defined area has an ownership of televisions per household anywhere in the country due to its relative economic prosperity as compared to other areas in the country. Radio ratings agency Radio Research Council also provide measurement of audience ratings, thus the academic definition as used for urban studies for built-up area surrounding Manila requires yet another term to disambiguate from the already used terms Mega Manila and Metro Manila. Greater Manila Area Urban Luzon Philippine Information Agency
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
Adult contemporary music
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Adult contemporary is rather a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music. Adult contemporary tends to have lush, soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and it is usually melodic enough to get a listeners attention, and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music. Like most of pop music, its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse–chorus structure, the format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitars, pianos, saxophones, and sometimes an orchestral set. The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched, however, recent adult contemporary music may usually feature synthesizers. An AC radio station may play mainstream music, but it excludes hip hop, dance tracks, hard rock, and some forms of teen pop, as these are popular among adults. AC radio often targets the 25–44 age group, the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s, a common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past. This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart, over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including hot AC, soft AC, urban AC, rhythmic AC, and Christian AC. Some stations play only hot AC, soft AC, or only one of the variety of subgenres, therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music, it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres. Adult contemporary traces its roots to the 1960s easy listening format, a few offered 90% instrumentals, and a handful were entirely instrumental. Billboard first published the Easy Listening chart July 17,1961, with 20 songs, the chart described itself as not too far out in either direction. Initially, the vocalists consisted of such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s. After 1965, differences between the Hot 100 chart and the Easy Listening chart became more pronounced, better reflecting what middle of the road stations were actually playing, the composition of the chart changed dramatically. As rock music continued to harden, there was much less crossover between the Hot 100 and Easy Listening chart than there had been in the half of the 1960s. Roger Miller, Barbra Streisand and Bobby Vinton were among the charts most popular performers and these middle of the road stations also frequently included older, pre-rock-era adult standards and big band titles to further appeal to adult listeners who had grown up with those songs. Another big impetus for the evolution of the AC radio format was the popularity of easy listening or beautiful music stations, stations with music specifically designed to be purely ambient, hard rock had been established as a mainstream genre by 1965. From the end of the 1960s, it common to divide mainstream rock music into soft and hard rock. Soft rock was often derived from rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody
6.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
7.
DWKX
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DWKX, branded as 103.5 K-Lite, is a radio station, operating 24 hours a day with an Mainstream AC format. It is owned and operated by Advanced Media Broadcasting System, Inc and its studio and transmitter are located at Unit 906A, Paragon Plaza Building, EDSA corner Reliance street, Mandaluyong City. The station started in the 1970s as DPI Radio 1, which was owned and operated by the government of the Philippines through Department of Public Information, under the call letters of DWIM-FM. It was then a simulcast station of DPI Radio 1710 kHz with its callsign DZFM,103.5 CS played the Standards genre, ranging from World War II up to the Early 80s. It was sold in 1995 to Advanced Media Broadcasting System through the efforts of Jinji Buhain, seven of Manilas best disc jockeys set out to form a radio station that would be best in the much-established and well-known old hands of the industry. The new station occupied the frequency, studios and equipment formerly handled by the defunct standards music station DWCS, K-Lite started airing on October 23,1995 With studios at the Philcomcen Building in Pasig. The first DJ to go on air was Joe Schmoe, his first song was Pride by U2, within a few months, it became one of the favorite radio stations of the young professionals and more outspoken listeners. Offering the best of contemporary music and spicing everyday music fare with daring, thought provoking talk. K-Lite made radio talk shows a staple in the FM band, the station changed its format to attract more audiences from different demographics. From The Right Kind of Lite format in the late 1990s to Best Music of the 80s, 90s & Today in the turn of the century to Manilas Lite Alternative in 2003 to 2006, K-Lite began playing alternative rock and sometimes hard rock music on a more frequent basis. 103.5 K-Lite made promotional events that meant more than just parties, K-Lite also made its milestone as the very first radio station that covered The Dodgeball Cup on The Morning Brew. Disc jockeys of K-Lite made their final broadcast all together on November 30,2006 to give thanks to their beloved listeners and its lite alternative format has since been carried over to sister station Jam 88.3. On January 1,2007, Heart 103.5 debuted on the airwaves as Easy Listening the Way it Should Be and they later switched their slogan to Easy Listening. Heart 1035 had a number of events in the span of six months. Also in May 2005, Heart 1035 won the award for Caltex Fastbreak to the NBA Promo as The Best Radio Station in Execution of a Promo beating out other competing radio stations, on June 18,2007, the Heart personalities made their final broadcast as a group. At exactly 9, 00pm of June 19,2007,103.5 presented a new format that sounded more mature akin to adult contemporary, the music covers both old and new hits with a new station name,103.5 MAX FM. Their slogan was In Tune with Manila, the format resembles of the first iteration of 99.5 RT, which at that time was known as 99.5 Hit FM. In mid-2009, the stations shifted to a predominantly dance format, with new slogans Move To It. and Manilas Leading Dance Source
8.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
9.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
10.
Frequency modulation
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In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the wave varies. This modulation technique is known as frequency-shift keying, FSK is widely used in modems and fax modems, and can also be used to send Morse code. Frequency modulation is used for FM radio broadcasting. For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio, frequency modulation has a close relationship with phase modulation, phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve frequency modulation. Mathematically both of these are considered a case of quadrature amplitude modulation. While most of the energy of the signal is contained within fc ± fΔ, the frequency spectrum of an actual FM signal has components extending infinitely, although their amplitude decreases and higher-order components are often neglected in practical design problems. Mathematically, a baseband modulated signal may be approximated by a continuous wave signal with a frequency fm. This method is also named as Single-tone Modulation. As in other systems, the modulation index indicates by how much the modulated variable varies around its unmodulated level. e. The maximum deviation of the frequency from the carrier frequency. For a sine wave modulation, the index is seen to be the ratio of the peak frequency deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating sine wave. If h ≪1, the modulation is called narrowband FM, sometimes modulation index h<0.3 rad is considered as Narrowband FM otherwise Wideband FM. In the case of digital modulation, the carrier f c is never transmitted, rather, one of two frequencies is transmitted, either f c + Δ f or f c − Δ f, depending on the binary state 0 or 1 of the modulation signal. If h ≫1, the modulation is called wideband FM, if the frequency deviation is held constant and the modulation frequency increased, the spacing between spectra increases. The carrier and sideband amplitudes are illustrated for different modulation indices of FM signals, for particular values of the modulation index, the carrier amplitude becomes zero and all the signal power is in the sidebands. Since the sidebands are on sides of the carrier, their count is doubled, and then multiplied by the modulating frequency to find the bandwidth. For example,3 kHz deviation modulated by a 2.2 kHz audio tone produces an index of 1.36. Suppose that we limit ourselves to only those sidebands that have an amplitude of at least 0.01
11.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
12.
Studio
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A studio is an artists or workers workroom, or the catchall term for an artist and their employees who work within that studio. The term is used for the workroom of dancers, often specified to dance studio. The word studio is derived from the Italian, studio, from Latin, studium, from studere, the French term for studio, atelier, in addition to designating an artists studio is used to characterize the studio of a fashion designer. Atelier also has the connotation of being the home of an alchemist or wizard, the studio of a successful artist, especially from the 15th to the 19th centuries, characterized all the assistants, thus the designation of paintings as from the workshop of. An art studio is called an atelier, especially in earlier eras. In contemporary, English language use, atelier can also refer to the Atelier Method, the above-mentioned method calls upon that zeal for study to play a significant role in the production which occurs in a studio space. A studio is more or less artful to the degree that the artist who occupies it is committed to the education in his or her formal discipline. A versatile and creative mind will embrace the opportunity of such practice to innovate and experiment, thus the method raises and maintains an art studio space above the level of a mere production facility or workshop. Safety is or may be a concern in studios, with some painting materials required to be handled, stored, or used properly to prevent poisoning, chemical burns, or fire. Media related to atelier at Wikimedia Commons In educational studios, students learn to develop related to design. In specific, educational studios are studio settings where large numbers of students learn to draft, educational studios are colloquially referred to as studio by students, who are known for staying up late hours into the night doing projects and socializing. The studio environment is characterized by 2 types in education, The workspace where students do usually visually-centered work in an open environment and this time and space is beyond that of instructional time and faculty guidance is not available. It allows for students to each other, help each other. A type of class that takes the above-mentioned workshop space, and it differentiates itself based on a topic of instruction, isolated space, instructor led/included, and an added focus of directed criticism. A great take on this type of studio classroom is described by Carleton University. Studio pottery is made by an individual working on his own in his studio. Production studios are those studios which act as centres for the production in any of the arts, in radio and television production studio is the place where programs and radio commercial and television advertising are recorded for further emission. Animation studios, like movie studios, may be production facilities, animation studios are a fast rising entity and they include established firms such as Walt Disney and Pixar
13.
EDSA (road)
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Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, commonly referred to by its acronym EDSA, is a limited-access circumferential highway around Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is the longest and the most congested highway in the metropolis, the entire road itself is a part of the Circumferential Road 4 system, a network of roads and bridges that acts as the fourth beltway for the City of Manila. It is also a component of N1 of the Philippine highway network. The decent economic growth of the areas around the avenue adds a significant volume of traffic on the avenue, and in recent estimates, and an average of 2.34 million vehicles go through it every day. EDSA is a carriageway, often consisting of 12 lanes,6 in either direction. EDSA is not an expressway, but traffic rules and speed limits are implemented to the vehicles that pass along it. It is operated by the Metro Manila Development Authority and is maintained and constantly being repaired by the Department of Public Works, EDSA starts from the Bonifacio Monument Roundabout in Gracepark, Caloocan, adjacent to the Apolonio Samson Road, the western side of the C-4 Road. The roundabout is also the marker of the 1896 Revolution by Andres Bonifacio, the 1.7 kilometers of the road are in Caloocan. The Avenue will then enter Quezon City through the Balintawak District, EDSA crosses much of the northern part of Quezon City, passing through the Project 6 and Muñoz districts. It sharply curves southwards after crossing the North Avenue-West Avenue Intersection in the Triangle Business Park, on the north side of EDSA is the SM City North EDSA. In front of it is the TriNoma mall and the Eton Centris or Centris Walk and it continues through the district of Cubao, entering the Araneta Center after crossing the Aurora Boulevard Tunnel. In Cubao, several malls, infrastructure and offices are located, most notably the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the Avenue curves southwards and enters the Santolan and Socorro districts, where the twin military bases of Camp Rafael Crame and Camp Aguinaldo, are located. The Greenhills Shopping Center and the Eastwood City are also located nearby, EDSA then continues on its route and serves as the boundary of the cities of San Juan and Quezon City. The People Power Monument can be seen on the side of EDSA in the White Plains Avenue junction. After the 11 kilometers of EDSA in Quezon City, the Avenue will eventually leave the city, EDSA enters Mandaluyong after crossing the borders of the Ortigas Center. It then curves smoothly westwards after it crosses the Pioneer Street and it enters the city of Makati after crossing the Pasig River, passing through the districts of Guadalupe, Comembo and Magallanes. In Guadalupe, EDSA provides access to the Rockwell Center, a major business park in Makati. The highway also provides access to the city of Taguig
14.
Philippine Broadcasting Service
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Philippine Broadcasting Service is a radio network in the Philippines. It is owned by the Philippine government under the Presidential Communications Office, in September 1946, two months after the Philippines became an independent country from the U. S. A. KZFM was turned over to the Philippine government, with the transfer was born the Philippine Broadcasting Service, PBS the second broadcasting organization after Manila Broadcasting Company. The station was first operated by the Department of Foreign Affairs until it was transferred to the Radio Broadcasting Board which was created by President Manuel Quezon on September 3,1937. In January 1942, the RBB was abolished to give way to the establishment of the Philippine Information Council which then assumed the function of the RBB, including the operation of DZFM. Over the years hence, the PBS had acquired 13 more radio stations, the NMPC operated the Voice of the Philippines, VOP, on both medium wave-918 kHz and shortwave 9.810 mHz transmissions. In 1975, the NMPC obtained DWIM-FM, with this new station and some provincial stations that came under its wings earlier, the NMPC was a network and effectively covered a wide range of the Philippine listenership. Public service features were the keystone of its programs, after the EDSA Revolution, the Office of Media Affairs was abolished, followed by the NMPC, and finally, the BB. 297, President Corazon Aquino established the Bureau of Broadcast Services, during Aquino administration, PBS transferred its office from ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center complex to PIA/Media Center Building in Visayas Avenue, Quezon City. During his first State of the Nation Address, President Rodrigo Duterte will pass a law merging PBS with its TV counterpart, Live government news is aired here. Peoples Television Network Filipinas, Ahora Mismo List of radio stations in the Philippines PBS Website Live Streaming for PBS Stations in Metro Manila
15.
DZSR
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The stations studio is located at 4th Floor, Media Center, Visayas Avenue, Barangay Vasra, Diliman, Quezon City, and the transmitter is located at Malolos City, Bulacan. DZSR operates daily from 6,00 a. m. to 12,00 AM, DZSR was formerly known as DPI Radyo Maynila during martial law. On May 10,1986, Sports Radio was established under the leadership of former actor Jose Mari Gonzales who took over as the Interim Director of the Bureau of Broadcast Services, Gonzales ordered that all BBS radio station will give their respective identites. DZFM was converted at that time as a news and information station covering sports developments in the country, before DZFM was rebranded as Sports Radio, it was then-known as Radio Sports which is just a segment of the government radio station DZFM. The youth programs of DWSY named Youth Service usually air on Saturdays, at the end of 2010, DWSY has changed back to DZSR. DZSR is a network that focuses primarily on sports programs. Known as the first sports radio station in Southeast Asia, the station is dubbed as Institution in Philippine Sports Broadcast. And/or Your one and only Sports Connection--the home of Philippine National Athletes, the station covers the Palarong Pambansa, Southeast Asian Games, the Asian Games, and the Olympic Games on a limited basis such as reporting and covering important events. It is the former home-broadcaster of the Philippine Basketball League and the Radyo PBA, covering the Philippine Basketball Association, before Radyo5 took over the radio rights. DZSR Sports Radio 918 kHz. is one among 32 Network stations of the PBS-BBS throughout the country, DZSR was also known for its blow-by-blow and pedal-by-pedal radio coverage of the cycling events in the country including Ronda Pilipinas and Tour of Marboro. m. Chess On-Air, Fridays,11, 00-12,00 nn—a program which features live and these, outside of other programs which focus on particular sports, i. e. m. Saturday Mid-Evening with the Beatles,6, 00-10,00 p. m. m. followed by another early Sunday toast-- Sunday Sports Spotlight At present, the current station manager of Sports Radio 918 is Rick Yap Santos. Aside from Yap Santos, the personalities of the station are Judith Caringal, Anne Camua-Viñas, Ria Arevalo, Cecille Quimlat, Peter Paul Patrick Lucas, John Mogol, JP Mañosa. Snow Badua Benjie Castro Philippine Broadcasting Service
16.
DZRB-AM
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DZRB Radyo ng Bayan is an AM station owned and operated by Philippine Broadcasting Service in the Philippines. The stations studios are located in 4/F, PIA/Media Center Building, Visayas Avenue, vasra, Diliman, Quezon City, and its transmitter is located at Brgy Marulas, Valenzuela City. DZRB is the first radio station in the Philippines before the launch of DZRH, Radyo ng Bayan was formerly known as DZFM, one of the oldest radio stations under the Philippine government, and DPI Radio 1 / MPI Radio 1 during Martial Law. Radyo ng Bayan is first oldest radio station in the Philippines, Radyo ng Bayan operates daily from 4 am to 12 mn. During Holy Week annually, Radyo ng Bayan leaves the air starting 12 mn of Maundy Thursday, peoples Television Network Media Ownership Monitor Philippines - Radio by VERA Files and Reporters Without Borders
17.
DWBR
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Its studios and transmitter are located at 4th Floor, Philippine Information Agency Building, Visayas Avenue, Quezon City. It operates daily from 6 am to 12 mn, DWBR started in 1979 as DWIM, headquartered at the Philcomcen Tower in Pasig serving music and news daily from 5 AM to midnight. Newscasters around that time were Jess Decolongan, Don Lee, other voices of DWIM included Babs Peña and Manny Freires. Since being DWIM, the station has 3 major 15-minute newscasts at 7 AM, noon, at the top of every hour other than the mentioned hours, there is a 5-minute news bulletin, which includes business reports around the times when the Philippine Stock Exchange is open. It became DWBR in 1986, after the People Power Revolution, the station held the tagline, Weaving Beautiful Rhythms. It played old standards music, from the big band era to the Broadway era, in early 1990s, it adopted the brand Business Radio, albeit retaining its music format. Since that time, it covered the latest business stories and issues in the Philippines with its coverage of the Philippine stock market and it also aired various talk programs that discusses relevant matters concerning business, the environment. It was managed by its active manager Ms. Ma, regular newscasters include Bon Vibar, Cheryl Buenaventura-Ayuste, Rouella Santos, Alel Auxillos, Shirly Semic, and Edwin Santos. Other voices heard on the station are Manny Carvajal, Fred Patrick, Camille Victoria, Dean Bernardo, in 2014, Broadcasters Bureau, a weekday morning show, was replaced with Fresh, which played a mix of retro & current music hosted by veteran DJ George Boone. Business Radio used to operate from 6 am to 10 pm daily, similar its sister stations DZSR, in January 2017, PBS announced that Business Radio will change its name to FM2, effective February 2,2017. Prior to this announcement, Rizal Bong Aportadera, Jr. was appointed by PCO Sec. Martin Andanar as the Director of PBS in July 2016. A month later, Carlo José Villo was then appointed by Aportadera as the agencys Deputy Director, Villo serves as the program director for 104.3 FM, as well as its recently acquired 87.5 FM. On January 15,2017, Business Radio quietly signed off for the last time, on January 24,2017, the station went on air for test broadcast playing the 80s and the 90s music along with pre-recorded teasers carrying the New Republic tagline. Sonny B, Carlo José and George Boone had their warm-up 3 days after its test broadcast, on February 2,2017, past 5, 30am, DWBR signed on as FM2. At that time, it extended its broadcast time by two hours, broadcasting until midnight, FM2 plays music from the 80s and the 90s with a commercial-free, less talk and more music type of programming. Official Facebook Page of DWBR104.3
18.
People Power Revolution
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The People Power Revolution was a series of popular demonstrations in the Philippines that began in 1983 and culminated on February 22–25,1986. There was a campaign of civil resistance against regime violence. The nonviolent revolution led to the departure of President Ferdinand Marcos and it is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the assassination of Filipino senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino, Jr. The majority of the demonstrations took place on a stretch of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, more commonly known by its acronym EDSA. The protests, fueled by the resistance and opposition from years of governance by Marcos. Corazon Aquino was proclaimed as the President of the Philippines after the revolution, some authors praised Marcos decision not to attack the protesters and to voluntarily leave the country for preventing a bloody civil war. Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected president in 1965, defeating incumbent Diosdado Macapagal by a margin of 52 to 43 percent, during this time, Marcos was very active in the initiation of public works projects and the intensification of tax collections. Marcos and his government claimed that they built more roads than all his predecessors combined, Marcos second term for the presidency was marred by allegations by the opposition Liberal Party of widespread graft and corruption. On September 23,1972, citing more than 15 bombing incidents, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum in 1973 though the referendum was marred by controversy. The referendum had the results, As Marcos was barred from running for a third term as president in 1973. Rigoberto Tiglao, former secretary and a former communist incarcerated during the martial law, argued that the liberal. The new constitution went into effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary, the constitution was approved by 95% of the voters in the Philippine constitutional plebiscite. Marcos also dissolved the Philippine Congress and shut down media establishments critical of the Marcos government, Marcos also ordered the immediate arrest of his political opponents and critics. In his undelivered speech upon his return from the US on August 21,1983, Aquino said, I am not a communist, never was and never will be. In 1978, while still in prison, Aquino founded his political party, despite warnings from the military and other pro-Marcos groups, Ninoy Aquino was determined to return to the Philippines. Asked what he thought of the threats, Ninoy Aquino responded, “The Filipino is worth dying for. ”At that time, Ninoys passport had expired. The passport carried the alias Marcial Bonifacio, Aquino became allies with Rashid Lucman as he supported the Muslim rebellion in Mindanao against the government. On August 21,1983, after an exile in the United States
19.
Archdiocese of Manila
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The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The reigning Metropolitan Archbishop is Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle, the 32nd to hold the office and the fifth native Filipino following centuries of Spanish, American, and Irish predecessors. The cathedral church is the Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, with the Blessed Virgin Mary, the archdiocese juridically comprises the cities of Manila, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, and Mandaluyong, as well as EDSA Shrine in Quezon City. Fray Domingo de Salazar, a Dominican from the Convent of San Sebastian in Salamanca, over the course of history and growth of Catholicism in the Philippines, the diocese was elevated and new dioceses had been carved from its territory. On August 14,1595, Pope Clement VIII raised the diocese to the status of an archdiocese with Bishop Ignacio Santibáñez elevated as its first archbishop, three new dioceses were created as suffragan to Manila, Nueva Cáceres, Nueva Segovia, and Cebu. With the creation of new dioceses, the territory of the archdiocese was reduced to the city of Manila. It was bounded to the north by the Diocese of Nueva Segovia, to the south by the Diocese of Cebu, during the Hispanic period, the Archdiocese was ruled by a succession of Spanish and Latino archbishops. An example of which would be the Boxer Codex, whose earliest owner Lord Giles of Ilchester, had inherited it from an ancestor who stole it from Manila during the British Occupation, nevertheless, peace was subsequently restored after the Protestant British occupation. In the time after this, the Catholic religious orders became the driving force in the Archdiocese of Manila. The local diocesan clergy resented the foreign religious orders due to their monopoly of ecclesiastical positions. This inspired the Jesuit educated Jose Rizal to form the La Liga Filipina, to ask for reforms from Spain, Rizal was executed and the La Liga Filipina dissolved. The 1896 Philippine revolution was triggered when the Spanish discovered the secret organisation Katipunan. Some members of the Katipunan then turned to the Catholic Church, in the period after the war Philippine churches were restored in the Art-Deco architectural motif. On the same date the Diocese of Lipa was created, with jurisdiction over the provinces of Batangas, Tayabas, Marinduque, in May 1928 Pope Pius XI established the Diocese of Lingayen, carved from Manila and Nueva Segovia. In this creation 26 parishes were separated from Manila and he also named Our Lady of Guadalupe as a patroness of the Filipino people in 1938. December 8,1941, marked the beginning of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, members of the secretive Black Dragon Society had infiltrated all facets of Philippine life and had greatly guided the invading Japanese forces. World War 2 marked a period of loss to the Archdiocese of Manila. Due to the heavy damages resulted from World War II, the Manila Cathedral underwent major rebuilding from 1946 to 1958, the Parish of San Miguel served as pro-cathedral or temporary cathedral of the local church until the Manila Cathedral was reopened and blessed in 1958
20.
DZRV
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Radio Veritas is a Roman Catholic AM station owned and operated by the Archdiocese of Manila under the Global Broadcasting System, a member of the Catholic Media Network. April 11,1969 – Radyo Veritas was inaugurated with Asian bishops as guests, antonio Cardinal Samore represented Pope Paul VI. It began broadcasting on the frequency formerly assigned to DZST, another Catholic radio station operated by the University of Santo Tomas. By that time, it was owned by the Philippine Radio Educational and Information Center. November 29,1970 – Pope Paul VI, on his visit to the country. August 21,1983 – Radyo Veritas became a byword with its coverage of related to the assassination of former Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. General Fidel V. Ramos who had defected from the Marcos government, the three-day bloodless revolution eventually removed Marcos from power and installed Corazon Aquino as the eleventh President. May 17,1991 – Radyo Veritas was acquired by the Global Broadcasting System from the owner, Radio Veritas Asia of PREIC. DZNN also moved its studios to Makati City and became home to some of the notable broadcasters such as Louie Beltran, Ramon Tulfo, Rey Langit, Jay Sonza, Orly Punzalan, Joel Reyes-Zobel and Dave Sta. Millions of protestors converged on the Shrine, eventually ousting President Joseph Estrada from Malacañang and handing power to his Vice-President,2005 – A new management took over the operations of Radyo Veritas. That time, it launched its new logo and new programs centered on faith, the longest-running station ID jingle of Radyo Veritas was retained. 2008 – DZRV-Radyo Veritas established its Kapanalig Radio Community to further engage its listeners and deepen its vision and mission as the station for truth and evangelization
21.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
22.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
23.
Typhoon Angela
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Typhoon Angela, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Rosing, was a catastrophic Category 5 typhoon with 180 mph sustained winds. Angela caused 9.33 billion Philippine pesos in damage across the Philippines. It was the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines in 25 years, the monsoon trough that developed also Yvette and Zack spawned another tropical depression on October 25 in conjunction with a tropical disturbance that originated in the Marshall Islands. It moved to the west, organizing very slowly to become a storm on October 26. It maintained that intensity as it moved westward, hitting the Philippines on November 2 as a slightly weaker 160 mph typhoon, Angela continued to the west-northwest, where upper level winds caused it to dissipate on November 7 over the Gulf of Tonkin. More than 900 people perished due to the catastrophic typhoon and it wreaked havoc over Metro Manila, Calabarzon Region and Bicol Region. Initially it caused 9.33 billion pesos of damage, throughout the affected area, more than 96,000 houses were destroyed, along with bridges and roads. The worst impact was in the Southern Bicol Region, Angela passed almost right over Manila, causing a significant impact both there and in Catanduanes. In Calauag, storm surge and flooding from a dam failure killed 121 people, in nearby Paracale, mudslides killed more than a hundred people. Power outages affected one third of the country, angelas 872 mbar pressure reading makes it one of the strongest typhoons on record. While this is low by the standards of any location, it is still behind Typhoon Tip. However, Angela is a contender for worlds most intense tropical cyclone. In a study utilizing the Dvorak technique for analysis of post-1987 typhoons, the authors also thought that Angela might have been slightly more intense than Gay, and hence Tip. Angela was the strongest typhoon to hit the Philippines since 1970s Joan, on a weather observatory on Catanduanes reported winds of 260 km/h. This makes it the typhoon with third-highest windspeeds recorded in the Philippines
24.
Pride (In the Name of Love)
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Pride is a song by Irish rock band U2. The second track on the bands 1984 album, The Unforgettable Fire, it was released as the albums lead single in September 1984. Written about Martin Luther King, Jr. the song received mixed reviews at the time. Pride appeared on the compilation The Best of 1980-1990 as the opening track, the song ranked number 388 on the Rolling Stone list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The melody and the chords were worked up in a November 1983 War Tour sound check in Hawaii, the guitar part is subtly varied through each verse, chorus, and melody, such that no riff is exactly repeated. The song had been intended to be based on Ronald Reagans pride in Americas military power, in subsequent years, Bono has expressed his dissatisfaction with the lyrics, which he describes, along with another Unforgettable Fire song Bad, as being left as simple sketches. In U2 by U2, Bono said, I looked at how glorious that song was and thought and its just a load of vowel sounds ganging up on a great man. It is emotionally very articulate - if you didnt speak English, the song contains the erroneous reference to Kings shooting as Early morning, April 4, when it actually occurred after 6 p. m. Bono acknowledges the error and in live performances he occasionally changes the lyric to Early evening, chrissie Hynde of the Pretenders sang backing vocals on the recording. She was married to Jim Kerr of Simple Minds at the time, Pride is in the key of B. The song follows a progression of B-E–A–F♯m and the solo is B–D–E–E. Pride reached #3 on the UK Singles Chart and #8 on the Dutch Singles Chart, the song was the bands first top 40 hit in the United States where it peaked at #33. It gained considerable US album-oriented rock radio airplay and its video was on rotation on MTV. It reached #1 in New Zealand, the first time a U2 single topped a countrys singles chart, initial critical reactions to Pride were mixed, especially in regards to the lyrics. Robert Christgau in The Village Voice complained of the moralism with the glorification of Martin Luther Kings martyrdom. Meanwhile, Kurt Loder of Rolling Stone wrote that Pride gets over only on the strength of its resounding beat and big, droning bass line, not on the nobility of its lyrics, which are unremarkable. But the 1984 Pazz & Jop poll of 240 music critics ranked Pride as the 12th best single of year, a higher ranking than the overall album. The singles ranking remained the highest of any U2 single until One achieved 8th in 1992, and in 1989, Spin named the song the 65th-greatest single in history
25.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
26.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
27.
Starbucks Coffee
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Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. As of November 2016, it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, many stores sell pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers, select Starbucks Evenings locations offer beer, wine, and appetizers. Starbucks-brand coffee, ice cream, and bottled cold coffee drinks are sold at grocery stores. Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s, the first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996, overseas properties now constitute almost one-third of its stores. The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007, on December 1,2016, Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson. The company took the name of the mate in the book Moby-Dick, Starbuck, after considering Cargo House. Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, the founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with st. Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named Starbo, Bowker said, Moby-Dick didnt have anything to do with Starbucks directly, it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense. The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976 and this cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place, never to be relocated again. During this time, the only sold roasted whole coffee beans. The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples, during their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, then began buying directly from growers. In 1984, the owners of Starbucks, led by Jerry Baldwin. During the 1980s, total sales of coffee in the US were falling, by 1986, the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee. In 1987, the owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz. In the same year, Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, by 1989,46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually, Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds of coffee. At the time of its public offering on the stock market in June 1992, Starbucks had 140 outlets, with a revenue of US$73.5 million. The companys market value was US$271 million by this time, the 12% portion of the company that was sold raised around US$25 million for the company, which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years
28.
DWJM
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DWJM, broadcasting as Jam 88.3, is a 24-hour radio station in Metro Manila that plays independent and alternative music. It is owned and operated by Raven Broadcasting Corporation, the stations studio is located on the 19th flr Unit 202 Strata 200 Building F. Ortigas Jr. Road Ortigas Center, Pasig City, while the transmitter is located at Palos Verdes Executive Village, Brgy. Cruz, Sumulong Highway, Antipolo City, Rizal, Raven Broadcasting Corporation, Citylite 88.3 and they were Gerry Geronimo, Steve Salonga, Alex Limjuco, Kit Ravina, Francis Lumen, Bong Sierra and Mike Pedero who was also the program director at the time. It was the forerunner of R&B, contemporary music and Jazz after an absence of the genre for over 10 years,105.1 Crossover and Kiss Jazz 101.1 just followed suit after the success of the station with the A and B crowd. It is also the radio station of CNN and Asia Business News and was also affiliated with the American expats in the country. In October 1996, Citylite 88.3 launched on the internet with its live streaming on the old website, after 2 years, Raven Broadcasting Corporation was acquired by The Radio Partners, Inc. while Francis Lumen switched to Joey @ Rhythms 92.3. From March 2001 to June 2003, it was known as Smooth Jazz Citylite 88.3, on June 30,2003, after 15 years on DWCT-FM, Citylite 88.3 bid farewell. As its last song, it played Eumir Deodato’s “Love Island” on the program “Smooth Classic Sunday” with DJ Harry, on July 1,2003, Raven Broadcasting Corporation relaunched the station as Jam 88.3 to cater to a larger more advertiser-friendly audience.9. Last September 11,2012, it was relaunched as The New Jam, the stations format is still the same, but includes Mainstream rock and a few new programs. Since 2013, the became the home of playing songs from local. Some indie acts became popular such as Autotelic, Bullet Dumas, Yolanda Moon and others. Jam Sessions - Radio Live Jam 88.3 your kind of mix www. jam883. fm 8th Philippine Web Awards Best Web Site Entertainment Jam 88. 3- Your Kind of Mix www. jam883. fm Official website
29.
The Best Damn Thing
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The Best Damn Thing is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. It was released on 17 April 2007 by RCA Records, the album represents a musical departure from her earlier studio album Under My Skin which incorporates more elements of post-grunge music. The Best Damn Thing is seen by critics as Lavignes most commercial effort, however, the main criticism of the album was the lyrical content, where some found it too rough or brutal. The album debuted at one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 289,000 copies. The album also debuted atop of the charts including countries Austria, Canada, United Kingdom, as of September 2015, The Best Damn Thing has sold over 8.5 million copies worldwide. Four singles were released from the album and its lead single Girlfriend peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it as Lavignes most chart successful single to date. The single also reached number one in other countries across the world including Australia, Canada and Japan. Other singles, When Youre Gone, Hot and The Best Damn Thing reached the end of the chart. While Lavigne was in the studio for her studio album. She wrote and recorded two songs, but only one, Keep Holding On, was used for the film. Lavigne admitted that writing the song was challenging, making sure it flowed with the film and she emphasized that Keep Holding On, which later appeared on the album, was not indicative of what the next album would be like. While touring, Lavigne stated that her songs to sing live were her more upbeat ones such as Sk8er Boi. This made her decide that The Best Damn Thing wouldnt have many mid-tempo songs, the songs were described as sounding like Toni Basil cheerleading for Blink-182, and praised for her ability to combine bubblegum pop melodies with punk rock riffs. Lavigne described the record as fast, fun, young, bratty, rock, aggressive, confident, many of the songs on the album didnt have a deep meaning to Lavigne, with her stating Its not like some personal thing Im going through. It was produced by Dr. Luke, Butch Walker, Lavigne herself, travis Barker of Blink 182 and +44, recorded some of the drums for the album as did Josh Freese when Lavigne and her party couldnt reach Dave Grohl. A total of songs were released within the studio album. The opener and lead single, Girlfriend, was written by Avril Lavigne and Lukasz Dr. Luke Gottwald, Girlfriend is a moderately fast pop punk, song at 152 beats per minute, performed in the key of D major. Lavignes vocal range spans from A3 to D5, Girlfriend is available in seven other languages, the only difference from the English version being the chorus translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Mandarin, Japanese, Italian, German and French
30.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
31.
Avril Lavigne
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Avril Ramona Lavigne is a Canadian singer-songwriter and actress. By the age of 15, she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain, by 16, in 2002 she released her debut album, Let Go, emphasising a skate punk persona which earned her honorific titles including The Pop Punk Princess. Since her professional debut, Lavigne has sold more than 40 million albums, Lavigne is considered a key musician in the development of pop punk music since she paved the way for female-driven punk-influenced pop music. Let Go made Lavigne the youngest female soloist to reach number 1 in the UK, as of 2013, it has sold nearly 7 million copies in the United States and over 20 million copies worldwide. Her breakthrough single, Complicated, peaked at number 1 in many countries around the world, as did the album Let Go. Her second studio album, Under My Skin, was released in May 2004 and was her first album to peak at number 1 on the US Billboard 200, eventually selling more than 12 million copies worldwide. Lavigne has scored six number-one singles worldwide, including Complicated, Sk8er Boi, Im with You, My Happy Ending, Nobodys Home, Lavigne is one of the top-selling artists releasing albums in the US, with over 12 million copies certified by the RIAA. Her fourth studio album, Goodbye Lullaby, was released in March 2011, Goodbye Lullaby gave Lavigne her fourth top 10 album on the US Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart and her third number 1 album in both Japan and Australia. Lavigne took a break from recording music, pursuing careers in film acting and designing clothes and perfumes. She voiced Heather, a Virginia opossum, in the animated film Over the Hedge in 2006 and that same year, she made her on-screen feature film debut in Fast Food Nation. In 2008, Lavigne introduced her clothing line, Abbey Dawn, and in 2009 she released her first perfume, Black Star, which was followed by Forbidden Rose in 2010, and Wild Rose in 2011. In July 2006, Lavigne married her boyfriend of two years, Deryck Whibley, lead singer and guitarist for Sum 41, in October 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce. Whibley and Lavigne continued to work together, with Whibley producing her album, as well as Lavignes single Alice. Lavigne was born in Belleville, Ontario, Canada and her mother is of English, Scottish, and German descent, and her father, Jean-Claude Joseph Lavigne, is of French-Canadian origin. She was named Avril by her father after the French word for the month of April and he and Lavignes mother, Judy, recognized their childs vocal abilities when she was two years old and sang Jesus Loves Me on the way home from church. Lavigne has a brother, Matthew, and a younger sister, Michelle. My brother used to knock on the wall because I used to sing myself to sleep, when Lavigne was five years old, the family moved to Greater Napanee, Ontario, a town with a population of approximately 5,000. In school, she was kicked out of class for misbehaving
32.
Caltex
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Caltex is a petroleum brand name of Chevron Corporation used in more than 60 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, and Southern Africa. Caltex began in 1936 as the California Texas Oil Company, a joint venture between the Texas Company and Standard Oil of California to market oil from newly gained concessions in Saudi Arabia and it was renamed Caltex Petroleum Corp. in 1968. The two parent companies merged in 2001 to form ChevronTexaco and Caltex remains one of its major brand names. Caltex Petroleum Australia Pty. Ltd. until March 2015, Caltex was owned 50 percent by Chevron, in March 2015, Chevron sold down its 50% holding to Australian shareholders. Julian Segal has been the CEO of Caltex Australia since July 2009, Caltex took over the Australian companies Golden Fleece in 1981 and Ampol in 1995. The ACCC subsequently opposed the takeover on the grounds that the acquisition could result in diminished competition, Caltex subsequently abandoned the acquisition, with Mobil entering into an agreement to sell the same sites to 7-Eleven Australia. Caltex operates the largest oil company retail network in Australia, however the supermarkets Woolworths, as of August 2012, Caltex operates two petroleum refineries in Australia, one at Kurnell in Sydney, New South Wales, and one at Lytton in Brisbane, Queensland. The Kurnell Refinery ceased operations in 2014, and part of the infrastructure such as wharfs. Petrol Regular Unleaded Bio E10 Unleaded Bio E-Flex Vortex 95 Vortex 98 Most sites stock all of these products, however Bio E10 Unleaded is the least common, Bio E-Flex is stocked in approximately 30 sites on the eastern seaboard. Diesel Diesel New Generation Diesel Vortex Diesel Each site only sells one of these 3 products, Autogas Autogas is available at selected sites. Caltex sells Delo, Havoline, and Revtex brands of motor oil, Caltex branded sites can have any of the following types of convenience stores. Star Mart, A large store containing a bakery, coffee and hot food as well as convenience items, the New Zealand operations were sold off and rebranded as Fix stores. Star Shop, A smaller store with just convenience items and packaged foods, Woolworths, Sites that accept a varying but basic four cents per litre discount offer from Woolworths. Most are the same as a Star Mart, but some are the size of a Star Shop, in 2003 Caltex Australia entered into a joint venture agreement with large supermarket retailer Woolworths Limited. Shortly after in 2004, a similar fuel discount offer was launched by rival Coles Group, Woolworths existing Plus Petrol service stations received Caltex branding and, similarly, Caltex service stations received Woolworths branding—the joint venture outlets became Caltex Woolworths. However this was the only with certain Caltex service stations close to Woolworths supermarkets. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Caltex was the naming sponsor of Endeavour Field, the home ground of the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. From 1987 until 1993, Caltex was the sponsor of Colin Bond Racing
33.
National Basketball Association
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The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
34.
DWRT-FM
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DWRT-FM, currently branded as 99.5 Play FM, is a commercial radio station, operating 24 hours a day with a contemporary hit radio format. It is owned and operated by Real Radio Network Inc and its studio is located at Unit 906-B, Paragon Plaza Building, EDSA corner Reliance St, Mandaluyong City and its transmitter located at Antipolo City. Trans-Radio Broadcasting Corporation was established in 1971 by Emilio Tuason after he acquired the AM radio franchise of Transit Broadcasting Corporation, under Trans-Radio, the AM station adopted the call sign DZTR-AM “Radyo Pilipino”. In 1976, Trans-Radio acquired an FM radio franchise and adopted the call sign DWRT-FM and it began broadcasting on September 6,1976 as 99.5 RT, which was the 1st Top 40 station. The station was located at 10 Doña Natividad Building at Quezon Avenue in Quezon City. After the building caught fire two years later, it transferred to Suite 608 of the Pacific Bank Building at 6776 Ayala Avenue in Makati City, Tuason also became one of the stations deejays until personal problems forced his retirement from the station in 1987. Mike Pedero, who was one of its deejays, took care of the programming until he left the station for RK96 in 1983. 99.5 RT became famous for playing the three months ahead of most other music stations because its programming philosophy did not pander to the masses nor cater to the lowest common denominator. It was more concerned with bringing the latest hits to the audience as soon as they were released by the artists. One of the most notable examples of this was in the early 1980s when RT broke in the song More to Lose by the obscure English duo, Seona Dancing. In October 1985, when rival station 101.1 Kiss FM was launched, with most of the RT jocks manning that station, it toppled RT on the ratings and this, along with Tuasons retirement, led to OB Hollywood Andrew buying a majority stake in Trans-Radio. A few months later on February 1986 after the EDSA Revolution, RT reformatted as the Red Hot Radio and it played only new wave music similar to the defunct WXB102, albeit more commercial. In 1989, it returned to its old format under the name 99.5 Rhythm, in the early 90s, the Tuasons bought back the majority shares held by Hollywood, who later on resigned from the station. Despite of the rebels, The RT studios in Makati survived the rebel surge.5 RTs slogan was The Most Hit Music, RT was also home to some of Americas popular hit countdown shows like American Top 40 and the Rick Dees Weekly Top 40. In the early 1980s, RT also ventured into the music-video business and it is also known for its oldies show, 24K Friday playing the hits from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. It was the first radio station in the Philippines to have ventured into having a home on the Internet, on June 14,1996, Trans-Radio Broadcasting Corporation sold DWRT-FM to Supreme Broadcasting Corporation and moved from the Security Bank Building to the adjacent Royal Match Building. Under new management, the station tried its best to maintain its upscale and niche-market on-air identity and programming format, on April 1999, it moved to its present location at the Paragon Plaza Building, along EDSA, Mandaluyong City. Over the next few years,99.5 RTs sound slowly became similar to other CHR radio stations in Manila, by 2004, most of its veteran DJs had left and were replaced by younger ones
35.
DZUR
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DZUR, operating as 107.9 U Radio, is a low power FM radio station owned and operated by Brainstone Broadcasting Inc. The stations studio is in Pasig City and its site is located in Tagaytay City. This station is operating via low signal, in the year 2000 it used to be Power 108 FM, which plays rap, hip-hop and RnB. It was owned and operated by ConAmor Broadcasting Systems, the owner of 95.1 Kiss FM, in 2004, it closed down because of speculation that it was a pirate radio station. In 2006, an unknown pirate FM radio station started broadcasting in Metro Manila with the power of 100watts at 107.9 MHz, with hundreds of text messages being received daily and the station was a hot topic on dozens of blog sites on the internet. From that moment on they knew people were tuning-in. And so they decided to take things to the next level. In April 2007, they temporarily ceased transmission so it could all the necessary broadcast permits from the National Telecommunications Commission to legitimize the station. On June 2007, the station was back on air with a signal and with a new name 107.9 U-Radio They moved their transmitter facilities to Tagaytay City. It is now owned and operated by Brainstone Broadcasting Inc, formed by a group of entrepreneurs who helped bring the station back on air. The station is now broadcasting with an Effective Radiated Power of 2500W and its reach comprises the whole of Metro Manila, as well as some areas in the north and south. In addition, it started doing live broadcast feeds from different bars. On September 7,2008, the station increased its power from 500 watts to 1,000 watts because of station that reached Southern Luzon. After almost two weeks, on October 12, it resumed broadcasting after renewed its radio permit license, in 2009, the station picked up new competition from 103.5 Max FM, whose approach tends to favor more commercialized Dance fare as opposed to its pure underground formula. However, with Max FM exiting the Dance format in August 2010, at the start of 2011, the station began its live remote broadcast from Encore Super Club in Makati every Wednesday for Underground@Encore. On late May 2011, it went off the air, upgrading its facilities, on June 2011, it resumed its broadcast. However, it continues its broadcast online, however, on March 30,2015, U-Radio resumes its operation
36.
DWAV
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DWAV - broadcasting as WAVE89.1 - is a 24-hour Rhythmic Contemporary radio station that plays a Contemporary R&B, Funk, Motown, Hip-Hop, Old School Rap, Quiet Storm format. It is owned and operated by Blockbuster Broadcasting System, Inc. in the Philippines, the station later rebranded as 89 DMZ, which played dance, hip hop and remixed music. The late rapper, Francis Magalona, worked with the station through his program, The Word-up Show and it also became the home of the Mobile Circuit. In 2001, IBC and Blockbuster Broadcasting System went into a government-sponsored bidding and Blockbuster Broadcasting System won the rights to the frequency, however, the network still shares its transmission facilities of IBC13 until 2014 when it began transmitting from atop of Strata 2000. Wave 89.1 began regular operations shortly on March 1,2001, managed by former Magic 89.9 jock Rolando Sulit a. k. a. Joe DMango, the station began its operations with a pop soul, some months later, its programming gradually shifted to full pop R&B. In 2008, a year after the demise of Blazin 105.9, the station shifted to Urban Contemporary, as it started playing Hip Hop & R&B
37.
Internet radio
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Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means, Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming. Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations and this has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests that are not adequately served by local radio stations. Internet radio is listened to on a standard home PC or similar device. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a radio receiver have arrived on the market. Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using an audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, Audio data is continuously transmitted serially over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of audio broadcasting. A local tuner simulation program includes all the radios that can also be heard in the air in the city. In 2003, revenue from online streaming radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that rose to US$500 million. A February 21,2007 survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research found that s much as 19% of U. S. consumers 12, in other words, there were some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, an April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008,13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience. As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, in the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share. Currently, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older -- an estimated 124 million people -- said they have listened to radio in the last month. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013, the average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours,56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014
38.
Manila hostage crisis
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The bus carried 25 people,20 tourists, a tour guide from Hong Kong, and four local Filipinos. Mendoza claimed that he had been dismissed from his job. Negotiations broke down dramatically about ten hours into the stand-off, when the police arrested Mendozas brother, the bus driver managed to escape, and declared Everyone is dead before he was whisked away by policemen. Following a 90-minute gun battle, Mendoza and eight of the hostages were killed, the Philippine and Hong Kong governments conducted separate investigations into the incident. Both inquiries concluded that the Philippine officials poor handling of the situation caused the eight hostages deaths, rolando Mendoza graduated from the Philippine College of Criminology with a degree in criminology, joined the Philippine National Police force as a patrolman, and rose to become senior inspector. He was decorated 17 times for bravery and honor, and was described by colleagues as hard-working, Mendoza and his team turned the shipment over to authorities, for which he was declared one of the Ten Outstanding Policemen of the Philippines by the Jaycees International that year. On April 9,2008, hotel chef Christian Kalaw alleged that he was accosted by Mendoza, Kalaw alleged that the police planted sachets of methamphetamine in his car, forced him to take the drug, and accused him of being a drug addict. The officers also allegedly demanded Kalaw access his bank ATM and hand over money, Kalaw said the policemen released him after a friend raised 20,000 pesos on his behalf. The Office of the Ombudsman found Mendoza and four others guilty of misconduct, and ordered Mendozas dismissal from the service, in late April 2008, he was relieved as Chief of the Mobile Patrol Unit. Mendozas brother, Gregorio, later stated that all his brother wanted was a hearing by the Ombudsman. There were later reports that Mendoza was also charged with rape in a 1996 incident. On the morning of August 23,2010, Mendoza attempted to board a Hong Thai Travel Services tour bus as it was taking on riders. Mendoza requested a free ride, and when he was declined by the driver, Mendoza brandished a weapon, handcuffed the driver to the steering wheel and hijacked the bus. In any event, Mendoza, armed with a handgun and an M16 rifle, commandeered the tour bus, demanded reinstatement to his previous post with benefits, Manila mayor Alfredo Lim said he would grant Mendozas wish to be reinstated if he could prove his case. Masa Tse Ting-chunn, the bus tour guide, immediately called his agency in Hong Kong shortly after 10,30 am, during the two-minute conversation, Tse calmly informed the customer services manager that his group was being held hostage. Almost an hour later, six Hong Kong tourists were freed— an elderly couple, two Filipino photographers boarded the bus as volunteer hostages in exchange for the releases. By noon, three hostages, including the Filipino tour guide and the two photographers who volunteered to be taken hostage, had also been released. TV5 news anchor Erwin Tulfo remained in contact with Mendoza, while superintendent Orlando Yebra, seventeen people remained on the bus
39.
DWET-FM
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DWET, branded as 106.7 Energy FM, is the radio station, airing a Hot AC format. It is owned by Ultrasonic Broadcasting System and its studios, offices & transmitter are located at Unit D-1, 15th floor, Strata 2000 Building, F. Ortigas Jr. Avenue, Ortigas Center, Pasig City in the Philippines. Energy FM Manilas usual programming broadcasts for 24 hours from Monday to Saturday, on Sundays, the stations airtime is blocktimed by Becca Music Inc. a music company dedicated to Christian music through SAVED Radio, yet it continues to mention Energy FM throughout its schedule. In 1995, when Marc Gorospe assumed the Station Manager post, between March 1999 to April 2001 it became 106.7 Kool, that plays mostly foreign song especially R&B with a very few OPM hits. In April 2001, the station went off the air for one month and it became known as Ritmo Latino Rio 106.7, the first radio station in the country that played Latin music. In April 2002, Kool 106 resurrected as a Masa station with its format playing mainstream pop and OPM music. Kool on Kam moved to a slot and increased to 1 hour without the radio hookup where the jocks interviews with its featured celebrity of the week. Kool on Kam lasted for a year and a half, the station also has its first ever countdown separated where the top 10 OPM songs and top 10 foreign songs are aired at noontime and 6pm respectively on Sundays. Kool 106 has also developed its By Request program aired weekdays 9pm-12mn and Sundays where listeners can call, Kool 106 as a masa station lasted for 2 years. In April 2004,6 months after Tonyboy Cojuangco took over the management of ABC,106.7 FM was reformatted as Dream FM, the station aired in a smooth jazz format added up with R&B, Soul, Bossa Nova and House. After PLDTs media subsidiary MediaQuest Holdings, Inc and they became collectively known as the Dream FM Network, with TV5 as its licensee until June 2011. On the other hand, MediaQuest manages Radyo592.3 News FM, Dream FM signed off on June 30,2011 after 7 years with the song, Till We Meet Again. Only DWFM remained on the network even after the loss of DWET-FM. Throughout the last week of June, plugs were aired on 106.7 FM with the statement Si Pangga, where the slogan of Energy FM Pangga and Dream FMs name is used. This is a partnership between Cojuangco and UBSI, which took part-ownership of the station. Its programs and DJs premiered on July 4, kenji is the only Dream FM DJ who joined the Energy FM staff. Energy FM was the 1st station to promote K-Pop in the Philippines, initially an hourly Top 5 countdown segment of Ray Mambos Radioactive Countdown, it expanded into a 2-hour segment. After Mambo left the station, it became a fully fledged KPOP-program, but it eventually removed in 2017 to give way the 24-hour Pinoy Playbor
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