1.
Film editing
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Film editing is a creative and technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the process of working with film. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots, Film editing is often referred to as the invisible art because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not aware of the editors work. On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, the job of an editor is not simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. Editors usually play a role in the making of a film. Sometimes, auteurist film directors edit their own films, for example, Akira Kurosawa, Bahram Beyzai, with the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture, sound, music, and visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor and it is common, especially on lower budget films, for the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music. Early films were films that were one long, static. Motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse an audience, there was no story and no editing. Each film ran as long as there was film in the camera, in the first shot, an elderly couple is outside an art exhibition having lunch and then follow other people inside through the door. The second shot shows what they do inside, one of the first films to use this technique, Georges Mélièss The Four Troublesome Heads from 1898, was produced with Pauls camera. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girls foot shown inside a circular mask. Even more remarkable was James Williamsons Attack on a China Mission Station, an armed party of British sailors arrived and defeat the Boxers and rescue the missionarys family. The film used the first reverse angle cut in film history, James Williamson concentrated on making films taking action from one place shown in one shot to the next shown in another shot in films like Stop Thief. and Fire. Made in 1901, and many others and he also experimented with the close-up, and made perhaps the most extreme one of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. These two filmmakers of the Brighton School also pioneered the editing of the film, they tinted their work with color, by 1900, their films were extended scenes of up to 5 minutes long
2.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
3.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
4.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
5.
Advertisement film
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A television advertisement is a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to market a product or service. Advertisers and marketeers may refer to television commercials as TVCs, Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately-owned television networks. As of 2016 the vast majority of television advertisements consist of advertising spots. Advertisements of this sort have promoted a variety of goods, services. The effects of television advertising upon the public have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall McLuhan. In many countries, including the United States, television advertisements are considered indispensable for a political campaign. In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted, while some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements. The announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company paid anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00, displayed a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time. The Bulova logo, with the phrase Bulova Watch Time, appeared in the lower quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand swept around the dial for one minute. The first TV ad broadcast in the UK went to air on ITV on September 22,1955, the first TV ad broadcast in Asia appeared on Nippon Television in Tokyo on August 28,1953, advertising Seikosha, it also displayed a clock with the current time. To accomplish the first step means different things in different parts of the world depending on the regulation in place, in the UK for example, clearance must be given by the body Clearcast. Another example is Venezuela where clearance is governed by a body called CNAC, the clearance provides guarantee to the broadcasters that the content of the advertisement meets legal guidelines. Because of this, special extended clearance sometimes applies to food, after the advent of cheap video software and consumer cameras, numerous individuals have offered video production services on the internet. Some of these ad jingles or catch-phrases may take on lives of their own, spawning gags that appear in films, television shows, magazines, comics, or literature. These long-lasting advertising elements may be said to have taken a place in the pop culture history of the demographic to whom they appeared. An example is the phrase, Winston tastes good like a cigarette should. Variations of this dialogue and direct references to it appeared as long as two decades after the advertising campaign expired, another example is Wheres the Beef. which grew so popular it was used in the 1984 presidential election by Walter Mondale. Another popular catch-phrase is Ive fallen and I cant get up, Advertising agencies often use humor as a tool in their creative marketing campaigns
6.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
7.
Film director
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A film director is a person who directs the making of a film. Generally, a film director controls a films artistic and dramatic aspects, the director has a key role in choosing the cast members, production design, and the creative aspects of filmmaking. Under European Union law, the director is viewed as the author of the film, the film director gives direction to the cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized, or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions, there are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters, cinematographers, film editors or actors, other film directors have attended a film school. Some outline a general plotline and let the actors dialogue, while others control every aspect. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners, some directors edit or appear in their films, or compose the music score for their films. Film directors create a vision through which a film eventually becomes realized/noticed. Realizing this vision includes overseeing the artistic and technical elements of production, as well as directing the shooting timetable. This entails organizing the crew in such a way as to achieve their vision of the film. This requires skills of leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in the stressful. Moreover, it is necessary to have an eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus. Thus the director ensures that all involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges he or she has to tackle has been described as a jigsaw puzzle with egos. It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when, omnipresent are the boundaries of the films budget. Additionally, the director may also have to ensure an intended age rating, thus, the position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that 20-hour days are not unusual, under European Union law, the film director is considered the author or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory. Auteur theory is a film criticism concept that holds that a directors film reflects the directors personal creative vision
8.
Art release
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An art release is the premiere of an artistic production and its presentation and marketing to the public. A film release is the authorization by the owner of a film to a public exhibition of the film. The exhibition may be in theatres or for home viewing, a films release date and the method of release is part of the marketing of the film. It may be a wide or limited release, the process may involve finding a film distributor. A films marketing may involve the film being shown at a festival or trade show to attract distributor attention and, if successful. A delayed release or late release in the industry refers to the relatively late release of a film to the public. A release can be postponed due to the difficult transition of the production or post-production to the sales. Due to several factors a film release can be delayed, Problems during post-production of an artistic nature, economic problems relating to limitations in the film budget. These problems can be resolved by overcoming artistic problems, making politically correct or commercially successful changes to the film/or relieving budgetary problems, the word can also refer to the event at which an album or single is first offered for sale in record stores. Also an album launch, or single launch, musical performers often self-release their recordings without the involvement of an established record label. With the growth of the Internet as a medium for publicizing and distributing music, unlike self-publishing a novel, which is usually done only when no other options exist, even well-established musicians will choose to self-release recordings. Music managers are increasingly getting involved in such releases and with the advent of artist management labels which have stepped in to save the situation, in Kenya, for example, most record labels only handle production, thus leading to a situation where records are marketed less. This has prompted music companies like Grosspool Music to sign independent artists and manage their branding, releases, development hell Roadshow theatrical release Legal release, music release may also refer to a legal release of music Music recording sales certification Reissue, or rerelease
9.
Final cut privilege
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Final cut privilege is a film industry term, usually meaning the right of a director to decide how a film is ultimately released for public viewing. On nearly all occasions in the United States, only established, outside the Hollywood studio system—in France, for example—directors whose reputations are built on artistic merit, as opposed to bankability, frequently have final cut on their films. In America there are only some acclaimed, but not necessarily bankable directors, such as Woody Allen, Alexander Payne and Terrence Malick, sometimes nonbankable directors get final cut privilege when making a film on a low budget. Before a film is released, studios will usually make changes for commercial purposes, sometimes such practices can cause conflict between the director and studio releasing the film. Other contractual agreements will still apply, though, A director commissioned for a film with a rating no higher than R will still have to make sure to meet this agreement. This happened with Kubricks Eyes Wide Shut, which included a scene that was shown in Europe. For its US release, foreground actors were added to obscure some sex acts to reach the contractually obliged R rating. Auteur theory Directors cut Artistic control, the term when applied to musicians Alan Smithee Gerstner, David A. & Staiger
10.
Box office
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A box office or ticket office is a place where tickets are sold to the public for admission to an event. Patrons may perform the transaction at a countertop, through a hole in a wall or window, or at a wicket. By extension, the term is used, especially in the context of the film industry, as a synonym for the amount of business a particular production, such as a film or theatre show. Box office business can be measured in terms of the number of tickets sold or the amount of money raised by ticket sales, the projection and analysis of these earnings is very important for the creative industries and often a source of interest for fans. This is predominant in the Hollywood movie industry, the term is attested since 1786, presumably from sales of boxes. The sense of total sales is attested from 1904, however, first attestation is about 200 years later, making this highly unlikely. Some complain that film industry focus on profit has diminished the attention given to film as an art form, however, analysis of the financial success of films is very influential for the production and funding of future works. In December 2009, with its acquisition of Nielsen EDI for $15 million, measurement company Rentrak became the provider of worldwide box office ticket sales revenue. There are numerous websites that monitor box-office receipts, such as Boxoffice, Box Office India, Box Office Mojo, Koimoi, ShowBIZ Data, for a list of films which are major box-office hits, see List of highest-grossing films. Films that are considered to have been unsuccessful at the box office are called box office bombs or box office flops. For a list of films, see List of box office bombs. To determine if a movie made a profit, it is not correct to directly compare the box office gross with the production budget, the split varies from movie to movie, and the percentage for the distributor is generally higher in early weeks. Usually the distributor gets a percentage of the revenue after first deducting a house allowance or house nut and it is also common that the distributor gets either a percentage of the gross revenue, or a higher percentage of the revenue after deducting the nut, whichever is larger. The following is film industry specific terminology as defined by Box Office Mojo, for films released in North America, box office figures are usually divided between domestic, meaning the United States and Canada, and foreign which includes all other countries. Weekly box office figures are taken to be from Friday through Thursday to allow for the fact that most films are released on a Friday, a large component of this is the weekend box office, defined as the box office receipts from Friday through Sunday. In particular, the box office for the initial week of release. Theaters is the number of theaters in which the movie is showing, since a single theater may show a movie on multiple screens, the total number of screens is used as another measure. The theaters measure is used to determine whether a film is in wide release, meaning at least 600 theaters, occasionally, a film may achieve wide release after an initial limited release, Little Miss Sunshine is an example of this
11.
Motion picture content rating system
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A particular issued rating can be called a certification, classification, certificate or rating. Ratings typically carry age recommendations in an advisory or restrictive capacity, in some jurisdictions the legal obligation of administering the rating may be imposed on movie theaters. In most countries, however, films that are considered morally offensive have been censored, restricted, or banned. Even if the rating system has no legal consequences. The influence of factors in deciding a rating varies from country to country. In Germany, for example, films depicting explicit war violence in a real war context are handled more leniently than films with purely fictional settings, a film may be produced with a particular rating in mind. It may be re-edited if the rating is not obtained. A film may also be re-edited to produce a version for other countries. A comparison of current film rating systems, showing age on the horizontal axis, note however that the specific criteria used in assigning a classification can vary widely from one country to another. Thus a color code or age range cannot be compared from one country to another. Key, White – No restrictions, All ages may watch/Aimed at young audiences/Exempt/Not rated/No applicable rating, yellow – No restrictions, Parental guidance is suggested for a younger audience, if applicable. Purple – No restrictions, Not recommended for a younger audience, red – Restrictive, Restricted to an older audience unless accompanied by an adult. Black – Restrictive, Restricted exclusively to an older audience/licensed premises or banned, Children under the age of 13 are admitted if accompanied by an adult. 16, Suitable for 16-year-olds and over,18, Suitable for 18-year-olds and over. C, Suitable for 18-year-olds and over, the Classification Board and Classification Review Board are government-funded organizations which classify all films that are released for public exhibition. The content is mild in impact. The G classification is suitable for everyone, Parental Guidance – Parental guidance recommended. The content is mild in impact and it is not recommended for viewing or playing by persons under 15 without guidance from parents or guardians
12.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
13.
Albums
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
14.
The Wild Bunch
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The film was controversial because of its graphic violence and its portrayal of crude men attempting to survive by any available means. The movie, whose screenplay was written by Peckinpah and Walon Green, stars William Holden, Robert Ryan, Ernest Borgnine, Ben Johnson and it was filmed in Mexico, notably at the Hacienda Ciénaga del Carmen and on the Rio Nazas. The Wild Bunch is noted for intricate, multi-angle, quick-cut editing, using normal and slow motion images, a revolutionary cinema technique in 1969. The writing of Green, Peckinpah, and Roy N. Sickner was nominated for a best-screenplay Academy Award, in 1999, the U. S. National Film Registry selected it for preservation in the Library of Congress as culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant. The film was ranked 80th in the American Film Institutes 100 best American films, in 2008, the AFI revealed its 10 Top 10 of the best ten films in ten genres, The Wild Bunch ranked as the sixth-best Western. In Texas in 1913, Pike Bishop, the leader of a gang of aging outlaws, is seeking retirement with one final score and they are ambushed by Pikes former partner, Deke Thornton, who is leading a posse of bounty hunters hired and deputized by the railroad. A bloody shootout kills several of the gang, Pike uses a serendipitous temperance union parade to shield their getaway, and many citizens are killed in the crossfire. Pike rides off with Dutch Engstrom, brothers Lyle and Tector Gorch, and Angel and they are dismayed when the loot from the robbery turns out to be a decoy, steel washers instead of silver coin. The men reunite with old-timer Freddie Sykes and head for Mexico, Pikes men cross the Rio Grande and take refuge that night in the village where Angel was born. Pikes gang makes contact with the general, a jealous Angel spots Teresa, his former lover, in Mapaches arms and shoots her dead, angering Mapache. Pike defuses the situation and offers to work for Mapache, the reward will be a cache of gold coins. Angel gives up his share of the gold to Pike in return for sending one crate of the stolen rifles, the holdup goes largely as planned until Dekes posse turns up on the very train the gang has robbed. The posse chases them to the Mexican border, only to be foiled again as the blow up a trestle spanning the Rio Grande. The pursuers temporarily regroup at a camp and then quickly take off again after the Bunch. Pike and his men, knowing they risk being double-crossed by Mapache, however, Mapache learns from the mother of Teresa that Angel embezzled a crate of guns and ammo, and reveals this as Angel and Engstrom deliver the last of the weapons. Surrounded by Mapaches army, Angel desperately tries to escape, only to be captured and tortured, Mapache lets Engstrom go, and he returns to rejoin Pikes gang and tell them what happened. Sykes is wounded by Dekes posse while securing spare horses, after a brief frolic with prostitutes and a period of reflection, Pike and the gang try to forcibly persuade Mapache to release Angel, who by then was barely alive after the torture. The general appears to comply, however, as they watch, Pike and the gang angrily gun Mapache down in front of hundreds of his men
15.
George Lucas
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George Walton Lucas Jr. is an American filmmaker and entrepreneur. He is best known as the creator of the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises, as well as the founder of Lucasfilm and he was the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lucasfilm, before selling it to The Walt Disney Company in 2012. Upon graduating from the University of Southern California in 1967, Lucas co-founded American Zoetrope with fellow filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola, Lucas wrote and directed THX1138, based on his earlier student short Electronic Labyrinth, THX1138 4EB, which was a critical success but a financial failure. His next work as a writer-director was the film, American Graffiti, inspired by his teen years in early 1960s Modesto, California, the film was critically and commercially successful, and received five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. Following the first Star Wars film, Lucas produced and co-wrote the following installments in the trilogy, The Empire Strikes Back, along with Steven Spielberg, Lucas co-created and wrote the Indiana Jones films Raiders of the Lost Ark, Temple of Doom, and The Last Crusade. Lucas also produced and/or wrote a variety of films through Lucasfilm in the 1980s and 1990s, Lucas also returned to directing with the Star Wars prequel trilogy, consisting of The Phantom Menace, Attack of the Clones, and Revenge of the Sith. He later collaborated on the story for the Indiana Jones sequel Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, five of Lucass seven features are among the 100 highest-grossing movies at the North American box office, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. Lucas is one of the American film industrys most financially successful filmmakers, Lucas is considered a significant figure in the New Hollywood era. Lucas was born and raised in Modesto, California, the son of Dorothy Ellinore Lucas and George Walton Lucas and he is of German, Swiss-German, English, Scottish, and distant Dutch and French descent. Growing up, Lucas had a passion for cars and motor racing, on June 12,1962, while driving his souped-up Autobianchi Bianchina, another driver broadsided him, flipping over his car, nearly killing him, causing him to lose interest in racing as a career. He attended Modesto Junior College, where he studied anthropology, sociology and he also began shooting with an 8 mm camera, including filming car races. At this time, Lucas and his friend John Plummer became interested in Canyon Cinema, screenings of underground, avant-garde 16 mm filmmakers like Jordan Belson, Stan Brakhage, and Bruce Conner. Lucas and Plummer also saw classic European films of the time, including Jean-Luc Godards Breathless, François Truffauts Jules et Jim, thats when George really started exploring, Plummer said. Through his interest in racing, Lucas met renowned cinematographer Haskell Wexler, another race enthusiast. Wexler, later to work with Lucas on several occasions, was impressed by Lucas talent, George had a very good eye, and he thought visually, he recalled. Lucas then transferred to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to motion picture film. During the years at USC, Lucas shared a room with Randal Kleiser. Along with classmates such as Walter Murch, Hal Barwood, and John Milius and he also became good friends with fellow acclaimed student filmmaker and future Indiana Jones collaborator, Steven Spielberg
16.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
17.
Peter Bogdanovich
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Peter Bogdanovich is an American director, writer, actor, producer, critic and film historian. He is part of the wave of New Hollywood directors, which included William Friedkin, Brian De Palma, George Lucas, Martin Scorsese, Michael Cimino and his most critically acclaimed and well-known film is the drama The Last Picture Show. Bogdanovich also directed the thriller Targets, the screwball comedy Whats Up, the comedy-drama Paper Moon and the drama Mask. His most recent film, Shes Funny That Way, was released in 2014, Bogdanovich was born in Kingston, New York, the son of Herma and Borislav Bogdanovich, a painter and pianist. His Austrian-born mother was Jewish whose family moved from Vienna to Zagreb, Croatia in 1932, while his father was a Serbian Orthodox Christian, in the early 1960s, Bogdanovich was known as a film programmer at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Bogdanovich also brought attention to such forgotten pioneers of American cinema as Allan Dwan, Bogdanovich kept a card file of every film he saw between 1952 and 1970, with complete reviews of every film. Bogdanovich was influenced by the French critics of the 1950s who wrote for Cahiers du Cinéma, before becoming a director himself, he built his reputation as a film writer with articles in Esquire. These articles were collected in Pieces of Time, with his wife Polly Platt, he headed for Los Angeles, skipping out on the rent in the process. Intent on breaking into the industry, Bogdanovich would ask publicists for movie premiere, at one screening, Bogdanovich was viewing a film and director Roger Corman was sitting behind him. The two struck up a conversation when Corman mentioned he liked a cinema piece Bogdanovich wrote for Esquire, Corman offered him a directing job which Bogdanovich accepted immediately. He worked with Corman on Targets, which starred Boris Karloff, Bogdanovich later said of the Corman school of filmmaking, I went from getting the laundry to directing the picture in three weeks. Altogether, I worked 22 weeks – preproduction, shooting, second unit, returning to journalism, Bogdanovich struck up a lifelong friendship with Orson Welles while interviewing him on the set of Mike Nicholss Catch-22. Bogdanovich played a role in elucidating Welles and his career with his writings on the actor-director. In the early 1970s, when Welles was having financial problems, in 1970, Bogdanovich was commissioned by the American Film Institute to direct a documentary about John Ford for their tribute, Directed by John Ford. The resulting film included interviews with John Wayne, James Stewart and Henry Fonda. Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg and others, much of the inspiration which led Bogdanovich to his cinematic creations came from early viewings of the film Citizen Kane. In an interview with Robert K. Elder, author of The Film That Changed My Life, Bogdanovich explains his appreciation of Orson Welles work, It’s the first modern film, fragmented, not told straight ahead, jumping around. It anticipates everything that’s being done now, and which is thought to be so modern, It’s all become really decadent now, but it was certainly fresh then
18.
The Last Picture Show
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The Last Picture Show is a 1971 American drama film directed and co-written by Peter Bogdanovich, adapted from a semi-autobiographical 1966 novel The Last Picture Show by Larry McMurtry. Set in a town in north Texas from November 1951 to October 1952, it is about the coming of age of Sonny Crawford. The cast also includes Cybill Shepherd, Ben Johnson, Eileen Brennan, Ellen Burstyn, Cloris Leachman, Clu Gulager, Randy Quaid, for aesthetic reasons it was shot in black and white, which was unusual for the time. The film features songs of Hank Williams and other recording artists played throughout. In 1998 the film was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress, in 1951, Sonny Crawford and Duane Jackson are high-school seniors and friends in Anarene, a small, declining north Texas town. Duane is dating Jacy Farrow, the prettiest girl in town, Sonny decides to break up with girlfriend Charlene Duggs. At Christmas time, Sonny begins an affair with Ruth Popper, at the Christmas dance, Jacy is invited by Lester Marlow to a naked indoor pool party, at the home of Bobby Sheen, a wealthy young man who seems a better prospect than Duane. Bobby tells Jacy he isnt interested in virgins and to back after shes had sex. The group of boys take their young intellectually disabled friend, Billy, to a prostitute to lose his virginity but she hits Billy in the face when he ejaculates prematurely. When Duane and Sonny take Billy back home, Sam the Lion tells them that since they cannot even take care of a friend, he is barring them from his hall, movie theater. Sonny later sneaks into the cafe and accepts the offer of a hamburger from the waitress, Genevieve. Once Sam sees Sonnys genuine affection for Billy he accepts his apology, during the weekend of New Years Eve, Duane and Sonny go on a weekend road trip to Mexico. Before they drive off, Sam comes to them about their trip. When they return from the trip, hungover and tired, they learn that during their absence Sam died of a stroke on New Years Eve. In his will, Sam left the theater to the woman who ran the concession stand, the café to Genevieve, $1,000 to Joe Bob Blanton. Jacy invites Duane to a motel for sex but he is unable to perform and she loses her virginity to him on their second attempt and then breaks up with him by phone. When Bobby marries another girl, Jacy is disappointed, out of boredom, she has sex with Abilene, her mothers lover, though he is cold to her afterward. Jacy then sets her sights on Sonny, who drops Ruth without announcement, Duane quarrels with Sonny over Jacy, his girl, and hits him over the head with a bottle
19.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world, in 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin, there is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London
20.
The Gold Rush
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The Gold Rush is a 1925 American comedy film written, produced, and directed by Charlie Chaplin. The film also stars Chaplin in his Little Tramp persona, Georgia Hale, Mack Swain, Tom Murray, Henry Bergman, the Gold Rush received Academy Award nominations for Best Music and Best Sound Recording upon its re-release in 1942. It is today one of Chaplins most celebrated works, and he himself declared several times that it was the film for which he most wanted to be remembered. The following is the plot of the 1942 re-release, Big Jim, the Lone Prospector gets lost in the same blizzard while also prospecting for gold. He stumbles into the cabin of Black Larsen, a wanted criminal, Larsen tries to throw him out when Jim also stumbles inside. Larsen tries to scare both out using his shotgun but is overpowered by Jim, and the three agree to an uneasy truce where they all can stay in the cabin. When the storm is taking so long that food is running out, Larsen loses and leaves the cabin. While outside looking for food, he encounters Jims gold deposit, meanwhile, the two remaining in the cabin get so desperate that they cook and eat one of the Prospectors shoes. Later, Jim gets delirious, imagines the Prospector as a giant chicken, at that moment, a bear enters the cabin and is killed, supplying them with food. After the storm subsides, both leave the cabin, the Prospector continuing on to the gold boom town while Jim returns to his gold deposit. There, he is knocked out by Larsen with a shovel, while fleeing with some of the mined gold, Larsen is swept to his death in an avalanche. Jim recovers consciousness and wanders into the snow, but he has lost his memory from the blow, but he knows neither the location of the deposit nor of the cabin. So, he goes looking for the Prospector, hoping that he knows the location of the cabin. The Prospector arrives at the town and encounters Georgia, a dance hall girl, after encountering each other again, she accepts his invitation for a New Years Eve dinner, but does not take it seriously and soon forgets about it. While waiting for her to arrive to the dinner, the Prospector imagines entertaining her with a dance of bread rolls on forks, when she does not arrive until midnight, he walks alone through the streets, desperate. At that moment, she remembers his invitation and decides to visit him, finding his home empty but seeing the meticulously prepared dinner and a present for her, she has a change of heart and prepares a note for him in which she asks to talk to him. When the Prospector is handed the note, he goes searching for Georgia. But at the moment, Jim finds him and drags him away to go search for the cabin
21.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
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It tells the story of Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an unidentified flying object. Close Encounters was a project for Spielberg. In late 1973, he developed a deal with Columbia Pictures for a fiction film. The title is derived from UFO-ologist J. Allen Hyneks classification of close encounters with aliens, Douglas Trumbull served as the visual effects supervisor, while Carlo Rambaldi designed the aliens. It was a critical and financial success, eventually grossing over $337 million worldwide, in December 2007, it was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. A Special Edition of the film, featuring additional scenes, was released theatrically in 1980, a third cut of the film was issued on VHS and LaserDisc in 1998. The planes are intact and operational, but there is no sign of the pilots, an old man who witnessed the event claimed the sun came out at night, and sang to him. They also find a lost cargo ship in the Gobi Desert named SS Cotopaxi, in Muncie, Indiana, 3-year-old Barry Guiler is awakened in the night when his toys start operating on their own. Fascinated, he out of bed and discovers something or someone in the kitchen. He runs outside, forcing his mother, Jillian, to chase after him, the UFO, joining a group of three other UFOs, is pursued by Neary and three police cars, but the spacecraft fly off into the night sky. Roy becomes fascinated by UFOs, much to the dismay of his wife and he also becomes increasingly obsessed with subliminal, mental images of a mountain-like shape and begins to make models of it. Jillian also becomes obsessed with sketching a unique-looking mountain, soon after, she is terrorized in her home by a UFO which descends from the clouds. The presence of the UFO energy field makes every appliance in Jillians house malfunction, Lacombe and Laughlin—along with a group of United Nations experts—continue to investigate increasing UFO activity and strange, related occurrences. Witnesses in Dharamsala, India report that the UFOs make distinctive sounds, Lacombe and the U. S. military converge on Wyoming. Meanwhile, Roy erratically began throwing plants, dirt and other garbage through the window into the kitchen, causing upsetted Ronnie to leave him, taking their three children with her. When a despairing Roy inadvertently sees a news program about the train wreck near Devils Tower. Jillian sees the same broadcast, and she and Roy, as well as others with similar visions and experiences, travel to the site in spite of the public warnings about nerve gas. While most of the civilians who are drawn to the site are apprehended by the Army, Roy and Jillian persist, the government specialists at the site begin to communicate with the UFOs by use of light and sound on a large electrical billboard
22.
Home video
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Home video is pre-recorded media that is either sold, rented or streamed for home entertainment. The home video business distributes films, telemovies and television series in the form of videos in various formats to the public and these are either bought or rented and then watched privately from the comfort of consumers homes. Most theatrically released films are now released on media, both optical and download-based, replacing the largely obsolete VHS medium. The VCD format remains popular in Asia, though DVDs are gradually gaining popularity, prior to the arrival of home video as a popular medium, most feature films were essentially inaccessible to the public after their original theatrical runs were over. During this era, it was also the norm that television programs could only be viewed at the time of broadcast, viewers were accustomed to the fact that there was no normal way to record TV shows at home and watch them whenever desired. It was possible to purchase a 16 mm or 8 mm film projector and rent or buy home-use prints of some cartoons, short comedies and brief highlights reels edited from feature films. In the case of the 16 mm format, most of these were available with an optical soundtrack,8 mm films almost never ran longer than ten minutes and only a few were available with a magnetic soundtrack late in the life of the format. The Super 8 film format, introduced in 1965, was marketed for making home movies, eventually, longer, edited-down versions of feature films were issued, increasingly with a magnetic soundtrack and in color. But, these were expensive and served only a small niche market of very dedicated or affluent film lovers. The Betamax and VHS home videocassette formats were introduced in 1975 and 1976 respectively, taking several years, film studios and video distributors assumed that consumers would not want to buy prerecorded videocassettes, just rent them. They also felt that all of the sales would be to video rental stores. The first company to duplicate and distribute home video was Magnetic Video in 1977, at that time, not many consumers owned a VCR, and those who did tended to rent rather than buy videos. Home video is a new area of opportunity for adventuresome publishers willing to produce new programs. Todays limitations within the marketplace may be gone tomorrow. More people are finding ways to create visually stimulating entertainment. It is a new form of publishing, a specialty line of products for vertical readership, six years ago, dog handling videos, back pain videos and cooking videos were suppositions on a drawing board. Three years ago these took life, now, along with golf and skiing tapes these S. I. videos are beginning to claim a marketshare. The wild part of new video publishing adventure is the wide diversity of support with which each product comes to the market
23.
Cable television
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This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels
24.
Z Channel
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The Z Channel was one of the first pay television stations in the United States. Launched in 1974 from Los Angeles, California, this station was known for its devotion to the art of cinema due to the choice of films by the programming chief. It also popularized the use of letterboxing on television, as well as showing directors cut versions of films, Z Channels devotion to cinema and choice of rare and important films had an important influence on such directors as Robert Altman, Quentin Tarantino, and Jim Jarmusch. Z Channel was owned by Theta Cable which was acquired by Group W in 1981, operations were located in Santa Monica, California. In 1989, Z Channel faded to black and was replaced by SportsChannel Los Angeles, the channel was the subject of the 2004 documentary Z Channel, A Magnificent Obsession, which was directed by Alexandra Cassavetes, daughter of John Cassavetes. Z Channel, A Magnificent Obsession at the Internet Movie Database
25.
Michael Cimino
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Michael Cimino was an American film director, screenwriter, producer and author. Cimino was born in New York City and graduated from Yale University in 1963, beginning his career filming commercials, he moved to Los Angeles to take up screenwriting in 1971. After co-writing the script of Magnum Force and Silent Running, he wrote the preliminary script Thunderbolt, Clint Eastwood read the script and sent it to his personal production company, which allowed Cimino to direct the film. After its success, Cimino co-wrote, directed, and produced the 1978 Academy Award-winning film The Deer Hunter and his next film, Heavens Gate, proved to be a financial failure. Cimino directed four movies after Heavens Gate, but none were as successful as The Deer Hunter, Cimino was born in New York City on February 3,1939. A third-generation Italian-American, Cimino and his brothers grew up with their parents in Old Westbury and he was regarded as a prodigy at the private schools his parents sent him to, but rebelled as an adolescent by consorting with delinquents, getting into fights, and coming home drunk. Of this time, Cimino described himself as always hanging around with kids my parents didnt approve of, when I was fifteen I spent three weeks driving all over Brooklyn with a guy who was following his girlfriend. He was convinced she was cheating on him, and he had a gun, there was such passion and intensity about their lives. When the rich kids got together, the most we ever did was cross against a red light and his father was a music publisher. Cimino says his father was responsible for marching bands and organs playing pop music at football games, when my father found out I went into the movie business, he didnt talk to me for a year, Cimino said. He was very tall and thin and his weight never changed his whole life and he didnt have a gray hair on his head. He was a bit like a Vanderbilt or a Whitney, one of those guys and he was the life of the party, women loved him, a real womanizer. He was away a lot, but he was fun and his mother was a costume designer. After he made The Deer Hunter, she said that she knew he had become famous because his name was in the New York Times crossword puzzle, Cimino graduated from Westbury High School in 1956. He entered Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, at Michigan State, Cimino majored in graphic arts, was a member of a weight-lifting club, and participated in a group to welcome incoming students. He graduated in 1959 with honors and won the Harry Suffrin Advertising Award, in Ciminos final year at Michigan State, he became art director, and later managing editor, of the schools humor magazine Spartan. Steven Bach wrote of Ciminos early magazine work, It is here one can see what are perhaps the first public manifestations of the Cimino visual sensibility. He thoroughly restyled the Spartans derivative Punch look, designing a number of its strikingly handsome covers himself, the Cimino-designed covers are bold and strong, with a sure sense of space and design
26.
Heaven's Gate (film)
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Heavens Gate is a 1980 American epic Western film written and directed by Michael Cimino. Loosely based on the Johnson County War, it portrays a fictional dispute between land barons and European immigrants in Wyoming in the 1890s. It is generally considered one of the biggest box office bombs of all time, Cimino had an expensive and ambitious vision for the film, pushing it nearly four times over its planned budget. In the decades since the release however, general assessment of Heavens Gate has become more positive, the reception of the 1980 re-edit after poor test screenings has later been characterized as one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history. The BBC ranked Heavens Gate 98th on their 100 greatest American films of all-time list, in 1870, two young men, Jim Averill and Billy Irvine, graduate from Harvard College. The Reverend Doctor speaks to the graduates on the association of the mind with the uncultivated. Irvine, brilliant but obviously intoxicated, follows this with his opposing, a celebration is then held after which the male students serenade the women present, including Averills girlfriend. Twenty years later, Averill is passing through the town of Casper, Wyoming. Nate Champion – a friend of Averill and an enforcer for the stockmen – kills a settler for suspected rustling and dissuades another from stealing a cow. At a formal meeting, the head of the Association, Frank Canton, tells members, including a drunk Irvine, of plans to kill 125 named settlers, as thieves. Irvine leaves the meeting, encounters Averill, and tells him of the Associations plans, as Averill leaves, he exchanges bitter words with Canton. Canton slaps Averill across the face, which is immediately retaliated and that night, Canton recruits men to kill the named settlers. Ella Watson, a Johnson County bordello madam from Quebec who accepts stolen cattle as payment for use of her prostitutes, is infatuated with both Averill and Champion. Averill and Watson skate in a crowd, then alone, in an enormous roller skating rink called Heavens Gate. Averill gets a copy of the Associations death list from a baseball-playing U. S. Army captain and later reads the names aloud to the settlers, who are thrown into terrified turmoil. Cully, a master and friend of Averills, sees the train with Cantons posse heading north. Later, a group of men come to Watsons bordello and rape her, all but one are shot and killed by Averill. Champion, realizing that his landowner bosses seek to eliminate Watson, goes to Cantons camp and shoots the remaining rapist, Canton and his men encounter one of Champions friends leaving a cabin with Champion and his friend Nick inside, and a gunfight ensues
27.
James Cameron
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James Francis Jim Cameron is a Canadian filmmaker, director, producer, screenwriter, inventor, engineer, philanthropist, and deep-sea explorer. He first found success with the science fiction action film The Terminator. He then became a popular Hollywood director and was hired to write and direct Aliens and he found further critical acclaim for his use of special effects in Terminator 2, Judgment Day. After his film True Lies Cameron took on his biggest film at the time, Titanic, despite Avatar being his only movie made to date in 3D, Cameron is the most successful 3D film-maker in terms of box-office revenue. In the time between making Titanic and Avatar, Cameron spent several years creating many documentary films and co-developed the digital 3D Fusion Camera System, described by a biographer as part scientist and part artist, Cameron has also contributed to underwater filming and remote vehicle technologies. On March 26,2012, Cameron reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench and he is the first person to do this in a solo descent, and is only the third person to do so ever. In total, Camerons directorial efforts have grossed approximately US$2 billion in North America, not adjusted for inflation, Camerons Titanic and Avatar are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $2.19 billion and $2.78 billion respectively. Cameron also holds the achievement of having directed two of the three films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide, in March 2011, he was named Hollywoods top earner by Vanity Fair, with estimated 2010 earnings of $257 million. Cameron was born in 1954 in Kapuskasing, Ontario, Canada, the son of Shirley, an artist and nurse, and Phillip Cameron and his paternal great-great-great-grandfather emigrated from Balquhidder, Scotland, in 1825. Cameron grew up in Chippawa, Ontario, and attended Stamford Collegiate School in Niagara Falls and his family moved to Brea, California in 1971, when Cameron was 17 years old. He dropped out of Sonora High School, then attended Brea Olinda High School to further his secondary education, Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College, a two-year community college, in 1973 to study physics. He switched to English, then dropped out before the start of the fall 1974 semester, next, he worked several jobs, including as a truck driver, writing when he had time. That way I could sit down and read it, and if theyd let me photocopy it, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry after seeing Star Wars in 1977. When Cameron read Syd Fields book Screenplay, it occurred to him that science and art was possible. They raised money, rented camera, lenses, film stock and they dismantled the camera to understand how to operate it and spent the first half-day of the shoot trying to figure out how to get it running. He was the director, writer, producer, and production designer for Xenogenesis and he then became a production assistant on a film called Rock and Roll High School, though uncredited, in 1979. While continuing to educate himself in film-making techniques, Cameron started working as a miniature-model maker at Roger Corman Studios, making rapidly produced, low-budget productions taught Cameron to work efficiently and effectively. He soon found employment as an art director in the sci-fi movie Battle Beyond the Stars and he did special effects work design and direction on John Carpenters Escape from New York, acted as production designer on Galaxy of Terror, and consulted on the design of Android
28.
Aliens (film)
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It is the sequel to the 1979 film Alien and the second installment in the Alien franchise. The film follows Weavers character Ellen Ripley as she returns to the planet where her crew encountered the hostile Alien creature, Gordon Carroll, David Giler, and Walter Hill of Brandywine Productions, who produced the first film and the later sequels, were executive producers of Aliens. They were interested in a follow-up to Alien as soon as its 1979 release, the script was written with a war film tone influenced by the Vietnam War to contrast the horror motifs of the original Alien. It was filmed in England at Pinewood Studios and at a power plant in Acton, London. It was nominated for seven Academy Awards, including a Best Actress nomination for Sigourney Weaver and it won eight Saturn Awards, including Best Science Fiction Film, Best Actress for Weaver and Best Direction and Best Writing for Cameron. Aliens is considered one of the best films in its genre, a sequel Alien 3 was released in 1992, with Sigourney Weaver reprising her role as Ellen Ripley and Lance Henriksen as Bishop in the film. Ellen Ripley is rescued after drifting through space in stasis for 57 years, the exomoon LV-426, where the Nostromo encountered the alien eggs, is now home to the terraforming colony Hadleys Hope. A dropship delivers the expedition to the surface of LV-426, where they find the colony deserted, the crew uses the colonys computer to locate the colonists grouped beneath the fusion powered atmosphere processing station. They head to the location, descending into corridors covered in Alien secretions, at the center of the station, the marines find the colonists cocooned, serving as incubators for the Aliens offspring. When the marines kill a newborn Alien, the Aliens are roused and ambush the marines, when the inexperienced Gorman panics, Ripley takes control of their vehicle and rams it through the nest to rescue marines Hicks, Hudson, and Vasquez. Hicks orders the dropship to recover the survivors, but a stowaway Alien kills the pilots, Ripley, Newt, Burke, Gorman, and the remaining marines barricade themselves inside the colony command center. He volunteers to crawl through several hundred meters of piping conduits to reach the colonys transmitter, Ripley and Newt fall asleep in the medical laboratory, awakening to find themselves locked in the room with the two facehuggers, which have been released from their tanks. Ripley triggers an alarm to alert the marines, who rescue them. Before the marines can execute Burke in response to the accusation, Hudson, Burke, Vasquez, and Gorman are all killed in the attack and Newt is captured. Ripley and an injured Hicks reach Bishop in the second dropship, the group arrives at the processing station, allowing a heavily armed Ripley to enter the hive and rescue Newt. As they escape, the two encounter the Alien queen in her egg chamber, pursued by the queen, Ripley and Newt rendezvous with Bishop and Hicks on the dropship. All four escape moments before the station explodes with the colony consumed by the nuclear blast, on the Sulaco, the group discover the Alien queen stowed away on the dropships landing gear. She emerges and tears Bishop in half, the queen advances on Newt, but Ripley clashes with her using an exosuit cargo-loader and expels it through an airlock into space
29.
The Abyss
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The Abyss is a 1989 American science fiction film written and directed by James Cameron, starring Ed Harris, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, and Michael Biehn. When an American submarine sinks in the Caribbean, the US search and recovery team works with an oil platform crew, Deep in the ocean, they encounter something unexpected. This movie was released on August 8,1989 and received positive reviews, in 1988, the U. S. Ohio-class submarine USS Montana has an encounter with an unidentified submerged object and sinks near the Cayman Trough. The platforms designer, Dr. Lindsey Brigman, insists on coming along with the SEAL team, during initial investigation of the Montana, a power outage in the teams submersibles leads to Lindsey seeing a strange light circling the sub. At the same time, one of Deep Cores crew, Jammer, damages his breathing apparatus in an apparent panic, Coffey does not get permission from the Deep Core crew. The Benthic Explorer, which Deep Core is tethered to, is rocked by the storm, the crane falls into the trench and, without the mini-sub to disconnect the cable, Deep Core is dragged towards the trench, stopping just short of it. The rig is partially flooded, killing crew members and damaging its power systems. Coffey shows little remorse when he and his SEALs return to the damaged base, Lindsey is sent in dive gear to retrieve some oxygen bottles from a damaged portion of the rig to give the crew enough time to wait out the storm. While working, shes accosted by a small, maneuverable pink/purple device, before she can take a picture as proof, the large craft zooms downward into the trench, leaving her to take fuzzy, smeared pictures of the smaller one following it. She coins the term non-terrestrial intelligence, or NTI, as the crew struggles against the cold, they find an NTI has formed a living column of water and is exploring the base. Though they treat it with curiosity, Coffey is agitated by it and cuts it in half by closing a pressure bulkhead on it, the crew soon realize that Coffey is suffering paranoia from high-pressure nervous syndrome. Spying on him through a remote operated vehicle, they find he and another SEAL are arming the warhead to attack the NTIs, There, he and the crew administer CPR and revive her. Bud and Lindsey reaffirm their lost love, One SEAL, unaware of Coffeys plan at the time, helps to locate the warhead, stopped on a ledge several thousand feet down the trench. Bud volunteers to use a diving suit equipped with a liquid breathing apparatus to survive to that depth. Bud begins his dive, assisted by Lindseys voice keeping him coherent against the effects of the mounting pressure, and reaches the warhead. The SEAL guides him in disarming it, but his light source is yellow. With nearly no oxygen left in the system, Bud types out that he knew this was a one-way trip, as he waits for death, an NTI approaches Bud and takes his hand. He is guided to an alien ship deeper in the trench, Deep inside, the NTI creates an atmospheric pocket for Bud, allowing him to breathe normally
30.
Yonggary (1999 film)
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Not to be confused with the Danish monster film Reptilicus. Yonggary is a 1999 South Korean science fiction film directed. The film is a reimagining of the 1967 film of the same name, an archaeological party explore some caverns underground. Dr. Campbell and Dr. Hughes are the two leaders of the expedition, and get separated. While Dr. Hughes finds a corpse with a fossilized diamond, Dr. Campbell finds hieroglyphics at the cost of the party except for Hughes. Two years later, Campbell and his assistant Holly are digging up the bones of Yonggary, out of nowhere, people slowly are being killed around the site. While Holly is working, Dr. Hughes, who has been dead for 2 years, goes to Holly. Dr. Campbell comes into the tent and sends Dr. Hughes off, Holly quits the expedition when another Accident occurs. In the town bar, Dr. Hughes finds Holly and takes her back to her Hotel room to tell her why he thinks the bones of the dinosaur, which he calls Yonggary, are going to bring the end of the world. After explaining, Holly and Hughes go to the site to stop Campbell but it is too late, after Yonggarys first appearance, the Army comes in and takes Holly and Campbell to an army base when Yonggary is dispatched by the aliens again. The army sends choppers after Yonggary, but he destroys them, Yonggary is then sent to the city and does some damage, where jets attack him. Then Yonggary is transported to a power plant where he is attacked by rocket pack soldiers, during the fight, Hughes and Holly find out that the diamond on Yonggarys forehead is the device giving the aliens control of Yonggary. Yonggary is transported back into the city, where the remainder of the soldiers destroy the diamond on his head, enraged, the aliens send down their own monster, Cycor. Yonggary and Cycor battle, with Yonggary winning, the following morning, Yonggary went to sleep and sent to an uninhabited island where Yonggary can adjust to normal life and become a hero. Harrison Young as Dr. Wendell Hughes Donna Phillipson as Holly Davis Richard B, the film was considered South Koreas most expensive and technically challenging film at the time. With financial support from the South Korean federal government, the filmmakers were able to access military bases, hardware, the film held its premiere at the Korean Cultural Center in Seoul and was released in 1999, where it received one million admissions purchased on its opening weekend. In December 1999, the filmmakers began re-shooting scenes for an international version of the film, which included new sets, new digital effects, a new story line and characters. Sony released the film on media as Reptilian and it is only this version of the film that is available
31.
Godzilla (1998 film)
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Godzilla is a 1998 American monster film directed and co-written by Roland Emmerich that is a reimagining of Tohos Godzilla franchise. It is the 23rd film in the Godzilla franchise and the first Godzilla film to be produced by a Hollywood studio. It stars Matthew Broderick, Jean Reno, Maria Pitillo, Hank Azaria, Kevin Dunn, Arabella Field, Michael Lerner and it also marks the only time that producer Devlin and director Emmerich worked on an intellectual property they did not own. The film is dedicated to the memory of Godzilla franchise producer and creator Tomoyuki Tanaka, despite turning in a profit, it was considered a box office disappointment. The film swept the Golden Raspberry Awards in 1999, with two wins for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actress and was nominated for Worst Picture, Worst Director, two planned sequels were abandoned and an animated series, Godzilla, The Series, was produced instead. The character has appeared in other media as Zilla. Following a nuclear test in French Polynesia back between the 1940s and 1950s, the fallout irradiates a lizards nest, decades later, an enormous sea creature suddenly attacks a Japanese fishing vessel in the South Pacific, leaving only one fisherman alive. Dr. Niko Nick Tatopoulos, an NRC biologist, is sent to Panama and Jamaica, where a village, footprints. Nick collects skin samples that lead him to believe the creature is a mutant created by nuclear testing. It travels to New York City during the rainiest week of the season, the city is evacuated before the military attempts to kill it but fails in an initial attempt. Nick later collects a sample, and after performing a pregnancy test. Aspiring journalist and ex-girlfriend of Nicks, Audrey Timmonds, uncovers a tape in his possession containing classified information about the creature, with the classified information now released, Nick is removed from the operation, and abandons Audrey. Soon, he is kidnapped by Philippe Roaché, a guy he met before coming to Manhattan. Suspecting a nest somewhere in the city, they cooperate with Nick to trace, following the militarys second attempt to kill Godzilla, the creature dives into the Hudson River to escape. Attacked by US Navy submarines, including USS Utah, it sinks to the river bed, meanwhile, Nick and Philippes strike team, followed by Audrey and her cameraman Victor Animal Palotti, find the nest inside Madison Square Garden and locate over 200 eggs. Before the French can succeed in destroying them, the eggs suddenly hatch, Nick, Animal, Audrey and Philippe take refuge in the Gardens broadcast booth and send out a live news-report to alert the military of what will happen if the offspring escape. A prompt response involving an airstrike is initiated as the four escape moments before Air Force jets bomb the arena, Audrey and Nick reunite, before the adult Godzilla, having survived, emerges from the Gardens ruins. It chases the four across Manhattan, believing them responsible for the deaths of its young, after a taxi chase, they manage to trap Godzilla within the Brooklyn Bridge where the returning Air Force jets manage to shoot it down
32.
Ridley Scott
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Sir Ridley Scott is an English film director and producer. Scott is known for his atmospheric, highly concentrated visual style and his films are also known for their strong female characters. Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing, in 1995, both Ridley and his brother Tony received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema. In 2003, Scott was knighted for his services to the British film industry, in a 2004 BBC poll Scott was named the tenth most influential person in British culture. In 2015 he received a doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London. Scott was born in South Shields, County Durham, North East England, to Elizabeth and he was brought up in an army family, so for most of his early life, his father – an officer in the Royal Engineers – was absent. His elder brother, Frank, joined the British Merchant Navy when he was still young, during this time the family moved around, living in Cumberland in North West England, Wales and Germany. He had a brother, Tony, who also became a film director. He studied at Grangefield Grammar School and West Hartlepool College of Art from 1954 to 1958, Scott went on to study at the Royal College of Art in London, contributing to college magazine ARK and helping to establish the college film department. For his final show, he made a black and white film, Boy and Bicycle. In February 1963 Scott was named in title credits as Designer for the BBC television programme Tonight, about the severe winter of 1963. After graduation in 1963, he secured a job as a set designer with the BBC, leading to work on the popular television police series Z-Cars. He was originally assigned to design the second Doctor Who serial, The Daleks, however, shortly before Scott was due to start work, a schedule conflict meant he was replaced by Raymond Cusick. In 1965, he began directing episodes of series for the BBC, only one of which. In 1968, Ridley and Tony Scott founded Ridley Scott Associates, a nostalgia themed television advertisement that captured the public imagination, it was voted the UKs all-time favourite commercial in a 2006 poll. In the 1970s the Chanel No.5 brand needed revitalisation having run the risk of being labelled as mass market, five members of the Scott family are directors, and all have worked for RSA. His brother Tony was a film director whose career spanned more than two decades, his sons Jake and Luke are both acclaimed directors of commercials, as is his daughter, Jordan Scott. Jake and Jordan both work from Los Angeles, Luke is based in London, in 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott, which extensively renovated the studios while also expanding and improving its grounds
33.
Blade Runner
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Blade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. The film, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, is an adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep. by Philip K. Dick. The film depicts a dystopian Los Angeles in which genetically engineered replicants, the use of replicants on Earth is banned and they are exclusively utilized for dangerous or menial work on off-world colonies. Replicants who defy the ban and return to Earth are hunted down, during his investigations, Deckard begins a relationship with Rachael, an advanced replicant who causes him to question his and the replicants humanity. Blade Runner initially polarized critics, some were displeased with the pacing, the year following its release, the film won the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Blade Runner underperformed in North American theaters, but has become a cult film. Hailed for its design, depicting a retrofitted future, it remains a leading example of the neo-noir genre. It brought the work of Philip K. Dick to the attention of Hollywood, Ridley Scott regards Blade Runner as probably his most complete and personal film. In 1993, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, being deemed culturally, historically, Blade Runner is now regarded by many critics as one of the all-time best science fiction films. Seven versions of the film have been shown for various markets as a result of changes made by film executives. A Directors Cut was released in 1992 after a response to workprint screenings. This, in conjunction with its popularity as a rental, made it one of the first films released on DVD, resulting in a basic disc with mediocre video. A sequel, Blade Runner 2049, is scheduled for release in 2017, in Los Angeles in November 2019, ex-police officer Rick Deckard is detained by officer Gaff and brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a Blade Runner was to track down bioengineered beings known as replicants, as Tyrell Corporation Nexus-6 models, they have only a four-year lifespan and may have come to Earth to try to extend their lives. Deckard watches a video of a Blade Runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their response to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden after Holden asks about Leons mother, Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three replicants, Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris. Deckard initially refuses, but after Bryant ambiguously threatens him, he reluctantly agrees, Deckard begins his investigation at the Tyrell Corporation to ensure that the test works on Nexus-6 models. While there, he discovers that Dr. Eldon Tyrells assistant Rachael is a replicant who believes herself to be human
34.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
35.
Sergio Leone
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Sergio Leone was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter, credited as the inventor of the Spaghetti Western genre. Leones film-making style includes juxtaposing extreme close-up shots with lengthy long shots. born in Rome, Leone was the son of the cinema pioneer Vincenzo Leone and the silent film actress Edvige Valcarenghi. During his schooldays, Leone was a classmate of his musical collaborator Ennio Morricone for a time. After watching his work on film sets, Leone began his own career in the film industry at the age of 18 after dropping out of law studies at the university. Working in Italian cinematography, he began as an assistant to Vittorio de Sica during the movie The Bicycle Thief in 1948, Leone began writing screenplays during the 1950s, primarily for the sword and sandal historical epics, popular at the time. When director Mario Bonnard fell ill during the production of the 1959 Italian epic The Last Days of Pompeii, starring Steve Reeves, Leone was asked to step in and complete the film. As a result, when the time came to make his directorial debut with The Colossus of Rhodes. His film A Fistful of Dollars was based upon Akira Kurosawas Edo-era samurai adventure Yojimbo, Leones film elicited a legal challenge from the Japanese director, though Kurosawas film was in turn probably based on the 1929 Dashiell Hammett novel, Red Harvest. A Fistful of Dollars is also notable for establishing Clint Eastwood as a star, until that time Eastwood had been an American television actor with few credited film roles. The look of A Fistful of Dollars was established by its Spanish locations, the film paid tribute to traditional American western films, but significantly departed from them in storyline, plot, characterization and mood. The characters were also morally ambiguous by appearing generously compassionate, or nakedly and brutally self-serving, relationships revolved around power and retributions were emotion-driven rather than conscience-driven. According to Christopher Fraylings book Something to do with Death, Leone knew a deal about the American Old West. It fascinated him as a child, which carried into his adulthood, the films featured innovative music scores by Ennio Morricone, who worked closely with Leone in devising the themes. Leone had a way of shooting scenes with Morricones music ongoing. In addition, Clint Eastwood stayed with the series, joined later by Eli Wallach, Lee van Cleef. Based on the success of The Man with No Name trilogy, the film was shot mostly in Almería, Spain and Cinecittà in Rome. It was also shot in Monument Valley, Utah. The film starred Charles Bronson, Henry Fonda, Jason Robards, Once Upon a Time in the West emerged as a long, violent, dreamlike meditation upon the mythology of the American Old West, with many stylistic references to iconic western films
36.
Once Upon a Time in America
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Once Upon a Time in America is a 1984 Italian-American epic crime drama film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. Based on Harry Greys novel The Hoods, it chronicles the lives of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence in New York Citys world of organized crime. The film explores themes of friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, broken relationships. It was the film of Leones career and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years. The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the score by Ennio Morricone. Leone originally envisaged two three-hour films, then a single 269-minute version, but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes, the American distributors, The Ladd Company, further shortened it to 139 minutes, and rearranged the scenes into chronological order, without Leones involvement. The shortened version was a critical and commercial flop in the United States, the original European cut has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest gangster films of all time. The film is presented in order, from 1920 to 1968. The specific scenes and their order vary from version to version, the following description is that of the films full European cut. The film begins in medias res with gangsters entering an Indonesian puppet theater, the proprietors slip into a hidden opium den and warn a man named Noodles, but he pays no attention. In a flashback, he watches the police remove three disfigured corpses from a street and he successfully kills one of the three thugs that are after him but learns that the thugs have murdered his girlfriend while looking for him and finds that someone else has stolen his money. David Noodles Aaronson struggles as a kid in the Jewish ghetto on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in 1920. He and his friends Patrick Patsy Goldberg, Phillip Cockeye Stein, planning to rob a drunk at the moment a passing truck hides them from a policeman, theyre foiled by the older Max Bercovicz, who jumps off of the truck to rob the man himself. Noodles confronts Max but a crooked policeman steals the watch they were fighting over, the boys establish a suitcase money fund, which they hide in a locker at the railway station, giving the key to Fat Moe, a reliable friend whos not part of the operation. Noodles is in love with Fat Moes sister Deborah, who aspires to be a dancer, one day, Bugsy ambushes the boys and shoots little Dominic, who dies in Noodles arms, who then stabs Bugsy to death and injures a police officer who tried to intervene. Noodles is arrested, and sentenced to 12 years in prison, an adult Noodles is released from jail in 1932 and is reacquainted with his old gang, Max, Patsy, and Cockeye, who are now major players in the bootlegging industry during Prohibition. Noodles reunites with Deborah and tries to rekindle their relationship, meanwhile, during a robbery, the gang meets Carol who soon becomes Maxs girlfriend. The gang prospers from bootlegging under Prohibition, and providing muscle for union boss Jimmy Conway ODonnell, Noodles tries to impress Deborah on an extravagant date, and rapes her on their way home in a limousine, after which he becomes remorseful
37.
Daredevil (film)
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Daredevil is a 2003 American superhero film written and directed by Mark Steven Johnson. The film began development in 1997 at 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures, Johnson shot the film primarily in Downtown Los Angeles despite the Hells Kitchen, Manhattan setting of the film and comics. Rhythm and Hues Studios were hired to handle the films CGI, Graeme Revell composed the Daredevil score which was released on CD in March 2003, whereas the various artists soundtrack album, Daredevil, The Album, was released in February. Daredevil was released on February 14,2003, despite its critical reaction, the movie became the second-biggest February release to that time and grossed over $179 million against production budget of $78 million. A spin-off film, Elektra, was released in 2005 to critical and commercial failure, in 2004, an R-rated directors cut of Daredevil was released, reincorporating approximately 30 minutes of the film, including a subplot involving a character played by Coolio. A sequel was planned, but because of Elektras failure, this was canceled, a television series, Daredevil, by Netflix and Marvel Studios, followed, premiering in 2015. Matt Murdock is a lawyer in New York Citys Hells Kitchen neighborhood. As a child, Matt was blinded by a toxic waste spill, the accident enhanced Matts other senses and gave him sonar to see via sonic vibrations. Matts father, boxer Jack The Devil, was killed after refusing to turn in a fight for the mobster who had employed him earlier. After his fathers death, Matt promised to all crime that controlled Hells Kitchen. Matt meets Elektra Natchios, daughter of Nikolas Natchios, a businessman who has dealings with Wilson Fisk, when Nikolas tries to end his relationship with Fisk, the mobster hires the Irish hitman Bullseye, who has preternatural aim, to kill him. Matt tries to stop Bullseye, but Bullseye ultimately succeeds in killing Nikolas, Elektra vows to exact revenge, while reporter Ben Urich discovers his secret identity. Believing Matt to have good things for Hells Kitchen, Urich tells Matt that Bullseye is going after Elektra next. Matt tracks Bullseye, but is attacked by Elektra, who plans to use her own training in arts to avenge her fathers death. She defeats and injures Matt, when she manages to remove his mask, she discovers Matts secret identity, forced to fight Bullseye alone, Elektra is overpowered and killed by the hitman. A wounded Matt makes his way to a church, where he is looked after by his confidante, Father Everett, after recovering slightly, Matt fights Bullseye, who had followed him to the church. Bullseye discovers that loud noise is Matts weakness and prepares to him with a spiked piece of wood after incapacitating him. Matt blocks the attack and hears an FBI sniper stationed on the building preparing to fire
38.
Kingdom of Heaven (film)
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Kingdom of Heaven is a 2005 epic historical drama film directed and produced by Ridley Scott and written by William Monahan. The story is set during the Crusades of the 12th century, the film script is a heavily fictionalised portrayal of the life of Balian of Ibelin. The film received mixed reviews upon theatrical release, in December 2005, Scott released a directors cut of the film, the true version of what he wanted, which has been met with universal critical acclaim. In 1184 France, Balian, a blacksmith, is haunted by his wifes recent suicide, a Crusader passing through the village introduces himself as Balians father, Baron Godfrey of Ibelin, and asks him to return with him to the Holy Land, but Balian declines. The town priest, Balians half-brother, reveals that he ordered Balians wife beheaded before burial, Balian joins his father, hoping to gain forgiveness and redemption for himself and his wife in Jerusalem. Soldiers sent by the bishop arrive to arrest Balian, but Godfrey refuses to surrender him, in Messina, Godfrey knights Balian and orders him to serve the King of Jerusalem and protect the helpless, then succumbs to his injuries. During Balians journey to Jerusalem his ship aground in a storm. Balian is confronted by a Muslim cavalier, who attacks him over his horse, Balian reluctantly slays the cavalier but spares the mans servant, and the man tells Balian that his deed will gain him fame and respect among the Saracens. After Baldwins death, Guy intends to break the truce with the sultan Saladin. As the new Baron of Ibelin, Balian settles in his new land of Ibelin, using his skills as a blacksmith, he earns the respect of his subjects by building an irrigation system. Sibylla travels to meet him, and the two become secret lovers, Guy and his ally, the cruel Raynald of Châtillon, attack a Saracen caravan, and Saladin advances on Raynalds castle Kerak in retaliation. At the request of the king, Balian defends the villagers, captured, Balian encounters the servant he freed, who he learns is actually Saladins chancellor Imad ad-Din. Imad ad-Din releases Balian in repayment of the earlier debt, Saladin arrives with his army to besiege Kerak, and Baldwin meets it with his. They negotiate a Muslim retreat, and Baldwin swears to punish Raynald, Baldwin asks Balian to marry Sibylla and take control of the army, knowing they have affection for each other, but Balian refuses because it will require Guys execution. After Baldwin dies, his nephew Baldwin V becomes king, once Sibylla finds out that he too, has leprosy, Sibylla kills him. She becomes queen and Guy becomes king, Guy releases Raynald, asking him to give him a war, which Raynald does by murdering Saladins sister. Sending the heads of Saladins emissaries back to him, Guy declares war on the Saracens and sends assassins to kill Balian, Guy and the Templars march Jerusalems army into the desert for war, despite Balians advice to remain near water. Saladins army annihilates the exhausted Crusaders in the desert battle, executes Raynald
39.
Sam Peckinpah
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David Samuel Sam Peckinpah was an American film director and screenwriter who achieved prominence following the release of the Western epic The Wild Bunch. He was known for the innovative and explicit depiction of action. Peckinpahs films generally deal with the conflict between values and ideals, and the corruption of violence in human society and he was given the nickname Bloody Sam owing to the violence in his films. His characters are often loners or losers who desire to be honorable, Peckinpahs combative personality, marked by years of alcohol and drug abuse, affected his professional legacy. Many of his films were noted for behind-the-scenes battles with producers and crew members, damaging his reputation, some of his films, including Straw Dogs, Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid and Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, remain controversial. The Peckinpahs originated from the Frisian Islands in the northwest of Europe, both sides of Peckinpahs family migrated to the American West by covered wagon in the mid-19th century. Peckinpah and several relatives often claimed Native American ancestry, but this has been denied by surviving family members. Peckinpah Meadow and Peckinpah Creek, where the family ran a mill on a mountain in the High Sierra north of Coarsegold. Peckinpahs maternal grandfather was Denver S. Church, a rancher, Superior Court judge. Sam Peckinpahs nephew is David Peckinpah, who was a producer and director. Peckinpahs parents were David Edward Peckinpah and Fern Louise Church, David Samuel Sam Peckinpah was born February 21,1925, in Fresno, California, where he attended both grammar school and high school. He spent much time skipping classes with his brother to engage in activities on their grandfather Denver Churchs ranch, including trapping, branding. During the 1930s and 1940s, Coarsegold and Bass Lake were still populated with descendants of the miners and ranchers of the 19th century, many of these descendants worked on Churchs ranch. At that time, it was an area undergoing extreme change. In 1943, he joined the United States Marine Corps, within two years, his battalion was sent to China with the task of disarming Japanese soldiers and repatriating them following World War II. While his duty did not include combat, he claims to have witnessed acts of war between Chinese and Japanese soldiers, according to friends, these included several acts of torture and the murder of a laborer by sniper fire. The American Marines were not permitted to intervene, Peckinpah also claimed he was shot during an attack by Communist forces. Also during his final weeks as a Marine, he applied for discharge in Peking, so he could marry a local woman and his experiences in China reportedly deeply affected Peckinpah, and may have influenced his depictions of violence in his films
40.
Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid
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Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid is a 1973 American western drama film directed by Sam Peckinpah, written by Rudy Wurlitzer, and stars James Coburn, Kris Kristofferson and Bob Dylan. The film is about an aging Pat Garrett, hired as a lawman by a group of wealthy New Mexico cattle barons to bring down his old friend Billy the Kid. Dylan composed several songs for the score and soundtrack album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid. It was filmed on location in Durango, Mexico, and was nominated for two BAFTA Awards for Film Music and Most Promising Newcomer and it was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Album of Best Original Score. The film was noted for behind-the-scenes battles between Peckinpah and the production company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, soon after completion, the film was taken away from the director and substantially re-edited, resulting in a truncated version released to theaters and largely disowned by cast and crew members. Peckinpahs preview version was released on video in 1988, leading to a re-evaluation, with critics hailing it as a mistreated classic. It is ranked 126th on Empire magazines list of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time, in 1881 in Old Fort Sumner, New Mexico, William H. Bonney, known as Billy the Kid, is passing the time with friends shooting chickens for fun. An old friend of Billys, Pat Garrett, rides into town with Deputy Sheriff J. W. Bell and joins the diversion. Later, over drinks, Garrett informs Billy that the electorate want him out of the country, and that in five days, six days later, Garrett and his deputies surround the small farmhouse where Billy and his gang are holed up. In the ensuing gun battle, Charlie Bowdre and several men on both sides are killed, and Billy is taken prisoner. Garrett warns Ollinger not to taunt Billy again or he will be fired, Ollinger again argues with Billy but after J. W. Bell intervenes, Ollinger leaves to get a drink. Billy finds a gun hidden for him in the outhouse and gets the drop on Bell and he quickly retrieves Ollingers shotgun loaded with sixteen thin dimes and shoots Ollinger dead in the street, saying, Keep the change, Bob. They offer a thousand dollars for the capture of Billy the Kid with five hundred dollars upfront, Garrett rejects the money saying they can pay him in full when Billy is brought in and warns them that he will be successful as long as another cattle war is not started. Billy returns to his gang at Old Fort Sumner, where he decides to lie back for a few days, Alias had witnessed Billys escape from the Lincoln County Jail. Garrett meets up with Sheriff Colin Baker, hoping he can provide information on Billys whereabouts, Baker and his wife go with Garrett to arrest some of Billys old gang. In a gunfight, the members including Black Harris are killed. Bakers wife comforts the dying lawman as he waits to die by a river, later that evening, Garrett watches a barge floating down a river with a man shooting bottles in the water. Garrett and the two face off briefly from a distance before lowering their rifles, Garrett is joined by a glory-seeking John W. Poe, who works for the Santa Fe Ring
41.
Alien (film)
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The films title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. Dan OBannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from works of science fiction. The film was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions, Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script. The eponymous Alien and its elements were designed by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb. Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series and it has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, being considered one of the greatest films of all time. In 2002, the film was deemed culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2008, it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the fiction genre by the American Film Institute. The success of Alien spawned a franchise of novels, comic books, video games. A crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series, a prequel series, which includes Prometheus and Alien, Covenant, continues in development. Detecting a mysterious transmission from a nearby planetoid— possibly a distress signal—the ships computer, Mother, following standard company policy for such situations, the Nostromo lands on the planetoid, sustaining damage from the planetoids dusty atmosphere in the process. Parker and Brett begin repairing the ship, while Dallas, Kane and they discover the signal is coming from a derelict alien spacecraft. Inside, they find the remains of an alien creature whose rib cage appears to have exploded from the inside. On the Nostromo, Ripley determines that the transmission is not a distress signal, Ash responds by telling her that she wouldnt be able to communicate with the others in time. In the alien ship, Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of eggs, as he inspects one, a creature springs out and attaches itself to his face. Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo, as acting senior officer, Ripley refuses to let them aboard, citing quarantine regulations, but Ash violates protocol by overriding Ripleys lock and letting them in. The crew unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kanes face and it detaches on its own and dies. With the ship repaired, the crew lifts off, Kane awakens with some memory loss but otherwise unharmed. Brett follows the cat, Jones, into an engine room
42.
Red River (1948 film)
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The dramatic tension stems from a growing feud over the management of the drive, between the Texas rancher who initiated it and his adopted adult son. The films supporting cast features Walter Brennan, Joanne Dru, Coleen Gray, Harry Carey, John Ireland, Hank Worden, Noah Beery, Jr. Harry Carey, Jr. borden Chase and Charles Schnee wrote the screenplay, based on Chases original story. In 1990, Red River was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, thomas Dunson is a stubborn man who wants nothing more than to start up a successful cattle ranch in Texas. Despite this tragedy, Dunson and Groot press on and that night, Dunson and Groot, keeping watch, hear a group of Indians planning to attack them. They kill the Indians, and on the wrist of one, one day before, he had presented it to his young love as he left the wagon train. The bracelet reappears significantly later in the film, the next day, an orphaned boy named Matthew Garth wanders into Dunson and Groots camp, traumatized and babbling incoherently. He had been part of the wagon train Dunson had left and he is the sole survivor of the wagon train. Dunson adopts him and ties the boys cow to his wagon, with only the bull and the cow, Dunson, Groot and the boy enter Texas by crossing the Red River. In search for land travel through Texas, finally settling in deep South Texas near the Rio Grande. Upon arrival, Dunson proudly proclaims all the land about them as his own, two Mexican men appear on horseback and inform Dunson that the land already belongs to their boss, a Spanish grandee whose family held the land by patent from the King of Spain. Dunson dismisses this inconvenient fact and, thanks to a draw in a showdown, kills one of the men. Dunson names his new spread the Red River D, after his chosen cattle brand for his herd, fatefully, he promises to add M to the brand, once Matt has earned it. Fourteen years pass and Dunson now has a fully operational cattle ranch, with the help of Matt and Groot, his herd now numbers over ten thousand cattle, but he is also broke as a result of widespread poverty in the southern United States. Due to its loss of the American Civil War, the South cannot afford Dunsons beef, Dunson decides to drive his massive herd hundreds of miles north to the railhead at Sedalia, Missouri, where he believes they will fetch a good price. After Dunson hires some men to help out with the drive, including professional gunman Cherry Valance. Along the way, they encounter many troubles including a stampede sparked by one of the men, Bunk Kenneally and this leads to the death of Dan Latimer. The wounded Bunk is sent to make his way home on his own, continuing with the drive, Valance relates around the campfire one evening that the railroad has reached Abilene, Kansas, which is much closer than Sedalia. When Dunson confirms that Valance had not actually seen the railroad, deeper problems arise when Dunsons tyrannical leadership style begins to affect the men
43.
Peter Weir
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Peter Lindsay Weir, AM is an Australian film director. The climax of Weirs early career was the $6 million multi-national production The Year of Living Dangerously, for his work on these five films, Weir personally accrued six Academy Award nominations as either a director, writer or producer. Since 2003, Weirs productivity has declined, having directed only one subsequent feature. Weir was born in Sydney, the son of Peggy and Lindsay Weir, Weir attended The Scots College and Vaucluse Boys High School before studying arts and law at the University of Sydney. His interest in film was sparked by his meeting with students, including Phillip Noyce. After leaving university in the mid-1960s he joined Sydney television station ATN-7, during this period, using station facilities, he made his first two experimental short films, Count Vims Last Exercise and The Life and Flight of Reverend Buckshotte. He also directed one section of the three-part, three-director feature film Three To Go, homesdale and Weirs two aforementioned CFU shorts have been released on DVD. It was a success in cinemas but proved very popular on the then-thriving drive-in circuit. It also helped launch the career of internationally renowned Australian cinematographer Russell Boyd and it was widely acclaimed by critics, many of whom praised it as a welcome antidote to the so-called ocker film genre, typified by The Adventures of Barry McKenzie and Alvin Purple. Weirs next film, The Last Wave was a thriller about a man who begins to experience terrifying visions of an impending natural disaster. The Last Wave was a pensive, ambivalent work that expanded on themes from Picnic and it co-starred the Aboriginal actor David Gulpilil, whose performance won the Golden Ibex at the Tehran International Festival in 1977, but it was only a moderate commercial success at the time. Between The Last Wave and his feature, Weir wrote. It starred Australian actors Judy Morris and Ivar Kants and was filmed in just three weeks, inspired by a real-life experience told to him by friends, it is a black comedy about a woman whose life is disrupted by a subtly menacing plumber. Weir scored a major Australian hit and further international praise with his next film, scripted by the Australian playwright David Williamson, it is regarded as classic Australian cinema. Gallipoli was instrumental in making Mel Gibson into a star, although his co-star Mark Lee. The film also won Linda Hunt an Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. The film was produced by Jim McElroy, who with his brother Hal McElroy had also produced Weirs first three films, The Cars That Ate Paris, Picnic at Hanging Rock and The Last Wave. These dramatic parts provided Harrison Ford with important opportunities to break the typecasting of his roles in the Star Wars
44.
Picnic at Hanging Rock (film)
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Picnic at Hanging Rock is a 1975 Australian mystery drama film directed by Peter Weir and starring Anne-Louise Lambert, Helen Morse, Rachel Roberts, Vivean Gray and Dominic Guard. The plot involves the disappearance of several schoolgirls and their teacher during a picnic at Hanging Rock, Victoria on Valentines Day in 1900, Picnic at Hanging Rock was a commercial and critical success. On September 6,2016, it was announced that Fremantle Media and pay-TV broadcaster Foxtel will be producing a miniseries based on the film. At Appleyard College, a private school, near the town of Woodend, Victoria, Australia. Miranda, Irma, Marion, Rosamund, waifish Sara, and outsider Edith read poetry, the group prepares for a picnic to a local geological formation known as Hanging Rock, accompanied by the mathematics mistress Miss Greta McCraw and the young and beautiful Mlle. de Poitiers. On the authority of the stern headmistress Mrs. Appleyard, jittery teacher Miss Lumley advises Sara that she is not allowed to attend, driven by buggy operator Ben Hussey, the party pass through and arrive at the Rock by mid-afternoon. After a meal, Mr. Hussey notes his watch has stopped at the stroke of twelve, with permission from Mlle. de Poitiers, Miranda, Marion and Irma decide to explore Hanging Rock and take measurements, with Edith allowed to follow. The group is observed several minutes later by a young Englishman, Michael Fitzhubert, who is lunching at the Rock with his uncle Colonel Fitzhubert, aunt Mrs. Fitzhubert, at the top of Hanging Rock, the group lies on the ground, apparently dazed by the sun. Miss McCraw, still at the base of the Rock, stares up, Miranda, Marion, and Irma awake and move, as if in a trance, into a recess in the rock face. Edith screams and flees down the Rock, the distraught and hysterical party eventually returns to the College, where Mlle. de Poitiers explains to Mrs. Appleyard that Miss McCraw has been left behind. Sara notes the absence of Miranda, and Mr. Hussy explains to Mrs. Appleyard that Miranda, Irma, Marion, a search party, led by Sgt. Bumpher and Constable Jones of the police, finds nothing. Michael Fitzhubert is questioned and reveals he watched the schoolgirls but can provide no clues as to their whereabouts, Michael becomes obsessed with finding Miranda, and, with Albert, he conducts another search of Hanging Rock. Despite Alberts protests, Michael decides to overnight and begins climbing again the next day. When Albert follows the markers, he finds a nearly delirious Michael, just before leaving on a buggy with a local doctor, Michael passes to Albert a fragment of lace from a dress. Albert returns to Hanging Rock and discovers Irma, unconscious but alive, the residents of Woodend become restless as news of the discovery spreads. At the Fitzhubert home, Irma is treated for dehydration and exposure, a servant notes that Irmas corset is missing but is advised by Mrs. Fitzhubert that it is not important. Michael befriends the recovered Irma but alienates her when he demands to know what happened on the Rock, Mrs. Appleyard advises Miss Lumley that several parents have withdrawn their children from the school
