1.
Stockbridge, Edinburgh
–
Stockbridge is a suburb of Edinburgh, located towards the north of the city, bounded by the New Town and by Comely Bank. The name is Scots stock brig from Anglic stocc brycg, meaning a timber bridge, originally a small outlying village, it was incorporated into the City of Edinburgh in the 19th century. The current Stock Bridge, built in 1801, is a structure spanning the Water of Leith. The painter Henry Raeburn owned two adjoining estates, Deanhaugh and St Bernards, which he developed with the assistance of the architect James Milne, Milne was also responsible for the fine St Bernards Church in Saxe Coburg Street. Ann Street, designed by Raeburn and named after his wife, is an early example of a New Town street with private front gardens. The eastern route into Stockbridge is marked by the local landmark and this stands at the north end of St Vincent Street, its tower visible from the first New Town on the higher slope to the south. Originally intended to stand in the centre of Circus Place, it was redesigned and squeezed into its current restricted site on ground which falls sharply at the edge of the Silvermills area. It was designed by the architect William Playfair in 1827 and it is unusual for its main church being raised by a storey, accessed by a tall but relatively narrow flight of steps at its frontage. Its clock pendulum is the longest in Europe, the church stands the eastern end of St Stephen Street, a curving Georgian street of inhabited basement flats with ground floors accommodating a series of antique shops, bars and offices. A small spur on its side, St Stephen Place, leads to the old Stockbridge Market. Parallel to St Stephen Street, to the south, lies Circus Lane, the main road through Stockbridge is Raeburn Place, a street of mixed character, with numerous small shops at ground-floor level. The link from this street to the New town is via Deanhaugh Street, Saunders Street, south of the bridge, was built in 1974 as part of a slum clearance programme. The medical centre to its east is part of the same scheme, gloucester Lane marks the line of the medieval road from the village to St Cuthberts Church at the citys West End. One building close to the Stockbridge end, predates the New Town, leslie Place, dating from the late Victorian period, joins the village to the western sections of the New Town, St Bernards Crescent, Carlton Street, Danube Street, Ann Street and Dean Terrace. To the north of this is a formal area of narrower streets, Dean Street, Cheyne Street, Raeburn Street. The north-eastern route out of the area, towards Leith, runs along Hamilton Place, Dean Bank spurs off this road, running alongside the Water of Leith. Hamilton Place holds both the library and primary school. Saxe Coburg Street, a small Georgian cul-de-sac just to the north, leads to the small and this formal space was never completed due to ground level problems and Glenogle Baths were instead built on the corner of the square
Stockbridge, Edinburgh
–
Stockbridge road sign, Edinburgh
Stockbridge, Edinburgh
–
View of old Stockbridge
Stockbridge, Edinburgh
–
St Stephens Street (east) looking towards St Stephens Church, Edinburgh
Stockbridge, Edinburgh
–
St. Stephen's Church
2.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
Edinburgh
–
Clockwise from top-left: View from
Calton Hill,
Old College,
Old Town from Princes Street,
Edinburgh Castle,
Princes Street from Calton Hill
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh in the 17th century
Edinburgh
–
A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on
John Kay 's caricatures) behind
St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century
3.
Royal Academician
–
The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
Royal Academician
–
Royal Academy of Arts
Royal Academician
–
Satiric drawing of Sir William Chambers, one of the founders, trying to slay the 8-headed hydra of the Incorporated Society of Artists
Royal Academician
–
Study for
Henry Singleton 's painting The Royal Academicians assembled in their council chamber to adjudge the Medals to the successful students in Painting, Sculpture, Architecture and Drawing, which hangs in the Royal Academy. Ca. 1793.
Royal Academician
–
An early
RA Summer Exhibition at the Academy's original home in
Somerset House
4.
Lithograph
–
Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone or a plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by German author and actor Alois Senefelder as a method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material, Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate. The stone was treated with a mixture of acid and gum arabic, when the stone was subsequently moistened, these etched areas retained water, an oil-based ink could then be applied and would be repelled by the water, sticking only to the original drawing. The ink would finally be transferred to a paper sheet. This traditional technique is used in some fine art printmaking applications. In modern lithography, the image is made of a coating applied to a flexible aluminum plate. The image can be printed directly from the plate, or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a sheet for printing. In fact, photolithography is used synonymously with offset printing, the technique as well as the term were introduced in Europe in the 1850s. Beginning in the 1960s, photolithography has played an important role in the fabrication, Lithography uses simple chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the part of an image is a water-repelling substance. Thus, when the plate is introduced to a printing ink and water mixture, the ink will adhere to the positive image. This allows a flat print plate to be used, enabling much longer, Lithography was invented by Alois Senefelder in the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1796. In the early days of lithography, a piece of limestone was used. After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, during printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and was repelled by the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite. Lithography works because of the repulsion of oil and water. The image is drawn on the surface of the print plate with a fat or oil-based medium such as a wax crayon, which may be pigmented to make the drawing visible
Lithograph
–
Charles Marion Russell 's The Custer Fight (1903), with the range of tones fading toward the edges
Lithograph
–
Lithography stone and
mirror image print of a map of Munich
Lithograph
–
A 1902 lithograph map (original size 33×24 cm)
5.
Egypt
–
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
Egypt
–
The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence.
Egypt
–
Flag
Egypt
–
The Greek Ptolemaic queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion at the
Temple of Dendera.
Egypt
–
The 1803
Cedid Atlas, showing
Ottoman Egypt.
6.
Near East
–
The Near East is a geographical term that roughly encompasses Western Asia. Despite having varying definitions within different academic circles, the term was applied to the maximum extent of the Ottoman Empire. The term has fallen into disuse in English and has replaced by the terms Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. Up until 1912 the Ottomans retained a band of territory including Albania, Macedonia and Southern Thrace, the Ottoman Empire, believed to be about to collapse, was portrayed in the press as the sick man of Europe. The Balkan states, with the exception of Bosnia and Albania, were primarily Christian. Starting in 1894 the Ottomans struck at the Armenians on the grounds that they were a non-Muslim people. The Hamidian Massacres aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world, in the United States the now aging Julia Ward Howe, author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic, leaped into the war of words and joined the Red Cross. Relations of minorities within the Ottoman Empire and the disposition of former Ottoman lands became known as the Eastern Question and it now became relevant to define the east of the eastern question. In about the middle of the 19th century Near East came into use to describe part of the east closest to Europe. The term Far East appeared contemporaneously meaning Japan, China, Korea, Indonesia, near East applied to what had been mainly known as the Levant, which was in the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Porte, or government. Those who used the term had little choice about its meaning and they could not set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean from the Gulf of Sidra to Albania without permits from the Ottoman Empire. Some regions beyond the Ottoman Porte were included, one was North Africa west of Egypt. It was occupied by piratical kingdoms of the Barbary Coast, de facto independent since the 18th century, formerly part of the empire at its apogee. Iran was included because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia, in the 1890s the term tended to focus on the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia. The demise of the man of Europe left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by Near East. It is now used only in historical contexts, to describe the countries of Western Asia from the Mediterranean to Iran. There is, in short, no universally understood fixed inventory of nations and they appear together in the journals of the mid-19th century
Near East
–
The Near East as defined as the
Ottoman Empire at the beginning of "
the eastern question ".
Near East
–
Inhabitants of the Near East, late 19th century
Near East
–
Ottoman Porte, 1767, gateway to trade with the Levant. Painting by
Antoine de Favray.
Near East
–
British troops, Crimea, 1855.
7.
Orientalism
–
In particular, Orientalist painting, representing the Middle East, was a genre of Academic art in the 19th century. Orientalism refers to the Orient, in reference and opposition to the Occident, the East, the word Orient entered the English language as the Middle French orient. In the “Monks Tale”, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote, “That they conquered many regnes grete / In the orient, with many a fair citee. ”The term “orient” refers to countries east of the Mediterranean Sea and Southern Europe. In Place of Fear, Aneurin Bevan used an expanded denotation of the Orient that comprehended East Asia, “the awakening of the Orient under the impact of Western ideas”. Edward Said said that Orientalism “enables the political, economic, cultural and social domination of the West, not just during colonial times, but also in the present. ”In art history, the term Orientalism refers to the works of the Western artists who specialized in Oriental subjects, produced from their travels in Western Asia, during the 19th century. In that time, artists and scholars were described as Orientalists, especially in France, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term Orientalist identified a scholar who specialized in the languages and literatures of the Eastern world. Among such scholars is the philologist William Jones, whose studies of Indo-European languages established modern philology, additionally, Hebraism and Jewish studies gained popularity among British and German scholars in the 18th and 19th century. The academic field of Oriental studies, which comprehended the cultures of the Near East, the thesis of Orientalism develops Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony, and Michel Foucaults theorisation of discourse to criticise the scholarly tradition of Oriental studies. Said criticised contemporary scholars who perpetuated the tradition of outsider-interpretation of Arabo-Islamic cultures, especially Bernard Lewis, the analyses are of Orientalism in European literature, especially French literature, and do not analyse visual art and Orientalist painting. In that vein, the art historian Linda Nochlin applied Said’s methods of analysis to art. In the academy, the book Orientalism became a text of post-colonial cultural studies. Early architectural use of motifs lifted from the Indian subcontinent is known as Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, one of the earliest examples is the façade of Guildhall, London. The style gained momentum in the west with the publication of views of India by William Hodges, examples of Hindoo architecture are Sezincote House in Gloucestershire, built for a nabob returned from Bengal, and the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Venice, the trading partner of the Ottomans, was the earliest centre. Chinoiserie is the term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie. From the Renaissance to the 18th century, Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese ceramics with only partial success, Early hints of Chinoiserie appeared in the 17th century in nations with active East India companies, England, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. Tin-glazed pottery made at Delft and other Dutch towns adopted genuine Ming-era blue, Early ceramic wares made at Meissen and other centers of true porcelain imitated Chinese shapes for dishes, vases and teawares. Pleasure pavilions in Chinese taste appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German palaces, Thomas Chippendales mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings, ca 1753–70
Orientalism
–
Anonymous Venetian orientalist painting, The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus, 1511, the
Louvre. The deer with antlers in the foreground is not known ever to have existed in the wild in
Syria.
Orientalism
–
Eugène Delacroix, The
Women of Algiers, 1834, the
Louvre,
Paris
Orientalism
–
The
Royal Pavilion in Brighton, England.
Orientalism
–
Baroque Red Mosque at
Schwetzingen Palace in Germany, finished in 1796.
8.
House painter and decorator
–
A house painter and decorator is a tradesman responsible for the painting and decorating of buildings, and is also known as a decorator or house painter. The purpose of painting is to improve the aesthetic of a building and to protect it from damage by water, rust, corrosion, insects and mold. In England, little is known of the trade and its structures before the late 13th century, at which paint guilds began to form, amongst them the Painters Company and the Stainers Company. These two guilds eventually merged with the consent of the Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1502, the guild standardised the craft and acted as a protector of the trade secrets. In 1599, the guild asked Parliament for protection, which was granted in a bill of 1606. The Act legislated for an apprenticeship, and also barred plasterers from painting, unless apprenticed to a painter. The Act also enshrined a maximum fee of 16 old pence for their labour. The Construction Industry Joint Council, a body formed of both unions and business organizations, today has responsibility for the setting of pay levels, historically, the painter was responsible for the mixing of the paint, keeping a ready supply of pigments, oils, thinners and driers. The painter would use his experience to determine a suitable mixture depending on the nature of the job, more recently, professional painters are responsible for all preparation prior to painting
House painter and decorator
–
A painter painting a staircase in India
House painter and decorator
–
A painter painting a room in a house
House painter and decorator
–
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a
worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the
talk page. (December 2010)
House painter and decorator
–
Commercial painter in Corpus Christi
9.
David Ramsay Hay
–
David Ramsay Hay FRSE was a Scottish artist, interior decorator and colour theorist. David Ramsay Hay was the son of Rebekah or Rebecca Carmichael and they lived at the foot of Monteiths Close off the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. Instead though, Hay moved to join Gavin Beugo a decorative artist and his fellow-apprentice was his friend, the topographical artist David Roberts. In April 1820 he commenced work at Abbotsford for Walter Scott, in 1850 he decorated Holyroodhouse for Queen Victoria. In the 1920s, Queen Mary had these decorative schemes painted over, Hay was an advocate of imitative finishes such as graining and marbling, and textured paints to imitate brocade fabrics. From 1828, he developed his theory of colour harmony over six successive editions of his book, Hay wrote about his experience decorating Abbotsford for Walter Scott in the sixth edition of his Harmonious Colouring. In his final years he had premises at 90 George Street in the centre of Edinburghs New Town. He died in Edinburgh on 10 September 1866 and he is buried in Warriston Cemetery in the north of the city. The substantial tombstone stands to the south-west of the eastern entrance. The monument is vandalised and the original bronze sculpture of his profile has been stolen
David Ramsay Hay
–
Entrance Hall at Abbotsford, decorated by David Ramsay Hay, 1824
10.
Perth, Scotland
–
Perth is a city in central Scotland, located on the banks of the River Tay. It is the centre of Perth and Kinross council area. According to the preliminary 2011 census results Perth, including its suburbs, has a population of 50,000. Perth has been known as The Fair City since the publication of the story Fair Maid of Perth by Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott in 1828. During the later period the city was also called St Johns Toun or Saint Johnstoun by its inhabitants in reference to the main church dedicated to St John the Baptist. This name is preserved by the football team, St Johnstone F. C. The name Perth comes from a Pictish word for wood or copse, there has been a settlement at Perth since prehistoric times, on a natural mound raised slightly above the flood plain of the Tay, where the river could be crossed at low tide. The area surrounding the city is known to have been occupied since Mesolithic hunter-gatherers arrived more than 8000 years ago. Nearby Neolithic standing stones and circles also exist, dating from about 4000 BC, the presence of Scone Abbey, home of the Stone of Destiny where the King of Scots was crowned, enhanced the early importance of the city. Perth became known as a capital of Scotland, due to the frequent residence of the royal court, Royal Burgh status was soon given to the city by King William the Lion in the early 12th century. The city became one of the richest burghs in the country, doing trade with France, the Low Countries and Baltic Countries for goods such as Spanish silk and French wine. The Scottish Reformation also played a big role in the city with the sacking of the Houses of the Greyfriars and Blackfriars, the Act of Settlement later brought about Jacobite uprisings. The city was occupied by Jacobite supporters on three occasions, the founding of Perth Academy in 1760 helped to bring major industries, such as linen, leather, bleach and whisky, to the city. Given its location, Perth was perfectly placed to become a key transport centre with the coming of the railways, today, Perth serves as a retail centre for the surrounding area. Following the decline of the industry locally, the citys economy has now diversified to include insurance. Due to its location, the city is referred to as the Gateway to the Highlands. The Australian metropolis Perth took its name from the Scottish city, Perth is also twinned with Aschaffenburg in the German state of Bavaria. The name Perth derives from a Pictish-Gaelic word for wood or copse, Perth was referred to as St Johns ton up until the mid-1600s with the name Perthia being reserved for the wider area
Perth, Scotland
–
River Tay running through Perth city centre
Perth, Scotland
–
Bank of Tay River
Perth, Scotland
–
A sculpture of the
Fair Maid of Perth, by
Graham Ibbeson, sits at the east end of the pedestrianised High Street. It refers to the novel of the same name by Sir
Walter Scott.
Perth, Scotland
–
Engraving of a view of Perth by
James Fittler in Scotia Depicta, published 1804
11.
Scone Palace
–
Scone Palace /ˈskuːn/ is a Category A listed historic house and 5 star tourism attraction near the village of Scone and the city of Perth, Scotland. Built of red sandstone with a roof, it is one of the finest examples of late Georgian Gothic style in the United Kingdom. A place steeped in history, Scone was originally the site of an early Christian church, in the 12th century, Scone Priory was granted abbey status and as a result an Abbots residence - an Abbots Palace - was constructed. It is for this reason that the current structure retains the name Palace, Scone Abbey was severely damaged in 1559 during the Scottish Reformation after a mob whipped up by the famous reformer, John Knox, came to Scone from Dundee. Having survived the Reformation, the Abbey in 1600 became a secular Lordship within the parish of Scone, the Palace has thus been home to the Earls of Mansfield for over 400 years. During the early 19th century the Palace was enlarged by the architect William Atkinson, in 1802, David William Murray, 3rd Earl of Mansfield, commissioned Atkinson to extend the Palace, recasting the late 16th-century Palace of Scone. The 3rd Earl tasked Atkinson with updating the old Palace whilst maintaining characteristics of the medieval Gothic abbey buildings it was built upon, landscaping work around the Palace was undertaken by John Claudius Loudon. Loudon was, similarly to Atkinson, tasked with designing a landscape to remain in keeping with, as well as highlighting, Scone was for nearly 1000 years the crowning-place of Scottish kings and the home of the Stone of Scone. It is a site of historic significance. Further work was undertaken in 1842 to make Scone Palace ready for the visit of Queen Victoria, the vast majority of this work was to the interior decor although did include the provision of running water a huge cost to the Earl. Many of the original early 19th century interior designs survive, including several ornately carved and vaulted ceilings, Scone Palace is a 5 star tourism attraction. The State Rooms are open each year from April till the end of September and it is possible for groups to organize visits during the winter months. The Palace grounds are open to the public. The gardens include the famous David Douglas Pinetum plus a star-shaped maze, the Palace also hosts multiple outdoor events including the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trusts Scottish Game Fair, Rewind Festival, and the Farming of Yesteryear among many others. The history of Scone is shrouded in myth and legend, Scotland, sitting on the edge of Europe, was one of the last kingdoms to adopt and benefit from the written word and the legal system it upheld. The first piece of evidence that we have relating to Scone is a charter dating to 906. Many historians writing previously to the 20th century have suggested without any decent evidence that Scones history was not just post, modern historians for this very reason are very non-committal regarding the early history of Scone as there is simply too much doubt and very little evidence. It is not known why exactly the area is called Scone and it is difficult thus to know where to start in terms of the etymology of Scone
Scone Palace
–
Western façade
Scone Palace
–
Scone Palace Front side
Scone Palace
–
The
Moot Hill and chapel at Scone, perhaps the Hill of Belief of 906
Scone Palace
–
Crowning of Bruce, 1306
12.
Theatrical scenery
–
Theatrical scenery is that which is used as a setting for a theatrical production. The history of theatrical scenery is as old as the theatre itself, what we tend to think of as traditional scenery, i. e. By the Shakespearean era, the painted backdrop or theatrical prop was in evidence. However, this means that todays set designers must be much more careful. Our more modern notion of scenery, which dates back to the 19th century, finds its origins in the spectacle of opera buffa. Its elaborate settings were appropriated by the straight, or dramatic, theatre, through their use in comic operettas, burlesques, pantomimes and the like. Everything came together in the 1980s and 1990s and, continuing to today, until there is no established style of scenic production, modern stagecraft has grown so complex as to require the highly specialized skills of hundreds of artists and craftspeople to mount a single production. The construction of scenery is frequently one of the most time-consuming tasks when preparing for a show. As a result, many theatres have a place for storing scenery so that it can be used for multiple shows, since future shows typically are not known far in advance, theatres will often construct stock scenery that can be easily adapted to fit a variety of shows. Common stock scenery types include, Curtains Flats Platforms Scenery wagons Production sets Scenic design Set construction Scenography
Theatrical scenery
–
Modern-day rotating set for the play
Noises Off.
Theatrical scenery
–
1895 set design model by Marcel Jambon for Act I of
Giuseppe Verdi 's
Otello for a production in Paris.
Theatrical scenery
–
Scenic Barn Wall by Glenn Davis
Theatrical scenery
–
Realistic hospital scene with the help of props
13.
Shillings
–
The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries. The word shilling comes from scilling, a term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and from there back to Old Norse. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include bob and hog, while the derivation of bob is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was bobstick and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s, often it was represented by a solidus symbol, which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ, thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence. A price with no pence was sometimes written with a slash, the solidus symbol is still used for the shilling currency unit in former British East Africa, rather than sh. During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound of silver into 66 shillings. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, in the past, the English world has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere, a shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII. The term shilling was in use in Scotland from early medieval times, the common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling was issued as scilling in Irish and it was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side, the first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin ) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963, in 1966, Australias currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin, where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar. The slang term for a coin in Australia was deener. The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was bob, after 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933, in 1967, New Zealands currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight
Shillings
–
A 1933
UK shilling
Shillings
–
1956 Elizabeth II UK shilling showing English and Scottish reverses
Shillings
–
Countries in
Africa where the currency is called shilling.
Shillings
–
Owing to the reach of the
British Empire, the shilling was once used on every inhabited continent. This two-shilling piece was minted for
British West Africa.
14.
Carlisle, Cumbria
–
Carlisle is a city and the county town of Cumbria. Historically in Cumberland, it is also the centre of the City of Carlisle district in North West England. Carlisle is located at the confluence of the rivers Eden, Caldew and it is the largest settlement in the county of Cumbria, and serves as the administrative centre for both Carlisle City Council and Cumbria County Council. At the time of the 2001 census, the population of Carlisle was 71,773, ten years later, at the 2011 census, the citys population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the wider city. The early history of Carlisle is marked by its status as a Roman settlement, the castle now houses the Duke of Lancasters Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, Henry I allowed the foundation of a priory in Carlisle, the town gained the status of a city when its diocese was formed in 1133, and the priory became Carlisle Cathedral. The introduction of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution began a process of transformation in Carlisle. This, combined with its position, allowed for the development of Carlisle as an important railway town. Nicknamed the Great Border City, Carlisle today is the cultural, commercial and industrial centre for north Cumbria. It is home to the campuses of the University of Cumbria. The former County Borough of Carlisle had held city status until the Local Government Act 1972 was enacted in 1974, what is known of the ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the Roman historian Tacitus. The earliest recorded inhabitants were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the population of ancient Cumbria. According to Boethius and John of Fordun, Carlisle existed before the arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time, in the time of the emperor Nero, it was said to have burned down. The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium, based on a name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic *Luguwaljon, of Luguwalos. This walled civitas, possibly the one in northwest Britain. In the year 79, the two Roman generals Cn, petillius Cerealis advanced through Solway as they continued their campaign further north. As a result, it is likely that control was achieved at Carlisle over anti-imperial groups. This is possibly indicated from the reconstruction of the fort at Carlisle in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, at this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana
Carlisle, Cumbria
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Aerial view of Carlisle City Centre
Carlisle, Cumbria
–
General
Gnaeus Julius Agricola advances through Carlisle in AD 79.
Carlisle, Cumbria
–
Carlisle Castle was built in the reign of
William the Second.
Carlisle, Cumbria
–
Historic view of Carlisle
15.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
–
Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
–
From top-left:
Newcastle Quayside and
River Tyne, with the
Gateshead Millennium Bridge and
Tyne Bridge,
St James' Park stadium,
Theatre Royal, Georgian architecture around
Grey's Monument,
the Castle
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Newcastle-upon-Tyne
16.
Kingston-upon-Hull
–
Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber estuary,25 miles inland from the North Sea, the town of Hull was founded late in the 12th century. The monks of Meaux Abbey needed a port where the wool from their estates could be exported and they chose a place at the confluence of the rivers Hull and Humber to build a quay. The exact year the town was founded is not known but it was first mentioned in 1193, renamed Kings-town upon Hull by King Edward I in 1299, Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading hub, fishing and whaling centre and industrial metropolis. Hull was a theatre of battle in the English Civil Wars. Its 18th century Member of Parliament, William Wilberforce, took a prominent part in the abolition of the trade in Britain. The city is unique in the UK in having had a municipally owned telephone system from 1902, sporting cream, not red, telephone boxes. After suffering heavy damage in the Second World War, Hull weathered a period of decline, gaining unfavourable results on measures of social deprivation, education. In the early 21st century spending boom before the late 2000s recession the city saw large amounts of new retail, commercial, housing, tourist attractions include the historic Old Town and Museum Quarter, Hull Marina and The Deep, a city landmark. The redevelopment of one of Hulls main thoroughfares, Ferensway, included the opening of St Stephens Hull, spectator sports include Premier League football and Super League Rugby. The KCOM Stadium houses Hull City football club and Hull F. C. rugby club, Hull is also home to the English Premier Ice Hockey League Hull Pirates. The University of Hull was founded in 1927 and now more than 16,000 students. It is ranked among the best in the Yorkshire and the Humber region and located in the leafy Newland suburb, in 2013, it was announced that Hull would be the 2017 UK City of Culture. In 2015 it was announced that the Ferens Art Gallery will be hosting the annual art prize. The prize is held outside London every other year, Kingston upon Hull stands on the north bank of the Humber estuary at the mouth of its tributary, the River Hull. The valley of the River Hull has been inhabited since the early Neolithic period, the area was attractive to people because it gave access to a prosperous hinterland and navigable rivers but the site was poor, being remote, low-lying and with no fresh water. It was originally a part of the hamlet of Myton. The name is thought to either from a Scandinavian word Vik meaning inlet or from the Saxon Wic meaning dwelling place or refuge
Kingston-upon-Hull
–
Hull skyline from Princes Quay car park
Kingston-upon-Hull
–
Hull in 1866
Kingston-upon-Hull
–
The Guildhall
Kingston-upon-Hull
–
Panorama of Hull from further along the north bank of the
Humber near
Paull, with the
Yorkshire Wolds rising behind the city
17.
York
–
York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The municipality is the county town of Yorkshire to which it gives its name. The city has a heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent. The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD and it became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England. In the 19th century, York became a hub of the railway network, in recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, from 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2011 the urban area had a population of 153,717, the word York derives from the Latinised name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to circa 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland, the toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population was never recorded. They are thought to have spoken a Celtic language related to modern Welsh, in his Historia Regum Britanniae the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus. Alternatively, the word already existed as an Old English word for wild swine. The Anglo-Saxon newcomers probably interpreted the part as eofor, and -rac as ric, while -um was a common abbreviation of the Saxon -heem. To them, it sounded as a home rich in boar, as is common in Saxon place names, the -um part gradually faded, eoforic. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík, the Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic in works such as Waces Roman de Rou. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century, many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature, archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a known to the Romans as the Brigantes
York
–
York city centre from above
York
–
Roman wall and the west corner tower of
Eboracum. The top half is medieval.
York
–
Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in AD 306.
York
–
Micklegate – York is famous for its medieval city walls.
18.
Bridge of Earn
–
Bridge of Earn is a small town in Perthshire, Scotland. Often referred to simply as The Brig, substantial remains of the medieval bridge survived into the 1970s, when almost all the stonework was demolished, for being in a dangerously ruinous condition. This ancient bridge was a landmark on the road between Edinburgh and Perth for several centuries. The villages oldest houses are to be lining the road leading south from the site of the demolished bridge. Among them are some with 18th-century datestones, the ruined Old Bridge of Earn are featured in the 1857 painting Sir Isumbras at the Ford by John Everett Millais, who often stayed at nearby Perth. There is also an early 19th-century lithograph showing the structure as complete in Sketches of Scenery in Perthshire by David Octavius Hill, Bridge of Earn is the main village in the parish of Dunbarney. The place-name is of uncertain origin, and may contain the element druim, ridge, the ancient ecclesiastical focus of the parish was not within the present village, but about 1.5 km to the west at NO113190. The site of the parish church is marked by a walled burial ground a little south of the River Earn. There are no remains of the medieval building, but the churchyard contains an interesting collection of 18th-century headstones carved with symbols of mortality. In 1689 the church was much nearer to the Bridge, by then the main focus of settlement in the parish. In 1787 the church was yet again, using the same stones, on its present site just to the east of the second. The present congregation is a large and flourishing one, and a modern hall, the parish has recently been merged with Forgandenny, its neighbouring village to the west. It is sometimes suggested that the latter was a church in its own right up to the Reformation. The small surviving late medieval building might seem too modest in size to have served as a parish church, the surrounding graveyard contains several well-preserved gravestones from the 17th and 18th centuries, which are interesting examples of folk art. The traffic on the north road from Edinburgh also gave a certain scope for the inn. From the late 18th century the spa at Pitkeathly Wells became an important economic focus, during the 19th century the coming of the railway to the village and the building of a station provided a further source of local employment, with much local produce being moved out by rail. Bridge of Earn has had two stations, the second and most recent having closed on 15 June 1964, when the Bridge of Earn to Mawcarse line was closed down. Bridge of Earns original station had been located a few hundred yards further east when the line first opened on 18 July 1848
Bridge of Earn
–
Bridge of Earn
Bridge of Earn
–
Until 1964, Bridge of Earn had a railway station opened by the North British Railway
19.
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
–
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale KT PC was Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland and a representative peer for Scotland in the House of Lords. Born at Haltoun House near Ratho, the eldest son and heir of James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale, upon his return home in 1780, he was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates and successfully stood for election to parliament the same year. From 1780 until 1784 he was a Member of Parliament representing Newport and from 1784 to 1789, in the House of Commons he supported the prominent Whig Charles Fox and took an active part in debate and was one of the managers of the Impeachment of Warren Hastings. He was a frequent speaker and also distinguished himself by his opposition to the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, the Sedition Bill. Upon the outbreak of the French Revolution, of which he was thought to be in sympathy, in July 1792, he fought a bloodless duel with Benedict Arnold after impugning Arnolds honour in the House of Lords. In 1792, in the company of John Moore, Lord Lauderdale travelled again to France, the attack on the Tuileries and the imprisonment of King Louis XVI of France, took place three days after the earls arrival in the French capital. After the massacres of 2 September, the British ambassador having left Paris, however, he returned to Paris the following month and did not leave for London until 5 December. Upon his return from France/ he published a Journal during the residence in France from the beginning of August to the middle of December 1792, according to antiquarian Andrew Thomson, James Maitland 8th Earl of Lauderdale was known as Citizen Maitland. An extremist, he was in Paris during the French Revolution and was a friend of Jean-Paul Marat. The earl had helped to found the British Society of the Friends of the People in 1792, upon the formation of the Grenville administration in February 1806, Lauderdale was made a peer of the United Kingdom as Baron Lauderdale of Thirlestane and sworn a member of the Privy Council. For a short time from July 1806 he was keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland, arriving on the 5th he and Yarmouth set about the arduous task of treating with Napoleon and Tallyrand. Yarmouth was recalled on the 14th and Lauderdale was left alone, following the renewal of hostilities he left Paris for London on 9 October. A full account of the progress and termination of the negotiations appeared in the London Gazette of 21 October 1806, after acting as the leader of the Whigs in Scotland, Lauderdale became a Tory and voted against the Reform Bill of 1832. Lord Lauderdale was made a Privy Counsellor in 1806 and a Knight of the Thistle in 1821. In 1672 on the death of the Earl of Dundee, the Duke of Lauderdale was appointed Hereditary Bearer for the Sovereign of the Standard of Scotland, and he died at Thirlestane Castle, near Lauder, Berwickshire, at 80. He married on 15 August 1782, Eleanor Todd, only daughter and heiress of Anthony Todd and they had nine children, Lady Eleanor, married James Balfour Lady Mary, married Edward Stanley of Cross Hall, Lathom nr Ormskirk. Had issue, 1) Edward James Stanley, 2) Eleanor and 3) Augusta, Lady Julia, married in 1823 Sir John Warrender, 5th Baronet James Maitland, 9th Earl of Lauderdale Admiral Sir Anthony Maitland, 10th Earl of Lauderdale Five other sons. None of his seven sons were married, upon the death of the 9th Earl, the earldom had a new destination within the family, whilst the United Kingdom barony bestowed upon him became extinct
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
–
The Earl of Lauderdale
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
–
James Maitland by
Joseph Nollekens
James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
–
Inquiry into the nature and origin of public wealth, 1819
20.
Dunbar
–
Dunbar is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 28 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English border north of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Dunbar is a royal burgh and gave its name to an ecclesiastical. Until the 1960s the population of the town was more than 3,500. The town is thriving with the most recent population published for the town at 6,940, there are very well regarded primary and secondary schools in town. The town is served by Dunbar railway station with links to Edinburgh. Dunbar is home to the Dunbar Lifeboat Station, the second oldest RNLI station in Scotland, Dunbar is the birthplace of the explorer, naturalist and influential conservationist John Muir. The house in which Muir was born is located on the High Street, there is also a commemorative statue beside the town clock, and John Muir Country Park is located to the northwest of the town. The eastern section of the John Muir Way coastal path starts from the harbour, each year on the last full weekend in September, Dunbar holds a weekend-long traditional music festival sponsored by various local companies. In its present form, the name Dunbar is derived from its Gaelic equivalent and that itself is probably a Gaelicisation of the Cumbric form din-bar, with the same meaning. This form seems to be attested as Dynbaer the seventh-century Vita Sancti Wilfredi, to the north of the present High Street an area of open ground called Castle Park preserves almost exactly the hidden perimeter of an iron age promontory fort. The influential Northumbrian monk and scholar St. Cuthbert, born around 630, was probably from around Dunbar. While still a boy, and employed as a shepherd, one night he had a vision of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels and thereupon went to the monastery of Old Melrose and it was then a kings vill and prison to Bishop Wilfrid. As a royal holding of the kings of Northumbria, the economy centred on the collecting of food renders and the administration of the northern portion of that kingdom. It was the base of a royal official, a reeve. Danish and Norse attacks on southern Northumbria caused its power to falter, Dunbar was burnt by Kenneth MacAlpin in the 9th century. Scottish control was consolidated in the century and when Lothian was ceded to Malcolm II after the battle of Carham in 1018. Malcolm needed to fill a vacuum on his south-eastern flank. The grant included Dunbar and, it can be deduced, a swath of East Lothian
Dunbar
–
Tolbooth and
mercat cross, Dunbar High Street
Dunbar
–
Victoria Harbour and Castle ruins
Dunbar
–
The Volunteer Arms public house
Dunbar
–
View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) with
North Berwick Law and
Bass Rock in the distance.
21.
Craigcrook Castle
–
Craigcrook Castle is a well-preserved 6,701 square feet castle in Blackhall, about 3 miles west of the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland. The castle primarily of the 17th century, though with later additions, in the 19th century it was the home of Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey, and became known for its literary gatherings. It is a category B listed building, the lands of Craigcrook were, in the 14th century, in the possession of the Graham family. In 1362 the lands were given to the chaplains of St. Giles Cathedral and they passed through several more owners before 1542, when William Adamson, a merchant and burgess of Edinburgh, took possession. Adamson owned large estates in what is now north-western Edinburgh, including Craigleith, Groathill, Adamson was killed at the Battle of Pinkie on 10 September 1547. The Adamson family constructed, or reconstructed, Craigcrook Castle, and owned it until 1659, when it was sold to John Mein, ten years later it became the home of Sir John Hall of Dunglass, who later was the Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1689. Hall sold the property in 1682 to Walter Pringle, advocate, on Strachans death in 1719, his property, including Craigcrook Castle, was left for charitable purposes. The charitable Craigcrook Mortification, which was set up on the death of John Strachan, retains ownership of the castle and it is not known when the castle itself was constructed. From the style of building, the majority of the castle has been dated to the early 17th century, however, the nature of the vaulting inside suggests that the core of an earlier fortalice was extensively rebuilt or extended at this time. Archibald Constable, the publisher, occupied it until 1815 when it became the home of the lawyer and literary critic Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey. Soon after he took on the tenancy, Jeffrey added a room wing to the north. In 1835 he commissioned William Playfair to remodel the main building, during the tenancies of Constable and Jeffrey Sir Walter Scott visited the castle frequently. The castle is said to be haunted by Lord Jeffrey, massey subsequently wrote the poem Craigcrook Castle, considered to be one of his most accomplished poems in blank verse. The tenant after Jeffreys death was John Hunter Watt, Craigcrook Castle was known during the 19th century for its literary soirées, among the guests were Charles Dickens, Hans Christian Andersen, George Eliot and Lord Tennyson. A billiard room was added to the east by Robert Croall in about 1891, another extension was added, after the property became the base for an architectural practice, in 1968. The castle was listed on 14 July 1966, Craigcrook was the Scottish headquarters of Marine Harvest Ltd, a multinational fish-farming company, between 1986 and 2004. Benjamin Tindall Architects restored the interior in 1989 and it was subsequently occupied as a commercial property until 2014, when it was advertised for sale as a residence. The castle is close to Corstorphine Hill, and was a country house convenient for the city
Craigcrook Castle
–
Craigcrook Castle in the 1830s
Craigcrook Castle
–
Craicrook Castle 2011
22.
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
–
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey was a Scottish judge and literary critic. He was born in Edinburgh, the son of George Jeffrey, after attending the Royal High School for six years, he studied at the University of Glasgow from 1787 to May 1789, and at Queens College, Oxford, from September 1791 to June 1792. He had begun the study of law at Edinburgh before going to Oxford and he became a member of the Speculative Society, where he measured himself in debate with Sir Walter Scott, Lord Brougham, Francis Horner, the Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Kinnaird and others. He was admitted to the Scottish bar in December 1794, but, having abandoned the Tory principles in which he had been educated, he found that his Whig politics hampered his legal prospects. In consequence of his lack of success at the bar he went to London in 1798 to try his hand at journalism and his marriage to Catherine Wilson in 1801 made the question of a settled income even more pressing. At the outset the Review did not have an editor, the first three numbers were effectively edited by Sydney Smith. On his leaving for England the work devolved chiefly on Jeffrey, who, by an arrangement with Archibald Constable and this article expressed despair of the success of the British arms in Spain, and Scott at once withdrew his subscription, the Quarterly being soon afterwards started in opposition. According to Lord Cockburn the effect of the first number of the Edinburgh Review was electrical, the English reviews were at that time practically publishers organs, with articles by hack writers instructed to obey the publishers interests. The Edinburgh Review, on the hand, enlisted a brilliant and independent staff of contributors, guided by the editor. They received sixteen guineas a sheet, increased subsequently to twenty-five guineas in many cases, the review was not limited to literary criticism but became the accredited organ of moderate Whig public opinion. These general principles and the novelty of the method ensured the success of the undertaking even after the circle of exceptionally able men who founded it had been dispersed. It had a circulation of 12,000, Jeffreys editorship lasted about twenty-six years, ceasing with the ninety-eighth number, published in June 1829, when he resigned in favour of Macvey Napier. Jeffreys own contributions numbered two hundred, all six being written before his resignation of the editorship. He wrote quickly, at odd moments of leisure and with special preparation. A criticism in the number of the Review on the morality of Thomas Moores poems led in 1806 to a duel between the two authors at Chalk Farm. The proceedings were stopped by the police, and Jeffreys pistol was found to contain no bullet, the affair led to a warm friendship, and Moore contributed to the Review, while Jeffrey made ample amends in a later article on Lalla Rookh. Jeffreys wife had died in 1805, and in 1810 he became acquainted with Charlotte, daughter of Charles Wilkes of New York, when she returned to the United States, Jeffrey followed her, and they were married in 1813. Before returning to Scotland, they visited several of the chief American cities, notwithstanding the increasing success of the Review, Jeffrey continued to look to the bar as the chief field of his ambition
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
–
An 1820 portrait of Lord Jeffrey by
Andrew Geddes
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
–
Francis Jeffrey by
Patric Park, 1840, National Gallery, London
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
–
Plaque to Francis Jeffrey, 18 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh
Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey
–
22 to 24 Moray Place Edinburgh. 24, to the left, was the home of Lord Jeffrey
23.
Theatre Royal, Glasgow
–
The Theatre Royal is the oldest theatre in Glasgow, located at 282 Hope Street in Cowcaddens. The theatre originally opened in 1867, the name changing to the Theatre Royal in 1869 and it is also the birthplace of Howard & Wyndham Ltd, owners and managers of theatres in Scotland and England until the 1970s, created by its chairman Baillie Michael Simons in 1895. It was Simons who as an entrepreneur of his day also promoted the building of Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. The theatre was opened in 1867 as the Royal Colosseum & Opera House by James Baylis, Baylis also ran the Milton Colosseum Music Hall at Cowcaddens Cross, and had opened the Scotia Music Hall, later known as the Metropole, in Stockwell Street in 1862. The Royal, and its shops and adjoining Alexandra Music Hall, were designed by George Bell of Clarke & Bell, Baylis presented a range of performance activity in its auditorium, pantomimes, plays, comedies, harlequinades and opera. This early mention of opera seems significant given the later role since 1975 as the home of Scottish Opera. Despite the financial importance of pantomime, then as now, opera in the time of Baylis was still viable as a commercial venture, many operas, both famous and forgotten, had their Scottish premiere at the Theatre Royal. Certainly among surviving Scottish theatres, in respect the Theatre Royal is head. In 1869 Baylis leased the theatre to Glover & Francis who previously ran the old Theatre Royal in Dunlop Street, william Glover brought the name Theatre Royal with him and its company of artistes, orchestra and stage staff, presenting drama, opera, revues and pantomime. It continued to accommodate about 3,000 people and it is now the largest surviving example of Charles Phipps theatre work in Britain. In the early 1880s a number of managers ran it until Baillie Michael Simons arranged for it to be available to two actor managers, James Howard and Fred Wyndham, in 1888. They announced that in addition to plays, opera, musicals and summer revues it would be known above all as a pantomime house, the new company, Howard & Wyndham, went on to produce pantomimes across Britain for almost 80 years. Howard & Wyndham also presented from the 1930s onwards the famous Half Past Eight Shows which later became the record-breaking Five Past Eight Shows and they were not operators of music-halls nor presented variety, which was the forte of Moss Empires. In the same year a fire destroyed the auditorium again, but was rebuilt six months later under the attention of Charles Phipps with few visible changes. Howard & Wyndham Ltd soon added to their stock of theatres by building the Frank Matcham designed King’s Theatre across the city centre in 1904, live performances in music, dance and comedy were transmitted across Scotland and networked to ITV areas south of the border. William Morris wallpaper was added to the principal walls and it re-opened in October 1975 with a gala performance of Die Fledermaus, televised live. A few months later the Theatre Royal also became the theatre of Scottish Ballet started in 1969. It became a venue of the citys Mayfest Festival each year
Theatre Royal, Glasgow
–
Theatre Royal
24.
James Ballantine
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James Ballantine was an artist and author. His father was a brewer who died when James was only 10 and he received little education and what he did know came from his mother or being self-taught. In his early teens he was apprenticed to a painter in Edinburgh. Aged 20 he went to Edinburgh University, after graduating he turned his attention to the art of painting on glass. He quickly achieved eminence in his field and got the contract for painting the windows of the House of Lords through a public competition. His 1845 book ‘A treatise of Stained Glass’ became a standard work and he started writing poetry at a young age and through the very popular ‘Gaberlunzie’s wallet’ became an established writer. He wrote poetry books and also a collection of his songs and he died from a congestion of the lungs in Warrender Lodge, Meadows, Edinburgh. The Gaberlunzie, a Scotch drama adapted from the novel of The Gaberlunzies Wallet, verses for the Burns centenary banquet, on the 25th January,1859, in the Music Hall, Edinburgh. Chronicle of the Hundredth Birthday of Robert Burns, collected and edited by J. Ballantine. A Treatise on Painted Glass, shewing its applicability to every style of architecture, chapman & Hall, London, John Menzies, Edinburgh. The Life of David Roberts, R. A, compiled from his journals and other sources. With etchings and facsimiles of pen-and-ink sketches by the artist, xiv+255pp+9 etched plates+26 facsimiles of rough pen-and-ink sketches of pictures from Mr. Roberts journal, portrait of Roberts and drawing of his birthplace. Lord Provost of the City of Edinburgh, 1874-1877, essay on Ornamental Art as applicable to trade and manufactures. Leith The Tradesmans Book of Ornamental Designs, lays and Lyrics of Scotland, arranged with new Symphonies and Accompaniments for the Pianoforte by J. Fulcher. With a historical epitome of Scottish Song by J. Ballantine and an appendix of notes historical, biographical and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Cousin, John William. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, London, J. M. Dent & Sons
James Ballantine
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James Ballantine, Dr George Bell and David Octavius Hill
25.
William Clarkson Stanfield
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Clarkson Frederick Stanfield RA was a prominent English marine painter, he is often though inaccurately called William Clarkson Stanfield. He was born at Sunderland, the son of James Field Stanfield an Irish-born author, actor and former seaman. Clarkson was named after Thomas Clarkson, the slave trade abolitionist, whom his father knew, Stanfield probably inherited artistic talent from his mother, who is said to have been an artist but died in 1801. He was briefly apprenticed to a coach decorator in 1806, but left owing to the drunkenness of his masters wife, in 1808 he was pressed into the Royal Navy, serving in the guardship HMS Namur at Sheerness. Discharged on health grounds in 1814, he made a voyage to China in 1815 on the East Indiaman Warley. In August 1816 Stanfield was engaged as a decorator and scene-painter at the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square, Stanfield abandoned scenery painting after Christmas 1834 — though he made exceptions for two personal friends. He designed scenery for the productions of William Charles Macready. Stanfield partnered with David Roberts in several large-scale diorama and panorama projects in the 1820s and 1830s, the newest development in these popular entertainments was the moving diorama or moving panorama. These consisted of paintings that unfolded upon rollers like giant scrolls, they were supplemented with sound. An 1830 tour through Germany and Italy furnished Stanfield with material for two more moving panoramas, The Military Pass of the Simplon and Venice and Its Adjacent Islands, Stanfield executed the first in only eleven days, it earned him a fee of £300. The Venetian panorama of the year was 300 feet long and 20 high. The show included stage props and even singing gondoliers, after the show closed, portions of the work were re-used in productions of Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice and Otways Venice Preserved. The moving panoramas of Stanfield and other artists became highlights of the traditional Christmas pantomimes and he was elected Associate Member of the Royal Academy in 1832, and became a full Academician in February 1835. Both remain in the Royal Collection, neither house survives but some of Stanfields work for Bowood can still be seen there. Stanfields art was influenced by his early practice as a scene-painter. John Ruskin considered his treatment of the sea and clouds of a high order. Stanfield was admired not only for his art but his personal simplicity and a modesty. He was born a Catholic and became devout in middle life, after the loss in 1838 of his eldest son by his second marriage and then, in the 1850s
William Clarkson Stanfield
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Portrait of Clarkson Stanfield by John Simpson circa 1829
William Clarkson Stanfield
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The Battle of Trafalgar
William Clarkson Stanfield
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Mount St Michael, Cornwall
William Clarkson Stanfield
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Mountainous landscape with a hunter and travellers
26.
Melrose Abbey
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St Marys Abbey, Melrose is a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order in Melrose, Roxburghshire, in the Scottish Borders. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of King David I of Scotland and it was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland, the east end of the abbey was completed in 1146. Other buildings in the complex were added over the next 50 years, the abbey was built in the Gothic manner, and in the form of a St. Johns Cross. A considerable portion of the abbey is now in ruins, a structure dating from 1590 is maintained as a museum open to the public. Alexander II and other Scottish kings and nobles are buried at the abbey, a lead container believed to hold the embalmed heart of Robert the Bruce was found in 1921 below the Chapter House site, it was found again in a 1998 excavation. This was documented in records of his death, the rest of his body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey. The abbey is known for its many carved decorative details, including likenesses of saints, dragons, gargoyles, on one of the abbeys stairways is an inscription by John Morow, a master mason, which says, Be halde to ye hende. This has become the motto of the town of Melrose, an earlier monastery was founded by, then later dedicated to, Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne. This was shortly before his death in 651 at Old Melrose, then within the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, set in a bend of the River Tweed, a graveyard marks the site. St. Cuthbert, who grew up nearby, trained at Old Melrose abbey and he was prior from 662 before he was moved to Lindisfarne. The abbey site was raided by Kenneth I of Scotland in 839, Melrose was the first Cistercian abbey in Scotland. King David I wanted the new abbey to be built on the same site and it was said to have been built in ten years. The church of the convent was dedicated to St. Mary on 28 July 1146, the abbey became the mother church of the order in Scotland. Its first community came from Rielvaux, the Yorkshire house colonized from Cîteaux, in the 12th century, around Melrose, the Cistercians implemented new farming techniques and marketed Melrose wool throughout the great trading ports across northern Europe. A town slowly grew up around the abbey, during a time of famine four thousand starving people were fed by the monastery for three months. The monastery had 100 monks, exclusive of the abbot and dignitaries, the last abbot was James Stewart, natural son of James V, who died in 1559. The privileges and possessions of the abbey were very extensive and its founder David endowed it with the lands of Melrose, Eildon, and other places, and the right of fishery on the River Tweed
Melrose Abbey
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Melrose Abbey
Melrose Abbey
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Modern marker for the site of the burial of the heart of
Robert the Bruce at Melrose Abbey
Melrose Abbey
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Photograph of Melrose Abbey in 1844, by
Henry Fox Talbot.
Melrose Abbey
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Ground plan of Melrose Abbey
27.
Dryburgh Abbey
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The arrival of the canons along with their first abbot, Roger, took place on 13 December 1152. It was burned by English troops in 1322, after which it was restored only to be burned by Richard II in 1385. It was finally destroyed in 1544, briefly to survive until the Scottish Reformation, the 12th Earl of Buchan bought the land in 1786. Sir Walter Scott and Douglas Haig are buried in its grounds, the Premonstratensian order was founded by St Norbert of Xanten who was firstly a canon at Xanten Cathedral. Bartholomew persuaded Norbert to form an order at Prémontré, in Aisne in 1120 and while the order was Augustinian in form. They followed a monastic life, but had a duty to preach and teach to those on the outside of the monastery walls. The order spread rapidly across Europe with the Abbot of Prémontré becoming Abbot-General for all the daughter-houses, even before the first Abbot-General Hugh of Fosse died, one hundred and twenty abbots attended the annual general chapter. The Premonstratensians took on many of the methods of the Cistercians including land management, unlike the situation at nearby Melrose Abbey with its royal patronage, Hugh de Morville, although a very wealthy noble, could not endow Dryburgh on the same scale as that of a monarch. Beatrice gave the income from the church at Bozeat, Northamptonshire to the abbey as well as lands at Roxburgh that she bought solely for the purpose of subsequent donation. Hugh, in around 1162, like some other magnates of the period, turned his back on worldly affairs and entered the abbey-church and he gave his elder son, Richard, his large Scottish estates while his younger son, Hugh, received those in England. Hugh, the senior, died at Dryburgh Abbey that same year, following Hughs death, his son Richard carried on as patron to the abbey. However, in c.1170 he founded the hospital of St Leonard near his castle at Lauder, Richard de Morvilles establishment of this second monastery ensured that both establishments would remain in a state of relative poverty. Slow improvement in the finances took place over the next forty or so years in a period of relative stability. However this improvement was only relative, Dryburghs neighbouring monasteries with their more extensive grazing lands provided the main source of a much greater income. Hugh de Morvilles line had died out in 1196 on the death of his grandson, William, the semi-independent Lords of Galloway were much wealthier than the de Morvilles but even they could not lavish large amounts on all their dependencies. Dryburgh being one of many establishments who sought the generosity of the Galloway lords got a further setback in 1234 when Alan and his property was to be split between three daughters and their husbands. Devorguillas main concern however was her own foundation at Sweetheart Abbey, but she was at Dryburgh in 1281 to settle her lands in England on her son, John Balliol and this heralded the end of a long period of stability in the borderlands. Evidence is lacking on Roberts participation as a patron of Dryburgh and he certainly used the abbey as a base in July 1316 while conducting raiding expeditions into Northumberland
Dryburgh Abbey
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Dryburgh Abbey
Dryburgh Abbey
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Engraving of Dryburgh Abbey by
James Fittler in Scotia Depicta
Dryburgh Abbey
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Saint Norbert of Xanten
Dryburgh Abbey
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Kilwinning Abbey
28.
Louis Haghe
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Louis Haghe was a lithographer and watercolour artist. His father and grandfather had practised as architects, training in his teens in watercolour painting, he found work in the relatively new art of lithography when the first press was set up in Tournai. He visited England to find work, and settled permanently in 1823. Together with William Day, around 1830 he formed the partnership Day & Haghe, Day and Haghe created and printed lithographs dealing with a wide range of subjects, such as hunting scenes, architecture, topographical views and genre depictions. They pioneered the new techniques for chromolithography as well as hand-tinted lithographs, after Williams death in 1845, the firm became known as Day & Son. They were pioneers in developing the medium of the printed in colours. In 1838, Day and Haghe were appointed Lithographers to the Queen, possibly his most ambitious project was providing 250 images for David Roberts The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt & Nubia printed between 1842–9. Roberts praised his skill and artistry, although John Ruskin called it forced and he also painted in oils, which were exhibited at the British Institution. He became president of the New Society of Painters in Water Colours from 1873 to 1884, haghes artistic works were achieved in spite of a deformity in his right hand since birth. He died at Stockwell Road on 9 March 1885 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery and his younger brother Charles Haghe was employed as an assistant at Day and Haghe, and remained there after Louis left. Michael Twyman, Haghe, Louis, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press,2004 accessed 16 Nov 2007 Catalogue A new map of Texas Works by or about Louis Haghe in libraries
Louis Haghe
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Louis Haghe
Louis Haghe
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Isle of Graia
Gulf of Akabah Arabia Petraea, 1839 lithograph of a trade caravan by Louis Haghe from an original by
David Roberts.
Louis Haghe
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"The New Ballroom" (at
Buckingham Palace), 1856.
29.
Royal Coburg Theatre
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The Old Vic is a theatre located just south-east of Waterloo station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. Established in 1818 as the Royal Coburg Theatre, and renamed in 1833 the Royal Victoria Theatre, in 1871 it was rebuilt and reopened as the Royal Victoria Palace. It was taken over by Emma Cons in 1880 and formally named the Royal Victoria Hall, in 1898, a niece of Cons, Lilian Baylis assumed management and began a series of Shakespeare productions in 1914. The building was damaged in 1940 during air raids and it became a Grade II* listed building in 1951 after it reopened. It was also the name of a company that was based at the theatre and formed the core of the National Theatre of Great Britain on its formation in 1963. The National Theatre remained at the Old Vic until new premises were constructed on the South Bank, the Old Vic then became the home of Prospect Theatre Company, at that time a highly successful touring company which staged such acclaimed productions as Derek Jacobis Hamlet. However, with the withdrawal of funding for the company by the Arts Council of Great Britain in 1980 for breaching its touring obligations, the theatre underwent complete refurbishment in 1985. In 2003, Kevin Spacey was appointed as new director of the Old Vic Theatre Company which received considerable media attention. In 2015, Matthew Warchus succeeded Spacey as artistic director, the theatre was a minor theatre and was thus technically forbidden to show serious drama. Nevertheless, when the theatre passed to George Bolwell Davidge in 1824 he succeeded in bringing legendary actor Edmund Kean south of the river to play six Shakespeare plays in six nights. More popular staples in the repertoire were sensational and violent melodramas demonstrating the evils of drink, churned out by the house dramatist, confirmed teetotaller Douglas Jerrold. On 1 July 1833, the theatre was renamed the Royal Victoria Theatre, under the protection and patronage of Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother to Princess Victoria, the 14-year-old heir presumptive. The duchess and the princess visited only once, on 28 November of that year, the single visit scarcely justified the Old Vic its later billing as Queen Victorias Own Theayter. By 1835, the theatre was advertising itself simply as the Victoria Theatre, in 1841, David Osbaldiston took over as lessee, succeeded on his death in 1850 by his lover and the theatres leading lady, Eliza Vincent, until her death in 1856. Under their management, the theatre remained devoted to melodrama, in 1867, Joseph Arnold Cave took over as lessee. In 1871 he transferred the lease to Romaine Delatorre, who raised funds for the theatre to be rebuilt in the style of the Alhambra Music Hall, jethro Thomas Robinson was engaged as the architect. In September 1871 the old theatre closed, and the new building opened as the Royal Victoria Palace in December of the same year, by 1873, however, Cave had left and Delatorres venture failed. The penny lectures given in the led to the foundation of Morley College, an adult education college
Royal Coburg Theatre
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The exterior of the Old Vic from the corner of
Baylis Road and
Waterloo Road
Royal Coburg Theatre
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Royal Coburg Theatre in 1822
Royal Coburg Theatre
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The theatre at night
Royal Coburg Theatre
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Staircase of the Old Vic
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Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Roberts, David". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 403.
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