1.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
2.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
3.
Wellington Region
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The Wellington Region is a local government region of New Zealand that occupies the southern end of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 square kilometres, the region is named after Wellington, New Zealands capital city and regions seat. The region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, which uses the promotional name Greater Wellington Regional Council, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. A proposal made in 2013 that nine territorial authorities amalgamate to form a single supercity met substantial opposition and was abandoned in June 2015. In its more restrictive sense the region refers to the cluster of built-up areas west of the Tararua ranges, the much more sparsely populated area to the east has its own name, Wairarapa, and a centre in Masterton. To a lesser extent, the Kapiti Coast is sometimes excluded from the region, Otaki in particular has strong connections to the Horowhenua District to the north. The Māori who originally settled the region knew it as Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, legend recounts that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the tenth century. The region was settled by Europeans in 1839 by the New Zealand Company, Wellington became the capital of Wellington Province upon the creation of the province in 1853, until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 Nov 1876. Wellington became capital of New Zealand in 1865, the capital after Russell. The region occupies the tip of the North Island, bounded to the west, south. The region covers 7,860 square kilometres, and extends north to Otaki, physically and topologically the region has four areas running roughly parallel along a northeast–southwest axis, The Kapiti Coast, a narrow strip of coastal plain running north from Paekakariki. It contains numerous small towns, many of which gain at least a proportion of their wealth from tourism, rough hill country inland from the Kapiti Coast, formed along the same major geologic fault responsible for the Southern Alps in the South Island. Rough hill country, lower than the Tararua Range but far less economic than the land around the Ruamahanga River and this and the other hilly striation are still largely forested. Other main centres of population are on the Kapiti Coast and in the farming areas close to the upper Ruamahanga River in the Wairarapa. Along the Kapiti Coast, numerous small towns sit close together, from the north, these include Otaki, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, the twin settlements of Raumati Beach and Raumati South, Paekakariki and Pukerua Bay, the latter being a northern suburb of Porirua. Each of these settlements has a population of between 2,000 and 10,000, making this moderately heavily populated, in the Wairarapa the largest community by a considerable margin is Masterton, with a population of almost 20,000. Other towns include Featherston, Martinborough, Carterton and Greytown, the region is by a large margin the wealthiest in the country. The most up-to-date estimates for regional GDP prepared by the Ministry for Economic Development put it at $17, at the 2006 census the region had the largest percentages of people in the four highest income groupings and the lowest percentage of residents in the loss group
4.
National Library of New Zealand
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The National Library of New Zealand is New Zealands legal deposit library charged with the obligation to enrich the cultural and economic life of New Zealand and its interchanges with other nations. The library supports schools through its Services to Schools business unit, the Legal Deposit Office is New Zealands agency for ISBN and ISSN. The library headquarters is close to the Parliament of New Zealand, on 25 March 2010 the Minister of State Services announced that Archives New Zealand and the National Library of New Zealand would be merged into the Department of Internal Affairs. In 1980, the Archive of New Zealand Music was established at the suggestion of New Zealand composer Douglas Lilburn, in 1985, the General Assembly Library separated from the National Library and is now known as The Parliamentary Library. Staff and collections from 14 different sites around Wellington were centralised in a new National Library building, the architecture of the building is said to have been heavily influenced by design of the Boston City Hall. But direct reference to the Birmingham Central Library should not be ruled out, in 1988, the National Library became an autonomous government department where previously it had been administered by the Department of Education. The same year, the Library took on the Maori name Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa, which translated means, in early 1998 an ambitious $8.5 million computer project was scrapped. The building closed for two years, reopening in June 2012, while refurbishment continued, on 25 March 2010 the Minister of State Services announced that Archives New Zealand and the National Library of New Zealand would be merged into the Department of Internal Affairs. The National Librarys collections are stored in the building in Wellington. The library has three groups, the General Collections, the Schools Collection, and the collections of the Alexander Turnbull Library. Access to many collections is provided through digital products and online resources, the Schools Collection contains books and other material to support teaching and learning in New Zealand schools. The collections of the Alexander Turnbull Library are in the custody of the National Library and are held in its Wellington building. It is named after Alexander Horsburgh Turnbull, whose bequest to the nation included the 55,000 volume nucleus of the current collection, along with fine sets of literary periodicals. Turnbull House, the former location in Bowen Street in downtown Wellington, is now run by the Department of Conservation. Services to Schools is a unit that supports New Zealand primary and secondary schools through its Curriculum Services. Curriculum Services lends items from its Schools Collection to enhance teaching and learning in New Zealand schools, the collection has a unique range of New Zealand and international curriculum resources including fiction and non-fiction books, videos, CDs and DVDs. Every teacher can access and borrow from the 600,000 items in the collection, Curriculum Services issues nearly 1.5 million resources each year. Staff assist and advise teachers on appropriate resources, and select, Advisory Services supports school library development, offering free information and advice on school library management and providing professional development
5.
New Zealand passport
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New Zealand passports are issued to New Zealand citizens for the purpose of international travel by the Department of Internal Affairs. New Zealand has a passport possession rate of around 75% of the population and it is ranked as one of the most powerful passports in the world. Few countries required passports before the First World War, and they were not then usually required for overseas travel, by 1900 there were occasional requests for New Zealand passports, which were personally signed by the Governor. In 1905 MP George Fowlds decided to return to Scotland for his father’s 100th birthday and he decided he needed a passport when his ship was about to leave, an inconvenience both for the department and the Governor who had to sign it. A single passport covered a man and his wife and children, in the First World War the British Government required passports in 1915, and New Zealand followed from November 1915, with an increased workload for the department and for police. 1,108 passports had been issued in 1909, but 6,000 were issued in the nine months from 15 November 1915 to 21 August 1916. The number was high by civilian travel after the war, over 4,300 in 1921. The number then fell from 4,722 in 1930 to 2,455 for the year ended 31 March 1934, in 1950 the number of passports issued topped ten thousand, twice as many as were issued in 1939. Between 1948 and 1977, New Zealand passports bore the words New Zealand citizen, in 1992, the Department of Internal Affairs started issuing machine-readable passports in New Zealand, whilst New Zealand overseas posts continued to issue manual passports. Since 24 February 1992, childrens names have no longer been endorsed in the passports of their parents, in February 1997, the New Zealand High Commission in London began issuing machine readable passports. In 2001, the Department of Internal Affairs took over responsibility for the London Passport Office from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, by 2003, only around 4% of all New Zealand passport holders still held a non-machine readable version. From this date onwards, all New Zealand citizens applying for a passport overseas have had to send their application to the Passport Office in New Zealand and it also meant that all New Zealand passports issued on or after 26 October 2004 were machine-readable. Remaining non-machine readable New Zealand passports were valid and expired by 25 October 2014 at the latest. On 4 November 2005, the Department of Internal Affairs began issuing New Zealand biometric passports, in order to cover the higher costs associated with the production of biometric passports, the application cost increased from NZ$71 to NZ$150 for adults and from NZ$36 to NZ$80 for children. All passports issued from 24 April 2005 to 29 November 2015 - both adult and child - have a passport validity of five years as a result of the Passports Amendment Act. Passports that were issued prior to 24 April 2005 remained valid until the date of expiry as stated on the biodata page. From 24 April 2005, New Zealand passports were no longer endorsed with name changes, one of the motivations for a new passport design was to ensure that it would remain difficult to produce counterfeit New Zealand passports. Unlike the previous biometric passport, photographs on the page are now laser engraved in black
6.
Death
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Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Bodies of living organisms begin to decompose shortly after death, other concerns include fear of death, necrophobia, anxiety, sorrow, grief, emotional pain, depression, sympathy, compassion, solitude, or saudade. The potential for an afterlife is of concern for some humans, the word death comes from Old English deað, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauthuz. This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the Process, act, when a person has died, it is also said they have passed away, passed on, expired, or are gone, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and when all flesh has rotted away. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of decease, as in the deceased. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, senescence refers to a scenario when a living being is able to survive all calamities, but eventually dies due to causes relating to old age. Almost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from biological aging, some organisms experience negligible senescence, even exhibiting biological immortality. These include the jellyfish Turritopsis dohrnii, the hydra, and the planarian, unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day, physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event, conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the presence or absence of vital signs, in general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. As scientific knowledge and medicine advance, formulating a precise definition of death becomes more difficult. The concept of death is a key to understanding of the phenomenon. There are many approaches to the concept. For example, brain death, as practiced in medical science, One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends, determining when death has occurred requires drawing precise conceptual boundaries between life and death
7.
Lake Taupo
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Lake Taupo is a lake in the North Island of New Zealand. It is in the caldera of the Taupo Volcano, with a surface area of 616 square kilometres, it is the largest lake by surface area in New Zealand, and the second largest freshwater lake by surface area in geopolitical Oceania after Lake Murray. Motutaiko Island lies in the south east area of the lake, Lake Taupo has a perimeter of approximately 193 kilometres and a deepest point of 186 metres. It is drained by the Waikato River, and its tributaries are the Waitahanui River, the Tongariro River. It is a trout fishery with stocks of introduced brown. Lake Taupo is in a created by a supervolcanic eruption which occurred approximately 26,500 years ago. According to geological records, the volcano has erupted 28 times in the last 27,000 years and it has ejected mostly rhyolitic lava, although Mount Tauhara formed from dacitic lava. The initial event 26,500 years ago is known as the Oruanui eruption, the caldera later filled with water, eventually overflowing to cause a huge outwash flood. It is possible that the Lake Taupo event contributed to starting the Last Glacial Maximum, several later eruptions occurred over the millennia before the most recent major eruption, which is traditionally dated as about 180 CE from Greenland ice-core records. Tree ring data from two studies suggests a date of 232 CE ±5. Known as the Hatepe eruption, it is believed to have ejected 100 cubic kilometres of material, the eruption devastated much of the North Island and further expanded the lake. The area was uninhabited by humans at the time of the eruption, possible climatic effects of the eruption would have been concentrated on the southern hemisphere due to the southerly position of Lake Taupo. Taupos last known eruption occurred around 30 years later, with lava dome forming the Horomatangi Reefs. These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, the volcano is currently considered to be dormant rather than extinct because of moderate fumarole activity and hot springs along the shores of the lake. Native faunal species in the lake include northern koura or crayfish, the lake is noted for stocks of brown trout and rainbow trout, introduced from Europe and California respectively in the late nineteenth century. There has also been a subsequent introduction of smelt as a food for the trout, a community of sponges and associated invertebrates live around the underwater geothermal vents. Tourism is a component of Taupos commercial sector, and the city attracts over 2 million visitors per year. The busiest time for the industry is the summer season around Christmas
8.
Winston Peters
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Winston Raymond Peters PC is a New Zealand politician and leader of the populist New Zealand First party which he founded in 1993. He has been the Member of Parliament for Northland since 2015, Peters has had a successful and turbulent political career since first becoming a Member of Parliament in the National Party win of 1978. Peters first served as a Cabinet Minister when Jim Bolger led the National Party to victory in 1990, before Bolger sacked him in 1991. As leader of New Zealand First, he held the balance of power after the 1996 election and formed a coalition with National, however, the coalition dissolved in 1998 following the replacement of Bolger by Jenny Shipley as Prime Minister. In 1999 New Zealand First returned to Opposition before entering into a government again with the Labour Party in 2005, on 29 August 2008 he stood down as a Minister pending a police investigation into a funding scandal involving Peters and New Zealand First. In the 2008 general election, New Zealand First failed to reach the five percent threshold, as a result, neither Peters or New Zealand First were returned to Parliament. However, in the 2011 general election New Zealand First experienced a resurgence in support, in the 2014 general election, NZ First gained 11 seats and finished with 8.6 percent. Peters was born in the Northland city of Whangarei and his father is of Māori descent and his mother of Scottish descent. His iwi affiliation is Ngāti Wai and his clan is McInnes, two of his brothers, Ian and Jim, have also been MPs, and another brother Ron has also stood as a New Zealand First candidate. He was a member of the University Rugby Club in Auckland and he also played in the Prince of Wales Cup for the Māori All Blacks trials. The result was virtually no ancestral land was taken by the government of the day in the Whangarei coastal areas. He lost this seat in 1981, but in 1984 he successfully stood in the electorate of Tauranga, on 16 December 1986, he exposed the Māori loan affair in Parliament. He became the National Partys spokesperson on Māori Affairs, Consumer Affairs, in 1987, he was elevated to Nationals front bench, acting as spokesperson for Māori Affairs, Employment, and Race Relations. After National won the 1990 election, Peters became Minister of Māori Affairs in the fourth National government, Peters disagreed with the party leadership on a number of matters, and frequently spoke out against his party regarding them. This made him popular with the public. However, his party colleagues distrusted him, and his publicity-seeking behaviour made him increasingly disliked within his own party, while National may have tolerated his difference of opinion, they were far less willing to accept public criticism from a Cabinet minister which they determined was undermining the party. In October 1991, Bolger sacked Peters from Cabinet, Peters remained as a National backbencher, continuing to criticise the party. In late 1992, when the National Party was considering possible candidates for the elections in the following year, in Peters v Collinge, Peters challenged this decision in the High Court, and in early 1993, he chose to resign from the party and from Parliament
9.
New Zealand Liberal Party
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The New Zealand Liberal Party was the first real political party in New Zealand. It governed from 1891 until 1912, the Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals, by buying large tracts of Maori land and selling it to small farmers on credit. In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage, New Zealand gained international attention for the Liberal reforms, especially how the state regulated labour relations. Of special note were innovations in the areas of maximum hour regulations, minimum wage laws, the goal was to encourage unions but discourage strikes and class conflict. The impact was strong on the reform movement in the United States. Coleman argues that the Liberals in 1891 lacked a clearcut ideology to guide them, instead they approached the nations problems pragmatically, keeping in mind the constraints imposed by democratic public opinion. To deal with the issue of distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure. Out of office after 1912, the Liberals gradually found themselves pressed between the conservative Reform Party and the growing Labour Party, the Liberals fragmented in the 1920s, and the remnants of the Liberal Party eventually merged with Reform in 1936 to establish the modern National Party. Prior to the establishment of the Liberal Party, MPs were all independent, some of these factions were occasionally referred to as parties, but were vague and ill-defined. Towards the 1880s, however, factions had gradually become stabilised along lines of liberalism and conservatism, the key figure in the establishment of the Liberal Party was John Ballance. Ballance, an MP, had served in a number of liberal-orientated governments, and had held office in posts such as Treasurer, Minister of Defence and he had a well-established reputation as a liberal, and was known for supporting land reform, womens suffrage, and Māori rights. In the 1890 elections, Ballance led his faction to victory. Ballance and his allies, recognising the benefit that they had gained from their unity, the Liberal Party, with common policies and a well-defined leadership, was proclaimed. The Liberal Party drew its support from two basic sources — the cities, and small farmers, in the cities, the Liberals were supported particularly strongly by workers and labourers, but also by the more socially progressive members of the middle class. In the countryside, the Liberals won support from farmers who lacked the ability to compete with the large runholders. Both groups saw themselves as being mistreated and oppressed by what had been described as New Zealands early colonial gentry — the well-educated and aristocratic land-owners and commercial magnates. It was this group that most strongly opposed the Liberal Party, in power, the Liberals enacted a large number of reforms. This was made possible by their unity — previously, reforms had stalled due to the need for long, among the changes introduced were land reforms, progressive taxes on land and income, and legislation to improve the working conditions of urban labourers
10.
New Zealand Reform Party
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The Reform Party, formally the New Zealand Political Reform League, was New Zealands second major political party, having been founded as a conservative response to the original Liberal Party. It was in government between 1912 and 1928, and later formed a coalition with the United Party, and then merged with United to form the modern National Party. The Liberal Party, founded by John Ballance and fortified by Richard Seddon, was dominant in New Zealand politics at the beginning of the 20th century. The conservative opposition, consisting only of independents, was disorganised and demoralised, gradually, however, the Liberals began to falter — the first blow came with the death of Richard Seddon, their popular leader, but other factors contributed to their decline. Importantly for conservatives, the Liberals were slowly losing support from small farmers, having achieved the land reforms, farmers had little reason to continue their support the Liberals, and drifted towards the socially conservative opposition. The Liberals were split between the farmers and the workers, attempting to both and therefore satisfying neither. The attempts of the Liberals to win back the vote were decried by conservatives as socialistic. The conservative opposition, which pledged its opposition to the alleged socialist tendencies of the Liberals, was strengthened, the foundation of the Reform Party was closely associated with this return of the opposition to political significance, and with growing agitation against the Liberal Partys alleged socialism. Also closely linked to the group were the Political Reform League, Aucklands National Association, the opposition began referring to itself as the Reform Party in 1909, and adopted a common platform for contesting elections. Among the partys important policy planks were farmers freehold and the reform of the public service, despite campaigning heavily against the governments socialism, it did not propose to undo the Liberal Partys labour and welfare reforms. In the 1911 elections, the Reform Party managed to win thirty-seven seats compared with thirty-three for the Liberals, supporters of the Liberals denied that Reform had won a mandate to rule, however, pointing out that the country quota worked to inflate Reforms vote. Nevertheless, it did not take long for the Liberal government, now ruling only with the support of independents, william Massey became Prime Minister on 10 July 1912. In government, the Reform Party implemented many of its policies regarding freehold, many other Liberal-era policies were not changed, however, and Reform gained further support from disillusioned members of the Liberal Party. A dockworkers strike in 1913 was also broken, the strikes prompted considerable concern about socialism in certain sectors of society, boosting Reforms results in the 1914 elections. In the 1919 elections, Reform further strengthened its position, despite the emergence of a single united Labour Party, in the 1922 elections, however, the approach of depression cost the government considerably, and Reform was forced to build an unstable coalition of independents. After a period under interim leader Francis Bell, Reform chose Gordon Coates as its new leader, Coates, while not regarded as politically astute, was relatively popular with the public, and campaigned well. In the 1925 elections, Reform won a high number of seats — fifty-five, compared with twelve for Labour. This victory was not as pronounced in the statistics for the vote, however — many believed that Reform had profited from the three-party configuration
11.
New Zealand Labour Party
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The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s, Labour currently promotes a social-democratic platform. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance, the New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1916 by various socialist parties and trade unions. It is thus the countrys oldest political party still in existence, there have been five Labour governments. The party was first in power from 1935 and 1949, when it established New Zealands welfare state and it governed most recently from 1999 to 2008 with Helen Clark as party leader and Prime Minister. Since the partys defeat in the 2008 general election, Labour has comprised the second-largest caucus represented in the New Zealand Parliament, on 18 November 2014 Andrew Little was confirmed outside of Parliament and in a press conference as the new Labour leader. Labours 1916 policy objectives called for the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, up to the 1980s Labour remained a party that believed in a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. However, it had transformed from a trade union-dominated, socialist-oriented movement to a moderate social-democratic party. The Labour Government of the 1980s deviated sharply from a social-democratic path, in a series of economic reforms dubbed Rogernomics, the Government removed a swathe of regulations and subsidies, privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services. Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth. Universal rights to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work, the right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth. The Treaty of Waitangi as the document of New Zealand, and its honouring in the Party, government, society. The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation, Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability. Its origins lie in the British working class movement, heavily influenced by Australian radicalism and it is the oldest surviving New Zealand political party. The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong. At the turn of the century, the side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party and this established the basic dividing line in New Zealands left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform. In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as a called the Labour Party
12.
New Zealand National Party
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The New Zealand National Party is a centre-right political party in New Zealand. It is one of two parties in contemporary New Zealand politics, alongside its historic rival, the New Zealand Labour Party. The party originated in 1936 with the merger of the United and Reform parties, National is the nations second-oldest extant political party. National governed for four periods in the course of the 20th century and it has favoured economic liberal policies since the 1990s. Since November 2008, National has been the largest party in minority governments with support from the centrist United Future, the liberal ACT Party, Bill English has been the party leader and Prime Minister of New Zealand since 12 December 2016. The New Zealand National Party has been characterised as conservative and liberal, with outlying populist, the partys principles, last revised in 2003, seek a safe, prosperous and successful New Zealand that creates opportunities for all New Zealanders to reach their personal goals and dreams. It supports a limited welfare state but says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment, historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. The last major interventionist policy was Prime Minister Robert Muldoons massive infrastructure projects designed to ensure New Zealands energy independence after the 1973 oil shock, Think Big. The Fourth National Government mostly carried on the sweeping reforms of the Fourth Labour Government known as Rogernomics. Following a moderate Fifth Labour Government, the Fifth National Government of New Zealand took power in 2008 under John Key. For instance they extended free general practitioner visits to children under 13 as part of their 2014 election package, in the most recent general election, in 2014, the National Party ran a campaign focusing on stability. They promised to limit new spending every year, to not introduce any new taxes and they also campaigned on the possibility of moderate tax cuts within the next few years and are generally in favour of free-trade agreements such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The National Party was formed in May 1936, but its roots go further back. The party came about as the result of a merger between the United Party and the Reform Party, historically, the Liberal and Reform parties had competed against each other, but from 1931 until 1935 a United-Reform Coalition held power in New Zealand. The coalition went into the 1935 election under the title of the National Political Federation, the two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them. Another factor was a party, the Democrat Party formed by Albert Davy. The new party split the vote and aided Labours victory. In hopes of countering Labours rise, United and Reform decided to turn their alliance into a single party and this party, the New Zealand National Party, was formed at a meeting held in Wellington on 13 and 14 May 1936
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