1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Gang of Four (band)
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Gang of Four are an English post-punk group, formed in 1977 in Leeds. The original members were singer Jon King, guitarist Andy Gill, bass guitarist Dave Allen, there have been many different line-ups including, among other notable musicians, Sara Lee and Gail Ann Dorsey. After a brief lull in the 1980s, different constellations of the band recorded two albums in the 1990s. Between 2004 and 2006 the original line-up was reunited, as of 2013, the band plays a stripped-down mix of punk rock, funk and dub, with an emphasis on the social and political ills of society. Gang of Four are widely considered one of the bands of the late 1970s/early 1980s post-punk movement. Was ranked as fifth greatest punk album of all time and at Number 483 in Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the album was listed by Pitchfork Media as the 8th best album of the 1970s. Their early 80s albums found them softening some of their more jarring qualities, David Fricke of Rolling Stone described Gang of Four as probably the best politically motivated band in rock & roll. Gang of Fours music brought together an array of influences. Gang of Four was named by a member of the Mekons while driving around with Gill, the Gangs debut single, Damaged Goods backed with Anthrax and Armalite Rifle, was recorded in June 1978 and released on 10 December 1978, on Edinburghs Fast Product label. It was produced by the Gang of Four and Bob Last and it was a Number 1 indie chart hit and John Peel radio show favourite. This led to two Peel radio sessions, which, with their live performances, propelled the band to international attention and sold-out shows across Europe. They were then signed by EMI records, the groups debut single with this label, At Home Hes a Tourist, charted in 1979. The single was banned by BBC Radio and TV, which lost the band support at EMI. Kings lyrics were controversial and a later single, I Love a Man in a Uniform, was banned by the BBC during the Falklands War in 1982. Critic Stewart Mason has called Anthrax not only the groups most notorious song but also one of the most unique and interesting songs of its time. In one stereo channel, King sings a post-punk anti-love song, comparing himself to a beetle trapped on its back and equating love with a case of anthrax, although the two sets of lyrics tell independent stories they occasionally synchronise for emphasis. According to critic Paul Morley, The Gang spliced the ferocious precision of Dr. Feelgoods working-class blues with the testing avant-garde intrigue of Henry Cow, wilfully avoiding structural obviousness, melodic prettiness and harmonic corniness, the Gangs music was studded with awkward holes and sharp corners. At the time, the band was recognised to be doing something different from other white guitar acts
3.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
4.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
5.
Rochdale
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Rochdale is surrounded by several smaller settlements which together form the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale, population 211,699. Rochdale is the largest settlement and administrative centre, with a population of 107,926. Historically a part of Lancashire, Rochdales recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under Recedham Manor, the ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the hundred of Salford and one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England comprising several townships. By 1251, Rochdale had become important enough to have granted a Royal charter. Subsequently, Rochdale flourished into a centre of northern Englands woollen trade, Rochdale rose to prominence during the 19th century as a major mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the first ever industrialised towns. The Rochdale Canal—one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom—was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton, wool and coal to and from the area. The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdales textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status, however, during the 20th century Rochdales spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt. Rochdale is commonly cited as the birthplace of the modern Co-operative Movement, the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society was founded in 1844 by 28 local residents as a response to the high cost and frequent adulteration of basic foodstuffs by shopkeepers at the time. The Pioneers were notable for combining the notion of the patronage dividend alongside investing trading surplus for member benefit, the Rochdale Principles, the set of ideals which underpinned the society, are still used, in updated form, by the International Co-operative Alliance to this day. The Rochdale Pioneers shop was the precursor to The Co-operative Group, Rochdale today is a predominantly residential town. Rochdale Town Hall—a Grade I listed building—dates from 1871 and is one of the United Kingdoms finest examples of Victorian Gothic revival architecture, Rochdale seems to be named from its position on the River Roch but is recorded as Recedham in the Domesday Book. The name is derived from Old English reced meaning hall, and ham, over time, the name changed to Rachedale and eventually Rochdale. The rivers name is a back-formation from the Old English name, its name is /ˈroʊtʃ/, Rochdale however, is pronounced /ˈrɒtʃdeɪl/, with a short o. A Roman road, leading from Mamucium to Eboracum, crossed the moors at Blackstone Edge, during the time of the Danelaw, Rochdale was subjected to incursions by the Danes on the Saxons. Rochdale appears in the Domesday Book as Recedham, at the time of the Norman Conquest the manor was held by a Saxon thegn, Gamel. John Byron bought the manor in 1638 and it was sold by the poet, Lord Byron, in 1823, to the Deardens, who hold the title. Rochdale had no manor house but the Orchard built in 1702 and it was described as a red-brick building of no architectural distinction, on the north side of the river opposite the town hall and sometimes referred to as the Manor House
6.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
7.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
8.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
9.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
10.
Entertainment!
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Is the debut album by English post-punk band Gang of Four, released in September 1979. This album was released on EMI in the UK and on Warner Bros. in the US, stylistically, the album draws on punk but also incorporates the influence of funk, dance music, reggae and dub. Its lyrics and artwork reflected the bands left-wing political concerns and it would an influential release in the burgeoning post-punk movement. The album was ranked at No.5 among the top Albums of the Year for 1979 by NME, in 2003, the album was ranked number 490 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In March 2005, Q magazine placed the track At Home Hes a Tourist at number 52 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks, has sold more than 100,000 copies in the UK. In 2004, Pitchfork Media listed Entertainment, as eighth best album of the 1970s. The albums artwork was designed by band members Jon King and Andy Gill, the cover, designed by King, shows the influence of the Situationist International, a group which became famous during the Paris 68 student-led revolution in France. The faces are reduced to blobs of red and white—that is, a text that winds around the images reads, The Indian smiles, he thinks that the cowboy is his friend. The cowboy smiles, he is glad the Indian is fooled, the albums back cover depicts a family whose father says, I spend most of our money on myself so that I can stay fat, while the mother and children declare, Were grateful for his leftovers. The album was available in the now-extinct 8-track format. Jon King was lyricist for of 8 of the 12 tracks - Naturals not in it, Not Great Men, Return The Gift, Guns Before Butter, I Found That Essence Rare, Glass, Contract, and At Home Hes A Tourist. King authored lyrics for main sections of Damaged Goods, with Andy Gill writing the middle 8, King & Gill co-authored lyrics to the call and response narrative of Ether,5,45 and Anthrax, the latter having a challenging double sets of lyrics which run in parallel. A number of songs apply these themes to challenge traditional concepts of love and love songs, in his 2014 monograph on the album, Kevin J. H. Dettmar, likens the album to James Joyces Ulysses, saying that. Both are concerned with the importance of narrative, of storytelling, the band were originally asked to perform the song on Top of the Pops. Kurt Cobain listed it in his top fifty albums of all time, the album has attracted praise from rock musicians. Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers stated that the first time he heard the record, It completely changed the way I looked at rock music, in 2005, the band performed the album live in its entirety as part of the All Tomorrows Parties-curated Dont Look Back series. In Autumn 2010, Microsoft used the song Naturals Not in It in sports-focused advertisements for the Kinect, Naturals Not in It was also used during the title sequence of the 2006 film, Marie Antoinette. In 2009, King wrote a track by track commentary on the album for Clash, hutchence cited Gang of Four as a major influence on INXS
11.
Jon King
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Jonathan Michael Jon King is an English singer, musician and founding member of the Leeds-based post-punk band Gang of Four. – Source Jon Pareles, New York Times,24 January 2005, Jon King co-wrote and co-produced the groundbreaking Entertainment. Situationism conspicuously used popular imagery in order to subvert it – to make the familiar strange, the tactic was good, worth ripping off, as in the Entertainment. Cover, or the original Damaged Goods sleeve, in an interview with NPR the author state Kings lyrics have always meant different things to different people. Some see his words as a reaction to Margaret Thatcher, unemployment in early-80s Britain or the unraveling of the unions, but King says he was more interested in changing the meaning of things by the label. King says, in the feature, I remember when I was 15, I got incredibly excited when I found some grubby old book in a secondhand bookshop about the revolution in Paris in 1968. I got terribly excited by the fact and you can change the meaning of things by the label. I dont know anything about that and that is something which is a very specific American topic, but it seems to be exhaustively gone around. I had a chance to describe it the night, like a dog returning to its own vomit. The Guardian, in its citation of Entertainment, said, in reference to Kings lyrics that they deal with one of Karl Marx’s theories most widely favoured by the Situationists, the guttansweng. The guttansweng is the idea that become separated from their human nature. This is why the spectator feels at home nowhere, because the spectacle is everywhere. ”King himself, talking about the song, said, Sometimes, you get lucky. Suddenly getting the answer to a question when you turn off, thrown-ness - if thats a word at all – was something we puzzled over. Why, if everything is like it is, do so many things seem ersatz and he won in 2005 Mojo Magazines Inspiration to Music MOJO Awards and the Diesel U Music Outstanding Contribution / Lifetime Achievement award. In 2011 he performed with Gang of Four on The David Letterman Show, post Gang of Four, King has had a career in live event production, technology consulting, broadcast television, and media, and is now a senior executive within the Vice Media Group
12.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
13.
Dave Allen (English musician)
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David Dave Geoffrey Allen is an English musician, formerly the bass guitarist for the post-punk band, Gang of Four. In 1981, he left Gang of Four to form Shriekback and he later founded World Domination Recordings and two of its bands, The Elastic Purejoy and Low Pop Suicide. After leaving Shriekback in 1988, Allen founded King Swamp with other former bandmates, according to Pitchfork. com, in 2006, Allen formed a super-group with Danny Seim of Menomena, John Askew of Tracker, and Pioneers Press author Adam Gnade. A7 single, Your Friends Will Carry You Home, featuring Gnade on vocals, was released by Polyvinyl records in 2008, subsequently, he was director of Consumer Digital Audio Services at Intel in Portland, Oregon. Then he went on to be the president of the entertainment division of the Overland Agency and he is now co-founder of digital strategy firm Fight, and runs the independent record label, Pampelmoose. In 2014, he joined Beats Music as Director, Artist & Music Industry Advocacy, after Apple Inc. acquired Beats, he stayed on in Apple Music Artist Relations
14.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
15.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
16.
Prince (musician)
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Prince Rogers Nelson was an American singer-songwriter, actor, multi-instrumentalist, philanthropist, dancer and record producer. He was an innovator who was known for his eclectic work, flamboyant stage presence, extravagant dress and makeup. His music integrates a variety of styles, including funk, rock, R&B, new wave, soul, psychedelia. He has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the artists of all time. He won seven Grammy Awards, an American Music Award, a Golden Globe Award, and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004, his first year of eligibility. Rolling Stone ranked Prince at number 27 on its list of 100 Greatest Artists, Prince was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and developed an interest in music as a young child. He signed a contract with Warner Bros. at the age of 18. In 1984, he began referring to his band as the Revolution and released Purple Rain. It quickly became his most critically and commercially successful release, spending 24 consecutive weeks atop the Billboard 200, after releasing the albums Around the World in a Day and Parade, The Revolution disbanded, and Prince released the double album Sign o the Times as a solo artist. He released three solo albums before debuting the New Power Generation band in 1991. He released five records between 1994 and 1996 before signing with Arista Records in 1998, in 2000, he began referring to himself as Prince again. He released 16 albums after that, including the platinum-selling Musicology and his final album, Hit n Run Phase Two, was first released on the Tidal streaming service on December 12,2015. Prince died from an overdose at his Paisley Park recording studio and home in Chanhassen, Minnesota, on April 21,2016. Prince Rogers Nelson was born in Minneapolis, to Mattie Della and his parents were both African-American and his family ancestry is centered in Louisiana, all four of his grandparents came from that state. Princes father was a pianist and songwriter, and his mother was a jazz singer, Prince was given his fathers stage name, Prince Rogers, which his father used while performing with a jazz group called the Prince Rogers Trio. In 1991, Princes father told A Current Affair that I named my son Prince because I wanted him to do everything I wanted to do, Prince has said he was born epileptic and used to have seizures when he was young. He also said, My mother told me one day I walked in to her and said, Mom, Im not going to be sick anymore, Princes sister Tika Evene was born in 1960. Both siblings developed a keen interest in music, and this was encouraged by their father, Prince wrote his first tune, Funk Machine, on his fathers piano when he was seven
17.
Double entendre
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A double entendre is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to be understood in two ways, having a double meaning. Typically one of the meanings is obvious, given the context whereas the other may require more thought, the innuendo may convey a message that would be socially awkward, sexually suggestive, or offensive to state directly. A double entendre may exploit puns to convey the second meaning, double entendres generally rely on multiple meanings of words, or different interpretations of the same primary meaning. They often exploit ambiguity and may be used to introduce it deliberately in a text, sometimes a homophone can be used as a pun. When three or more meanings have been constructed, this is known as a triple entendre, etc. A person who is unfamiliar with the hidden or alternative meaning of a sentence may fail to detect its innuendos, the expression comes from French double = double and entendre = to listen. However, the English formulation is a corruption of the authentic French expression à double entente, modern French uses double sens instead, the phrase double entendre has no real meaning in the modern French language. In Homers The Odyssey, when Odysseus is captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus, when Odysseus attacks the Cyclops later that night and stabs him in the eye, the Cyclops runs out of his cave, yelling to the other cyclopes that No-one has hurt me. Which leads the other cyclopes to take no action under the assumption that Polyphemus blinded himself by accident, allowing Odysseus, some of the earliest double entendres are found in the Exeter Book, or Codex exoniensis, at Exeter Cathedral in England. The book was copied around 975 AD, in addition to the various poems and stories found in the book, there are also numerous riddles. The Anglo-Saxons did not reveal the answers to the riddles, some riddles were double-entendres, such as Riddle 25 which suggests the answer a penis but has the correct answer an onion. Examples of sexual innuendo and double-entendre occur in Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, the most famous of these may be her use of the word queynte to describe both domestic duties and genitalia. Sometimes, it is whether a double entendre was intended. For example, the character Charley Bates from Charles Dickens Oliver Twist is frequently referred to as Master Bates, the word masturbate was in use when the book was written, and Dickens often used colourful names related to the natures of the characters. The title of Damon Knights story To Serve Man is a double entendre which could mean to perform a service to humanity or to serve a human as food. An alien cookbook with the title To Serve Man is featured in the story which could imply that the aliens eat humans, the story was the basis for an episode of The Twilight Zone. At the end of the episode the line Its a cookbook, shakespeare frequently used double entendres in his plays. The title of Shakespeares play Much Ado About Nothing is a pun on the Elizabethan use of no-thing as slang for vagina
18.
Clash (magazine)
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Clash is a popular music and fashion magazine and website based in the United Kingdom. It is published four times a year by Music Republic Ltd. after Clash Music Ltd went into liquidation and it concentrates on music and fashion, and often their effect on surrounding culture, as well as film and technology. The magazine won the Best New Magazine award in 2004 at the PPA Magazine Awards and has won awards in England and Scotland. Most notably, it won Magazine Of The Year at the 2011 Record Of The Day Awards, at the turn of 2011, Clash took on an entirely new look, ditching the previous glossy feel and music led design, for an altogether more led approach. In 2013 Clash launched a Smartphone channel which went on to win Best Music Magazine at the Digital Magazine Awards for their IOS Apple Magazine App, in February 2014 it expanded onto Android Handsets. The publication draws on the larger Clash brand, which extends to live events around the country and festival partnerships/parties,2011 saw Clash partner Levis and Spotify to bring Primal Scream to Londons Electric Brixton for one of their final shows with the former Stone Roses member, Mani. More recently this activity re-branded to be called Next Wave in order to reflect changes in the magazine. In November 2014, the magazine published its 99th edition, the Web-based service continued throughout the magazines absence from the news-stands. In late 2015 it was announced that Clash would return to print as a magazine from February 2016. Clash magazine was bred out of long running free listings magazine Vibe based in Dundee, the website features numerous ongoing features such as DJ Disasters, Rapture & Verse and A Letter From. It runs a Track of the Day feature from Monday to Friday, the website enjoyed a redesign, bringing it in line with the look of the print magazine, in October 2012. On 30 March 2009, ClashMusic began publishing the Essential 50 – fifty albums which the website considered the 50 greatest, most significant, downright brilliant albums of Clashs lifetime. Made up entirely of albums released in the past five years, list of magazines published in Scotland Music magazine Official website
19.
Morrisons
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Wm Morrison Supermarkets plc, trading as Morrisons, is the fourth largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom, headquartered in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. Founded in 1899 by William Morrison, hence the abbreviation Wm Morrison, it began as an egg and butter stall in Rawson Market, Bradford, as of May 2014 the company had 515 superstores across England, Wales and Scotland. There is also a Morrisons store in Gibraltar, which is the only store outside of Great Britain. Morrisons market share in June 2015 was 11%, down 0. 3% from 2014 – behind Tesco, Asda Sainsburys, the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is part of the FTSE100 Index of companies. The Morrison family currently owns around 10% of the company, the company was founded by William Morrison in 1899 who started the business as an egg and butter merchant in Rawson Market, Bradford, England, operating under the name of Wm Morrison Limited. His son Ken Morrison took over the company in 1952, aged 21, in 1958, Morrisons opened a small shop in the city centre. It was the first self-service store in Bradford, the first store to have prices on its products, the company opened its first supermarket, Victoria, in the Girlington district of Bradford in 1961. In 1967, Morrisons became a limited company listed on the London Stock Exchange. In March 2004 Morrisons, acquired Safeway, a British supermarket chain which owned 479 stores, the company was purchased for £3.3 billion, comprising 1 new Morrisons share, plus 60 pence in cash for each Safeway share held. The acquisition quickly ran into difficulties caused in part by Safeway UKs outgoing management changing that chains accounting systems six weeks before the transaction was completed, the result was a series of profit warnings being issued by Morrisons, poor financial results and a reversion to manual systems. Within a few weeks, Safeway carrier bags were replaced by those of Morrisons and Morrisons own-brand products began to appear in Safeway stores. John Lewis Partnership purchased 19 to be part of its Waitrose chain, while J Sainsbury plc purchased a further 14, at the time Morrisons chose not to move into the convenience store sector. In Northern Ireland Morrisons sold the Safeway stores to Asda and this included a store in Bangor that opened after the Morrisons takeover. One of the largest single purchases in 2005 was that of five stores by Waitrose, on 18 July 2006, a further six stores from the Rump format were sold to Waitrose, including the former Safeway store in Hexham, Northumberland, which became Englands most northerly Waitrose branch. In May 2005, Morrisons announced the closure of Safeways joint venture convenience store/petrol station format with BP, under the deal, the premises had been split 50/50 between the two companies. In 2011, Sandpiper CI/CI Traders sold the Channel Island Safeway stores to Waitrose, on the Isle of Man, the Douglas store was sold to Shoprite and the Ramsey store was sold to The Co-operative Food. The Gibraltar store was originally marketed for sale, but has now been converted under the Rump format, in November 2006, plans were submitted for the extension and redevelopment of the store in order to introduce the full Morrisons format. In September 2005 the company announced the closure of former Safeway depots in Kent, Bristol, the Kent depot has since been sold to upmarket rival Waitrose, whilst Warrington was sold to frozen food rival Iceland
20.
Leeds
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Leeds /liːdz/ is a city in West Yorkshire, England. Historically in Yorkshires West Riding, the history of Leeds can be traced to the 5th century when the name referred to an area of the Kingdom of Elmet. The name has applied to many administrative entities over the centuries. It changed from being the appellation of a small borough in the 13th century, through several incarnations. In the 17th and 18th centuries Leeds became a centre for the production. During the Industrial Revolution, Leeds developed into a mill town, wool was the dominant industry but flax, engineering, iron foundries, printing. From being a market town in the valley of the River Aire in the 16th century Leeds expanded and absorbed the surrounding villages to become a populous urban centre by the mid-20th century. The city has the third largest jobs total by local authority area with 480,000 in employment and self-employment at the beginning of 2015. Leeds is also ranked as a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Leeds is served by four universities, and has the fourth largest student population in the country and has the fourth largest urban economy. After London, Leeds is the largest legal and financial centre in the UK, with over 30 national and international banks located in the city. Leeds is also the UKs third largest manufacturing centre with around 1,800 firms and 39,000 employees, the largest sub-sectors are engineering, printing and publishing, food and drink, chemicals and medical technology. Outside of London, Leeds has the third busiest railway station, Public transport, rail and road communications networks in the region are focused on Leeds and there are a number of twinning arrangements with towns and cities in other countries. The name Leeds derives from the old Brythonic word Ladenses meaning people of the fast-flowing river and this name originally referred to the forested area covering most of the Brythonic kingdom of Elmet, which existed during the 5th century into the early 7th century. An inhabitant of Leeds is locally known as a Loiner, a word of uncertain origin, the term Leodensian is also used, from the citys Latin name. Leeds developed as a town in the Middle Ages as part of the local agricultural economy. Before the Industrial Revolution it became a centre for the manufacture of woollen cloth. Leeds handled one sixth of Englands export trade in 1770, growth, initially in textiles, was accelerated by the building of the Aire and Calder Navigation in 1699 and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1816
21.
Situationist International
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Overall, situationist theory represented an attempt to synthesize this diverse field of theoretical disciplines into a modern and comprehensive critique of mid-20th century advanced capitalism. When the Situationist International was first formed, it had a predominantly artistic focus, emphasis was placed on concepts like unitary urbanism, gradually, however, that focus shifted more towards revolutionary and political theory. Situationist theory sees the situation as a tool for the liberation of everyday life, the experimental direction of situationist activity consisted of setting up temporary environments favorable to the fulfillment of true and authentic human desires in response. However, despite their insistence on this point, the term situationism is still used in reference to the Situationist International. By 1950, a younger and more left-wing part of the Lettrist movement began to emerge. André Breton prominently came out in solidarity with the action in a letter that spawned a debate in the newspaper Combat. The schism finally erupted when the members of the radical Lettrists disrupted a Charlie Chaplin press conference for Limelight at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. They distributed a polemic entitled No More Flat Feet. which concluded, All we can see now is a lugubrious and mercenary old man. Isou was upset with this, his own attitude being that Chaplin deserved respect as one of the creators of the cinematic art. During this period of the Letterist International, many of the important concepts, the meeting established the foundation for the development of the Situationist International, which was officially formed in In July 1957 at a meeting in Cosio. Later, the Situationist International drew ideas from other such as Socialisme ou Barbarie. The most prominent member of the group, Guy Debord, generally considered the organizations de facto leader. In June 1957, Debord wrote the manifesto of the Situationist International and this manifesto plans a systematic rereading of Karl Marxs Das Kapital and advocates a cultural revolution in western countries. During the first few years of the SIs founding, avant-garde artistic groups began collaborating with the SI, Gruppe SPUR, a German artistic collective, collaborated with the Situationist International on projects beginning in 1959, continuing until the group officially joined the SI in 1961. The role of the artists in the SI was of significance, particularly Asger Jorn, Constant Nieuwenhuys. Asger Jorn, who invented Situgraphy and Situlogy, had the role of catalyst. Jorn’s role in the situationist movement was that of a catalyst, Guy Debord on his own lacked the personal warmth and persuasiveness to draw people of different nationalities and talents into an active working partnership. As a prototype Marxist intellectual Debord needed an ally who could patch up the petty egoisms, when Jorns leadership was withdrawn in 1961, many simmering quarrels among different sections of the SI flared up, leading to multiple exclusions
22.
Deconstruction
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Deconstruction is a name commonly associated with philosopher Jacques Derridas critical outlook over the relationship between text and meaning. Derridas approach consists in conducting readings of texts with an ear to what runs counter to the unity or intended sense of a particular text. The purpose is to expose that the object of language and what upon which any text is founded is irreducibly complex, unstable, many debates in continental philosophy surrounding ontology, epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, hermeneutics, and philosophy of language refer to Derridas observations. Deconstruction also inspired deconstructivism in architecture and remains important within art, music, Jacques Derridas 1967 work Of Grammatology introduced the majority of ideas influential within deconstruction. According to Derrida and taking inspiration from the work of Ferdinand de Saussure, language as a system of signs, as a consequence meaning is never present, but rather is deferred to other signs. Derrida refers to the — in this view, mistaken — belief that there is a self-sufficient, a concept then must be understood in the context of its opposite, such as being/nothingness, normal/abnormal, speech/writing, etc. Further, Derrida contends that in a classical philosophical opposition we are not dealing with the coexistence of a vis-a-vis. One of the two terms governs the other, or has the hand, signified over signifier, intelligible over sensible, speech over writing, activity over passivity. The first task of deconstruction would be to find and overturn these oppositions inside a text or a corpus of texts, but the final objective of deconstruction is not to surpass all oppositions, because it is assumed they are structurally necessary to produce sense. They simply cannot be suspended once and for all, the hierarchy of dual oppositions always reestablishes itself. Deconstruction only points to the necessity of an analysis that can make explicit the decisions. To be effective, deconstruction needs to create new terms, not to synthesize the concepts in opposition and this explains why Derrida always proposes new terms in his deconstruction, not as a free play but as a pure necessity of analysis, to better mark the intervals. Derridas original use of the word deconstruction was a translation of Destruktion, heideggers term referred to a process of exploring the categories and concepts that tradition has imposed on a word, and the history behind them. An assertion that texts outlive their authors, and become part of a set of cultural habits equal to, if not surpassing, the importance of authorial intent. A re-valuation of certain classic western dialectics, poetry vs. philosophy, reason vs. revelation, structure vs. creativity, episteme vs. techne, etc. To this end, Derrida follows a line of modern philosophers. However, like Nietzsche, Derrida is not satisfied merely with such an interpretation of Plato. Différance is the observation that the meanings of words come from their synchrony with other words within the language, understanding language according to Derrida required an understanding of both viewpoints of linguistic analysis
23.
Sans-serif
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In typography and lettering, a sans-serif, sans serif, gothic, or simply sans letterform is one that does not have extending features called serifs at the end of strokes. Sans-serif fonts tend to have less line width variation than serif fonts, in most print, they are often used for headings rather than for body text. They are often used to convey simplicity and modernity or minimalism, Sans-serif fonts have become the most prevalent for display of text on computer screens. On lower-resolution digital displays, fine details like serifs may disappear or appear too large, the term comes from the French word sans, meaning without and serif of uncertain origin, possibly from the Dutch word schreef meaning line or pen-stroke. Before the term became common in English typography, a number of other terms had been used. One of these terms for sans serif was gothic, which is still used in East Asian typography and sometimes seen in font names like Century Gothic, Highway Gothic. Sans-serif fonts are sometimes, especially in older documents, used as a device for emphasis and this group features most of the early sans-serif designs. Influenced by Didone serif fonts of the period and signpainting traditions, the early sans-serif typefaces often did not feature a lower case or italics, since they were not needed for such uses. They were sometimes released by width, with a range of widths from extended to normal to condensed, with each different, meaning to modern eyes they can look quite irregular. Grotesque fonts have limited variation of stroke width, the terminals of curves are usually horizontal, and many have a spurred G and an R with a curled leg. Capitals tend to be of uniform width. Cap height and ascender height are generally the same to create a more regular effect in such as titles with many capital letters. Most avoid having a true italic in favour of a more restrained oblique or sloped design, Akzidenz Grotesk Old Face, Knockout, Grotesque No.9 and Monotype Grotesque are examples of digital fonts that retain eccentricities of early sans-serif types. The term realist has also applied to these designs due to their practicality and simplicity. As the name implies, these modern designs consist of an evolution of grotesque types. They are relatively straightforward in appearance with limited width variation, unlike earlier grotesque designs, many were issued in extremely large and versatile families from the time of release, making them easier to use for body text. Helvetica is an example of this, others such as Univers are less regular. Neo-grotesque type began in the 1950s with the emergence of the International Typographic Style and its members looked at the clear lines of Akzidenz Grotesk as an inspiration to create rational, almost neutral typefaces
24.
Blast (magazine)
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Blast was the short-lived literary magazine of the Vorticist movement in Britain. Both editions were primarily by Wyndham Lewis. The magazine is emblematic of the art movement in England. Traditionalism and its trappings, electrified the assembled avant-garde. Initially galvanized by Marinettis verve, Wyndham Lewis—like many other members of the London avant-garde—had become increasingly irritated by the Italians arrogance, Wyndham Lewis wrote a few days later, England practically invented this civilisation that Signor Marinetti has come to preach to us about. The final riposte came with the publication of Blast, written, the name Vorticism was coined by the poet Ezra Pound, a close friend of Lewis and the groups main publicist. Writing to James Joyce in April 1914, Pound described the magazine in terms, Lewis is starting a new Futurist, Cubist. I cant tell, it is mostly a painters magazine with me to do the poems, the first edition was printed in folio format, with the oblique title Blast splashed across its bright pink soft cover. Inside, Lewis used a range of bold typographic innovations and tricks to engage the reader, rather than conventional serif fonts, some of the text is set in sans-serif grotesque fonts. Epstein chose not to sign the manifesto, although his work was featured, the manifesto is primarily a long list of things to be Blessed or Blasted. It starts, Beyond Action and Reaction we would establish ourselves and we start from opposite statements of a chosen world. Set up violent structure of adolescent clearness between two extremes and we discharge ourselves on both sides. We fight first on one side, then on the other, but always for the SAME cause, Mercenaries were always the best troops. We are primitive Mercenaries in the Modern World and we set Humour at Humours throat. Stir up Civil War among peaceful apes and we only want Humour if it has fought like Tragedy. We only want Tragedy if it can clench its side-muscles like hands on its belly, included the now famous pages of subjects either Blasted or Blessed depending on how they were seen by the fledgling Vorticists. Blast pages generally had a go at Fry, the Bloomsbury set, the art critic. Amongst those being Blessed are hairdressers and mariners, the latter two professions were celebrated because they both battle against elemental nature
25.
Bullfighter
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In English, a torero is sometimes referred to by the term toreador, which was popularized by Georges Bizet in his opera Carmen. In Spanish, the word designates bullfighters on horseback but is used today. A very small number of women have been bullfighters on foot or on horseback, female matadors have experienced considerable resistance and public hostility from some aficionados and other matadors. Usually, toreros start fighting younger bulls, and are called novilleros, fighting of mature bulls commences only after a special match, called the Alternative. At this same bullfight, the novillero is presented to the crowd as a matador de toros, the act of bullfighting is not called or considered a stand-alone sport but rather a performance art. There is no contest, simple punctuation, nor any formal classification, further still, bullfighting, historically, started more with nobles upon horseback, all lancing bulls with accompanying commoners on foot doing helper jobs. As time went by, the work of the commoners on foot gained in importance up to the point whereupon they became the main, Bullfighting on horseback became a separate and distinct act called rejoneo which is still performed today—although, not as often as bullfighting itself does on foot. Bullfighting on foot became a means for poor, able-bodied men to achieve fame and fortune, when a famous torero was asked why he risked his life, one man reportedly answered Más cornadas da el hambre. Today, it is now common for a bullfighter to be born into a family of bullfighters, the established term, Maletilla or espontáneo, is attributed to those who illegally jump into the ring and attempt to bullfight for their sake and glory. While the practice itself is widely despised by many spectators and fans alike, some, such as El Cordobés, a matador de toros is considered to be both an artist and an athlete, possessing great agility, grace, and co-ordination. One of the most famous matadors was Juan Belmonte, whose technique in the ring revolutionized bullfighting, the style and bravery of the matador is regarded as being, at least, equally important as to whether or not he actually kills the bull. The most successful matadores used to be treated like pop stars, with matching financial incomes, cult followings, one of the most famous bullfighters in history, Manolete, died this way in 1947. This hazard is said to be central to the nature and appeal of bullfighting, the American writer Ernest Hemingway was a bullfighting aficionado. Within his fictional works, The Sun Also Rises features a matador and scenes of bullfighting, as do his short stories The Capital of the World, outside of fiction, he also wrote at length on the subject in Death in the Afternoon and The Dangerous Summer. In 1962, Hollywood producer David Wolper produced The Story Of A Matador, in this case, it was the late Matador Jaime Bravo. A picador is a bullfighter who uses a special lance called pica while on horseback to test the bulls strength and they perform in the tercio de varas which is the first of the three stages in a Spanish bullfight. The shape of the lance or pica is regulated by Spanish law to prevent serious injury to the bull which was viewed as cheating in the past. The bull will charge the horses in the ring and, at the prior to contact
26.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
27.
Fugazi
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Fugazi is an American post-hardcore band that formed in Washington, D. C. in 1987. The band consists of guitarists and vocalists Ian MacKaye and Guy Picciotto, bassist Joe Lally, Fugazi are noted for their DIY ethical stance, manner of business practice, and contempt towards the music industry. Fugazi have performed worldwide tours, produced six studio albums, a film. Fugazi has been on hiatus since 2003. After the hardcore punk group Minor Threat dissolved, Ian MacKaye was active with a few short-lived groups, MacKaye decided he wanted a project that was like The Stooges with reggae, but was wary about forming another band after Embraces break up. MacKaye recalled, My interests were not necessarily to be in a band, MacKaye recruited ex-Dag Nasty drummer Colin Sears and bass guitarist Joe Lally, and the trio began practicing together in September 1986. After a few months of rehearsals, Sears returned to Dag Nasty and was replaced by Brendan Canty, but Picciotto was disappointed that there seemed to be no place for him. After some uncertainty from Canty about what he wanted to do with his future, the band began inviting Picciotto to practices. Inspired by use of a foil in hip hop, Picciotto sang backup vocals, after his band Happy Go Licky broke up, he became more involved with Fugazi. MacKaye eventually asked Picciotto to become a member, which he accepted. Fugazi embarked on its first tour in January 1988, in June 1988 the band recorded its debut EP Fugazi with producer Ted Niceley and producer/engineer Don Zientara, and shortly afterwards embarked on an arduous tour of Europe. At the tours conclusion in December, the recorded songs for its intended debut album. However, the band was spent from touring and decided that the sessions were unsatisfactory. The track list was cut down to an EP and released as Margin Walker the following year, both EPs were eventually combined into the 13 Songs release in late 1989. Upon the bands return from Europe, Picciotto, unsatisfied with singing, with Picciotto playing guitar full-time, Fugazi made the transition into jamming and writing new material as a band as opposed to performing songs composed solely by MacKaye. In addition to working on new material, songs they had been performing live were refined, such as Merchandise and Turnover, released on April 19,1990, through Dischord Records, Repeater did not initially reach the Billboard 200 charts or become a commercial success. By summer 1991, the album more than 300,000 copies. While major labels began to court Fugazi, the decided to stay with Dischord
28.
Rage Against the Machine
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Rage Against the Machine is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. Formed in 1991, the group consists of rapper and vocalist Zack de la Rocha, bassist and backing vocalist Tim Commerford, guitarist Tom Morello, and drummer Brad Wilk. They draw inspiration from heavy metal instrumentation, as well as hip hop acts such as Afrika Bambaataa, Public Enemy, the Beastie Boys. Rage Against the Machine is well known for the members leftist and revolutionary political views, as of 2010, they had sold over 16 million records worldwide. In 1992, the band released its debut album, which became a commercial and critical success. In 2003, the album was ranked number 368 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, the band did not release a follow-up record until 1996, with Evil Empire. The bands third album, The Battle of Los Angeles, followed in 1999, and in 2003, during their initial nine-year run, they became one of the most popular and influential bands in music history, according to music journalist Colin Devenish. They were also ranked No.33 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock, the band had a large influence on the nu metal genre which came to prominence during the second half of the 1990s. In 2000, the released the cover album Renegades. The same year, growing tensions over the direction of the band prompted de la Rocha to quit, the same year, Rage Against the Machine announced a reunion and performed together for the first time in seven years at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2007. Up until 2011, the continued to perform at more live venues. In 2016, Morello, Commerford and Wilk formed a new band, Prophets of Rage, with Chuck D, Tom soon contacted Brad Wilk, who had unsuccessfully auditioned for Lock Up. This line-up went on to form Rage Against the Machine, the newly christened Rage Against the Machine named themselves after a song de la Rocha had written for his former popular underground hardcore punk band, Inside Out. Kent McClard, with whom Inside Out were associated, had coined the phrase rage against the machine in a 1989 article in his zine No Answers. Shortly after forming, they gave their first public performance on October 23,1991, at The Quad of California State University, not all 12 songs made it onto the final album—two were eventually included as B-sides, while three others never saw an official release. Several record labels expressed interest, and the band signed with Epic Records. Morello said, Epic agreed to everything we asked—and theyve followed through and we never saw a conflict as long as we maintained creative control. The Fuck You version, which contains 17 iterations of the word fuck, was accidentally played on the BBC Radio 1 Top 40 singles show on February 21,1993
29.
The Fall (band)
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The Fall are an English post-punk band, formed in 1976 in Prestwich, Lancashire. They have undergone many line up changes, with Mark E. Smith as the founder, the Falls long term musicians have included bassist Steve Hanley, drummers Paul Hanley and Karl Burns, and guitarists Marc Riley, Craig Scanlon and Brix Smith. First associated with the late 1970s punk movement, the Falls music has undergone numerous stylistic changes, while the Fall have never achieved widespread success beyond minor hit singles in the late 1980s, they have maintained a strong cult following. The Fall have been called the most prolific band of the British post-punk movement and they have released thirty-one studio albums as of 2015, and more than three times that number when live albums and compilations are taken into account. The Fall were formed in Prestwich, Lancashire in 1976 by Mark E. Smith, Martin Bramah, Una Baines, the four friends would meet to read their writings to each other and take drugs. Their musical influences included Can, The Velvet Underground, Captain Beefheart and garage bands like The Monks. The members were devoted readers, with Smith citing H. P, lovecraft, Raymond Chandler and Malcolm Lowry among his favourite writers. After seeing the Sex Pistols play Manchesters Lesser Free Trade Hall in June 1976, Smith wanted to name the group The Outsiders, but Friel came up with the name The Fall after a 1956 novel by Albert Camus. Smith became the singer, Bramah the guitarist, Friel played bass guitar and Baines bashed biscuit tins instead of drums, unable to afford buying a drum kit, the Falls music was intentionally raw and repetitive. The song Repetition, declaring that weve repetition in the music, the group played its first concert on 23 May 1977 at the North West Arts basement. The bands first drummer was remembered only as Dave or Steve for thirty-four years, Ormrod lasted just one show, at least in part due to political differences with the other members of the group. He was replaced by Karl Burns, whom Friel played with in a band Nuclear Angel, the Fall soon caught attention of Buzzcocks manager Richard Boon, who funded their first recording session. And in November 1977 they recorded material for their debut EP, Boon planned to release the EP on his New Hormones label, but after discovering that he could not afford to release the EP, he gave the tapes back to the group. The Falls line-up underwent first drastic changes in 1977–78, kay Carroll, Una Bainess friend and colleague at the psychiatric hospital, became the groups manager and occasional backing vocalist, as well as Smiths girlfriend. Friel, unhappy with Carrolls management, left in December 1977 and he was briefly replaced by Jonnie Brown and later Eric McGann. 16-year-old Marc Riley, the roadie, was eventually recruited to the group to play bass guitar. Finally was released in August 1978 on Step Forward Records, the single Its the New Thing followed in November 1978, and in December The Fall recorded their debut album Live at the Witch Trials, which was released in March 1979. Burns quit the group shortly after the album was recorded, and was replaced by Mike Leigh from Rockin Ricky, a cabaret band
30.
Au Pairs
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The Au Pairs were a British post-punk band that formed in Birmingham in 1978 and continued until 1983. They produced two albums and three singles. Their songs were said to have contempt for the cliches of contemporary politics and their music has been compared to the Gang of Four. The band was led by Lesley Woods, who was described as one of the most striking women in British rock. Their first album Playing with a Different Sex is considered a classic with strong, sarcastic songs like Its Obvious. The band performed in 1980 for the concert film Urgh, the bands second album, Sense and Sensuality, showed a greater influence of jazz, soul, funk and disco on the bands sound, but was less well received. Following the departure of Jane Munro in 1983, the band recruited Nick OConnor who also played piano, at this time the group were further augmented by Jayne Morris, Graeme Hamilton and Cara Tivey on additional keyboards. The band broke up in 1983, just before they were about to go record an album with producer Steve Lillywhite, Woods formed an all-woman band called the Darlings in the late 1980s, but then left the music industry. She now works as a lawyer in London, Guitarist Paul Foad published a guitar technique book, co-written with Stuart Ritchie, titled The Caged Guitarist. Bass player Jane Munro works as an alternative therapist in Birmingham, pete Hammond also remains an active musician and teaches percussion in Birmingham
31.
The Clash
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The Clash were an English punk rock band that formed in 1976 as part of the original wave of British punk. Along with punk, their music incorporated elements of reggae, dub, funk, ska, for most of their recording career the Clash consisted of Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Nicky Topper Headon. Headon left the group in 1982, and internal friction led to Joness departure the following year, the group continued with new members, but finally disbanded in early 1986. The Clash achieved commercial success in the United Kingdom with the release of their debut album, The Clash. Their third album, London Calling, released in the UK in December 1979 and it was declared the best album of the 1980s a decade later by Rolling Stone. In 1982 they reached new heights of success with the release of Combat Rock and their final album, Cut the Crap, was released in 1985. The Clashs politicised lyrics, musical experimentation, and rebellious attitude had a influence on rock. They became widely referred to as The Only Band That Matters, originally a promotional slogan introduced by the record label. In January 2003, shortly after the death of Joe Strummer, in 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the Clash number 28 on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. Before the Clashs founding, the future members were active in different parts of the London music scene. John Graham Mellor sang and played guitar in the pub rock act the 101ers. Mick Jones played guitar in protopunk band London SS, which rehearsed for much of 1975 without ever playing a live show and recording only a single demo. London SS was managed by Bernard Rhodes, an associate of impresario Malcolm McLaren and a friend of the members of the McLaren managed band. Jones and his bandmates became friendly with Sex Pistols Glen Matlock and Steve Jones, among those who auditioned for London SS without making the cut were Paul Simonon, who tried out as a vocalist, and drummer Terry Chimes. Nicky Headon drummed with the band for a week, then quit, after London SS broke up in early 1976, Rhodes continued as Joness manager. In February, Jones saw the Sex Pistols perform for the first time, You knew straight away that was it, and it was a new scene, new values—so different from what had happened before. At the instigation of Rhodes, Jones contacted Simonon in March, soon Jones, Simonon on bass, Keith Levene on guitar and whoever we could find really to play the drums were rehearsing. Chimes was asked to audition for the new band and got the job, the band was still searching for a lead singer
32.
Simon Reynolds
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Simon Reynolds is an English music journalist, critic, and author. Over the course of his career, he has contributed to Spin, Rolling Stone, The New York Times, The Village Voice, The Guardian, The Wire, Reynolds was born in London in 1963 and grew up in Berkhamsted. Inspired by a brother, he interested in music in the late 1970s shortly after the dissipation of the punk rock movement. In the mid 1980s, he attended the University of Oxford, in 1986, Reynolds joined the staff of Melody Maker, where his writing was marked by enthusiasm for a wave of neo-psychedelic rock and hip hop artists that emerged in the mid-1980s. Many pieces from this era would later constitute the retrospective collection Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, in 1990, Reynolds left Melody Maker and became a freelance writer, splitting his time between London and New York. During this time, he coined the term post-rock in his review of Bark Psychosis album Hex. In 1994, Reynolds moved to the East Village in Manhattan, in 1995, with his wife, Joy Press, Reynolds co-authored The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock n Roll, a critical analysis of gender in rock. In 1998, Reynolds published Energy Flash, a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, a history of what became rave music, and became a senior editor at Spin magazine in the US. In 1999, he returned to work and published an American version of Energy Flash in abridged form, titled, Generation Ecstasy, Into the World of Techno. In 2005, Reynolds released Rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984, in 2008, an updated edition of Energy Flash was published, with new chapters on the ten years of dance music following the appearance of the first edition. He contributed a chapter to Sound Unbound, Sampling Digital Music and Culture, in 2011, Reynolds published Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, a critical investigation into what he perceives as the current situation of chronic retrogression in pop music. Reynolds has continued writing for magazines, as well as his blog, Blissblog and his history of the glam rock era, Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, was published in October 2016. Reynolds writing has blended cultural criticism with music journalism and he has written extensively on gender, class, race, and sexuality in relation to music and culture. He has on occasion used the Marxist concepts of commodity fetishism, Reynolds has also written about drug culture and its relationship to various musical developments and movements. Blissed Out, The Raptures of Rock, serpents Tail, August 1990, ISBN 1-85242-199-1 The Sex Revolts, Gender, Rebellion and Rock N Roll. Faber and Faber Ltd, April 2005, ISBN 0-571-21569-6 Bring The Noise,20 Years of writing about Hip Rock, Faber and Faber Ltd, May 2007, ISBN 978-0-571-23207-9 Totally Wired, Post-Punk Interviews and Overviews. Faber and Faber Ltd, February 2009, 978-0571235490 Retromania, Pop Cultures Addiction to Its Own Past, Faber and Faber Ltd, June 2011, 978-0571232086 Shock and Awe, Glam Rock and Its Legacy, from the Seventies to the Twenty-First Century. Faber and Faber Ltd, October 2016, 978-0571301713 Rip It Up and Start Again, Post Punk 1978-1984 - CD compiled by Simon Reynolds,15 May 2006, V2 label Official blog Furious
33.
Rip It Up and Start Again
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Rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984 is a book by Simon Reynolds on the post-punk musical genre and era. It was first released in the UK in April 2005 by Faber & Faber, the US edition was published by Penguin Books and released in February 2006 It is considerably shorter, with many chapters removed or shortened. Reynolds notes this was for space reasons, the book is widely referenced as a kind of post-punk doctrine, although Reynolds stated that the books focus was consciously biased toward the music that personally appealed to him. The Observer described the book as a reminder of a time when clever, mischievous. The New York Times called it exhaustive and exhausting in equal measure, rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984. ISBN0571215696 US edition, Reynolds, Simon, rip It Up and Start Again, Postpunk 1978–1984. ISBN0143036726 Excerpts from the 2009 edition on Google Books
34.
Tom Robinson
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He later peaked at No.6 in the UK Singles Chart with his solo single War Baby. Tom Robinson was born into a family in Cambridge on 1 June 1950. He attended Friends School, Saffron Walden, a privately funded Quaker school. Robinson has two brothers and a sister, Matthew, George and Sophy, at the age of 13, Robinson realised that he was gay when he fell in love with another boy at school. Until 1967, male homosexual activity was still a crime in England, wracked with shame and self-hatred, he had a nervous breakdown and attempted suicide at 16. A head teacher got him transferred to Finchden Manor, a community for teens with emotional difficulties in Kent. At Finchden Manor, Robinson was inspired by John Peels The Perfumed Garden on pirate Radio London, the legendary bluesman and broadcaster transfixed a roomful of people with nothing but his voice and an acoustic guitar. The whole direction of Robinsons life and career became clear to him. In 1973, Robinson moved to London and joined the acoustic trio Café Society and they impressed Ray Davies of The Kinks enough for him to sign them to his Konk label and produce their debut album. According to Robinson, Daviess other commitments made the recording a lengthy process and, after it sold only 600 copies, he left the band. Subsequently, when the Tom Robinson Band were playing at the Nashville Rooms in London, Robinson saw Davies enter, Davies retaliated with the less-than-complimentary Kinks single Prince of the Punks, about Robinson. In London, Robinson became involved in the gay scene and embraced the politics of gay liberation. Inspired by an early Sex Pistols gig, he founded the more political Tom Robinson Band in 1976, the following year the group released the single 2-4-6-8 Motorway, which peaked at No.5 in the UK Singles Chart for two weeks. The song alludes obliquely to a gay truck driver, the song was banned by the BBC. In May 1978, the band released its album, Power in the Darkness, which was very well received, peaking at No.4 in the UK Albums Chart. Their second album, TRB Two, however, was a commercial and critical failure, and it was recorded, but not released until 1981 on the album The Fox. In 1980, Robinson organised Sector 27, a less political rock band released a critically acclaimed but unsuccessful album, Sector 27. The band nevertheless received a reception at a Madison Square Garden concert with The Police
35.
Henry Cow
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Henry Cow were an English avant-rock group, founded at Cambridge University in 1968 by multi-instrumentalists Fred Frith and Tim Hodgkinson. Henry Cows personnel fluctuated over their decade together, but drummer Chris Cutler and bassoonist/oboist Lindsay Cooper were important long-term members alongside Frith, an inherent anti-commercial attitude kept them at arms length from the mainstream music business, enabling them to experiment at will. While it was thought that Henry Cow took their name from 20th-century American composer Henry Cowell. According to Hodgkinson, the name Henry Cow was in the air in 1968 and it had no connection to anything. Fred Frith met Tim Hodgkinson, a student, in a blues club at Cambridge University in May 1968. Recognizing their mutual open-minded approach to music the two performing together, playing a variety of musical styles, including dada blues and neo-Hiroshima. One of Henry Cows first concerts was supporting Pink Floyd at the Architects Ball at Homerton College, Cambridge on 12 June 1968, in October 1968 Henry Cow expanded when they were joined by Andy Powell, David Attwooll and Rob Brooks. They performed with this line-up until December that year when Frith, Hodgkinson and Powell split off from the rest of the group, Powell at the time was studying music at Kings College under Roger Smalley, the resident composer. Smalley was influential in Henry Cows early development and he exposed them to a variety of new music from bands and musicians like Soft Machine, Captain Beefheart and Frank Zappa. Smalley also introduced them to the idea of writing long and complex musical pieces for rock groups and it was at this time that Henry Cow began writing music to challenge their collective ability to play, then using it to improve on themselves. In April 1969 Powell left and the reverted to a duo again, with Frith playing violin. In October 1969 philosopher Galen Strawson auditioned for the band, in May 1971 Martin Ditcham replaced Jenkins on drums, and with this line-up they played at several events, including the Glastonbury Festival alongside Gong in June 1971. Ditcham left in July 1971 and it was not until September that year that the seat was filled again. The band then relocated to London where they began an aggressive rehearsal schedule, after having entered John Peels Rockortunity Knocks contest in 1971, Henry Cow recorded a John Peel session for BBC Radio 1 in February 1972. They later went on to record another session in October that year, in April 1972 Henry Cow wrote and performed the music for Robert Walkers production of Euripides The Bacchae. This involved an intense and demanding three-week period of concentrated work that changed the band completely and it was during this time that Geoff Leigh on woodwinds joined and Henry Cow became a quintet. It was Smith who later did the paint sock art work on three of Henry Cows LP covers, for the first time, Henry Cow started getting some attention from the rock press and the then emerging Virgin Records label. After much negotiation and deliberation, Henry Cow signed a contract with Virgin in May 1973, within two weeks of signing the contract, Henry Cow began recording their debut album Legend at Virgins Manor Studios in Oxfordshire
36.
Nine Inch Nails
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Nine Inch Nails is an American industrial rock band founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland, Ohio. Despite this, the band has had feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry. Reznor returned to self-releasing material with the second Nine Inch Nails EP, as the bands main producer, singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist, Reznor is the only constant member of the group, and remains solely responsible for its direction. This changed however in 2016 when Atticus Ross was introduced as a permanent member of Nine Inch Nails alongside the announcement of Not the Actual Events, after recording a new album, Reznor usually assembles a live band to perform onstage with him. The touring band features a lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting. On stage, Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances, Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for thirteen Grammy Awards, and won twice for the songs Wish and Happiness in Slavery in 1992 and 1996, respectively. In 1997, Reznor appeared in Time magazines list of the years most influential people, in 2004, Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time. In 2014, Nine Inch Nails was named as nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in 2015, they were nominated a second time. Koster agreed and allowed Reznor to use it whenever it was empty, while completing the early recordings, Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate the material as he desired. Instead, inspired by Prince, Reznor played all the instruments except drums himself and this role remains Reznors on most of the bands studio recordings, though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants. Nine Inch Nails debut was at the Phantasy Theater in Lakewood, in 1988, after playing its first shows supporting Skinny Puppy, Reznors ambition for Nine Inch Nails was to release one 12-inch single on a small European label. Several labels responded favorably to the material and Reznor signed with TVT Records. The overall sound on Purest Feeling is lighter than that of Pretty Hate Machine, several songs feature live drumming and guitar work throughout. Reznor coined the name Nine Inch Nails because it abbreviated easily, other rumored explanations have circulated, alleging that Reznor chose to reference Jesus crucifixion with nine-inch spikes, or Freddy Kruegers nine-inch fingernails. The English letters NIN are also noted for their resemblance to the modern Hebrew characters of the Tetragrammaton, the Nine Inch Nails logo, which consists of the letters set inside a border, was designed by Reznor and Gary Talpas. The logo first appeared on the video for Nine Inch Nails debut single, Down in It. Talpas, a native of Cleveland, would continue to design Nine Inch Nails packaging art until 1997, written, arranged, and performed by Reznor, Nine Inch Nails first album Pretty Hate Machine debuted in 1989. It marked his first collaboration with Adrian Sherwood and Mark Flood Ellis, Reznor asked Sean Beavan to mix the demos of Pretty Hate Machine, which had received multiple offers for record deals
37.
Gary Numan
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Gary Anthony James Webb, professionally known as Gary Numan, is an English singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. Born in Hammersmith, London, he first entered the industry as the lead singer of the new wave band Tubeway Army. After releasing two albums with the band, Numan released his solo album The Pleasure Principle in 1979. Most widely known for his chart-topping hits Are Friends Electric, and Cars, Numan achieved his peak of mainstream popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but maintains a loyal cult following. His signature sound consists of heavy synthesizer hooks fed through guitar effects pedals, Numan is also known for his distinctive voice and androgynous android persona. Born in Hammersmith, London, Numan was the son of a British Airways bus driver based at Heathrow Airport. He was educated at Town Farm Junior School in Stanwell, Surrey, Ashford County Grammar School, then Slough Grammar School in Berkshire and he joined the Air Training Corps as a teenager. He then briefly held jobs including forklift truck driver, air conditioning ventilator fitter. When Numan was 15 years old, his father bought him a Gibson Les Paul and he played in various bands, including Mean Street and The Lasers, before forming Tubeway Army with his uncle, Jess Lidyard, and Paul Gardiner. His initial pseudonym was Valerian, probably in reference to the hero in French science fiction comic series Valérian and he later picked the surname Numan from an advert in the Yellow Pages for a plumber whose surname was Neumann. Numan rose to prominence at the end of the 1970s as front man, writer, after recording an albums worth of punk-influenced demo tapes, he was signed by Beggars Banquet Records in 1978 and quickly released two singles, Thats Too Bad and Bombers, neither of which charted. A self-titled, new wave-oriented debut album later that year sold out its limited run and introduced Numans fascination with dystopian science fiction. Tubeway Armys third single, the dark-themed and slow-paced Down in the Park, also failed to chart and it was featured with other contemporary hits on the soundtrack for the movie Times Square, and a live version of the song can be seen in the movie Urgh. Following exposure in a advertisement for Lee Cooper jeans with the jingle Dont be a Dummy. The single took seven weeks before finally reaching No.1 at the end of June, the parent album Replicas simultaneously reached No.1. A few months later Numan found success in the charts on both sides of the Atlantic with Cars, which peaked at No.1 in the UK in 1979, No.1 in Canada and No.9 in the US in 1980. Cars and the 1979 album The Pleasure Principle were both released under Numans own stage name, the album reached number one in the UK, and a sell-out tour followed, the concert video it spawned is often cited as the first full-length commercial music video release. The Pleasure Principle was an album with no guitars, instead, Numan used synthesizers fed through guitar effects pedals to achieve a distorted, phased
38.
Mike Garson
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Michael David Mike Garson is an American pianist, who has worked, among others, with David Bowie, Nine Inch Nails, Billy Corgan, Free Flight, and The Smashing Pumpkins. A comprehensive biography of his life and career to date was published by Fantom in 2015, under the title Bowies Piano Man, The Life of Mike Garson, written by fellow pianist Clifford Slapper. After graduating from Brooklyn College with a degree in 1970, Garson was a member of rock/country/jazz band Brethren with Rick Marotta, Tom Cosgrove. They recorded two albums on the Tiffany label, which featured guest piano and liner notes by Dr. John. Garson also earned notice when he played on the Im the One album by early 1970s experimental artist Annette Peacock, Bowie asked Peacock to join him on a tour, she declined, but Garson began an enduring working relationship with Bowie. I had told Bowie about the avant-garde thing, when I was recording the Aladdin Sane track for Bowie, it was just two chords, an A and a G chord, and the band was playing very simple English rock and roll. And Bowie said, play a solo on this, I had just met him, so I played a blues solo, but then he said, No, thats not what I want. And then I played a Latin solo, again, Bowie said, No no, thats not what I want. He then continued, You told me you play that avant-garde music, and I said, Are you sure. Cause you might not be working anymore, so I did the solo that everybody knows today, in one take. And to this day, I still receive emails about it, I always tell people that Bowie is the best producer I ever met, because he lets me do my thing. Garson played also for Bowies bandmate Mick Ronson on his first and last solo tour, Garson played with Bowie on and off over the years, resurfacing on The Buddha of Suburbia and 1. Parallel to this work with Bowie, Garson engaged in his own career as a jazz pianist. He is regarded in the industry as one of the few rock pianists capable of performing extended piano solos. He remains one of the most highly sought-after session musicians with a sound of his own. In 1993, Garson began a series of Screen Themes albums, jazz renditions of major themes and suites from film scores of 1993. The latter album featured the debut of Jessica L. Tivens, at age 13. Both albums were released by Discovery Records, Garson has a recording studio at his home in Bell Canyon, California
