1.
John Trumbull
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John Trumbull was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary War and was notable for his historical paintings. His Declaration of Independence was used on the reverse of the two-dollar bill, Trumbull was born in Lebanon, Connecticut, in 1756, to Jonathan Trumbull and his wife Faith Trumbull. His father served as Governor of Connecticut from 1769 to 1784, both sides of his family were descended from early Puritan settlers in the state. The young Trumbull entered the 1771 junior class at Harvard College at age fifteen, due to a childhood accident, Trumbull lost use of one eye, which may have influenced his detailed painting style. As a soldier in the American Revolutionary War, Trumbull rendered a service at Boston by sketching plans of the British works. He witnessed the Battle of Bunker Hill and he was appointed second personal aide to General George Washington, and in June 1776, deputy adjutant-general to General Horatio Gates. He resigned from the army in 1777 after a dispute over the dating of his officer commission, in 1780 he traveled to London, where he studied under Benjamin West. At Wests suggestion, Trumbull painted small pictures of the War of Independence and he painted about 250 in his lifetime. On September 23,1780, British agent Major John André was captured by Continental troops in North America, after news reached Great Britain, outrage flared and Trumbull was arrested, as having been an officer in the Continental Army of similar rank to André. He was imprisoned for seven months in Londons Tothill Fields Bridewell, after being released, Trumbull returned to the United States. In 1784, following the British recognition of the United States independence, while working in his studio, Trumbull painted Battle of Bunker Hill and Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec. Both works are now in the Yale University Art Gallery, in 1785 Trumbull went to Paris, where he made portrait sketches of French officers for the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. With the assistance of Thomas Jefferson, serving there as the US minister, while in Paris, Trumbull is credited with having introduced Jefferson to the Italian painter Maria Cosway, they became lifelong intimate friends. Trumbulls painting became widely known due to an engraving of it by Asher Brown Durand. All now hang in rotunda of the United States Capitol, congress reportedly authorized only funds sufficient to purchase these four paintings. Trumbulls The Sortie Made by the Garrison of Gibraltar,1789, in 1831 Trumbull sold a series of 28 paintings and 60 miniature portraits to Yale University for an annuity of $1,000. This is by far the largest single collection of his works, the collection was originally housed in a neoclassical art gallery designed by Trumbull on Yales Old Campus, along with portraits by other artists. His portraits include full lengths of General Washington and George Clinton, New York also bought his full-length paintings of Alexander Hamilton and John Jay
John Trumbull
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John Trumbull, painted by
Gilbert Stuart, 1818
John Trumbull
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Trumbull's self-portrait painted in 1777.
John Trumbull
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The Death of
Montgomery in the
Attack on Quebec (1775)
John Trumbull
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George Washington Before the Battle of Trenton, oil on canvas, c. 1792.
Yale University Art Gallery
2.
United States Capitol
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The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
United States Capitol
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The west front of the United States Capitol in 2013, before dome restoration scaffolding was erected
United States Capitol
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The east front of the United States Capitol (2013 view)
United States Capitol
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The Capitol at night (2013 view)
United States Capitol
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Design for the U.S. Capitol, "An Elevation for a Capitol", by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest, but not selected.
3.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
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Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
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Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
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Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
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Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
4.
Oil painting
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Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
Oil painting
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Mona Lisa,
Leonardo da Vinci, c. 1503–06
Oil painting
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Self-portrait, at work,
Anders Zorn, 1897
Oil painting
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Self-portrait of
Rembrandt, 1630. An example of oil painting on copper.
Oil painting
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Flax seed is the source of linseed oil.
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
6.
United States Capitol rotunda
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The United States Capitol rotunda is the central rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. Located below the Capitol dome, it is the tallest part of the Capitol and has described as its symbolic. The rotunda is surrounded by corridors connecting the House of Representatives, to the south of the rotunda is the semi-circular National Statuary Hall, which until 1857 was the House of Representatives chamber. To the northeast of the rotunda is the Old Senate Chamber, used by the Senate until 1859 and by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1935. The rotunda is 96 feet in diameter and rises 48 feet to the top of its walls and 180 feet 3 inches to the canopy of the dome, the dome is surmounted by the American Statue of Freedom. It is also used for ceremonial events authorized by concurrent resolution, the doctor and architect William Thornton was the winner of the contest to design the Capitol in 1793. Thornton had first conceived the idea of a central rotunda, however, due to lack of funds or resources, oft-interrupted construction, and the British attack on Washington during the War of 1812, work on the rotunda did not begin until 1818. The rotunda was designed in the style and was intended to evoke the design of the Pantheon. The sandstone rotunda walls rise 48 feet above the floor, everything above this—the Capitol dome–was designed in 1854 by Thomas U, Walter, the fourth Architect of the Capitol. Walter had also designed the Capitols north and south extensions, in 1862, Walter asked painter Constantino Brumidi to design a picture 65 feet in diameter, painted in fresco, on the concave canopy over the eye of the New Dome of the U. S. Capitol. At this time, Brumidi may have added a watercolor canopy design over Walters tentative 1859 sketch, the dome was being finished in the middle of the American Civil War and was constructed from fireproof cast iron. During the Civil War, the rotunda was used as a hospital for Union soldiers. The dome was completed in 1866. Originally the crypt had an open ceiling into the rotunda, visitors can still see the holes in the stone circle that marked the rim of the open space in the rotunda floor. In January 2013, the Architect of the Capitol announced a four-year, $10 million project to repair and conserve the Capitol Domes exterior, the dome and rotunda, which were last conserved in 1960, are showing significant signs of rust and disrepair. There is a danger that decorative ironwork could fall from the rotunda to the space below, without immediate repair, safety netting will be installed. Eight niches in the rotunda hold large, framed historical paintings, all are oil-on-canvas and measure 12 by 18 feet. Four of these are scenes from the American Revolution, painted by John Trumbull and these are Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Burgoyne, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, and General George Washington Resigning his Commission
United States Capitol rotunda
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Rotunda viewed from behind the statue of
George Washington
United States Capitol rotunda
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Tour Groups inside the Rotunda.
United States Capitol rotunda
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Capitol dome
United States Capitol rotunda
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Capitol rotunda
7.
United States Declaration of Independence
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Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast, a committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term Declaration of Independence is not used in the document itself, John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, but Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms and it was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for printing has been lost. Jeffersons original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, the sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Having served its purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years. Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, and his policies and this has been called one of the best-known sentences in the English language, containing the most potent and consequential words in American history. The passage came to represent a standard to which the United States should strive. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose, and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire. Many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the empire, the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. This tax dispute was part of a divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies. In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate, after the Townshend Acts, some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all
United States Declaration of Independence
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1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy
United States Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration
United States Declaration of Independence
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The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's
Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence
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This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.
8.
Second Continental Congress
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The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met between September 5,1774 and October 26,1774, also in Philadelphia, the second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776. When the Second Continental Congress came together on May 10,1775 it was, in effect, many of the same 56 delegates who attended the first meeting were in attendance at the second, and the delegates appointed the same president and secretary. Notable new arrivals included Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and John Hancock of Massachusetts, within two weeks, Randolph was summoned back to Virginia to preside over the House of Burgesses, he was replaced in the Virginia delegation by Thomas Jefferson, who arrived several weeks later. Henry Middleton was elected as president to replace Randolph, but he declined, Hancock was elected president on May 24. Delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies were present when the Second Continental Congress convened, Georgia had not participated in the First Continental Congress and did not initially send delegates to the Second Continental Congress. On May 13,1775, Lyman Hall was admitted as a delegate from the Parish of St. Johns in the Colony of Georgia, not as a delegate from the colony itself. The Second Continental Congress would meet on May 10,1775, by the time the Second Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary War had already started with the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The Congress was to charge of the war effort. For the first few months of the struggle, the Patriots had carried on their struggle in an ad-hoc and they had seized arsenals, driven out royal officials, and besieged the British army in the city of Boston. On July 6,1775 Congress approved a Declaration of Causes outlining the rationale, on July 8, Congress extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation. However, it was received too late to do any good, silas Deane was sent to France as a minister of the Congress. American ports were reopened in defiance of the British Navigation Acts, the Congress had no authority to levy taxes, and was required to request money, supplies, and troops from the states to support the war effort. Individual states frequently ignored these requests, Congress was moving towards declaring independence from the British Empire in 1776, but many delegates lacked the authority from their home governments to take such a drastic action. Advocates of independence in Congress moved to have reluctant colonial governments revise instructions to their delegations, on May 10,1776, Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony lacking a proper government should form such. The resolution of independence was delayed for weeks as revolutionaries consolidated support for independence in their home governments. The records of the Continental Congress confirm that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations, on June 7,1776, Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent. He also urged Congress to resolve to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances, Lee argued that independence was the only way to ensure a foreign alliance, since no European monarchs would deal with America if they remained Britains colonies
Second Continental Congress
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Thirteen Colonies United States
Second Continental Congress
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The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's
Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
Second Continental Congress
9.
Yale University Art Gallery
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The Yale University Art Gallery houses a significant and encyclopedic collection of art in several buildings on the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. Although it embraces all cultures and periods, the gallery emphasizes early Italian painting, African sculpture, the Yale University Art Gallery is the oldest university art museum in the western hemisphere. The gallery was founded in 1832, when patriot-artist, John Trumbull, donated more than 100 paintings of the American Revolution to Yale College and this building, on the universitys Old Campus, was razed in 1901. The gallerys main building was built in 1953, and was among the first designed by Louis Kahn, a complete renovation, which returned many spaces to Kahns original vision, was completed in December 2006, by Polshek Partnership Architects. The older Tuscan romanesque portion was built in 1928, and was designed by Egerton Swartwout, the Gallery reopened on December 12,2012, after a 14-year renovation and expansion project at a cost of $135 million. The expanded space totals 69,975 sq ft, the museum is a member of the North American Reciprocal Museums program. On the second floor was a valuable collection of paintings by John Trumbull. Among them were his paintings of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Death of Montgomery before Quebec, Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, Declaration of Independence. Trumbull gave the paintings to Yale in consideration of an annuity of $1,000 and subject to the condition that he, the Gallery’s encyclopedic collections number more than 185,000 objects ranging in date from ancient times to the present day. The permanent collection includes, African Art, over 1000 objects in wood, metal, ivory, American Decorative Arts, about 18,000 objects in silver, glass, wood, porcelain, and textile with an emphasis on the colonial and early federal periods. Ancient Art, over 13,000 objects from the Near East, Egypt, Greece, Etruria, Art of the Ancient Americas, Mayan and Olmec figurines, vessels and sculptures. Prints, Drawings, and Photographs In 2005, the announced that it had acquired 1,465 gelatin silver prints by the influential American landscape photographer. In 2009, the museum mounted an exhibition of its collection of Picasso paintings and drawings. For the first time, portions of the Yale University Librarys, as an affiliate of Yale University, the gallery maintains a robust roster of education programs for university students, New Haven schools, and the general public. One such program is the Gallery Guide program, founded in 1998, the Yale Art Gallery charges no admission
Yale University Art Gallery
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Yale University Art Gallery
Yale University Art Gallery
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Miniature of
George Washington by
Robert Field (1800)
Yale University Art Gallery
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Antiquities at the Yale University Art Gallery
Yale University Art Gallery
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The Death of General Montgomery in the Attack on Quebec, 1786,
John Trumbull
10.
Independence Hall (United States)
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Independence Hall is the building where both the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were debated and adopted. It is now the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the building was completed in 1753 as the colonial legislature for the Province of Pennsylvania. It became the meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1783 and was the site of the Constitutional Convention in the summer of 1787. The building is part of Independence National Historical Park and is listed as a World Heritage Site, by the spring of 1729 the citizens of Philadelphia were petitioning to be allowed to build a state house. Two thousand pounds were committed to the endeavor, by October 1730 they had begun purchasing lots on Chestnut Street. By 1732, even though Hamilton had acquired the deed for Lot no.2 from surveyor David Powell, dr. John Kearsley and Hamilton disagreed on a number of issues concerning the state house. Kearsley, who is credited with the designs of both Christ Church and St. Peters Church, had plans for the structure of the building, the two men also disagreed on the buildings site, Kearsley suggested High Street, now Market Street, and Hamilton favored Chestnut Street. Lawrence said nothing on the matter, matters reached a point where arbitration was needed. On August 8,1733, Hamilton brought the matter before the House of Representatives and he explained that Kearsley did not approve of Hamilton’s plans for the location and architecture of the state house and went on to insist the House had not agreed to these decisions. In response to this, Hamilton, on August 11, showed his plans for the house to the House. Ground was broken for construction soon after, Independence Hall is a red brick building designed in the Georgian style. It consists of a building with belltower and steeple, attached to two smaller wings via arcaded hyphens. The highest point to the tip of the spire is 168 ft. The State House was built between 1732 and 1751, designed by Edmund Woolley and Andrew Hamilton, and built by Woolley and its construction was commissioned by the Pennsylvania colonial legislature which paid for construction as funds were available, so it was finished piecemeal. It was initially inhabited by the government of Pennsylvania as its State House. In 1753 Thomas Stretch erected a giant clock at the buildings west end that resembled a tall clock, the 40-foot-tall limestone base was capped with a 14-foot wooden case surrounding the clocks face, which was carved by Samuel Harding. The giant clock was removed about 1830, the clock’s dials were mounted at the east and west ends of the main building connected by rods to the clock movement in the middle of the building. The acquisition of the clock and bell by the Pennsylvania Colonial Assembly is closely related to the acquisition of the Liberty Bell
Independence Hall (United States)
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South facade of Independence Hall
Independence Hall (United States)
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Detail of A Map of Philadelphia and Parts Adjacent, depicting the State House as it appeared in 1752. The image shows the original bell tower, which lacked a clock.
Independence Hall (United States)
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Independence Hall in 1799, with the wooden steeple removed and Thomas Stretch's clock (far left).
Independence Hall (United States)
11.
Committee of Five
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The Committee of Five of the Second Continental Congress were a team of five men who drafted and presented to the Congress what would become Americas Declaration of Independence of July 4,1776. This Declaration committee operated from June 11,1776 until July 5,1776, the proposal was moved in Congress on June 7 by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, known as the Lee Resolution. The actual declaration of American Independence is precisely the text comprising the final paragraph of the broadside of July 4. The broadsides final paragraph repeated the text of the Lee Resolution as adopted by the declaratory resolve voted on July 2, certainly the committee, after discussing the general outline that the document should follow, decided that Jefferson would write the first draft. With Congresss busy schedule, Jefferson had limited time to write the draft over the ensuing 17 days and he then consulted with the others on the committee, who reviewed the draft and made extensive changes. Jefferson then produced another copy incorporating these alterations, among the changes was the simplification of the phrase Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, which Jefferson had phrased preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness. This was a return to wording closer to John Lockes original description of private property as a right, in the phrase life, liberty. On June 28,1776, the committee presented this copy to the Committee of the Whole Congress, the title of the document was A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled. Although not officially noted, the time was 18,26 LMT for the recording of this historic vote. The Congress then heard the report of the Committee of the Whole and declared the status of the United Colonies the following day. The Committee of the Whole then turned to the Declaration, on Wednesday, July 3, the Committee of the Whole gave the Declaration a third reading and commenced scrutiny of the precise wording of the proposed text. Two passages in the Committee of Fives draft were rejected by the Committee of the Whole, one was a critical reference to the English people and the other was a denunciation of the slave trade and of slavery itself. The text of the Declaration was otherwise accepted without any major changes. However, the formal adoption was deferred until the following morning. And so the Committee of Five convened in the evening of July 4 to complete its task. Historians have had no means by which to determine the identity of the authenticating party. Upon the July 5 release of the Dunlap broadside, the public could read who had signed the Declaration, just one signature as attested by Secretary Charles Thomson. Memories of the proved to be very short on this particular historic moment
Committee of Five
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Sherman,
Franklin,
Jefferson,
Adams, and
Livingston.
Committee of Five
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Committee of Five, Declaration of Independence, July 1776, detail of John Trumbull's painting (1819)
Committee of Five
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The Committee of Five presenting their work to the Congress on June 28, 1776. Painting by
John Trumbull.
12.
John Dickinson (delegate)
–
When these failed, he reworked Thomas Jeffersons language and wrote the final draft of the 1775 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms. Dickinson later served as President of the 1786 Annapolis Convention, which called for the Constitutional Convention of 1787, John Dickinson High School was opened/dedicated in 1963 as part of the public schools in northern Delaware. Dickinson was born at Croisadore, his familys plantation near the village of Trappe in Talbot County. There, with 400 acres on the banks of the Choptank River, Walter began a plantation, Croisadore, Walter also bought 800 acres on St. Jones Neck in what became Kent County, Delaware. Croisadore passed through Walters son, William, to his grandson, Samuel, each generation increased the landholdings, so that Samuel inherited 2,500 acres on five farms in three Maryland counties and over his lifetime increased that to 9,000 acres. He also bought the Kent County property from his cousin and expanded it to about 3,000 acres, there he began another plantation and called it Poplar Hall. These plantations were large, profitable agricultural enterprises worked by slave labor, Samuel Dickinson first married Judith Troth on April 11,1710. They had nine children, William, Walter, Samuel, Elizabeth, Henry, Elizabeth Betsy, Rebecca, the three eldest sons died of smallpox while in London seeking their education. Widowed, with two children, Henry and Betsy, Samuel married Mary Cadwalader in 1731. She was the daughter of Martha Jones and the prominent Quaker John Cadwalader who was grandfather of General John Cadwalader of Philadelphia. Their sons, John, Thomas, and Philemon were born in the few years. For three generations the Dickinson family had been members of the Third Haven Friends Meeting in Talbot County, but in 1739, John Dickinsons half-sister, Betsy, was married in an Anglican church to Charles Goldsborough in what was called a disorderly marriage by the Meeting. The couple would be the grandparents of Maryland governor Charles Goldsborough, leaving Croisadore to elder son Henry Dickinson, Samuel moved to Poplar Hall, where he had already taken a leading role in the community as Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Kent County. The move also placed Mary nearer her Philadelphia relations, Poplar Hall was situated on a now-straightened bend of the St. Jones River. There was plenty of activity delivering the necessities, and shipping the products produced. Much of this product was wheat that along with wheat from the region, was milled into a superfine flour. Most people at this plantation were servants and slaves of the Dickinsons, Dickinson was educated at home, by his parents and by recent immigrants employed for that purpose. Among them was the Presbyterian minister Francis Alison, who later established New London Academy in Chester County, most important was his tutor, William Killen, who became a lifelong friend and who later became Delaware’s first Chief Justice and Chancellor
John Dickinson (delegate)
–
John Dickinson
John Dickinson (delegate)
–
The Signing of the Constitution of the United States.
John Dickinson (delegate)
–
Convention President
13.
Thomas Jefferson
–
Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
Thomas Jefferson
–
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
–
Wren Building (rear), College of William & Mary where Jefferson studied
Thomas Jefferson
–
House of Burgesses in Williamsburg, Virginia, where Jefferson served 1769–1775
Thomas Jefferson
–
Jefferson's home, Monticello
14.
John Adams
–
John Adams was an American patriot who served as the second President of the United States and the first Vice President. He was a lawyer, diplomat, statesman, political theorist, and, as a Founding Father and he was also a dedicated diarist and correspondent, particularly with his wife and closest advisor Abigail. He collaborated with his cousin, revolutionary leader Samuel Adams, Adams was a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, where he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence. He assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776, as a diplomat in Europe, he helped negotiate the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and acquired vital governmental loans from Amsterdam bankers. Adams was the author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which influenced American political theory. Adamss credentials as a revolutionary secured for him two terms as President George Washingtons vice president and also his own election in 1796 as the second president. In his single term as president, he encountered fierce criticism from the Jeffersonian Republicans, as well as the dominant faction in his own Federalist Party, led by his rival Alexander Hamilton. Adams signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts, and built up the army, the major accomplishment of his presidency was a peaceful resolution of the conflict in the face of Hamiltons opposition. Due to his strong posture on defense, Adams is often called the father of the American Navy and he was the first U. S. president to reside in the executive mansion, now known as the White House. In 1800, Adams lost re-election to Thomas Jefferson and retired to Massachusetts and he eventually resumed his friendship with Jefferson upon the latters own retirement by initiating a correspondence which lasted fourteen years. He and his wife established a family of politicians, diplomats, Adams was the father of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. He died on the anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Modern historians in the aggregate have favorably ranked his administration, John Adams was born on October 30,1735 to John Adams Sr. and Susanna Boylston. He had two brothers, Peter and Elihu. Adams birthplace was then in Braintree, Massachusetts, and is preserved at Adams National Historical Park, Adams mother was from a leading medical family of present-day Brookline, Massachusetts. His father was a Congregationalist deacon, a farmer, a cordwainer, the Deacon also served as a selectman and supervised the building of schools and roads. Adams often praised his father and recalled their close relationship, though raised in modest surroundings, Adams felt an acute responsibility to live up to his familys heritage of reverence. Journalist Richard Brookhiser wrote that Adams Puritan ancestors believed they lived in the Bible, England under the Stuarts was Egypt, they were Israel fleeing
John Adams
–
John Adams
John Adams
–
Adams' birthplace in
Quincy, Massachusetts
John Adams
–
Mrs. Abigail Smith Adams – 1766 Portrait by Benjamin Blythe
John Adams
–
John Adams – 1766 Portrait by Benjamin Blyth
15.
United States two-dollar bill
–
The United States two-dollar bill is a current denomination of U. S. currency. The third U. S. President, Thomas Jefferson, is featured on the obverse of the note, the reverse features the painting The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull. Throughout the $2 bills pre-1929 life as a note, it was issued as a United States Note, National Bank Note, silver certificate. When U. S. currency was changed to its current size, production went on until 1966, when the series was discontinued. Ten years went by before the $2 bill was reissued as a Federal Reserve Note with a new reverse design, $2 bills are seldom seen in circulation as a result of banking policies with businesses which has resulted in low production numbers due to lack of demand. The denomination of two dollars was authorized under an act, and first used in March 1862. The denomination was continuously used until the 1960s, by time the United States Note was the only remaining class of U. S. currency the two dollar bill was assigned to. In 1966 it was decided to discontinue all two dollar United States Notes from production and it has remained a current denomination since then. However, due to its use, two-dollar bills are not frequently reissued in a new series like other denominations which are printed according to demand. Though some cash registers accommodate it, its slot is used for things like checks. Some bill acceptors found in vending machines, self checkout lanes, although they usually are not handed out arbitrarily, two-dollar bills are usually available at banks. Many banks stocking $2 bills will not use them except upon specific request by the customer, the seeming rarity of a $2 bill can be attributed to its low printing numbers as a Federal Reserve Note. Hoarding of the due to lack of public knowledge of the $2 bill has resulted in very few bills seen in circulation. After its initial release, supplies of the Series 1976 $2 bill were allowed to dwindle until August 1996 when a new series dated 1995 began to be printed and this series was only printed for the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. Today, there is a misconception by the general public that the $2 bill is no longer in production. According to the Treasury, it receives many letters asking why the $2 bill is no longer in circulation, in response, the Treasury stated, The $2 bill remains one of our circulating currency denominations. As of April 30,2007 there were $1,549,052,714 worth of $2 bills in circulation worldwide. Another popular misconception is that the average $2 bill is more than its face value
United States two-dollar bill
–
Two
dollars
United States two-dollar bill
–
First $2 bill issued in 1862 as a Legal Tender Note.
United States two-dollar bill
United States two-dollar bill
–
Series 1886 $2 Silver Certificate depicting
Winfield Scott Hancock
16.
George Wythe
–
George Wythe was the first American law professor, a noted classics scholar and Virginia judge, as well as a prominent opponent of slavery. Wythe taught and was a mentor to Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall, Henry Clay, Wythe was born in 1726 at Chesterville, the plantation operated by three generations of the Wythe family in what was then Elizabeth City County but is now Hampton, Virginia. His mother, Margaret Walker of Kecoughtan, a learned woman probably raised as a Quaker, in his later years, Wythe became known for his outdated Quaker dress, as well as his gentle manner, which could cause even a surly dog to unbend and wag his tail. After the early death of his father, Wythe probably attended grammar school in Williamsburg before beginning training in the office of his uncle, Stephen Dewey. Wythe was admitted to the bar in Elizabeth City County in 1746 and he then moved to Spotsylvania County to begin legal practice in several Piedmont counties. He soon married the daughter of his mentor, Zachary Lewis, however, Ann Wythe died on August 10,1748, about eight months after their Christmas season marriage. The childless and bereaved widower soon returned to Williamsburg, there, Wythe made law and scholarship his life, as he began what would become a distinguished career in public service. His motto was Secundis dubiisque rectus, translated as Upright in prosperity, Wythe also continued to practice law before those committees and the General Court in Williamsburg, as was permitted at the time. In 1750, Wythe was first elected as one of Williamsburgs aldermen, Wythe resigned when Randolph returned from his unsuccessful mission. Lieutenant governor Robert Dinwiddie returned to England less than three years after Peyton Randolphs return, meanwhile, Wythe began his legislative career, while still maintaining a private law practice. In the session of August 22,1754, Wythe replaced the deceased Armistead Burwell as the burgess representing Williamsburg, in 1755, Wythes elder brother, Thomas, died, childless. Wythe inherited the familys Chesterville plantation, and was appointed to his brothers place on the Elizabeth City County court. However, Wythe probably continued to live in Williamsburg, for his work continued. Wythe served as Williamsburgs delegate through the sessions of 1754 and 1755, in 1759, The College of William and Mary elected Wythe as its burgess to replace Peyton Randolph, and reelected Wythe in 1760 and 1761. For the Assemblies of 1761,1765 and 1767, Wythe was one of the two burgesses representing Elizabeth City County, meanwhile, Wythe maintained close friendships with successive Governors, Francis Fauquier and Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt. Wythe also earned a reputation for integrity, which years later led Rev. Lee Massey to call Wythe the only honest lawyer I ever knew. Fauquier, Wythe and college professor William Small often socialized together—conversing about philosophy, natural history, languages, history, in 1762, Small suggested Wythe supervise the legal training of a star student, Thomas Jefferson, which had profound impact that went beyond their lives. When John Robinson, the speaker of the House of Burgesses, died, his estate was nearly insolvent
George Wythe
–
George Wythe
George Wythe
–
In
John Trumbull 's
The Declaration of Independence, Wythe is in profile farthest to the viewer's left. Trumbull's painting was used for the back of the U.S.
$2 bill, but Wythe's image was cut out of that depiction.
George Wythe
–
George Wythe gravestone at
St. John's Episcopal Church in
Richmond,
Virginia
George Wythe
–
Will of George Wythe, 1806, leaving books to
Thomas Jefferson
17.
William Whipple
–
(January 25,1731 NS was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Hampshire. Whipple was a member of the Continental congress from 1776 through 1779, before becoming a politician, Whipple worked as both a ships captain and a merchant. He studied in college to become a judge, Whipple died of heart complications in 1785, aged 55. He became a Ships Master at the age of 21 and he married his first cousin Catherine Moffat in 1767. Whipple and his wife moved into the now historic Moffatt-Ladd House on Market Street in Portsmouth in 1769 and they had a son, William Whipple III, who died in infancy. Whipple was an member of the Freemasons. Whipple was a member of the St. Johns Masonic Lodge while he was an active mason and he was one of nine signatories of the Declaration of Independence who were masons. Whipple earned his fortune participating in the Triangle trade of the West Indies, Whipple became an established and affluent captain, with cargo such as wood, rum, and on at least one occasion, slaves. His trading activities may have been confined to the West Indies. In 1759 he landed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and in partnership with his brother established himself as a merchant. Whipple, a trusted and well respected member of society, was elected to the New Hampshire Provincial Congress before being selected as a representative of New Hampshire in the Continental Congress, there, Whipple was a signatory of the Declaration of Independence. Whipple was appointed New Hampshire tax collector in 1782 by the Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris, in 1775, New Hampshire dissolved the British Royal government and organized a House of Representatives and an Executive Council known collectively as a Provincial Congress. In 1775, Whipple was elected to represent his Portsmouth, New Hampshire at the Provincial Congress that met in Exeter, Whipple became a Council member, and a member of the Committee of Safety. Whipple was elected to the Continental Congress, serving through 1779, Whipple signed the Declaration of Independence while representing New Hampshire at the Continental Congress. Whipple was also the cousin of fellow signatory, Stephen Hopkins. Whipple took his duty seriously, and was known around New Hampshire for his dependability. In January 1776, Whipple wrote to fellow signatory Josiah Bartlett of the convention, “This year. Whipple was known for his beliefs that all men were created equal and this, I suppose will lay a foundation for the emancipation of those wretches in that country
William Whipple
–
Portrait by Walter Gilman Page
William Whipple
–
The
Moffatt-Ladd House, home of William Whipple, in
Portsmouth,
New Hampshire
William Whipple
–
The triangle trade from
New England
William Whipple
–
The Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull
18.
Josiah Bartlett
–
Josiah Bartlett was an American physician and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire, and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. He was later Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature, Josiah Bartlett was born in Amesbury, in the Province of Massachusetts Bay, to Stephen and Hannah-Mary Bartlett. His father Stephen was the son of Richard and Hannah Bartlett and he was their fifth child and fourth son. By age 17, he had learned some of both Latin and Greek and he also began the study of medicine, working in the office of Dr. Ordway of Amesbury at the same time. Before Bartlett turned 21, in 1750, he moved to Kingston, New Hampshire, in Rockingham County, Kingston at that time was a frontier settlement of only a few hundred families, and Bartlett was the only doctor in that part of the county at the time. He purchased land and a farm, on January 15,1754, he married Mary Bartlett of Newton, New Hampshire. She was his cousin, the daughter of his uncle, Joseph and they would remain married until her death on July 14,1789. Josiah and Mary had three sons and seven daughters, Mary, Lois, Miriam, Rhoda, Hannah, Levi, Josiah, Ezra, Sarah, all three of his sons and seven of his grandsons would follow him as physicians. Bartlett became active in the affairs of Kingston, and in 1765 he was elected to the colonial assembly. In 1767 he became the colonel of his countys militia and Governor John Wentworth appointed him justice of the peace, as the Revolution neared, his Whig policies brought him into opposition with the Royal Governor, John Wentworth. In 1774, Bartlett joined the Assemblys Committee of Correspondence and began his work with the leaders of the other 12 colonies. Later that year, when Wentworth dismissed, or prorogued, the Assembly, Josiah was elected to its revolutionary successor and he also suffered the loss of his home by fire, alleged to have been set by opposition Tories. He moved his family out to the farmhouse and began rebuilding immediately, when the assembly appointed Bartlett and John Pickering as delegates to the Continental Congss, he declined because he wished to attend to his family, but remained active in New Hampshires affairs. In one of Governor Wentworths last acts before being expelled from New Hampshire in 1775, he revoked Bartletts commissions as Justice, Militia Colonel, Bartlett was selected as a delegate again in 1775, and attended that session as well as the meetings in 1776. Indeed, for a time in late 1775 and early 1776, much of the work of the Congress was carried out in Committees. The most important of these had a delegate from each state, which meant that Bartlett served on all of them, including those of Safety, Secrecy, Munitions, Marine, and Civil Government. Eventually, after his continued letters home to the Assembly and Committee of Safety in New Hampshire, William Whipple and he eventually became one of the delegates to sign the Declaration of Independence. In 1777, he declined a return to the congress, citing fatigue due to earlier efforts, but when trouble threatened, he used his medical skills and accompanied John Starks forces to the Battle of Bennington in August
Josiah Bartlett
–
Josiah Bartlett
Josiah Bartlett
–
Bartlett's 1774 House
Josiah Bartlett
–
Josiah Bartlett Museum, Amesbury
19.
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
–
Thomas Lynch Jr. was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of South Carolina, his father was unable to sign the Declaration of Independence because of illness. He was born in Hopseewee Plantation in Prince George Parish, Winyah, in what is now Georgetown, South Carolina, before Thomas Lynch Jr. was born, his parents had two daughters named Sabina and Esther who were born in 1747 and 1748. After his mother’s death in 1755, his father remarried Hannah Motte, in this marriage, they gave birth to a daughter named Elizabeth in 1755. Lynch Jr. s family originally emigrated from Austria to Kent, from there, they moved to Ireland and continued to South Carolina. His father was a prominent figure in South Carolina politics which contributed to access of opportunity in high education and wealth. He was schooled at the Indigo Society School in Georgetown before his parents sent him to England and he studied law and political philosophy at the Middle Temple in London. His father admired his English education and encouraged him to remain in Great Britain to study law, after eight years away from the America, he returned to South Carolina in 1772. Although it was his fathers dream, Thomas Lynch Jr. decided to end his pursuit of a profession in law, high school sweethearts, Lynch Jr. and Elizabeth Shubrick were married on May 14,1772. Following their marriage, the couple lived at Peach Tree Plantation which was located in proximity to his homeland plantation. Lynch Jr. enjoyed cultivating the land and remained active in political dialogue in his community, after his fathers death due to a stroke, his widowed mother married another influential political figure, South Carolina Governor William Moultrie. Thomas sister Elizabeth Lynch married James Hamilton, one of their sons was James Hamilton Jr. who became governor in the state in 1830 and he was elected a member of the Provincial Congress on February 11,1775. This committee was formed to prepare a plan of government and represent the people of South Carolina, Lynch Jr. in the Provincial Congress. This group formed the South Carolina constitution, many people objected to this document including The Continental Congress. It stood as a constitution as many believed there would be reconciliation with Great Britain. Lynch became a commander in the First South Carolina regiment on June 12,1775. He was commissioned by the Provincial Congress, after being appointed, he gathered men and led a march into Charlestown, South Carolina. Amid the march, he became sick with a bilious fever which prevented him from continuing. When he recovered, he was unable to fulfill his position in a proper way, during his recovery, he received news about his fathers declining health
Thomas Lynch, Jr.
–
Thomas Lynch
20.
Benjamin Harrison V
–
Benjamin Harrison V, from Charles City County, Virginia, was an American politician, planter, and merchant, a revolutionary leader and a Founding Father of the United States. He received his education at the College of William and Mary. Harrison was a representative to the Virginia House of Burgesses for Surry County, Virginia and he was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777 and, during the Second Continental Congress, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Harrison later served as Virginias fifth governor and his direct descendants include two U. S. Presidents, his son William Henry Harrison and great-grandson Benjamin Harrison. Harrison was the eldest child of Benjamin Harrison IV and Anne Carter, the first Benjamin Harrison is said to have arrived in the colonies around 1630. British historian F. A. Inderwick contends that Benjamin IV is also descended from Thomas Harrison, a participant in the regicide of Charles I, but this is disputed. Benjamin IV and Anne built the house at Berkeley Plantation in Virginia and he served as a Justice of the Peace. Benjamin V, one of ten children, was described in his youth as tall and powerfully built, with features that were defined. His next younger brother, Carter Henry, became a leader in Cumberland County, brother Nathaniel settled in Prince George County, became sheriff, and was later elected to the House of Burgesses. Another brother, Henry, fought in the French and Indian War, the youngest brother Charles joined the Continental Army and rose to the rank of brigadier general. It is known that in the division of slaves among his children, the Harrisons also assumed a sense of duty to indoctrinate their slaves in Christianity. In this light, Benjamin IVs decision to ignore primogeniture subjected his younger children, there are no known specific instances of abuse by the Harrisons of their slaves, beyond the opprobrious conduct inherent in their claim to ownership of them. Benjamin V followed his father in representing the counties of Charles City and Surry in the House of Burgesses, in 1770 Benjamin was among the first signers of an agreement among Virginia lawmakers and merchants boycotting British imports until the British Parliament repealed its taxes on tea. Harrison also joined in sponsoring a bill that declared certain laws passed by Parliament affecting Virginia to be illegal without the consent of His Majestys subjects in the colony. Late in 1773 the famous Boston Tea Party occurred and the British Parliament enacted punitive measures which were called by the colonies Intolerable Acts, on August 5,1774 Harrison was selected by convention as one of seven delegates to represent Virginia at the Congress. He set out that month, leaving his state for the first time. Harrison gravitated to the older and more conservative of his fellow delegates in Philadelphia, and was distant with the New Englanders. Their dislike for one another was primarily due to differences in lifestyle, Party factionalism also accounted for the divide, Harrison aligned with John Hancock, and Adams with Richard Henry Lee, whom Harrison had adamantly opposed in the House of Burgesses
Benjamin Harrison V
–
Benjamin Harrison V
Benjamin Harrison V
–
John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence – Benjamin Harrison V is seated at the table far left
21.
Richard Henry Lee
–
Richard Henry Lee was an American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies independence from Great Britain. He was a signatory to the Articles of Confederation, and his resolution for independency of June 1776 led to the United States Declaration of Independence and he was a member of the Lee family, a historically influential family in Virginia politics. He was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia to Col. Thomas Lee and he was raised and came from a line of military officers, diplomats, and legislators. His father, Thomas Lee, was the governor of Virginia before his death in 1750, Lee spent most of his early life in Stratford, Virginia with his family at Stratford Hall. In 1748, at 16, Lee left Virginia for Yorkshire, England, to complete his education at Queen Elizabeth Grammar School. Both of his parents died in 1750 and, in 1753, after touring Europe, in 1757, Lee was appointed justice of the peace in Westmoreland County. In 1758 he was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses, an early advocate of independence, Lee became one of the first to create Committees of Correspondence among the many independence-minded Americans in the various colonies. This resolution was signed by four brothers of George Washington as well as Gilbert Campbell, in August 1774, Lee was chosen as a delegate to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Lee had returned to Virginia by the time Congress voted on and adopted the Declaration of Independence, Lee was elected the sixth President of Congress under the Articles of Confederation on November 30,1784, in the French Arms Tavern, Trenton, New Jersey. On January 11,1785, Congress convened in the old New York City Hall, although, he was not paid a salary for his office as president, his household expenses were paid by Congress in the amount of $12,203.13. Lees Congress was most active in 1785, passing numerous legislation and his most pressing issue, however, was to settle the states territorial disputes over the Northwest Territory. Throughout his term, Lee remained steadfast that the release of states’ territorial claims on the Northwest Territory would enable the government to fund itself with land sales. He believed that the urgency of this measure was paramount because borrowing more foreign money was no longer prudent, the sale of these vast federal lands, he concluded, was the nations only hope to pay off the war debt and adequately fund federal government. On May 3,1785, William Grayson of Virginia made a motion seconded by James Monroe to change “seven miles square” to “six miles square”, and the current US Survey system was born. The states relinquished their right to this test tract of land, and this either required troops to eject the Native Americans or capital to purchase their land fairly, insuring the peaceful sale and settlement. With the states no longer in control of the lands and no federal magistrates or troops to enforce the laws, Lees plan to fill the federal treasury with the proceeds of land sales failed, but the survey system developed under the Land Ordinance of 1785 is still used today. Anne died December 12,1768 at Chantille, Westmoreland Co, the couple had six children, four of whom survived infancy, Elizabeth Virginia Lee, who died in infancy. Thomas Lee, resided at Park Gate from 1790 to 1805, Col. Ludwell Lee, Esq. who married Flora Lee, daughter of Hon. Philip Ludwell Lee, Sr. Esq. and Elizabeth Steptoe, who married secondly, Philip Richard Fendall I
Richard Henry Lee
–
A painting of Lee at the
National Portrait Gallery in
Washington, D.C.
22.
Samuel Adams
–
Samuel Adams was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a cousin to fellow Founding Father, President John Adams. Adams was born in Boston, brought up in a religious, a graduate of Harvard College, he was an unsuccessful businessman and tax collector before concentrating on politics. His 1768 Massachusetts Circular Letter calling for colonial non-cooperation prompted the occupation of Boston by British soldiers, continued resistance to British policy resulted in the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the coming of the American Revolution. Parliament passed the Coercive Acts in 1774, at which time Adams attended the Continental Congress in Philadelphia which was convened to coordinate a colonial response, Adams returned to Massachusetts after the American Revolution, where he served in the state senate and was eventually elected governor. Samuel Adams later became a figure in American history. Accounts written in the 19th century praised him as someone who had been steering his fellow colonists towards independence long before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. This view gave way to negative assessments of Adams in the first half of the 20th century, both of these interpretations have been challenged by some modern scholars, who argue that these traditional depictions of Adams are myths contradicted by the historical record. Samuel Adams was born in Boston in the British colony of Massachusetts on September 16,1722, an Old Style date that is sometimes converted to the New Style date of September 27. Adams was one of children born to Samuel Adams, Sr. and Mary Adams in an age of high infant mortality. Adamss parents were devout Puritans and members of the Old South Congregational Church, the family lived on Purchase Street in Boston. Adams was proud of his Puritan heritage, and emphasized Puritan values in his political career, Samuel Adams, Sr. was a prosperous merchant and church deacon. Deacon Adams became a figure in Boston politics through an organization that became known as the Boston Caucus. The Boston Caucus helped shape the agenda of the Boston Town Meeting, Deacon Adams rose through the political ranks, becoming a justice of the peace, a selectman, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In the coming years, members of the party became known as Whigs or Patriots. The younger Samuel Adams attended Boston Latin School and then entered Harvard College in 1736 and his parents hoped that his schooling would prepare him for the ministry, but Adams gradually shifted his interest to politics. After graduating in 1740, Adams continued his studies, earning a degree in 1743. Adamss life was affected by his fathers involvement in a banking controversy
Samuel Adams
–
In this c. 1772 portrait by
John Singleton Copley, Adams points at the
Massachusetts Charter, which he viewed as a constitution that protected the peoples' rights.
Samuel Adams
–
While at Harvard, Adams boarded at
Massachusetts Hall.
Samuel Adams
–
The
Old South Meeting House (1968 photo shown) was Adams's church. During the crisis with Great Britain, mass meetings that were too large for
Faneuil Hall were held here.
Samuel Adams
–
Statue of Samuel Adams in front of
Faneuil Hall, which was the home of the
Boston Town Meeting
23.
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton was an American soldier and statesman, considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He and John C. Calhoun are the people to have served as US Vice President under two different presidents. Clinton was born in Little Britain, Province of New York and his political interests were inspired by his father, who was a farmer, surveyor, and land speculator, and served as a member of the New York colonial assembly. George Clinton was the brother of General James Clinton and the uncle of New Yorks future governor, George was tutored by a local Scottish clergyman. During the French and Indian War he first served on the privateer Defiance operating in the Caribbean, before enlisting in the provincial militia and he and his brother James were instrumental in capturing a French vessel. His fathers survey of the New York frontier so impressed the governor that he was offered a position as sheriff of New York City. After the war, he read law in New York City under the attorney William Smith and he returned home and began his legal practice in 1764. He became district attorney the following year and he was a member of the New York Provincial Assembly for Ulster County from 1768 to 1776, aligned with the anti-British Livingston faction. His brother James was a member of the Provincial Convention that assembled in New York City on April 20,1775, James Clinton and Christopher Tappan, lifetime residents of the area, were sent to scout appropriate locations. In December 1775 the New York Provincial Congress commissioned him brigadier general in the militia tasked with defending the Highlands of the Hudson River from British attack. To this end he built two forts and stretched a giant chain across the river to keep the British forces in New York City from sailing northward, on March 25,1777, he was commissioned a brigadier general in the Continental Army. In June 1777, he was elected at the same time Governor and he formally resigned the Lieutenant Governors office and took the oath of office as Governor on July 30. He was re-elected five times, remaining in office until June 1795, although he had been elected governor, he retained his commission in the Continental Army and commanded forces at Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery on October 6,1777. He remained in the Continental Army until it was disbanded on November 3,1783 and he was known for his hatred of Tories and used the seizure and sale of Tory estates to help keep taxes down. A supporter and friend of George Washington, he supplied food to the troops at Valley Forge, rode with Washington to the first inauguration, in 1783, Clinton became an original member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati and served as its president from 1794 to 1795. In 1783, at Dobbs Ferry, Clinton and Washington negotiated with General Sir Guy Carleton for the evacuation of the British troops from their posts in the United States. In 1787–88, Clinton publicly opposed adoption of the new United States Constitution, twentieth-century historian Herbert Storing identifies Clinton as Cato, the pseudonymous author of the Anti-Federalist essays which appeared in New York newspapers during the ratification debates. However, the authorship of the essays is disputed, Clinton withdrew his objections after the Bill of Rights was added
George Clinton (vice president)
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George Clinton
George Clinton (vice president)
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Clinton's pew,
St. Paul's Chapel NYC
George Clinton (vice president)
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The grave monument of George Clinton in
Kingston, New York
24.
William Paca
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William Paca was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland, and later Governor of Maryland and a United States federal judge. Paca was born in Abingdon, in what was then Baltimore County and he was the child of John Paca, a wealthy planter in the area, and his wife Elizabeth Smith. He was the son of the family, after his elder brother Aquila. He was also to receive a master of arts degree from the College in 1762, though this no further study, only that Paca request it. After graduating from college, Paca returned to Maryland, reading law in the capital of Annapolis under the tutelage of a local lawyer named Stephen Bordley. By 1761, he was licensed to practice law, and in 1764 was admitted to the provincial bar, having stayed in Annapolis to establish his practice. Professional success was mingled with personal success, as the year he had courted Mary Chew, the daughter of a prominent Maryland planter. They would go on to have three children, though only their son John Philemon survived into adulthood, among the other young lawyers in Annapolis at the time was Samuel Chase, who would become a close friend and political colleague of Paca. Together, Paca and Chase led local opposition to the British Stamp Act of 1765, Paca was elected to the Maryland legislature in 1771 and appointed to the Continental Congress in 1774. He was reelected, serving until 1779, when he became justice of the state of Maryland. In 1780, he was elected to serve as a judge on the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. In 1782 he was elected governor of Maryland, formally nominated on February 8,1790, he was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 10,1790, and received his commission the same day, serving as such until his death. As the first Federal judge for the District Court of Maryland he rendered an opinion on the case of Betsey that would have far reaching consequences when it was overturned by the Supreme Court. Paca died in 1799 at his estate of Wye River in Queen Annes County, in Maryland, three elementary schools are named for him, one in Landover, one in Baltimore city and the other in his home town of Abingdon. A prominent street in Downtown Baltimore bears his name, as does a dormitory on the campus of St. Johns College in Annapolis as well as one on the campus of Towson University. Outside of Maryland, a Middle School in Mastic Beach, New York,155 in New York City are also named after him. In August 2008 the House was added as a new hall in Towson University. His Annapolis home, the House and Garden, was added to the National Register of Historic Places, Paca has been described as being of Italian ancestry
William Paca
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William Paca
25.
Samuel Chase
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Samuel Chase was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court and earlier was a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland. Early in life, Chase was a firebrand states-righter and revolutionary and he was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office. Samuel Chase was the child of the Reverend Thomas Chase and his wife, Matilda Walker, born near Princess Anne. His father was a clergyman who immigrated to Somerset County to become a priest in a new church and he was eighteen when he left for Annapolis where he studied law under attorney John Hall. He was admitted to the bar in 1761 and started a law practice in Annapolis and it was during his time as a member of the bar that his colleagues gave him the nickname of Old Bacon Face. In May 1762, Chase married Ann Baldwin, daughter of Thomas, Samuel and Ann had had three sons and four daughters, with only four surviving to adulthood. In 1784, Chase traveled to England to deal with Marylands Bank of England stock, where he met Hannah Kilty, daughter of Samuel Giles and they were married later that year and had two daughters, Hannah and Elisa. In 1762, Chase was expelled from the Forensic Club, an Annapolis debating society, for extremely irregular, in 1764, Chase was elected to the Maryland General Assembly where he served for twenty years. In 1766, he became embroiled in a war of words with a number of loyalist members of the Maryland political establishment, in 1769, he started construction of the mansion that would become known as the Chase–Lloyd House, which he sold unfinished in 1771. The house is now a National Historic Landmark and he co-founded Anne Arundel Countys Sons of Liberty chapter with his close friend William Paca as well as leading opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act. From 1774 to 1776, Chase was a member of the Annapolis Convention and he represented Maryland at the Continental Congress, was re-elected in 1776 and signed the United States Declaration of Independence. He remained in the Continental Congress until 1778, in 1786, Chase moved to Baltimore, which remained his home for the rest of his life. In 1788, he was appointed Chief justice of the District Criminal Court in Baltimore, in 1791, he became Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court, again serving until 1796. On January 26,1796, President George Washington appointed Chase as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Chase served on the Court until his death on June 19,1811, virginia Congressman John Randolph of Roanoke took up the challenge and took charge of the impeachment. The House of Representatives served Chase with eight articles of impeachment in late 1804, two more focused on his conduct in the political libel trial of James Callender. All the counts involved Chases work as a judge in lower circuit courts. The heart of the allegations was that political bias had led Chase to treat defendants, Chases defense lawyers called the prosecution a political effort by his Republican enemies
Samuel Chase
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Samuel Chase
Samuel Chase
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Justices
26.
Lewis Morris
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Lewis Morris was an American landowner and developer from Morrisania, New York. Declaration of Independence as a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York, Lewis Morris was born on April 8,1726 at his familys Morrisania estate, in what was then the Province of New York. He was the third Lewis Morris in the Morris family and he was the son of Lewis Morris and Katrintje Catherine Staats. After his mother died, his father married Sarah Gouverneur and he graduated from Yale College in 1746, and upon his fathers death in 1762, he inherited the bulk of the estate. Morris father had seven children, including his siblings, Staats Long Morris and Richard Morris and his uncle was Robert Hunter Morris, the Governor of Pennsylvania. His cousin by marriage was William Paterson, the Governor of New Jersey and father-in-law of Stephen Van Rensselaer, Governor of New York, who was the brother of Philip Schuyler Van Rensselaer, Mayor of Albany, New York. Anthony Walton White, a Continental General, was his cousin through Morris aunt and his great-grandfather, Richard Morris, had immigrated to New York through Barbados after being part of Oliver Cromwells army in the English Civil War of 1648. He purchased the first tract of land in the Bronx that became the basis for the Morrisania manor, when Richard and his young wife died, they left behind an infant son, the also Lewis Morris. Richards brother, Colonel Lewis Morris, also of Barbados, came to Morrisania to help manage the estate belonging to his late-brother. After Col. Morris and his wifes death, who were childless, Lewis Morris, inherited the estate, expanded it and he married a woman named Isabella and went on to serve as the 8th Colonial Governor of New Jersey. As a prominent land owner in colonial New York, Lewis was appointed as a judge of the Admiralty Court for the province in 1760, in 1769, he was elected to the Colonial Assembly. In 1774, as the Revolution drew near, he resigned from the Admiralty Court, when active revolution began, he was a member of the New York Provincial Congress, the revolutionary government, from 1775 until 1777. That body, in turn, sent Morris to the Continental Congress for those same years, while in Congress, he was an active supporter of independence, and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. When warned by his half-brother, Gouverneur Morris, of the consequences that would follow his signing of the document, Morris stated. He served in the 1st New York State Legislature, which began on September 9,1777, until the end of the 4th Legislature and his eldest three sons served during the Revolutionary war, and had distinguished military careers. Beginning on July 1,1783, he returned to the New York State Senate, in 1788, when the New York convention met to ratify the U. S. Constitution, he was one of the delegates. Morris was a Federalist presidential elector in 1796, and cast his votes for John Adams, in 1784, Morris was elected an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. On May 1 of the year, he was appointed to the first Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York and served until his death
Lewis Morris
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Lewis Morris painted by
John Wollaston, c. 1750.
27.
William Floyd
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William Floyd was an American politician from New York, and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Floyd was born in Brookhaven, New York on Long Island, into a family of English and Welsh origins, the William Floyd Estate consists of the home, grounds and a cemetery of the Floyd family. Over the course of 200 years, eight generations of Floyds have managed the 25-room mansion, prior to the 20th century, the estate was much larger. Williams great-grandfather Richard Floyd was born in Brecknockshire, Wales in about 1620 and his grandfather Richard after 1688 purchased 4,400 acres from the Tangier Smith family in the Mastic Neck of the Town of Brookhaven. He was a delegate from New York in the First Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776 and he was a member of the New York State Senate from 1777 to 1788. On July 4,1787, he was elected an Honorary Member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati, in March 1789, he was elected to the 1st United States Congress under the new Constitution as an Anti-Administration candidate and served until March 3,1791. Floyd was an elector in 1792, voting for George Washington. Floyd, for whom the town of Floyd, New York is named and he is buried at the Westernville Cemetery in Oneida County. In 1795, Floyd ran for Lieutenant Governor of New York with Robert Yates on the Democratic-Republican ticket, Floyd was again a presidential elector in 1800, voting for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, and in 1804, voting for Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton. Floyd was again a member of the State Senate in 1808, in 1820, Floyd was again chosen a presidential elector, but did not attend the meeting of the electoral college, and Martin Van Buren was appointed to fill the vacancy. In the 1820 Census, when Floyd was 86, he had 6 slaves and 2 free black residents lived in his household at the General William Floyd House in Westernville, New York. The William Floyd House, the home, is located in Mastic Beach, is part of Fire Island National Seashore and is open to visitors. William Floyd Parkway in the Town of Brookhaven, Town of Floyd in Oneida County. General William Floyd Elementary School in the Holland Patent School District in Oneida County Floyd Memorial Library in Greenport, Suffolk County, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich,1856 The New York Civil List compiled by Benjamin Franklin Hough
William Floyd
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William Floyd
28.
Arthur Middleton
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Arthur Middleton, of Charleston, South Carolina, was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence. His parents were Henry Middleton and Mary Baker Williams, both of English descent and he was educated in Britain, at Harrow School, Westminster School, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He studied law at the Middle Temple and traveled extensively in Europe where his taste in literature, music, in 1764, Arthur and his bride Mary Izard settled at Middleton Place. Keenly interested in Carolina, Middleton was a radical thinker than his father. He was a leader of the American Party in Carolina and one of the boldest members of the Council of Safety, in 1776, Arthur was elected to succeed his father in the Continental Congress and subsequently was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. Also in 1776, he and William Henry Drayton designed the Great Seal of South Carolina, despite the time he spent in England, his attitude toward Loyalists was said to be ruthless. During the American Revolutionary War, Middleton served in the defense of Charleston, after the citys fall to the British in 1780, he was sent as a prisoner of war to St. Augustine, Florida, until exchanged in July the following year. Middleton died on January 1,1787 at the age of 44 and was buried in the tomb in the Gardens at Middleton Place. The death notice from the State Gazette of South-Carolina, Jan,4,1787, described him as a tender husband and parent, humane master, steady unshaken patriot, the gentleman, and the scholar. The plantation then passed to Henry, his eldest son, later Governor of South Carolina, Arthur Middleton was also an ancestor of actor Charles B. Middleton, who played Ming the Merciless in the Flash Gordon movies of the 1930s, Arthur Middletons son-in-law was Congressman Daniel Elliott Huger who was the grandfather-in-law of Confederate General Arthur Middleton Manigault who was also a descendant of Henry Middleton. The United States Navy ship, USS Arthur Middleton, was named for him, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Middleton Place Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich,1856
Arthur Middleton
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Arthur Middleton from a 1771 portrait of the Middleton Family by
Benjamin West
Arthur Middleton
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The tomb of Arthur Middleton at Middleton Place
29.
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
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Thomas Heyward Jr. was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and of the Articles of Confederation as a representative of South Carolina. He was born in St. Lukes Parish, South Carolina and educated at home and he was elected to the Continental Congress in 1775 and signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Heyward returned to South Carolina in 1778 to serve as a judge, in command of a militia force, he was taken prisoner by the British during the siege of Charleston. He continued to serve as a judge after the war, retiring from the bench in 1798 and he is buried at Old House Plantation near Ridgeland, Jasper County, South Carolina. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997, located in Hilton Head Island there is a school named after him called Thomas Heyward Academy. Their nickname is the rebels and colors are maroon and white, Heyward was married twice, at age 26 and at age 40, and each wife was named Elizabeth. The first Elizabeth, daughter of Col and she is buried there in St. Peter’s Episcopal Church yard. They had six children, but only one son, Daniel, the second Elizabeth, 1769-1833, daughter of Col. Thomas and Mary Elliott Savage of Charleston, S. C. had three children to live to adulthood, Thomas, William and Elizabeth. There are a number of descendants today in the 21st century surviving his four children, on August 27,1780, Heyward was taken from his Charleston home by British troops and detained in the Old Exchange Building. Just hours after being arrested, he and 28 other ringleaders of the rebellion were relocated to a ship in the harbor. On September 4, they were transported to St. Augustine, Florida, Thomas Heyward Jr. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, Thomas Heyward Jr. in Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence, New York,1856, pp. 440–443 Thomas Heyward Jr. at Find a Grave
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
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Thomas Heyward, Jr.
Thomas Heyward, Jr.
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The Thomas Heyward House at 18 Meeting St., Charleston, South Carolina a fine example of Adamesque design.
30.
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
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He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress and Confederation Congress and later as first United States Senator for Maryland. He was the only Catholic and the signatory of the Declaration of Independence. The Carroll family were descendants of the Ó Cearbhaill lords of Éile in Kings County, Charles Carroll the Settler was the son of Daniel OCarroll of Litterluna. The O in Irish surnames was often dropped due to the Anglicisation policy of the occupying English, Charles Carroll the Settler had a son, born in 1702 and also named Charles. To distinguish himself from his father he was known as Charles Carroll of Annapolis, Carroll was born on September 19,1737, in Annapolis, Maryland, the only child of Charles Carroll of Annapolis and Elizabeth Brooke. He was born illegitimate, as his parents were not married at the time of his birth, the young Carroll was educated at a Jesuit preparatory school known as Bohemia Manor in Cecil County on Marylands Eastern Shore. At the age of eleven, he was sent to France where he continued in Jesuit schools, first at the College of St. Omer and he continued his studies in Europe, and read for the law in London before returning to Annapolis in 1765. Charles Carroll of Annapolis granted Carrollton Manor to his son, Charles Carroll of Carrollton and it is from this tract of land that he took his title, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Like his father, Carroll was a Roman Catholic, and as a consequence was barred by Maryland statute from entering politics, practicing law, but, as the dispute between Great Britain and her colonies intensified in the early 1770s, Carroll became a powerful voice for independence. In 1772 he engaged in a debate conducted through anonymous newspaper letters, writing in the Maryland Gazette under the pseudonym First Citizen, he became a prominent spokesman against the governors proclamation increasing legal fees to state officers and Protestant clergy. Opposing Carroll in these debates and writing as Antillon was Daniel Dulany the Younger. Eventually word spread of the identity of the two combatants, and Carrolls fame and notoriety began to grow. Following these written debates, Carroll became an opponent of British rule. The day of the burning is commemorated in Maryland by a holiday and historical event commemorating the American Revolution. In the early 1770s Carroll appears to have embraced the idea that violence could break the impasse with Great Britain. According to legend, Carroll and Samuel Chase had the exchange, Chase, We have the better of our opponents. Carroll, And do you think that writing will settle the question between us, Chase, To be sure, what else can we resort to. Our arguments will only raise the feelings of the people to that pitch, beginning with his election to Marylands committee of correspondence in 1774, Carroll represented the colony in most of the pre-revolutionary groups
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
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Charles Carroll
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
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Doughoregan Manor, the Carroll family seat, now a
National Historic Landmark.
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
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The burning of the
Peggy Stewart at the Annapolis Tea Party, October 19, 1774
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
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"First Stone" (cornerstone) of the
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad laid by Carroll on July 4, 1828, now displayed at the
B&O Railroad Museum
,_by_John_Trumbull.jpg)
- Not a signer of the final Declaration of Independence but depicted in painting. Although Charles Thomson was one of two members listed by name in the earlier Dunlap Broadside as having attested to the Declaration, and many historians believe he had signed the original document that was lost.)
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