1.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
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A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
2.
Richard Desmond
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Richard Clive Desmond is an English publisher and businessman. He is the owner of Express Newspapers and founder of Northern & Shell, Northern & Shell owned Channel 5 before selling it to US broadcaster Viacom for £463m in May 2014. The company sold its television network, Portland, in April 2016. In 2010, Desmond was ranked the equal-57th richest man in Britain according to The Sunday Times Rich List and he was once again listed on the 2011 Sunday Times Rich List, with his fortune still at £950 million. In 2014, he was ranked 78th and worth £1.2 billion. In 2016 Forbes estimated his fortune at close to $1.49 billion, while the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List reported his net worth at £2.25 billion, in 2015, Desmond released his autobiography The Real Deal. Desmond was born in Hampstead, London, into a Jewish family and his father was descended from Latvian Jews, and his mother was of Ukrainian-Jewish descent. His father, Cyril, was at one time managing director of advertising company Pearl & Dean. Desmond was educated at Edgware Junior School and Christs College, Finchley, Desmond left school at 15 and started working in the classified advertisements section of the Thomson Group, while playing the drums at gigs after a days work. After moving to another company, he became director of Beat Instrumental Magazine at 18. Desmond owned two record shops by the time he was 21 and he was an early pioneer of the international licensing of magazines, International Musician soon had editions in the US, Australia, Japan, Germany as well as the UK. This was followed by the publication of Home Organist, whose editor contributed the old-school motto Forti Nihil Difficile, in 1982, Northern & Shell began to publish the UK edition of Penthouse, although the licensing deal ended in the 1990s. It was the first company to move to the revamped Docklands and the Princess Royal opened the offices, when the company moved to the Northern & Shell Tower, the Duke of Edinburgh presided over the ceremonies. Northern & Shell began publication of the celebrity OK. magazine as a monthly in 1993 and it is the largest weekly magazine in the world, with 23 separate editions from the US to Australia to Azerbaijan and with a readership in excess of 31 million. It was originally an imitation of Hello. magazine but now outsells its rival, claims of dealings with the New York mafia in the early 1990s emerged in a May 2001 article by John Sweeney of The Observer. Desmond had made a deal in 1991 with Norman Chanes for running advertisements in his titles for telephone sex lines run by Chanes mafia associate. If your boss sets foot here, hes a dead man, Desmond hired James Brown, a convicted criminal, as his bodyguard. An associate of Browns has claimed that bags containing £2 million were delivered to an Italian restaurant in Soho, London, Desmond has asserted that this account is false
3.
Northern & Shell
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Northern & Shell is a British publishing group, launched and founded in December 1974 and currently owned by Richard Desmond. It publishes the Daily Express, Sunday Express, Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday, Northern & Shell also owned three entertainment television channels, Channel 5, 5* and 5USA until 2015. It owned Portland TV, which operates adult TV channels including Television X and Red Hot TV, Desmond founded Northern and Shell in 1974 and launched a magazine called International Musician and Recording World. In 1983, Northern and Shell obtained the licence to publish Penthouse in the United Kingdom which led to its publishing a range of adult titles and these titles were later sold in 2004. It was the first company to move to the revamped Docklands, when the company moved to the Northern & Shell Tower Prince Philip opened the offices. Northern & Shell also publishes a range of magazines including the celebrity weekly. In November 2000 Northern & Shell acquired Express Newspapers from United News & Media for £125m, enlarging the group to include the Daily and Sunday Express titles, the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday, and the Irish Star. The Daily and Sunday Express each sell around 700,000 copies per issue, Northern & Shell had borrowed £97 million for the Express group purchase. Northern & Shells portfolio of magazines was offered for sale in 2001 in order to provide cash to invest in the then newly acquired Express Newspapers group. In 2004 Northern & Shell sought acquisition of additional publications — The Spectator and The Daily Telegraph and it was unsuccessful in its bid for The Telegraph, losing out to David and Frederick Barclay, who had long sought to own the paper. On 23 July 2010, Northern & Shell bought Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited, on 1 May 2014, the channels were sold to Viacom for £450 million. In 2013, Northern & Shell announced that its TV listing magazine TV Pick would no longer be published, in 2014, Northern & Shell invested in a series of startups under the brand Northern & Shell Ventures. This included investments in OpenRent, Tepilo and Lulu
4.
Thames Street, London
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Thames Street, divided into Lower and Upper Thames Street, is a road in the City of London, the historic and financial centre of London. It forms part of the busy A3211 route from Tower Hill to Westminster, the London Bridge underpass marks the divide between Upper and Lower Thames Street, with Lower to the east and Upper to the west. Thames Street is mentioned in the diary of Samuel Pepys, the first mention of the road, however, is from 1013 when the Custom-house was founded on the street. During the reign of King Henry VIII, the contained the London residences of many courtiers, including that of William Compton. In the culture of the twentieth-century, the street is probably best remembered for its place in T. S, at 101 Lower Thames Street, remains of a Roman bath were excavated. They are preserved in the cellar of the building on the site. The London Fire Brigades fire investigation unit is based at Dowgate fire station on Upper Thames Street at the corner of Allhallows Lane, Lower Thames Street formed part of the marathon course of the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The womens Olympic marathon took place on 5 August and the mens on 12 August, the Paralympic marathons were held on 9 September. John Timbs, Thames-Street, Curiosities of London, London, J. C. Hotten, OCLC12878129
5.
EC postcode area
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The EC postcode area, also known as the London EC postal area, is a group of postcode districts in central London, England. It includes almost all of the City of London and parts of the London Boroughs of Islington, Camden, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, the area covered is of very high density development. Deliveries for the EC postcode area are made from Mount Pleasant Mail Centre, the current postcode districts are relatively recent divisions of the EC1, EC2, EC3 and EC4 districts established in 1917. Where the districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs. Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
6.
Trafalgar House (company)
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Trafalgar House Public Limited Company was a British conglomerate with interests in property investment, property development, engineering, construction, shipping, hotels, energy and publishing. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, in 1959, Broackes acquired a 42 per cent holding in Easterns property subsidiary, Eastern International Property Investments. Two years later, Broackes formed a relationship with Commercial Union which bought shares in EIPI, the name of one of those properties, Trafalgar House, was chosen as the new name of the Company. In 1963, Trafalgar House was floated on the London Stock Exchange with Commercial Union owning 46 per cent of the equity, an acquisition with significant long term consequences was a 49% share of Bridge Walker in 1964. With him and Broackes working together, acquisitions became high-profile, in that same year Trafalgar House bought Ideal Homes, Ideal had been the largest private house builder before the war and was once again expanded under its new ownership. The long-established London contractor, Trollope & Colls, was acquired at the end of the year, for twenty years Trafalgar House continued to expand, with acquisitions again playing a major role. In construction and engineering these included The Cementation Company, John Brown Engineering, Cleveland Bridge, housebuilding saw the acquisition of two top ten housebuilders, Comben Homes and Broseley Homes. Trafalgar’s property development had led to the purchase of hotels but the acquisition was of the Ritz Hotel in 1976. Trafalgar also entered fields that were far removed from its property development and construction roots with the purchase of Cunard in 1971. Matthews attentions were largely focussed on Express and this was floated as an entity in 1982 with Matthews as chairman. In the course of thirty years or so, Trafalgar House became an international industrial and commercial undertaking. During the final few years of its existence, it was tabled as the largest contracting organisation in the UK. A conglomerate by nature is usually a dynamic entity and fluid in its structure, for the purpose of this historical perspective a general indication only is given of the scope of industries, operations and companies embraced by Trafalgar House during its existence. The Ritz Hotel in London, which was acquired by Trafalgar House in 1976, was sold to David, in 1988 Trafalgar House was involved in a joint development with British Aerospace to redevelop the former Royal Small Arms Factory site at Enfield. The buildings former owner, the Baltic Exchange, was unable to bear the costs of restoring the building to English Heritages requirements. In 1998 the site was resold, with planning permission, for £81 million to Swiss Re, Trafalgar bought Ideal Homes in 1967. It had been the pre-eminent private housebuilder before the war sales of over 5,000 houses a year. New management enabled Ideal to grow again and the size of the division was increased by the acquisition of two other large housebuilders – Comben Homes in 1984 and Broseley Homes in 1986, by 1987 Ideal was again selling around 5,000 houses a year
7.
Daily Mirror
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The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
8.
The Sun (United Kingdom)
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The Sun is a tabloid published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Since The Sun on Sunday was launched in February 2012, the paper has been a seven-day operation, as a broadsheet, it was founded in 1964 as a successor to the Daily Herald, it became a tabloid in 1969 after it was purchased by its current owners. It is published by the News Group Newspapers division of News UK, the Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had a daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Approximately 41% of readers are women and 59% are men, the Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow, Belfast, on 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, the Sun was first published as a broadsheet on 15 September 1964, with a logo featuring a glowing orange disc. It was launched by owners IPC to replace the failing Daily Herald, the new paper was intended to add a readership of social radicals to the Heralds political radicals. Supposedly there was an immense, sophisticated and superior class, hitherto undetected and yearning for its own newspaper. As delusions go, this was in the El Dorado class, launched with an advertising budget of £400,000, the brash new paper burst forth with tremendous energy, according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to curiosity and the advantage of novelty, by 1969, according to Hugh Cudlipp, The Sun was losing about £2m a year and had a circulation of 800,000. Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions and he assured IPC that he would publish a straightforward, honest newspaper which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwells offer and he would later remark, I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers. Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed, Lamb wanted Bernard Shrimsley to be his deputy, which Murdoch accepted as Shrimsley had been the second name on his list of preferences. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were selected for their availability rather than their ability. This was about a quarter of what the Mirror then employed, Murdoch immediately relaunched The Sun as a tabloid, and ran it as a sister paper to the News of the World. The Sun used the printing presses, and the two papers were managed together at senior executive levels. The new tabloid Sun was first published on 17 November 1969, with a front page headlined HORSE DOPE SENSATION, an editorial on page 2 announced, Todays Sun is a new newspaper
9.
Great Ancoats Street
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Great Ancoats Street is a street in the inner suburb of Ancoats, Manchester, England. Much of Great Ancoats Street was originally named Ancoats Lane and was the location of Ancoats Hall, the street passed through a thriving manufacturing area during the 19th century. It was in proximity to the Ashton and Rochdale canals. A number of mills built in the early and mid-Victorian period are nearby, some of which have been converted into residential or office buildings. The Pin Mill Works at the junction with Fairfield Street was a late 18th-century pin works, brownsfield Mill, a Grade II* listed building, was built in 1825. In 1939 the Grade II* listed Daily Express Building designed by engineer, in the 1980s, a significant area by Great Ancoats Street was redeveloped as Central Retail Park, which has been described as a row of big-box stores fronted by sterile parking space. It contains branches of Toys R Us, Mothercare and others, the street has been reported as being gentrified. Great Ancoats street forms the boundary of the regenerated New Islington area of Manchester on the side of the Rochdale Canal. International Case Studies of Urban Change, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-0346-1212-8
10.
Daily Express
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The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
11.
Toplessness
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The male equivalent is barechestedness, also commonly called shirtlessness. Exposure of the torso, breasts, midriff and navel were especially taboo, the topfreedom movement challenges laws that forbid females to go topless in places where males are permitted to be barechested, arguing that such restrictions amount to gender discrimination. Toplessness is more common and less controversial in the fields of entertainment, fashion, from early prehistoric art to the present day, women have been depicted topless in visual media from painting and sculpture to film and photography. In contemporary mainstream cinema, Academy Award–winning actresses such as Halle Berry, Kate Winslet, cabaret and burlesque shows, as well as haute couture fashion shows and pictorials, frequently include toplessness or see-through clothing. Societies tend to view more unfavourably exposure of breasts in public if the intent is sexual arousal. Toplessness in adult entertainment, such as in strip clubs or in pornography, is regarded by some as indecent and is subject to more stringent government regulation or prohibitions. Public toplessness may occasionally be considered acceptable, depending on location, many jurisdictions legally protect womens right to breastfeed in public or exempt breastfeeding from public indecency laws. In many parts of Europe and Australia, as well as at many resort destinations around the world, it has become culturally and often legally acceptable for women to sunbathe topless on beaches. Topless sunbathing may also be permitted in areas, such as some European parks and lakes, designated areas on some cruise ships. The word topless usually refers to a woman who is naked above her waist or hips or, at least, whose breasts are exposed to view, specifically including her areola. It may indicate a location where one might expect to find women not wearing tops. It can also be used to describe a garment that is designed to reveal the breasts. The word topless may carry sexual or exhibitionist connotations, attitudes towards toplessness have varied considerably across cultures and over time. The practice was also the norm in various Asian cultures before Muslim expansion in the 13th and 14th centuries, India In many parts of northern India before the Muslim conquest of India, upper-class women in Maharashtra and the Ganges basin were fully clothed, while lower-class women were topless. Thailand In Thailand, the government of Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram issued a series of standards between 1939 and 1942. Mandate 10 issued on 8 September 1941 instructed Thai people to not appear in places without being appropriately dressed. Inappropriate dress included wearing no shirt or wearing a wraparound cloth, before the westernization of dress, Thai women were depicted both fully clothed and topless in public. Until the early 20th century, women from northern Thailand wore a long tube-skirt, tied high above their waist and below their breasts, in the late 19th century the influence of missionaries and modernization under King Chulalongkorn encouraged local women to cover their breasts with blouses
12.
Lucy Pinder
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Lucy Katherine Pinder is an English model and actress. She came to prominence in 2003 after being discovered by a photographer on Bournemouth beach and has appeared in such publications as FHM, Nuts, Loaded. Pinder first appeared topless in Nuts in 2007, and, also in 2007, Pinder has appeared on FHMs list of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2007,2006, and 2005, and, in 2010, she was head of the Bennetts Babe Squad. Pinder was responsible for an advice column in Nuts, entitled The Truth About Women. In 2004, Pinder appeared on Living TVs series Im Famous, spending the weekend at Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire investigating ghosts and spirits. On 31 December 2005, Pinder appeared on Sky Sports as a celebrity soccerette on Soccer AM and she also sat on the famous orange sofa answering questions on topics such as modelling and football. In September 2007, Pinder appeared as a contestant on an edition of the Weakest Link, entitled Wags. From September to December 2007, Pinder presented a short nightly programme for Nuts TV called Book at Bedtime and she read a passage from a well-known novel. On 15 January 2008, Pinder made her debut for Nuts TV. Subsequently, she has appeared on the MTV channels TMF, presenting, in conjunction with Kayleigh Pearson, Pinder, in February 2008, Pinder made a cameo appearance, along with Michelle Marsh, in Hotel Babylon on BBC1. In February 2010, Lucy Pinder appeared on BBC Threes The Real Hustle Undercover, in addition, Pinder has appeared on the cover of several DVDs and in photo shoots for magazines, such as Loaded and Maxim. From 2 January 2009, Pinder appeared in the series of Celebrity Big Brother. She revealed that she was a bit of a Tory bird and she was the first housemate to be voted out, on 9 January with 57% of the public vote. Pinder declared her wish to leave the Big Brother house after being driven to distraction by the constant rapping of housemate Coolio, dream Team as Herself Soccer AM as Herself Bo. She was also an ambassador for Kick 4 Life, a charity that uses football to fight poverty and she has also produced original works of art for sale in charity auctions for Keech Hospice Care and Sports For All. Pinder has also volunteered her time at Cats Protection as part of the charitys campaign Im A Celebrity, let Me Volunteer. and she was a judge for National Cat Awards in the Hero Cat category in 2012. Pinder and Rhian Sugden continue to support the MCAC, and they part in the five mile London Strut awareness initiative in December 2013. Pinder supported the Stars & Stripes 2014 Celebrity Auction by donating an original drawing of hers that was auctioned off, with the proceeds going to Tiger Time
13.
Bournemouth
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Bournemouth /ˈbɔːrnməθ/ is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a 96-mile World Heritage Site. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491 making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Dr Granvilles book. Bournemouths growth really accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, the local council is Bournemouth Borough Council. The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot spire of St Peters Church, Bournemouths location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife. The town is also a centre of business, home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC. The word bourne, meaning a stream, is a derivative of burna. A travel guide published in 1831 calls the place Bourne Cliffe or Tregonwells Bourne after its founder, the Spas of England, published ten years later, calls it simply Bourne as does an 1838 edition of the Hampshire Advertiser. In the late 19th century Bournemouth became predominant, although its two-word form appears to have remained in use up until at least the early 20th century, in the 12th century the region around the mouth of the River Bourne was part of the Hundred of Holdenhurst. Although the Dorset and Hampshire region surrounding it had been the site of settlement for thousands of years, Westover was largely a remote. In 1574 the Earl of Southampton noted that the area was Devoid of all habitation, on this barren and uncultivated heath there was not a human to direct us. Bronze Age burials near Moordown, and the discovery of Iron Age pottery on the East Cliff in 1969, Hengistbury Head, added to the borough in 1932, was the site of a much older Palaeolithic encampment. No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters. Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land, in 1809 the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. A few years later, in 1812, the first official residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, the area was well known to Tregonwell who, during the Napoleonic wars, spent much of his time searching the heath and coastline for French invaders and smugglers
14.
Michelle Marsh
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Michelle Marsh is an English professional singer and former glamour model, known for her appearances on Page 3 and in numerous British lads mags. Before becoming a model, Marsh worked as an assistant at a nursing home in her hometown of Royton. In 2001, at the age of 18, Marsh was runner-up in The Sun tabloid newspapers National Cleavage Week contest. The following year, she won the Search for a Babe contest run by the The Daily Star tabloid, in 2003, she began appearing as a Page 3 girl in The Sun. Her bubbly-blonde looks and natural 32FF breasts prompted The Sun to hail her as the new Samantha Fox, Marsh went on to make numerous glamour modelling appearances in mens magazines such as Loaded, Perfect 10, Nuts, Maxim, Zoo and Playboy. She was regularly partnered with model Lucy Pinder for magazine, television, on 6 November 2006, Marsh released a pop music single titled I Dont Do. The song spent two weeks in the UK singles chart, peaking at number 89, Marsh has been featured on a number of British television programmes, including The X Factor, Battle of the Stars, The Weakest Link, Celebrity Big Brother, and Celebrity Four Weddings. She presented a series of The Steam Room and has starred in two reality television series, Trust Me – Im a Beauty Therapist and CelebAir and she has played minor roles in the television series Hotel Babylon and Life and the 2009 feature film Clubbed. While pregnant with her child in 2010, Marsh announced her retirement from glamour modelling via her official website. She planned to focus on raising her children and developing her singing career, Marsh married footballer Will Haining on 2 June 2007 at Auchen Castle Hotel in Scotland. They announced at the reception that Marsh was pregnant with their first child. Their daughter, Maddison was born months later, when the couple renewed their wedding vows, which was filmed for the TV programme Celebrity 4 Weddings, they announced that she was pregnant with their second child. Their son, Owen, was born in late 2010, the couple initially lived in Glasgow but then moved back to Royton. List of glamour models The Sun newspaper Page 3 Lad culture Lad mags
15.
SMS language
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Once it became popular it took on a life of its own and was often used outside of its original context. SMS language is similar to that used by those sending telegraphs that charged by the word and it seeks to use the fewest number of letters to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments in dealing with space, time and cost constraints of text messaging. This follows from how early SMS permitted only 160 characters and some carriers charge messages by the number of characters sent. It also shares some of these characteristics with Internet slang and Telex speak following from how its evolution is rather symbiotic to the evolution of use of shorthand in Internet chat rooms. Likewise, such a change sought to accommodate the number of characters allowed per message. Faramerz Dabhoiwala wrote in The Guardian in 2016, modern usages that horrify linguistic purists in fact have deep historical roots, OMG was used by a septuagenarian naval hero, admiral of the fleet Lord Fisher, in 1917. Nevertheless, the invention of mobile phone messaging is considered to be the source for the invention of SMS language, in general, SMS language thus permits the sender to type less and communicate more quickly than one could without such shortcuts. One example is the use of tomoz instead of tomorrow, nevertheless, there are no standard rules for the creation and use of SMS languages. Words can also be combined with numbers to make them shorter, some may view SMS language to be a nascent dialect of the English language, that is a dialect strongly if not completely derivative of the English language. Such generalization may have risen from the fact that mobile phones had only been able to support a number of default languages in the early stages of its conception and distribution. Researcher Mohammad Shirali-Shahreza further observes that mobile phone producers offer support of local language of the country within which their phone sets are to be distributed, nevertheless, various factors contribute as additional constraints to the use of non-English languages and scripts in SMS. On the flip side, researcher Gillian Perrett observes the de-anglicization of the English language following its use, the primary motivation for the creation and use of SMS language was to convey a comprehensible message using the fewest number of characters possible. This was for two reasons, one, telecommunication companies limited the number of characters per SMS, and also charged the user per SMS sent, to keep costs down, users had to find a way of being concise while still communicating the desired message. Two, typing on a phone is normally slower than with a keyboard, as a result, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization are largely ignored. In many countries, people now have access to unlimited text options in their plan, although this varies widely from country to country. However, screens are small and the input problem persists. Observations and classifications as to the linguistic and stylistic properties of SMS language have made and proposed by Crispin Thurlow, López Rúa. For words that have no common abbreviation, users most commonly remove the vowels from a word, omission of words, especially function words are also employed as part of the effort to overcome time and space constraints
16.
Vanessa Feltz
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Vanessa Jane Feltz is an English television personality, freelance broadcaster and journalist. She currently presents a morning radio show on BBC Radio 2. Vanessa Feltz was born in Islington, London and grew up in Pine Grove, on her radio show she frequently refers to Totteridge as the Beverly Hills of North London and her middle class Jewish background as like growing up in Fiddler on the Roof. Her father Norman was in the lingerie business, Feltz was educated at Haberdashers Askes School for Girls, an independent school in Elstree, Hertfordshire. She then read English at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating from Cambridge University with a First Class Honours degree, Feltz replaced Paula Yates on Channel 4s morning TV show The Big Breakfast, presenting a regular item where she interviewed celebrities whilst lying on a bed. She has alleged that she was assaulted by Rolf Harris while interviewing him on the programme. In 1997 Feltz was tricked by the spoof TV show Brass Eye and she presented the ITV daytime television chat show, Vanessa, made by Anglia Television. She moved to the BBC to host a show, The Vanessa Show. ITV replaced her show with Trisha, in 1999 The Vanessa Show suffered from bad publicity as some guests were alleged to have been actors. Despite her having had no involvement in the booking of guests, Feltz was seen to be at fault, currently starting in 2016, it is on air from 07.00 to 10.00 Monday to Friday. Also in 2001 Feltz was a contestant on the first series of Celebrity Big Brother and she has appeared on its spin-off shows Big Brothers Big Mouth, Big Brothers Little Brother and Big Brothers Bit on the Side on numerous occasions. In 2002 she made a appearance in the comedy film Once Upon a Time in the Midlands. In May 2003 she was voted 93rd on the list of worst Britons in Channel 4s poll of the 100 Worst Britons. In 2004 she made an appearance in a sketch in the first episode of the series of BBC comedy sketch show Little Britain. Also in that year she appeared in the series of reality TV show Celebrity Fit Club in a bid to lose weight. Feltz has also appeared on three different episodes of The Weakest Link, in two episodes she made it to the final round but lost to Sue Perkins on one occasion and to Tony Slattery on the other. The third episode she appeared on was the Special 1,000 Celebratory episode to celebrate 1,000 episodes of The Weakest Link being made and she was the 6th one voted off. In 2010 Feltz and Ofoedu won their episode of the Virgin 1 show A Restaurant in our Living Room, Feltz returned to the Big Brother house on 3 September 2010 during Ultimate Big Brother, the last series to be broadcast on Channel 4
17.
Editorial
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An editorial, leading article or leader, is an often-unsigned opinion piece written by the senior editorial staff or publisher of a newspaper, magazine, or any other written document. Editorials may be supposed to reflect the opinion of the periodical, australian and major United States newspapers, such as The New York Times and The Boston Globe, often classify editorials under the heading opinion. Illustrated editorials may appear in the form of editorial cartoons, typically, a newspapers editorial board evaluates which issues are important for their readership to know the newspapers opinion. However, a newspaper may choose to publish an editorial on the front page, in the English-language press this occurs rarely and only on topics considered especially important, it is more common, however, in some European countries such as Spain, Italy, and France
18.
Beau Peep
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Beau Peep was a popular British comic strip written by Roger Kettle and illustrated by Andrew Christine. There are also numerous supporting characters. Beau Peep was first published in the issue of British newspaper The Daily Star on 2 November 1978. Kettle and Christine also produced the popular cowboy strip A Man Called Horace which was featured daily in the Daily Mirror and this strip was commissioned in 1989 by Mirror Group Newspapers in an attempt to lure the Beau Peep fan base from the Daily Star. Roger Kettle also scripts Andy Capp for the Daily Mirror, the strip is drawn by Roger Mahoney. Beau Peep was originally intended as a parody of Beau Geste, wren, which has itself been adapted for the screen several times, and again parodied even more. However Beau Peep grew to have a character and identity in its own right and is perhaps the most famous of these parodies of Beau Geste. As well as appearances in The Daily Star, paperback anthologies of Beau Peep were published every year between 1980 and 1998. A total of 20 books were published, including, in 1987 and these have been issued through various publishing houses, most notably by Pedigree Books. Some comic strips are available for viewing online on the Beau Peep official website, a new collection of strips called The Return of Beau Peep was published by CreateSpace in February 2012. The strip was dropped from the Daily Star in December 1997 and this resulted in a huge sales loss for the paper and demands from fans for Beau Peep to be brought back. The strip eventually returned in March 1999, and continued until December 2016, reprints of the strip have been in the Sunday Express, the Sunday Mail, and the Daily Star Sunday. For 15 months from December 1999 new strips were published every week in the Sunday People colour magazine, in Italy, the strip is called Beep Peep. Doris followed him, and so Bert joined the French Foreign Legion in the Sahara desert because he believed it was the one place Doris couldnt reach him and he changed his name to Beau and has been stuck in one fort ever since. Beau is cowardly, underhanded, incompetent, and inept and his colleagues view Beau as an annoyance, his superiors view him as a loser without hope of promotion, having failed his sergeants exam no fewer than eighteen times. This Beau puts down to a lack of composure during moments of stress. On one occasion, when confronted with a question, he ate the exam paper. According to his file, which Beau secretly reads while supposedly cleaning up the sergeants desk, he is an utterly brainless idiot and suffering from terminal ugliness
19.
Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
20.
Jeffrey Archer
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Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare is an English author and former politician. Before becoming an author, Archer was a Member of Parliament and he was made a life peer in 1992. His political career ended with his conviction and subsequent imprisonment for perjury and perverting the course of justice and his books have sold around 330 million copies worldwide. Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital and he was two weeks old when his family moved to Somerset, eventually settling in the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, where Archer spent most of his early life. His father, William, was 64 years old when Jeffrey Archer was born, early in his career, Archer gave conflicting accounts to the press of his fathers supposed, but non-existent, military career. William Archer was, in fact, a bigamist, fraudster and conman, who impersonated another William Archer and he was at different times employed as a chewing gum salesman and mortgage broker, in the latter capacity being charged at the Old Bailey for a series of fraud offences. On being allowed bail, he absconded to America under the name William Grimwood, as a boy Archer dreamt about being Bristol Rovers Football Clubs captain, and still remains a fan of the club. In 1951, Archer won a scholarship to Wellington School, in Somerset, not Wellington College in Berkshire, at this time his mother, Lola, was employed as a journalist on Westons local newspaper, the Weston Mercury. She wrote a column entitled Over the Teacups, and frequently wrote about Jeffrey. Although Archer enjoyed the local fame this brought him, it caused him to be the victim of bullying while at Wellington School. Archer left school with O-levels in English Literature, Art, and he then spent a few years in a variety of different jobs, including training with the army and a short period with the Metropolitan Police Service. He later worked as a physical education teacher, first at Vicars Hill, a school in Hampshire. In 1963 Archer was offered a place at the Oxford University Department for Continuing Education to study for a Diploma of Education, the course was based in the Department, and Archer became a member of Brasenose College. It has also been alleged Archer provided false statements about three non-existent A-level passes and a U. S. university degree, although the Diploma course only lasted a year, Archer spent a total of three years at Oxford. Whilst at Oxford Archer was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling, Television coverage survives of him making false starts in a 1964 sprint race, but he was not disqualified. He gained a blue in athletics and went on to run for England, Archer raised money for the charity Oxfam, obtaining the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive. The band accepted his invitation to visit the Principals lodge at Brasenose College, the critic Sheridan Morley, then a student at Merton, was present and recalled the occasion, At the interval I went to the toilet, and there beside me was Ringo Starr. He asked if I knew this Jeffrey Archer bloke, I said everyone in Oxford was trying to work out who he was
21.
Hillsborough disaster
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The Hillsborough disaster was a human crush at Hillsborough football stadium in Sheffield, England on 15 April 1989, during the 1988–89 FA Cup semi-final game between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest. With 96 fatalities and 766 injured it is the worst disaster in British sporting history, the crush occurred in the two standing-only central pens in the Leppings Lane stand, allocated to Liverpool supporters. In the days and weeks after the disaster, police fed false stories to the press suggesting that hooliganism, blaming of Liverpool fans persisted even after the Taylor Report of 1990, which found the main cause of the disaster was a failure of control by South Yorkshire Police. Following the Taylor report, the DPP ruled there was no evidence to justify prosecution of individuals or institutions, the first coroners inquest into the Hillsborough disaster, completed in 1991, ruled all deaths on the day as accidental. Private prosecutions brought by the Hillsborough Families Support Group against Duckenfield, in 2009, Hillsborough Independent Panel was formed to review all evidence. The panel report resulted in the findings of accidental death being quashed. The inquest also found that the design of the stadium contributed to the crush, Public anger over the actions of his force during the second inquest led the SYP chief constable David Crompton to be suspended following the verdict. Kick-off was scheduled for 3,00 pm on 15 April, at the time of the disaster, most English football stadiums had high steel fencing between the spectators and the playing field in response to both friendly and hostile pitch invasions. Hooliganism had affected the sport for years, and was particularly virulent in England. From 1974, when these security standards were put in place and it emphasised the general situation at Hillsborough was satisfactory compared with most grounds. Risks associated with confining fans in pens were highlighted by the Committee of Inquiry into Crowd Safety at Sports Grounds after the Bradford City stadium fire in May 1985. It made recommendations on the safety of crowds penned within fences, and capable of being opened immediately from the inside by anyone in an emergency. Hillsborough hosted five FA Cup semi-finals in the 1980s, Police believed there had been a real chance of fatalities had swift action not been taken, and recommended the club reduce its capacity. In a post-match briefing to discuss the incident, Sheffield Wednesday chairman Bert McGee remarked, the incident nonetheless prompted Sheffield Wednesday to alter the layout at the Leppings Lane end, dividing the terrace into three separate pens to restrict sideways movement. This 1981 change and other changes to the stadium invalidated the stadiums safety certificate. The safety certificate was never renewed and the capacity of the stadium was never changed. After the crush in 1981, Hillsborough was not chosen to host an FA Cup semi-final for six years until 1987, serious overcrowding was observed at the 1987 quarter-final between Sheffield Wednesday and Coventry City and again during the semi-final between Coventry City and Leeds United at Hillsborough. Leeds were assigned the Leppings Lane end, other accounts told of fans having to be pulled to safety from above
22.
Liverpool F.C.
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Liverpool Football Club is a professional association football club based in Liverpool, Merseyside, England. They compete in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, the club has won 5 European Cups,3 UEFA Cups,3 UEFA Super Cups,18 League titles,7 FA Cups, a record 8 League Cups, and 15 FA Community Shields. The club was founded in 1892 and joined the Football League the following year, the club has played at Anfield since its formation. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably the North West Derby against Manchester United, the clubs supporters have been involved in two major tragedies. The second was the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing, the team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since. The clubs anthem is Youll Never Walk Alone, Liverpool F. C. was founded following a dispute between the Everton committee and John Houlding, club president and owner of the land at Anfield. After eight years at the stadium, Everton relocated to Goodison Park in 1892, the team won the Lancashire League in its début season, and joined the Football League Second Division at the start of the 1893–94 season. After finishing in first place the club was promoted to the First Division, Liverpool reached its first FA Cup Final in 1914, losing 1–0 to Burnley. Liverpool suffered its second Cup Final defeat in 1950, playing against Arsenal, the club was relegated to the Second Division in the 1953–54 season. Soon after Liverpool lost 2–1 to non-league Worcester City in the 1958–59 FA Cup, the club was promoted back into the First Division in 1962 and won it in 1964, for the first time in 17 years. In 1965, the club won its first FA Cup, in 1966, the club won the First Division but lost to Borussia Dortmund in the European Cup Winners Cup final. Liverpool won both the League and the UEFA Cup during the 1972–73 season, and the FA Cup again a year later, Shankly retired soon afterwards and was replaced by his assistant, Bob Paisley. In 1976, Paisleys second season as manager, the club won another League, the following season, the club retained the League title and won the European Cup for the first time, but it lost in the 1977 FA Cup Final. Liverpool retained the European Cup in 1978 and regained the First Division title in 1979, Paisley retired in 1983 and was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan. Liverpool won the League, League Cup and European Cup in Fagans first season, Liverpool reached the European Cup final again in 1985, against Juventus at the Heysel Stadium. Before kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separated the two groups of supporters, and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a wall to collapse, killing 39 fans. The incident became known as the Heysel Stadium disaster, the match was played in spite of protests by both managers, and Liverpool lost 1–0 to Juventus
23.
FA Cup
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The FA Cup, known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout association football competition in mens domestic English football. First played during the 1871–72 season, it is the oldest association football competition in the world and it is organised by and named after The Football Association. For sponsorship reasons, from 2015 through to 2018 it is known as The Emirates FA Cup. A concurrent womens tournament is held, the FA Womens Cup. A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12, the tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper, in the modern era, only one non-league team has ever reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final. As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those minnows who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely giant-killing victory. Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have two designs and five actual cups, the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match, in 1863, the newly founded Football Association published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888–89 season, following the 1914–15 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and did not resume until 1919–20. The 1922–23 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium, due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition was not played between the 1938–39 and 1945–46 editions. Having previously featured replays, the modern day practice of ensuring the semi-final and final matches finish on the day, was introduced from 2000 onwards. Redevelopment of Wembley saw the final played outside of England for the first time, the final returned to Wembley in 2007, followed by the semi-finals from 2008. The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria, all clubs in the top four levels are automatically eligible. Clubs in the six levels are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup. Newly formed clubs, such as F. C. United of Manchester in 2005–06 and also 2006–07, all clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium
24.
Disappearance of Madeleine McCann
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Madeleine was on holiday from the UK with her parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, her two-year-old twin siblings, and a group of family friends and their children. She and the twins had been left asleep at 8,30 PM in the apartment, while the McCanns. The parents checked on the children throughout the evening, until Madeleines mother discovered she was missing at 10 PM, the McCanns were given arguido status in September 2007, which was lifted when Portugals attorney general archived the case in July 2008 because of a lack of evidence. The parents continued the investigation using private detectives until Scotland Yard opened its own inquiry, Operation Grange, the senior investigating officer announced that he was treating the disappearance as a criminal act by a stranger, most likely a planned abduction or burglary gone wrong. In 2013 Scotland Yard released e-fit images of men wanted to trace. Shortly after this the Portuguese police reopened their inquiry, Operation Grange was scaled back in 2015. The disappearance attracted sustained international interest and saturation coverage in the UK reminiscent of the death of Diana in 1997, the McCanns were subjected to intense scrutiny and false allegations of involvement in their daughters death, particularly in the tabloid press and on Twitter. Madeleine was born in Leicester and lived with her family in Rothley, at the request of her parents, she was made a ward of court in England shortly after the disappearance, which gave the court statutory powers to act on her behalf. Police described Madeleine as blonde haired, with blue and green eyes, a brown spot on her left calf. In 2009 the McCanns released age-progressed images of how she may have looked at age six, Madeleines parents are both physicians and practising Roman Catholics. Kate Marie McCann, née Healy attended All Saints School in Anfield, then Notre Dame High School in Everton Valley and she moved briefly into obstetrics and gynaecology, then anaesthesiology, and finally general practice. Gerald Patrick McCann attended Holyrood R. C, secondary School before graduating from the University of Glasgow with a BSc in physiology/sports science in 1989. In 1992 he qualified in medicine and in 2002 obtained his MD, since 2005 he has been a consultant cardiologist at Glenfield Hospital, Leicester. The McCanns met in 1993 in Glasgow and were married in 1998, Madeleine was born in 2003 and the twins, a boy and girl, in February 2005. The McCanns were on holiday with seven friends and eight children in all, the nine adults dined together most evenings at 20,30 in the resorts tapas restaurant, as a result of which the media dubbed the friends the Tapas Seven. The group included Fiona and David Payne, both physicians, their two children, and Fionas mother, Dianne Webster, the McCanns had known the Paynes for years, Kate had met Fiona in 2000 when they both worked in Leicester General Hospitals intensive care unit. Gerry, Russell and Matthew had worked together over the years, the Tanner sighting—Jane Tanners report that she saw a man carry a child away from the resort 45 minutes before Madeleine was reported missing—became one of the most-discussed aspects of the case. 5A was a two-bedroom, ground-floor apartment in the block of a group of apartments known as Waterside Village
25.
High Court of Justice
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Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England is, together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, one of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes and it has three main divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division. The jurisdictions overlap in some cases, and cases started in one division may be transferred by order to another where appropriate. Most High Court proceedings are heard by a judge, but certain kinds of proceedings, especially in the Queens Bench Division, are assigned to a Divisional Court. Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury, but in practice only in defamation cases or cases against the police. Litigants are normally represented by counsel, but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience, in principle the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions, but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent. In criminal matters appeals from the Queens Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court, the High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand in the City of Westminster, London. It has district registries across England and Wales and almost all High Court proceedings may be issued, the High Court is headed by the Lord Chief Justice. The High Court is organised into three divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division, a list of hearings in the High Courts divisions is published daily. The Queens Bench Division – or Kings Bench Division when the monarch is male – has two roles and it hears a wide range of common law cases and also has special responsibility as a supervisory court. Until 2005, the head of the QBD was the Lord Chief Justice, Sir Igor Judge was the first person to hold this office, appointed in October 2005. A single judge first decides whether the matter is fit to bring to the court, in addition, the Queens Bench Divisional Court hears appeals on points of law from the Magistrates Court and from the Crown Court. These are known as appeals by way of case stated, since the questions of law are considered solely on the basis of the facts found, other specialised courts of the Queens Bench Division include the Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, and the Admiralty Court. The specialised judges and procedures of these courts are tailored to their type of business, appeals from the High Court in civil matters are made to the Court of Appeal, in criminal matters appeal from the Divisional Court is made only to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Chancery Division deals with law, trusts law, probate law, insolvency. It has specialist courts which deal with patents and registered designs, all tax appeals are assigned to the Chancery Division. The head of the Chancery Division was known as the Vice-Chancellor until October 2005, the first Chancellor was Sir Andrew Morritt, who retired in 2013 to be succeeded by Sir Terence Etherton. In 2016, Sir Geoffrey Vos succeeded Sir Terence as Chancellor on the appointment as Master of the Rolls
26.
British Airways Flight 9
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On 24 June 1982, the route was flown by the City of Edinburgh, a 747-236B. The aircraft flew into a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, resulting in the failure of all four engines, the reason for the failure was not immediately apparent to the crew or air traffic control. The aircraft was diverted to Jakarta in the hope that enough engines could be restarted to allow it to land there, the aircraft glided out of the ash cloud, and all engines were restarted, allowing the aircraft to land safely at the Halim Perdanakusuma Airport in Jakarta. The crew members of the accident segment had boarded the aircraft in Kuala Lumpur, shortly after 13,40 UTC above the Indian Ocean, south of Java, the flight crew first noted an effect on the windscreen similar to St. Elmos fire. The phenomenon persisted after Moody returned from the lavatory, despite the weather radar showing clear skies, the crew switched on engine anti-ice and the passenger seat belt signs as a precaution. As the flight progressed, smoke began to accumulate in the cabin of the aircraft. However, it began to grow thicker and had an ominous odour of sulfur. At approximately 13,42 UTC, the number four Rolls-Royce RB211 engine began surging, the flight crew immediately performed the engine shutdown drill, quickly cutting off fuel supply and arming the fire extinguishers. Less than a later, at 13,43 UTC. Within seconds, and almost simultaneously, engines one and three flamed out, prompting the flight engineer to exclaim, I dont believe it—all four engines have failed. Without engine thrust, a 747-200 has a ratio of approximately 15,1. The flight crew quickly determined that the aircraft was capable of gliding for 23 minutes, at 13,44 UTC, Greaves declared an emergency to the local air traffic control authority, stating that all four engines had failed. However, Jakarta Area Control misunderstood the message, interpreting the call as meaning that only engine number four had shut down, after a nearby Garuda Indonesia flight relayed the message to them, air traffic control correctly understood the urgent message. Despite the crew squawking the emergency transponder setting of 7700, air traffic control could not locate the 747 on their radar screens, many passengers, fearing for their lives, wrote notes to relatives. One such passenger was Charles Capewell, who scrawled Ma, pa XXX on the cover of his ticket wallet. Owing to the high Indonesian mountains on the south coast of the island of Java, an altitude of at least 11,500 feet was required to cross the coast safely. The crew decided that if the aircraft was unable to maintain altitude by the time they reached 12,000 feet they would back out to sea. The crew began engine restart drills, despite being well outside the maximum engine in-flight start envelope altitude of 28,000 feet
27.
Volcanic ash
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Volcanic ash consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm in diameter. The term volcanic ash is often loosely used to refer to all explosive eruption products. Volcanic ash is formed during volcanic eruptions when dissolved gases in magma expand. The force of the escaping gas shatters the magma and propels it into the atmosphere where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass. Ash is also produced when magma comes into contact with water during phreatomagmatic eruptions, once in the air, ash is transported by wind up to thousands of kilometers away. Volcanic ash is formed during volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions. Explosive eruptions occur when magma decompresses as it rises, allowing dissolved volatiles to exsolve into gas bubbles, as more bubbles nucleate a foam is produced, which decreases the density of the magma, accelerating it up the conduit. Fragmentation occurs when bubbles occupy ~70-80 vol% of the erupting mixture, when fragmentation occurs, violently expanding bubbles tear the magma apart into fragments which are ejected into the atmosphere where they solidify into ash particles. Fragmentation is an efficient process of ash formation and is capable of generating very fine ash even without the addition of water. Volcanic ash is produced during phreatomagmatic eruptions. During these eruptions fragmentation occurs when magma comes into contact with bodies of water groundwater, as the magma, which is significantly hotter than the boiling point of water, comes into contact with water an insulating vapor film forms. Eventually this vapor film will collapse leading to direct coupling of the cold water and this increases the heat transfer which leads to the rapid expansion of water and fragmentation of the magma into small particles which are subsequently ejected from the volcanic vent. Fragmentation causes an increase in area between magma and water creating a feedback mechanism, leading to further fragmentation and production of fine ash particles. Pyroclastic density currents can also produce ash particles and these are typically produced by lava dome collapse or collapse of the eruption column. Within pyroclastic density currents particle abrasion occurs as particles interact with each resulting in a reduction in grain size. In addition, ash can be produced during secondary fragmentation of pumice fragments and these processes produce large quantities of very fine grained ash which is removed from pyroclastic density currents in co-ignimbrite ash plumes. Physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ash are primarily controlled by the style of volcanic eruption, another parameter controlling the amount of ash produced is the duration of the eruption, the longer the eruption is sustained, the more ash will be produced. The types of minerals present in volcanic ash are dependent on the chemistry of the magma from which it erupted, low energy eruptions of basalt produce a characteristically dark coloured ash containing ~45 - 55% silica that is generally rich in iron and magnesium
28.
Rockstar Games
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Rockstar Games, Inc. is an American video game publisher, best known for their Grand Theft Auto, Red Dead, Midnight Club, Max Payne, and Manhunt series of video games. The Rockstar Games label was founded in December 1998 by Sam Houser, Dan Houser, Terry Donovan, Donovan left the company in January 2007, following a four-month leave of absence. He was replaced by former Capcom managing director, Gary Dale, the main headquarters of Rockstar Games are located on Broadway in the NoHo neighborhood of New York City, part of the Take-Two Interactive offices. It is home to the marketing, public relations and product development departments, Grand Theft Auto V shipped the highest number of units within series history and become one of the best selling video games of all time. In March 2014, Rockstar Games received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award at the British Academy Video Games Awards, Rockstar Games has been involved with charity work ranging from supporting Movember, offering appearances in games as a raffle prize, to charity live streams playing their games. Despite their status as creators of Grand Theft Auto and one of the most successful video game franchises of all-time, Sam Houser and they have focused on the Rockstar Games brand, rather than any one person getting the credit for the games success. In October 2011, Rockstar creative vice-president Dan Houser told Famitsu that Rockstar was intentionally avoiding developing in the shooter genre. Were deliberately avoiding that right now, he said, according to a 1UP. com translation and its in our DNA to avoid doing what other companies are doing. I suppose you could say that Max Payne 3 is something close to an FPS and you have to have originality in your games, you have to have some kind of interesting message. You could say that the goalpoint of Rockstar is to have the players really feel what were trying to do, Houser went on to say that Rockstar has made new genres by ourselves with games like the GTA series. We didnt rely on testimonials in a textbook to do what weve done. I think we succeeded precisely because we didnt concentrate on profit, if we make the sort of games we want to play, then we believe people are going to buy them. Rockstar has since released a remake of Grand Theft Auto V for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Rockstar Games Social Club is a gaming service created by Rockstar for use with their games
29.
Grand Theft Auto
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It is primarily developed by Rockstar North, and published by Rockstar Games. The name of the references the term used in the US for motor vehicle theft. The first game encompassed three fictional cities, while subsequent titles tend to emphasise a single setting, the series focuses around many different protagonists who attempt to rise through the ranks of the criminal underworld, although their motives for doing so vary in each game. The series also has elements of the beat em up games from the 16-bit era. The antagonists are commonly characters who have betrayed the protagonist or his organisation, or characters who have the most impact impeding the protagonists progress. Film and music veterans have voiced characters, including Ray Liotta, Burt Reynolds, Dennis Hopper, Samuel L. Jackson, James Woods, Debbie Harry, Phil Collins, Axl Rose, with its British origin, the series contains satire and humour. British video game developer DMA Design began the series in 1997, as of 2014, it has eleven stand-alone games and four expansion packs. The third chronological title, Grand Theft Auto III, is considered a title, as it brought the series to a 3D setting. Subsequent titles would follow and build upon the established in Grand Theft Auto III. They subsequently influenced many other open world games, and led to the label Grand Theft Auto clone on similar games. The series has been acclaimed and commercially successful, having shipped more than 235 million units. In 2006, Grand Theft Auto featured in a list of British design icons in the Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC, in 2013 The Telegraph ranked Grand Theft Auto among Britains most successful exports. However, the series has gained controversy for its adult nature. The Grand Theft Auto series is split into separate fictional universes, the original Grand Theft Auto, its expansions and its sequel are considered the 2D universe. Grand Theft Auto III and its sequels are considered the 3D universe, Grand Theft Auto IV, its expansions and Grand Theft Auto V are considered the HD universe. Each universe is considered separate with only brands, place names, Grand Theft Auto, the first game in the series, was released for Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS in October 1997, ported to the PlayStation in 1998 and the Game Boy Color in 1999. Grand Theft Auto 2 was released in 1999 for Microsoft Windows, later receiving ports on the PlayStation, Dreamcast, Grand Theft Auto, Vice City was published in 2002, and was the first to feature a speaking protagonist, voiced by Ray Liotta. Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas, released in 2004, introduced new elements, including character customisation
30.
2010 Northumbria Police manhunt
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His victims were ex-girlfriend Samantha Stobbart, her new partner Chris Brown, and police officer David Rathband. Stobbart was hospitalised and Brown was killed, while Rathband remained in hospital for three weeks and was permanently blinded. Moat, who had recently released from Durham Prison, shot the three with a sawn-off shotgun, two days after his release. After six days on the run, Moat was recognised by police and contained in the open, after nearly six hours of negotiation, Moat shot himself in the early hours of the following morning, and was later pronounced dead at Newcastle General Hospital. The operation took place across the entire Northumbria Police area, which both the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear and the county of Northumberland. The manhunt began after the shootings of Stobbart and Brown in the hours of 3 July 2010 in Birtley. Nearly 22 hours later, the shooting of police officer Rathband. Moat was believed to have a grudge against the police after Stobbart had lied to Moat about being in a relationship with a police officer, shortly after his release from prison, Moat posted threats to police and others on his Facebook profile. Moat apparently targeted Rathband randomly, simply for being a police officer, Moat also made threats, in two letters and several phone calls, that he would kill any officer who attempted to stop him. Both the police and some of Moats relatives made several appeals for Moat to give himself up for the sake of his children. After a sighting on the night of 5 July in a robbery at Seaton Delaval. The police manhunt remained focused there with several further suspected sightings, until the confrontation at Riverside. Police also used sniper teams, helicopters, dogs, armoured anti-terrorist police vehicles from Northern Ireland, tracker Ray Mears, in the course of the hunt there were several raids and false alarms across the region. With Moat believed to be sleeping rough, police found Moats abandoned camp-sites, armed guards were also posted outside schools in Rothbury after police announced that they believed Moat posed a threat to the wider public. Several people were arrested during the hunt and after Moats death, suspected of assisting him with equipment, information, on 5 July, Northumbria Police announced that Durham Prison had told them three days earlier that Moat intended to harm his girlfriend. As a result, Northumbria Police voluntarily referred the case to the Independent Police Complaints Commission, Brown had moved to the area from Windsor, Berkshire around six months previously. According to Moat, he crouched under the window of the living room for an hour. At 2,40 am, Brown left the house to confront Moat but was shot at close range with a shotgun, Moat then fired through the living room window while Stobbarts mother was on the phone to the police
31.
Derek Jameson
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Derek Jameson was an English tabloid journalist and broadcaster. Beginning his career in the media at the lowest possible level in 1944 at Reuters, he worked his way up to become the editor of several British tabloid newspapers in the 1970s and 1980s. Later, he was a broadcaster on BBC Radio 2 for nearly a decade and a half, including an on-air partnership with Ellen, his third wife. He was described, when his profile was at its highest, born in Hackney, London, Jameson was illegitimate and grew up in a private childrens home where conditions were poor, with five children sharing the same bed, which was bug-ridden. He never knew with certainty who his father was and discovered at 8 that his elder sister. As a child, Jameson was evacuated from London to Bishops Stortford, Hertfordshire and his formal education included a period at a borstal, his youthful activities had included shoplifting. His career began in Fleet Street, as a boy at Reuters. That year he became a member of the Communist Party, and this political involvement almost ended this employment at Reuters, but his call-up for national service intervened. By the time his period in the Army ended in 1951, during which he was stationed in Vienna, Jameson returned to Reuters, where he remained until 1960, eventually becoming chief sub-editor. After a brief period as the editor of the London American, after working in the features department there for two years, he then became a picture editor for the Sunday Mirror. From 1965 he was assistant editor of the Daily Mirror, later, in 1976 he became managing editor of the Daily Mirror newspaper, and introduced the papers own photographs of topless models. He was appointed editor of the Daily Express the following year by its new proprietor, Victor Matthews, with whom he initially had a good rapport, the two men had a similar start in life. By the time Jameson left Express Newspapers in 1980, the title had increased sales by 500,000. In 1978, in addition he became editor-in-chief of the new more downmarket tabloid. Jameson was involved in the publicity at the time of the launch, the Daily Star had achieved sales of a million copies each day a year after it had begun publication. By now Jameson had gained a reputation of being able to increase the circulations of tabloid newspapers, Matthews refused to return him full-time to the Daily Express, and Jameson was himself then editing the Daily Star in Manchester. He became editor of the News of the World in 1981, the Murdoch and Holt families had, in fact, known each other well. Jamesons cockney accent and abrasive persona caused Private Eye to coin the sobriquet Sid Yobbo in his honour, despite his success and affluence, he remained sensitive about his origins
32.
Sunday Sport
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Sunday Sport is a British tabloid newspaper, published by Sport Newspapers, which was established in 1986. It prints plainly ludicrous stories, such as London Bus Found Frozen In Antarctic Ice, defenders of the paper pointed out that it was not intended to be taken seriously. Its controversial content also includes a high quotient of female nudity. Sunday Sport was started in 1986, 1st issue on sale was dated September 14th 1986. Its original publisher was David Sullivan, Sullivan sold the paper to Sport Newspapers but had to give them a £1. 68m bailout in 2009. The last editor was Nick Appleyard, appointed in September 2007 and his predecessors included Dominic Mohan, Michael Gabbert and Paul Carter. It had a sister title, Daily Sport. It ceased publication and entered administration on 1 April 2011, however, it shortly returned to publication on 8 May, after it was reacquired by its original publisher David Sullivan for £50,000. Sullivan now publishes the paper three times a week as Midweek Sport, Weekend Sport and Sunday Sport, through his company Sunday Sport Limited and it always has a salacious edge, mirroring The Suns Page 3 girl, except spread across more of the pages. Following the departure of editor-in-chief Tony Livesey in August 2006, the paper moved towards more showbiz content spiced with sex, glamour and unique humour. Most issues came with a gift, which could be free pints of lager, free downloads. The Daily Sport and Sunday Sport helped launch the careers of many Page 3 models, including Linsey Dawn Mckenzie, Solange Hop, Cherry Dee, Zoe Parker, Josie Shaw, eunice Clark said, Winston was my only friend. One night he was coming home so I went out to look for him. It was a freezing, foggy night but I saw him walking down the road, but at that moment, a young naval officer came pedalling down the road on his bike, singing in a language I now know to be Belgian. He barrelled into Winston squashing him flat, then carried on as if nothing had happened, I am convinced that man was Ralph Miliband. Only a Belgian – a Belgian Communist – could have killed a kitten in cold blood, Ed Miliband later read from the article and recorded a tongue-in-cheek video message for a Spectator Parliamentarian of the Year award in November that year, pledging to battle the scurrilous story. Barely stifling his laughter, Ed Miliband said Now my friends, Daily Sport Sport Newspapers David Sullivan Page 3 Official website You couldnt make it up, Sport editor quits for BBC, The Independent,17 Aug 2006
