1.
Heraldic
–
The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived
Heraldic
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See
Roll of arms).
Heraldic
–
Shields of Magister Militum Praesentalis II. Page from the
Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands
Heraldic
–
An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the
Grenville Armorial at
Stowe.
Heraldic
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
2.
Achievement (heraldry)
–
An achievement, armorial achievement or heraldic achievement in heraldry is a full display of all the heraldic components to which the bearer of a coat of arms is entitled. The word hatchment in its usage is thus identical in meaning. However, in recent years the word hatchment has come to be used almost exclusively to denote funerary hatchment, archived from the original on 20 April 2011. An achievement is a formal display of a coat of arms
Achievement (heraldry)
–
Heraldic achievement forming the
Garter stall plate of
John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (d.1444),
KG, St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The earliest garter plate with supporters. It includes the
badge of an ostrich feather, here shown as a pair, blazoned: feather argent pen
gobonne argent and azure
Achievement (heraldry)
3.
Coat of arms
–
A coat of arms is an heraldic visual design on an escutcheon, surcoat, or tabard. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the heraldic achievement which in its whole consists of shield, supporters, crest. A coat of arms is traditionally unique to a person, family, state. The ancient Romans used similar insignia on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals, the first evidence of medieval coats of arms has been attributed to the 11th century Bayeux Tapestry in which some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. However, that heraldic interpretation remains controversial, coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th century. By the 13th century, arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a flag or emblem for families in the social classes of Europe. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, in the German-speaking regions both the aristocracy and burghers used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of spread to the clergy, to towns as civic identifiers. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology, the coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo. Despite no widespread regulation, heraldry has remained consistent across Europe, some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day. In England, for example, the granting of arms is and has controlled by the College of Arms. Unlike seals and other emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms, in the heraldic traditions of England and Scotland, an individual, rather than a family, had a coat of arms. In those traditions coats of arms are legal property transmitted from father to son, wives, undifferenced arms are used only by one person at any given time. Other descendants of the bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference. One such charge is the label, which in British usage is now always the mark of an apparent or an heir presumptive. Because of their importance in identification, particularly in seals on legal documents and this has been carried out by heralds and the study of coats of arms is therefore called heraldry. In time, the use of arms spread from military entities to educational institutes, the author Helen Stuart argues that some coats of arms were a form of corporate logo
Coat of arms
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll, ca. late 15th century, illustrates the German practice of thematic repetition from the arms in the crest
Coat of arms
Coat of arms
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
4.
Escutcheon (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, an escutcheon is a shield that forms the main or focal element in an achievement of arms. The word is used in two related senses, firstly, as the shield on which a coat of arms is displayed. Escutcheon shapes are derived from actual shields used by knights in combat, other shapes are in use, such as the roundel commonly used for arms granted to Aboriginal Canadians by the Canadian Heraldic Authority. Secondly, a shield can itself be a charge within a coat of arms, more often, a smaller shield is placed over the middle of the main shield as a form of marshalling. In either case, the shield is usually given the same shape as the main shield. When there is one such shield, it is sometimes called an inescutcheon. The word escutcheon is derived from Middle English escochon, from Anglo-Norman escuchon, from Vulgar Latin scūtiōn-, from Latin scūtum, from its use in heraldry, escutcheon can be a metaphor for a familys honour. The idiom a blot on the escutcheon is used to mean a stain on somebodys reputation, by about 1250 the shields used in warfare were almost triangular in shape, referred to as heater shields. That on the monument to the latters grandfather Geoffrey V. This almost equilateral shape is used as a setting for armorials from this classical age of heraldry. In the Tudor era the heraldic escutcheon took the shape of an inverted Tudor arch, continental European designs frequently use the various forms used in jousting, which incorporate mouths used as lance rests into the shields, such escutcheons are known as à bouche. The mouth is correctly shown on the side only, as jousting pitches were designed for right-handed knights. Heraldic examples of English shields à bouche can be seen in the spandrels of the timber roof of Lincolns Inn Hall. In this case the lozenge is without crest or helm, again objects of manly warfare, however, for the practical purpose of categorisation the lozenge may be treated as a variety of heraldic escutcheon. In general a female was represented by her paternal arms impaled by the arms of her husband on an escutcheon, in modern Canadian heraldry, and certain other modern heraldic jurisdictions, women may be granted their own arms and display these on an escutcheon. Life peeresses in England display their arms on a lozenge, an oval or cartouche is occasionally also used instead of the lozenge for armigerous women. Divorced women may theoretically until remarriage use their ex-husbands arms differenced with a mascle, the lozenge shape of quasi-escutcheon is also used for funerary hatchments for both men and women. Pretoria High School for Girls in South Africa is one of the few schools that was granted permission to use the lozenge as part of its coat of arms
Escutcheon (heraldry)
–
Effigy of
William II Longespee (d.1250) in Salisbury Cathedral, showing an early triangular
heater shield, the shape used as the "canvas" for the display of arms during the classical age of heraldry
Escutcheon (heraldry)
–
Points of an escutcheon or heraldic shield: A – Chief B –
Dexter C –
Sinister D – Base E – Dexter Chief F – Middle Chief G – Sinister Chief H – Honour Point I – Fess Point J – Nombril Point K – Dexter Base L – Sinister Base M – Middle Base (seldom used)
5.
Chief (heraldry)
–
In heraldic blazon, a chief is a charge on a coat of arms that takes the form of a band running horizontally across the top edge of the shield. Writers disagree in how much of the surface is to be covered by the chief. The former is likely if the chief is uncharged, that is. If charged, the chief is typically wider to allow room for the objects drawn there, the chief is one of the ordinaries in heraldry, along with the bend, chevron, fess, and pale. There are several other ordinaries and sub-ordinaries, the chief may bear charges and may also be subject to variations of the partition lines. The chief may be combined with ordinary, such as a pale or a saltire. The chief will normally be superimposed over a bordure, orle and tressure, in some medieval and Renaissance drawings of coats of arms, the chief is drawn even deeper, so that it fills almost all the top half of the shield. In some cases, it is drawn so wide that it look as though the shield is divided party per fess. There is a version of the chief, called a comble. A chief triangular can be found in French and English armory and this ordinary begins in the corners and extends to a point that is one quarter to one third the way down the shield. It is a line division variant of a chief. A chief enarched is drawn with a concave arch, there is also a double-arched version of a chief. In civic heraldry, a chief of allegiance may be added to the top of the shield and this is a form of the ruling states armory compressed into the space of a chief. Many Italian coats of arms have a chief containing a version of the arms of the Kingdom of Naples or of the Holy Roman Empire, a C Fox-Davies A Complete Guide to Heraldry, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London 1969
Chief (heraldry)
–
The shield above, which is the arms of
Menzies, depicts a red chief placed on a silver shield, and its
blazon is Argent, a chief gules.
6.
Field (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, the background of the shield is called the field. The field is composed of one or more tinctures or furs. The field may be divided or may consist of a variegated pattern, in rare modern cases the field is not a tincture, but is shown as a scene from a landscape. Landscape fields are regarded by many heralds as unheraldic and debased, as they defy the heraldic ideal of simple, boldly coloured images, the arms of the Inveraray and District Community Council in Scotland have as a field In waves of the sea. Division of the field Variation of the field
Field (heraldry)
7.
Tincture (heraldry)
–
Tinctures constitute the limited palette of colours and patterns used in heraldry. The need to define, depict, and correctly blazon the various tinctures is therefore one of the most important aspects of heraldic art, the colours and patterns of the heraldic palette are divided into three groups, usually known as metals, colours, and furs. In its original sense, tincture refers only to the group referred to as colours. Thus, when consulting various heraldic authorities, care must be taken to determine which meaning each term is given, the basic scheme and rules of applying the heraldic tinctures dates to the formative period of heraldry, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The practice of depicting certain charges as they appear in nature, in the English-speaking world, heraldic terminology is based largely on that of British armory, which in turn is based on Norman French. The metals are or and argent, representing gold and silver, respectively, although in practice they are depicted as yellow. Or derives its name from the Latin aurum, gold and it may be depicted using either yellow or metallic gold, at the artists discretion, yellow has no separate existence in heraldry, and is never used to represent any tincture other than or. Argent is similarly derived from the Latin argentum, silver, notwithstanding the widespread use of white for argent, some heraldic authorities have suggested the existence of white as a distinct heraldic colour. Five colours have been recognized since the earliest days of heraldry and these are, gules, or red, sable, or black, azure, or blue, vert, or green, and purpure, or purple. Two more were eventually acknowledged by most heraldic authorities, sanguine or murrey, a red or mulberry colour, and tenné. Gules is of uncertain derivation, outside of the heraldic context, Sable is named for a type of marten, known for its dark, luxuriant fur. Azure comes through the Arabic lāzaward, from the Persian lāžavard both referring to the mineral lapis lazuli, used to produce blue pigments. Vert is from Latin viridis, green, the alternative name in French, sinople, is derived from the ancient city of Sinope in Asia Minor, which was famous for its pigments. Purpure is from Latin purpura, in turn from Greek porphyra and this expensive dye, known from antiquity, produced a much redder purple than the modern heraldic colour, and in fact earlier depictions of purpure are far redder than recent ones. As a heraldic colour, purpure may have originated as a variation of gules. Sanguine or Murrey, from Latin sanguineus, blood red, and Greek morum, mulberry, although long shunned in the belief that it represented some dishonour on the part of the bearer, it has found some use in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Tenné or tenny, from Latin tannare, to tan, is the second of the so-called stains and it is most often depicted as orange, but sometimes as tawny yellow or brown. In earlier times it was used in continental heraldry
Tincture (heraldry)
–
Canons from the
chapter of Bruges, solemn winterdress in fur
8.
Supporter
–
In heraldry, supporters, sometimes referred to as attendants, are figures or objects usually placed on either side of the shield and depicted holding it up. Early forms of supporters are found in medieval seals, however, unlike the coronet or helmet and crest, supporters were not part of early medieval heraldry. As part of the achievement, they first become fashionable towards the end of the 15th century. The arms of nutritionist John Boyd-Orr use two garbs as supporters, the arms of the USS Donald Cook, missiles, the arms of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil, letters of the alphabet are used as supporters in the arms of Valencia, Spain. Human supporters can also be allegorical figures, or, more rarely, specifically named individuals, the arms of the Congo provide an extremely unusual example of two supporters issuing from behind the shield. While such single supporters are generally eagles with one or two heads, there are examples, including the cathedra in the case of some Canadian cathedrals. At the other extreme and even rarer, the Scottish chief Dundas of that Ilk had three supporters, two red lions and the whole supported by a salamander. The coat of arms of Iceland even has four supporters, an example of whales non-rampant is the arms of the Dutch municipality of Zaanstad. However, medieval Scottish seals afford numerous examples in which the 13th and 14th century shields were placed between two creatures resembling lizards or dragons, further, on his retirement from office as Chief Herald, Robert Watt was granted supporters as an honour. Trees and other objects which are sometimes used are called Soutiens. Knights Grand Companion and Principal Companions of the New Zealand Order of Merit are granted the use of heraldic supporters, originally, in England, supporters were regarded as little more than mere decorative and artistic appendages. In the United Kingdom, supporters are typically an example of royal favour. Hereditary supporters are normally limited to hereditary peers, certain members of the Royal Family, knights banneret were also granted non-hereditary supporters, but no such knight has been created since the time of Charles I. Tom Brown was so knighted by George II at the Battle of Dettingen, supporters may also be granted to corporations which have a royal charter
Supporter
–
An angel is the single supporter of this
Kraków sculpture of the
arms of Poland.
Supporter
Supporter
–
Flags and cannons are the supporters in the arms of Kazimierz Raczyński
9.
Slogan (heraldry)
–
A slogan is used in Scottish heraldry as a heraldic motto or a secondary motto. It usually appears above the crest on a coat of arms, the word slogan dates from 1513, though it is a variant of the earlier slogorn, which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm. The word slogan dates from 1513 and it is a variant of the earlier slogorn, which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic sluagh-ghairm. Slogans are used in heraldry, most notably in Scottish heraldry, in Scottish heraldry slogans are used as mottoes, or secondary mottoes. Slogans usually appear above the crest on a coat of arms, there may be several possible origins for mottoes used in heraldry, however slogans are considered to have originated from battle cries or war cries. There are several notable heraldic mottoes which are thought to originate from a war cries, for example, the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom contains the motto DIEU ET MON DROIT which has been thought to originated as a war cry. As has the motto MONTJOYE SAINT-DENIS which appeared on the former French coat of arms, several mottoes found in Irish heraldry, which end in a boo, are also thought to have originated as war cries. Examples of such Irish mottoes are CROM A BOO of the Fitzgerald earls of Leinster, not all slogans are actually authentic war cries though. Many slogans pertaining to Scottish clan chiefs have been registered relatively recently at the Court of the Lord Lyon, in at least one case, a patron saint is used as a slogan, as in St Bennet and Set On of the Setons. The arms of Grant use two slogans, CRAIG ELACHAIDH, and STANDFAST, sometimes a clan chiefs slogan appears on his crest badge and in consequence on the crest badges worn by his clan members. In some cases the chiefs slogan appears on his standard, guidon
Slogan (heraldry)
10.
Crest (heraldry)
–
A crest is a component of a heraldic display, consisting of the device borne on top of the helm. Originating in the decorative sculptures worn by knights in tournaments and, to an extent, battles. A normal heraldic achievement consists of the shield, above which is set the helm, on which sits the crest, the word crest derives from the Latin crista, meaning tuft or plume, perhaps related to crinis, hair. They first appeared in a context in the form of the metal fans worn by knights in the 12th and 13th centuries. These were primarily decorative, but may also have served a purpose by lessening or deflecting the blows of opponents weapons. These fans were generally of one colour, later evolving to repeat all or part of the arms displayed on the shield. The fan crest was developed by cutting out the figure displayed on it, to form a metal outline. Torses did not come into use in Britain until the 15th century, and are still uncommon on the Continent. Crests were also mounted on a furred cap known as a chapeau. By the 16th century the age of tournaments had ended, and their illustrated equivalents consequently began to be treated as simply two-dimensional pictures. In the same period, different helms began to be used for different ranks, sovereigns and knights helms faced forwards, whereas those of peers, torses also suffered artistically, being treated not as silken circlets, but as horizontal bars. Heraldry in general underwent something of a renaissance in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, crests are now generally not granted unless they could actually be used on a physical helm, and the rules about directions of helms are no longer rigidly observed. The use of crests was once restricted to those of tournament rank, i. e. knights and above and they are not generally used by women and clergymen, as they did not participate in war or tournaments and thus would not have helms on which to wear them. Some heraldists are also of the opinion that crests, as devices, are not suited for use by corporate bodies. This practice did not exist in Britain until the modern era, and arms with more than one crest are still rare. After the 16th century, it common for armigers to detach the crest and wreath from the helm. This led to the use of the term crest to mean arms. Unlike a badge, which can be used by any amount of relatives and retainers, a crest is personal to the armiger, and its use by others is considered usurpation
Crest (heraldry)
–
The Knight of the Guillichini, wearing a crest in the form of an eagle, at the
Saracen Joust in
Arezzo, Italy.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, with fan crests displaying his arms on both his helmet and his horse's head. From the
Luttrell Psalter, circa 1330.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Arms of the
Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, with fifteen crested helms.
Crest (heraldry)
–
Stalls in the Thistle Chapel. From left to right: the stall of
Lord Hope of Craighead;
Lady Marion Fraser;
Sir Eric Anderson; the
Earl of Elgin; and
Lord Mackay of Clashfern.
11.
Torse
–
In heraldry, a torse or wreath is a twisted roll of fabric laid about the top of the helmet and the base of the crest. It has the purpose of masking the join between helm and crest, and holding the mantling in place. The torse is sometimes said to be the token, such as a handkerchief or sleeve. This is due greatly to its use being lost to history as the heraldic crest became more and more stylized. The torse is blazoned as part of the crest, for example, the crest of Canada is blazoned On a wreath of the colours Argent and Gules, a lion passant guardant Or imperially crowned proper and holding in the dexter paw a maple leaf Gules. The tinctures of the torse are not mentioned in the blazon, as they are assumed to be of the principal metal. Like the mantling, it must always be of a metal and a colour, usually the torse, in British heraldry, the torse is generally shown with six twists of material, alternately metal and colour. Occasionally the torse is replaced by a crown or coronet, which is termed a crest-coronet. In the past this practice was widespread amongst all ranks, but is usually denied to those outside the royalty and peerage. Some commoners have bypassed this rule by placing a coronet on top of a torse, the torse is also often used as a decoration on a heraldic animal, either across the brow or around the neck. Moors and Saracens are also depicted in heraldry with a torse across their brow
Torse
12.
Mantling
–
In heraldry, mantling or lambrequin is drapery tied to the helmet above the shield. It forms a backdrop for the shield, generally, mantling is blazoned mantled x, doubled y, the cloth has two sides, one of a heraldic colour and the other of a heraldic metal. The mantling of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society is an example in which the mantling is of two furs. The Coat of Arms of Canada is mantled white and red, or argent doubled gules, furthermore, the arms of sovereigns are a common exception. The arms of the United Kingdom and those of Emperor Akihito of Japan are both or, lined ermine, such a mantling often being held to be limited to sovereigns. In the early days of the development of the crest, before the torse, crest coronets and chapeaux were developed and it still holds true frequently in Germany. There are rare examples where the mantling is blazoned to complement the coat of arms. When charges occur, they are displayed as a semy
Mantling
13.
Helmet (heraldry)
–
In heraldic achievements, the helmet or helm is situated above the shield and bears the torse and crest. The style of helmet displayed varies according to rank and social status, in some traditions, especially German and Nordic heraldry, two or three helmets may be used in a single achievement of arms, each representing a fief to which the bearer has a right. For this reason, the helmets and crests in German and Nordic arms are considered to be essential to the coat of arms and are never separated from it. Open-visored or barred helmets are typically reserved to the highest ranks of nobility, while lesser nobility, while these classifications remained relatively constant, the specific forms of all these helmets varied and evolved over time. The evolution of these heraldic helmets followed the evolution of combat techniques, the practice of indicating rank through the display of barred or open-face helmets did not appear until around 1615, however, long after the practice of heraldry had been established. These barred helmets were restricted by the chancellery in Vienna to the nobility and certain doctors of law or theology. The direction a helmet faces and the number of bars on the grille have been ascribed special significance in later manuals, a kings helmet, a golden helmet shown affronté with the visor raised, crowned with a royal crown, became adopted by the kings of Prussia. In ecclesiastical heraldry, bishops and other use a mitre or other rank-appropriate ecclesiastical hat in place of a helmet. In continental Europe, multiple helmets were usually turned inward, with the center helm turned affrontê, the arms of the last margraves of Brandenburg-Ansbach consist of a shield with 21 quarterings topped with a record thirteen helmets and crests. In the Roman Catholic Church, clerics entitled to a coat of arms use a instead of a helmet. ISBN 0-07-046308-5 Woodcock, Thomas, John Martin Robinson, ISBN 0-19-211658-4 Media related to Heraldic helmets at Wikimedia Commons
Helmet (heraldry)
14.
Galero
–
A galero is a broad-brimmed hat with tasselated strings worn by clergy in the Catholic Church. Over the centuries, the red galero was restricted to use by individual cardinals while such other colors as green and violet were reserved to clergy of other ranks and styles. The privilege of wearing the red galero was first granted to cardinals by Pope Innocent IV in 1245 at the First Council of Lyon, tradition in the Archdiocese of Lyon is that the red color was inspired by the red hats of the canons of Lyon. Pope Innocent wanted his favorites to be distinct and recognizable in the processions at the council. Anachronistically, some early Church Fathers are shown wearing a galero, notably Jerome frequently is pictured in art either wearing a galero, or with one close by. Even though the office of cardinal did not exist in Jeromes day, he had been secretary to Pope Damasus I, cardinal Jean Cholet used his galero to crown Charles of Valois in 1285 at Girona during the Aragonese Crusade, pronouncing him King of Aragon. As a result, roi du chapeau became Charless nickname, when creating a cardinal, the pope used to place a scarlet galero on the new cardinals head in consistory, the practice giving rise to the phrase receiving the red hat. In 1965, a decree during the Second Vatican Council ended the use of the galero. Since that time, only the scarlet zucchetto and biretta are placed over the heads of cardinals during the consistory, some cardinals continue to obtain a galero privately so that the custom of suspending it over their tombs may be observed. Traditionally, the galero remains over the tomb until it is reduced to dust, in a cathedral that has no crypt, the galeri are suspended from the ceiling. Cardinal Raymond Burke has been known to wear the galero on occasion in the 21st century, a few cardinals from eastern rites wear distinctive oriental headgear. Other ecclesiastical hats are used by ministers of other Christian communities, alongside Catholic clergy, the Scots Public Register records its use by Episcopalian and Presbyterian ministers. The Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland uses a hat, with blue cords. The ecclesiastical hat replaces the helmet and crest, because those were considered too belligerent for men in the clerical state, the color of the hat and number of tassels indicate the clerics place in the hierarchy. Generally, priests and ministers have a hat with cords and tassels. Depiction in arms can vary depending on the artists style. Sammlung Philippi – Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität, pictures of clerical headgear, information and literature in German language Picture of a cardinals galero, hanging
Galero
–
A Cardinal's Hat worn by
St Jerome as depicted circa 1625 by
Rubens
Galero
–
Archbishop
Giovanni Colombo wearing a galero with ten green tassels on each side.
Galero
15.
Crown (heraldry)
–
A Crown is often an emblem of the sovereign state, a monarchs government, or items endorsed by it, see The Crown. Crowns may also be used by some republics, a specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a crown, just a heraldic representation. A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, Crowns bearing bird feathers refer to ancient beliefs, according to which the birds had divine qualities like angels communicated with the worlds beyond the sky. In Italy there are rings that show the city walls used symbolically to remember the function that had the walls to protect the city. Thus the crown is a symbol of power and protection received from someone or something or means that the owner of the crown you show guarantees you power, in this case the appearance of the crown follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown such as that of Norway, princely coats of arms display a princely crown and so on right down to the mural crown which is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called peoples crown or omit the use of crowns altogether, the heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the actual appearance of the respective countrys royal and princely crowns. Ships and other units of some navies have a crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships. Squadrons of some air forces have a crown, composed of wings. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, in formal English the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns, used by members of the Royal family and Peers. In the peerage of the United Kingdom, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French, between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia. This is placed between the shield and helmet in the manner as a peers coronet. Members of the British Royal Family have coronets on their coats of arms and they are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661 shortly after his return from exile in France and Restoration, and vary depending upon the princes relationship to the Monarch. Occasionally additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals, in Canadian heraldry, coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, the loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. Precisely because there are traditions and more variation within some of these. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet
Crown (heraldry)
–
Nobleman
Crown (heraldry)
–
The coat of arms of the
Barons Hawke displays a baronial coronet.
Crown (heraldry)
–
Eastern Catholic prelate, combining elements of both Eastern and Western ecclesiastical heraldry
16.
Coronet
–
A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring. By one definition, a coronet differs from a crown in that a coronet never has arches, by a slightly different definition, a crown is worn by an emperor, empress, king or queen, a coronet by a nobleman or lady. The word stems from the Old French coronete, a diminutive of coronne, itself from the Latin corona, other than a crown, a coronet shows the rank of the respective noble. Hence, in German and Scandinavian languages there is also the term Rangkrone, for equivalents, both physical and emblematic, in other languages and cultures, see under crown. The main use is now actually not on the head but as a symbol in heraldry. In the United Kingdom, a peer wears his or her coronet on one occasion only, for a royal coronation, when it is worn along with coronation robes, equally standardised as a luxurious uniform. In the peerages of the United Kingdom, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French, dukes were the first individuals authorised to wear coronets. Marquesses acquired coronets in the 15th century, earls in the 16th and viscounts, until the barons received coronets in 1661, the coronets of earls, marquesses and dukes were engraved while those of viscounts were plain. After 1661, however, viscomital coronets became engraved, while baronial coronets were plain, Coronets may not bear any precious or semi-precious stones. In Canadian heraldry, descendants of the United Empire Loyalists are entitled to use a Loyalist military coronet or Loyalist civil coronet in their arms, Members of the British Royal Family often have coronets on their coats of arms, and may wear actual coronets at coronations. They were made, according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661 and they vary depending upon the princes relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals, the most recent royal warrant concerning coronets was the 19 November 1917 warrant of George V. Rather than a coronet, the heir apparent receives a crown with a single arch, there is evidence to support the wearing of coronets amongst Welsh royalty and nobility, particularly in the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Llywelyns coronet was for a while kept with the English crown jewels, some distinguished families held no higher title than count or even baron, but were proud of their ancient origin. As an example, the title of Marquis ranks in principle immediately after Duke, titles continued to be granted until the Second Empire fell in 1870, and legally survive among their descendants. As a result, the title of duc was actually, as well as nominally, at the top of the scale after the family and foreign princes. Prince, this was not a title in Old Regime France, dauphin, initially an open crown of fleurs-de-lis, starting with Henri IVs son, the crown is closed with dolphins instead of arches. Fils de France et Petit-Fils de France, open coronet of fleurs-de-lis, prince du Sang, first a coronet alternating fleurs-de-lis and acanthus leaves, e. g. on François de Montpensiers coinage in Dombes, c
Coronet
–
Depiction of a baron's coronet on a 17th century funerary monument
Coronet
17.
Compartment (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, a compartment is a design placed under the shield, usually rocks, a grassy mount, or some sort of other landscape upon which the supporters are depicted as standing. It is sometimes said to represent the land held by the bearer, if no compartment is specified in the blazon then whether to draw one is at the discretion of the artist. The current arms of the Commonwealth of Australia are usually depicted on a compartment of a wreath of wattle and it would be acceptable to omit the wattle or substitute something else as it does not form part of the grant. The compartment of the coat of arms of Michigan is similar, a unique instance in which the supporters stand on the motto scroll is in the arms of New Jersey. Usually when arms are augmented by supporters, a compartment will be added too, in rare cases, a compartment might be granted as an augmentation. A compartment without supporters is possible but practically unknown, with the exception of the Coat of Arms of South Australia, however, there are some unusual compartments. The compartment of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada is a quadrangle, the arms of the former Cumberland County Council have a wall as a compartment, while the Canadian Academy of Engineering has a bridge spanning water. The chief of Clan Donnachaidh has a man in chains as a compartment, the arms of Gisborne, New Zealand contain another unique compartment, a Māori waka
Compartment (heraldry)
18.
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, an ordinary is a simple geometrical figure, bounded by straight lines and running from side to side or top to bottom of the shield. There are also some geometric charges known as subordinaries, which have been given lesser status by some heraldic writers, diminutives of ordinaries and some subordinaries are charges of the same shape, though thinner. Most of the ordinaries are theoretically said to occupy one-third of the shield, ordinaries resemble partitions of the field, but are formally considered objects on the field. Though there is debate as to exactly which geometrical charges—with straight edges and running from edge to edge of the shield—constitute ordinaries. Except for the chief they are central to the shield, Cross, a pale and a fess of equal widths conjoined, as in the arms of the City of London. Pale, a vertical stripe right down the middle of the shield, typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the width of the field. A variant is the Canadian pale, invented in 1964 for the new Canadian national flag, fess, a horizontal stripe, as in the coat of arms of Austria. Typically 1/5th to 1/3rd the height of the field, bar, a narrower fess, sometimes reckoned as an ordinary in its own right. Bend, a band from the dexter chief to the opposite corner. Bend sinister, A bend in the opposite direction, Chief, horizontal band right across the top of the shield, as in the arms of the district of Lausanne. Chief triangular begins in the corners and extends to a point that is one quarter to one third the way down the shield and it is a complex line division variant of a chief. Chief enarched is drawn with a concave arch, the following are sometimes classed as ordinaries, sometimes as subordinaries, Bordure, the boundary of the shield, often used for cadency. Pile, downward pointing triangle, issuing from the top of the shield, a variant is the shakefork, a pall cut short of the margins, with pointed ends. It is frequent in Scotland, owing to its prominence in the armory of Clan Cunningham, ordinaries need not be bounded by straight lines. Some geometric figures are not considered to be honourable ordinaries and are called subordinaries, very loosely, they are geometric or conventional charges that, unlike ordinaries, do not stretch from edge to edge of the shield. There is no definitive list or definition, but they generally include, Quarter, the dexter chief quadrant of the shield Canton, smaller than the quarter, formally said to occupy one-ninth of the shield, though sometimes drawn smaller. Very occasionally a sinister canton is found, on the other side. Flaunches, always borne in pairs, a circular arc emerging out of each flank of the shield, Fret, interlacing bendlet, bendlet sinister and mascle
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
This article is about the geometrical design elements found on coats of arms. For registers or dictionaries of coats of arms, see
Ordinary of arms.
Ordinary (heraldry)
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
a bordure — Argent; an oak tree eradicated, fessways, proper, between three pheons, points upward, azure; within a bordure azure—Dalgleish of Keavil, Scotland
Ordinary (heraldry)
–
a pile — Argent, on a pile azure three towers, two and one, of the first, in the middle chief point two keys in saltire, wards upwards and inwards, or—Otley Urban District Council, England
19.
Charge (heraldry)
–
In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon. This may be a design or a symbolic representation of a person, animal, plant. In French blazon, the ordinaries are called pièces while other charges are called meubles, while thousands of objects found in nature, mythology or technology have appeared in armory, there are several charges which have contributed to the distinctive flavour of heraldic design. Only these and a few other notable charges are discussed in this article, some heraldic writers distinguish, albeit arbitrarily, between honourable ordinaries and sub-ordinaries. While some authors hold that only nine charges are honourable ordinaries, the remainder are often termed sub-ordinaries, and narrower or smaller versions of the ordinaries are called diminutives. Apparently ceding the point for the moment, Fox-Davies lists the generally agreed-upon honourable ordinaries as the bend, fess, pale, pile, chevron, cross, saltire and chief. Boutell lists the chief, pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, cross, saltire and cheveron as the honourable ordinaries. Thus, the chief, bend, pale, fess, chevron, cross and saltire appear to be the undisputed ordinaries, while authors disagree over the status of the pile, bar, inescutcheon, bordure and others. Several different figures are recognised as honourable ordinaries, each normally occupying about one-fifth to one-third of the field, the chief is the upper portion of the field. The bend runs from the left to the lower right, as \. The bend sinister runs from the right to the lower left. The pale, a stripe in the centre of the field. The fess is a horizontal stripe across the centre of the field. The chevron is a construction shaped like an inverted letter V, the cross is a geometric construction of two perpendicular lines or bands. It has hundreds of variants, most of which are common charges rather than ordinaries, the saltire is a diagonal cross, often called Saint Andrews cross. Most of the ordinaries have corresponding diminutives, narrower versions, most often mentioned when two or more appear in parallel, bendlets, pallets, bars, chevronels, in addition to those mentioned in the above section, other ordinaries exist. Some of these are variously called honourable ordinaries by different authors, the pall or pairle is shaped like the letter Y. The pile is a wedge issuing from the top of the field and its length and width vary widely
Charge (heraldry)
20.
Motto
–
A motto is a maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. In heraldry, a motto is depicted below the shield in a banderole, this placement stems from the Middle Ages, in which the vast majority of nobles possessed a coat of arms. In the case of Scottish heraldry it is mandated to appear above the crest, spanish coats of arms may display a motto in the bordure of the shield. In heraldic literature, the rallying cry respectively battle banner are also common, which date back to the battle cry. In English heraldry mottos are not granted with armorial bearings, in Scottish heraldry, mottos can only be changed by re-matriculation, with the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Although very unusual and perhaps outside standard heraldic practice, there are examples of the particular appearance of the motto scroll. Ships and submarines in the Royal Navy each have a badge and motto, Latin has been very common for mottos, but for nation states their official language is generally chosen. A canting motto is one that contains word play, for example, the motto of the Earl of Onslow is Festina lente, punningly interpreting on-slow. In literature, a motto is a sentence, phrase, poem, or word prefixed to an essay, chapter, novel and it is a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle for the written material that follows. For example, Robert Louis Stevensons Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes uses mottos at the start of each section, epigram Hendiatris Inscription List of Latin phrases List of mottos List of national mottos Slogan Tagline United in diversity United we stand, divided we fall
Motto
21.
Dexter and sinister
–
Dexter and sinister are terms used in heraldry to refer to specific locations in an escutcheon bearing a coat of arms, and to the other elements of an achievement. Dexter means to the right from the viewpoint of the bearer of the shield, i. e. the bearers proper right, sinister means to the left from the viewpoint of the bearer, the bearers proper left, to the right from that of the viewer. The dexter side is considered the side of honour, for example when impaling two arms. Thus, by tradition, a husbands arms occupy the dexter half of his shield, the shield of a bishop shows the arms of his see in the dexter half, his personal arms in the sinister half. King Richard II adopted arms showing the arms of Edward the Confessor in the dexter half. More generally, by ancient tradition, the guest of greatest honour at a banquet sits at the hand of the host. The Bible is replete with passages referring to being at the hand of God. Sinister is used to mark that an ordinary or other charge is turned to the left of the shield. A bend sinister is a bend which runs from the top left to bottom right. As the shield would have carried with the design facing outwards from the bearer. This division is key to dimidiation, a method of joining two coats of arms by placing the dexter half of one coat of arms alongside the sinister half of the other. In the case of marriage, the half of the husbands arms would be placed alongside the sinister half of the wifes. The Great Seal of the United States features an eagle clutching an olive branch in its talon and arrows in its sinister talon. The front of the shield was originally undecorated. Such usage may indeed have descended directly from Roman training techniques that were spread throughout Roman Europe and then continued during the age of chivalry, when heraldry came into use
Dexter and sinister
–
Division of the heraldic escutcheon: Dexter to the bearer's right (viewer's left), position of honour; Sinister to the bearer's left (viewer's right)
Dexter and sinister
22.
Heraldry
–
The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived
Heraldry
–
The German
Hyghalmen Roll was made in the late 15th century and illustrates the German practice of repeating themes from the arms in the crest. (See
Roll of arms).
Heraldry
–
Shields of Magister Militum Praesentalis II. Page from the
Notitia Dignitatum, a medieval copy of a Late Roman register of military commands
Heraldry
–
An extravagant example of marshalling: the 719 quarterings of the
Grenville Armorial at
Stowe.
Heraldry
–
The
Zechariah Seal coat of arms.
23.
French heraldry
–
French heraldry is the use of heraldic symbols in France. Although it had a history, existing from the 11th century, such formality has largely died out in France. Civic heraldry on the hand remains a visible part of daily life. The role of the herald in France declined in the 17th century, today the law recognises both assumed and inherited arms, considering them under law to be equivalent to a visual representation of a name, and given the same protections. However, there is no central registry of arms, in case of dispute, many of the terms in international heraldry come from French. Like the British system of heraldry, the French follow the Rule of Tinctures and this states that there are two types of Tinctures, the colors Sable, Gules, Vert and Azure and metals Or and Argent. Arms that do not follow the Rule of Tinctures are referred to as Armes pour enquérir, French heraldry has a set system of crown and coronets. Supporters are not linked with any rank or title, unlike the coronets, even the Royal Arms angelic supporters are not shown in most depictions. Crests are rare in modern depictions, again in contrast to England, the current emblem of France has been a symbol of France since 1953, although it does not have any legal status as an official coat of arms. In 1953, France received a request from the United Nations for a copy of the coat of arms to be displayed alongside the coats of arms of other member states in its assembly chamber. An interministerial commission requested Robert Louis, heraldic artist, to produce a version of the Chaplain design and this did not, however, constitute an adoption of an official coat of arms by the Republic. Technically speaking, it is a rather than a coat of arms, since it does not respect heraldic rules—heraldry being seen as an aristocratic art. The emblem consists of, A wide shield with lion-head terminal bears a monogram RF standing for République Française, a laurel branch symbolises victory of the Republic. An oak branch symbolises perennity or wisdom, the fasces is a symbol associated with justice. It is a symbol of France that appears on French postage stamps but has not been adopted officially by any of the French republics. All cities within France have coats of arms, these are intertwined with local traditions over history. Each region of France has its own coat of arms, although usage varies, there may be substantial disagreements with this table
French heraldry
–
A
fleur-de-lis, the most common symbol in French heraldry
24.
Bordure
–
In heraldry, a bordure is a band of contrasting tincture forming a border around the edge of a shield, traditionally one-sixth as wide as the shield itself. It is sometimes reckoned as an ordinary and sometimes as a subordinary, a chief overlies a bordure, unless the bordure is added to a coat that previously included a chief, or so it is often said. In practice, the order in which things are to each other can usually be inferred from the blazon. Like any ordinary or other charge, a bordure may be of a single plain tincture or divided, like any ordinary, it may be smooth or subjected to any of the lines of variation, it may form a field for other charges. These variations are effectively exploited in the Scottish system of cadency, rarely a bordure is of the same tincture as the field on which it lies, in this case the term embordured is employed. This was an unusual practice even centuries ago and is all. This large number is to be taken as semy, and not as the number shown. The bordure has no diminutive, though a bordure diminished is occasionally employed - as in Or, cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. James and John Knapton, et al
Bordure
–
The arms of Thomas de Holland, showing a bordure ermine and bordure argent
25.
Lois Hole
–
Lois Elsa Hole, CM, AOE was a Canadian politician, businesswoman, academician, professional gardener and best-selling author. She was the 15th Lieutenant Governor of Alberta from 10 February 2000 until her death and she was known as the Queen of Hugs for breaking with protocol and hugging almost everyone she met, including journalists, diplomats and other politicians. Hole was born in Buchanan, Saskatchewan to Michael M. Veregin and her family moved to Edmonton, Alberta in 1948, where she completed her education at Strathcona Composite High School. In 1950, she met Ted Hole, a young University of Alberta agriculture student, several years later they married and moved to a 200-acre farm near St. Albert, Alberta. Lois and Ted Hole ran a market garden business from their farm which they, along with their sons Bill and Jim. In 1993 Lois Hole wrote her first book, Vegetable Favourites, there are currently more than 1,000,000 copies of the various books in this series in print. The series won the Educational Media Award from the Professional Plant Growers Association in 1996, in 1998, Holes Greenhouse began publishing their own books starting with Holes autobiographical Ill Never Marry a Farmer. She also wrote books with her son, Jim. Holes Greenhouse has continued to publish gardening books along with an annual magazine. She was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 1999, in 1995, she was named Edmonton Business and Professional Woman of the Year and St. Alberts Citizen of the Year. In 2003 she was awarded the Gandhi, King, Ikeda Humanitarian Award and she was made an Honorary Patricia by the 1st Battalion Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry. During his wifes term in office, Ted Hole died of cancer in April 2003, Lois Hole had been diagnosed with abdominal cancer in 2002, making a public announcement the following year when she began treatment in early 2003. Her health improved, temporarily, but by late 2004, her case was terminal and her illness prevented her from making several scheduled public appearances. She died in office at the Royal Alexandra Hospital in Edmonton on 6 January 2005, Most sources cited 1933 as Lois Holes year of birth based on her reported age at death. However, the Edmonton Journal, the Royal Alberta United Services Institutes newsletter, the Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Alberta confirmed that Hole was born on 30 January 1929. The Alberta Library Trustees Association established the Lois Hole Award in 2001 and it opened 13 April 2010 and consolidates the womens health programs and services currently based at the Royal Alexandria Hospital into one building. On 19 April 2005 the Lois Hole Centennial Provincial Park was established, the park contains the former Big Lake Natural Area and an additional 302 hectares of Crown land, for a total of 1421 hectares. The lake makes up around 59 per cent of the total area
Lois Hole
26.
Pope
–
The pope is the Bishop of Rome and, therefore, the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church. The current pope is Francis, who was elected on 13 March 2013, the office of the pope is the papacy. The pope is considered one of the worlds most powerful people because of his diplomatic and he is also head of state of Vatican City, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the Italian capital city of Rome. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in world history, the popes in ancient times helped in the spread of Christianity and the resolution of various doctrinal disputes. In the Middle Ages, they played a role of importance in Western Europe. Currently, in addition to the expansion of the Christian faith and doctrine, the popes are involved in ecumenism and interfaith dialogue, charitable work, Popes, who originally had no temporal powers, in some periods of history accrued wide powers similar to those of temporal rulers. In recent centuries, popes were gradually forced to give up temporal power, the word pope derives from Greek πάππας meaning father. The earliest record of the use of title was in regard to the by then deceased Patriarch of Alexandria. Some historians have argued that the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, the writings of the Church Father Irenaeus who wrote around AD180 reflect a belief that Peter founded and organised the Church at Rome. Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peters presence in the early Roman Church, Clement of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians, c. 96, about the persecution of Christians in Rome as the struggles in our time and presented to the Corinthians its heroes, first, the greatest and most just columns, the good apostles Peter and Paul. St. Ignatius of Antioch wrote shortly after Clement and in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did. Given this and other evidence, many agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under Nero. Protestants contend that the New Testament offers no proof that Jesus established the papacy nor even that he established Peter as the first bishop of Rome, others, using Peters own words, argue that Christ intended himself as the foundation of the church and not Peter. First-century Christian communities would have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as leaders of their local churches, gradually, episcopacies were established in metropolitan areas. Antioch may have developed such a structure before Rome, some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, documents of the 1st century and early 2nd century indicate that the Holy See had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, though the detail of what this meant is unclear. It seems that at first the terms episcopos and presbyter were used interchangeably, the consensus among scholars has been that, at the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters whose offices were overlapping or indistinguishable
Pope
Pope
–
Bishop of
Rome
Pope
–
Saint Peter
Pope
–
St. Peter's Basilica,
Vatican City
27.
Pope Benedict XVI
–
Pope Benedict XVI was Pope of the Catholic Church from 2005 to 2013. He was elected pope on 19 April 2005, was inaugurated on 24 April 2005, Benedicts election occurred in a papal conclave following the death of Pope John Paul II. Ordained as a priest in 1951 in his native Bavaria, Ratzinger established himself as a highly regarded university theologian by the late 1950s and was appointed a professor in 1958. In 1981, he was appointed Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, from 2002 until his election as Pope, he was also Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was originally a liberal theologian, but adopted conservative views after 1968 and his prolific writings defend traditional Catholic doctrine and values. During his papacy, Benedict XVI advocated a return to fundamental Christian values to counter the increased secularisation of many Western countries and he views relativisms denial of objective truth, and the denial of moral truths in particular, as the central problem of the 21st century. He taught the importance of both the Catholic Church and an understanding of Gods redemptive love, Pope Benedict also revived a number of traditions, including elevating the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position. He strengthened the relationship between the Catholic Church and art, promoted the use of Latin, and reintroduced traditional papal garments and he has been described as the main intellectual force in the Church since the mid-1980s. On 11 February 2013, Benedict announced his resignation in a speech in Latin before the cardinals, citing a lack of strength of mind and his resignation became effective on 28 February 2013. He is the first pope to resign since Pope Gregory XII in 1415, as pope emeritus, Benedict retains the style of His Holiness, and the title of Pope, and continues to dress in the papal colour of white. He was succeeded by Pope Francis on 13 March 2013, in his retirement, Benedict XVI has made occasional public appearances alongside Pope Francis. Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger was born on 16 April, Holy Saturday,1927, at Schulstraße 11, at 8,30 in the morning in his parents home in Marktl, Bavaria and he was baptised the same day. He was the third and youngest child of Joseph Ratzinger, Sr. a police officer and his mothers family was originally from South Tyrol. Pope Benedict XVIs brother, Georg Ratzinger, a priest and former director of the Regensburger Domspatzen choir, is still alive and his sister, Maria Ratzinger, who never married, managed Cardinal Ratzingers household until her death in 1991. Their grand-uncle was the German politician Georg Ratzinger, at the age of five, Ratzinger was in a group of children who welcomed the visiting Cardinal Archbishop of Munich with flowers. Struck by the distinctive garb, he later announced the very same day that he wanted to be a cardinal. He attended the school in Aschau am Inn, which was renamed in his honour in 2009. Ratzingers family, especially his father, bitterly resented the Nazis, in 1941, one of Ratzingers cousins, a 14-year-old boy with Down syndrome, was taken away by the Nazi regime and murdered during the Action T4 campaign of Nazi eugenics
Pope Benedict XVI
–
Benedict XVI in 2010
Pope Benedict XVI
–
The birth house of Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger in Marktl, Bavaria
Pope Benedict XVI
–
Palais Holnstein in Munich, the residence of Benedict as Archbishop of Munich and Freising
28.
English heraldry
–
English heraldry is the form of coats of arms and other heraldic bearings and insignia used in England. It lies within the so-called Gallo-British tradition, Coats of arms in England are regulated and granted to individuals by the English kings of arms of the College of Arms. They are subject to a system of cadency to distinguish between sons of the holder of the coat of arms. The English heraldic style is exemplified in the arms of British royalty, Royal orders in England, such as the Order of the Garter, also maintain notable heraldic bearings. Like many countries heraldry, there is an influence within English heraldry, such as designs originally on Greek. Many coats of arms feature charges related to the name or profession. Some canting arms make references to foreign languages, particularly French, such as the otter in the arms of the Luttrel family. Representations in person of Saints or other figure are very rare, although there are however a few uses, mostly originating from seals, where there have never been such limitations. Although many places have dropped such iconography, the Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone, London, includes a rendering of the Virgin Mary and this is also the case in many other examples, particularly those depicting Christ, to remove religious complications. Unlike in mainland Europe where family crests make a use of their eponymous Saints. The lion is the most common charge, particularly in Royal heraldry, Heraldic roses are also common in English heraldry, as in the War of the Roses where both houses, Lancaster and York, used them, and in the ensuing Tudor dynasty. The second quarter shows the arms of the Montacutes, the third quarter shows the arms of Neville differenced by a label for Lancaster. The first use of associated with the English was in the Bayeux Tapestry, recounting the events of the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The first Royal Coat of Arms was created in 1154 under Henry II, under Henry III it gained a system of classification and a technical language, confirming its place as a science. However, over the two centuries the system was abused, leading to the swamping of true coats-of-arms. For the rest of the period it was popular within the upper classes to have a distinctive family mark for competitions and tournaments. It found particular use with knights, for practice and in the mêlée of battle, indeed, their houses signs became known as coats-of-arms in this way. They were also worn on shields, where they were known as shields-of-arms, as well as military uses, the main charge was used in the seals of households
English heraldry
–
Two flags reproduced from the Bayeux tapestry
English heraldry
–
Armorial bearings of
King Richard I of England, often referred to as the "arms of England".
English heraldry
–
A Display of Heraldrie, early text on heraldry, published at
London, 1611
English heraldry
–
The College of Arms in London
29.
Scottish heraldry
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Heraldry in Scotland, while broadly similar to that practised in England and elsewhere in western Europe, has its own distinctive features. Its heraldic executive is separate from that of the rest of the United Kingdom, the Scottish heraldic executive is separate from that of the remainder of the United Kingdom and is vested in the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The Lord Lyon exercises general jurisdiction over all matters armorial in Scotland and he also decides on questions relating to family representation, pedigrees and genealogies. In addition, he supervises all state, royal and public ceremonies in Scotland, the Lord Lyon also asserts the right to decide who is Head of the Clan or Chief of the Family or Name, although his authority to determine chiefships has been challenged. In carrying out his duties, he has been assisted, in recent times, the present Lyon Clerk, Elizabeth Roads MVO, who is also Snawdoun Herald, is the first woman ever to serve as an Officer of Arms in the United Kingdom. Pursuant to Chapter 47 of the Act of 1672, the Lord Lyon is empowered to grant arms to vertuous, according to Innes of Learney, A coat of arms is the outward indication of nobility and arms are officially described as Ensigns of Nobility. This does not constitute a peerage or any title and it is a social distinction, and has no legal privileges. The principal function of heraldry, whether personal or corporate, is to symbolise the identity of the owner of the armorial bearings, in Scotland the Clan, the Family, and the Name have survived as significant entities in the social organization of Scottish society. In Scottish heraldry there is no such thing as a coat of arms. Junior members of a family are assigned specific and relevant differences to the bearings of an ancestor. Scottish heraldry operates under the supposition that all those who share the surname are related. Consequently, where a coat of arms for the head of a family already exists, the basic, or simple undifferenced arms and crest, are the property, not of the family, but of the Chief of each clan or house …. The strict adherence to cadency, or the need for cadets to difference their arms from the chief of the family, is due to the permanence of the old families, from an early period the leading families of England were extinguished in the male line. Some continue to exist in the line, but are comparatively obscure. On the other hand, the Scoto-Norman barons were remarkable for their numerous progeny, sub-infeudation, which had been prohibited in England since the time of the Plantagenet kings, was largely practiced in Scotland. Whole districts of Scotland have their predominant names, which are generally those of the old feudal families, in England new men emerged, and founded new families, it was easier to adopt new arms rather than trace a connection with those who had died. Hence it came to pass that while in England the multitude of entirely distinct coats of arms is enormous, the Lord Lyon King of Arms has a vital and continuing influence on the family organization in Scotland. Depending on the terms of the grant, armorial bearings are succeeded to by the heir—who may be the heir male
Scottish heraldry
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Scottish heralds and the Lord Lyon, from an 18thC French illustration of an opening of the Scottish parliament
Scottish heraldry
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Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland (prior to 1603)
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Clackmannanshire
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Clackmannanshire is a historic county and council area in Scotland, bordering the council areas of Stirling, Fife and Perth & Kinross. As Britains smallest historic county, it is often nicknamed The Wee County, when written, Clackmannanshire is commonly abbreviated to Clacks. Clackmannan, the old county town, is named after the ancient stone associated with the pre-Christian deity Manau or Mannan, the stone now rests on a larger stone beside the Tollbooth and Mercat Cross at the top of Main street, Clackmannan. Clackmannanshire became known for the weaving mills powered by the Hillfoots burns, other industries included brewing, glass manufacture, mining and ship building. Now capitalising on its position and transport links, Clackmannanshire attracts service industries. The County of Clackmannan is one of Scotlands 33 historic local government counties, bordering on Perthshire, Kinross-shire, Stirlingshire, the county town was originally Clackmannan, but by 1822 neighbouring Alloa had outgrown Clackmannan and replaced it as the county town. Some rationalisation of the county boundaries was undertaken in 1889-1890, and in 1971 the Muckhart and Glendevon areas, in 1975, under the Local Government Act 1973, the 33 historic counties lost their administrative status, and a new hierarchy of regions and districts was created. Clackmannanshire became part of the Central Region, under the name Clackmannan District, together with Stirling District, the historic name was restored in 1996, under the Local Government etc Act 1994. The area was to have the name Clackmannan, but following local pressure this was changed to Clackmannanshire by the council using its own powers. In terms of population, Clackmannanshire is the smallest council area in mainland Scotland, with a population of 51,400, around half of live in the main town and administrative centre. The motto of Clackmannanshire is Look Aboot Ye, in 2007 a re-branding exercise led to the area adopting the slogan More Than You Imagine. In the 18 September 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum, Clackmannanshire reported a turnout of 88. 6% and it became the first area to announce its result with 16,350 people voting in favour of independence and 19,036 voting against. The Ochil Hills lie in the part of the area. Strathdevon is immediately to the south of the escarpment formed by the Ochil Fault. Strathdevon mostly comprises a lowland plain a few hundred metres either side of the River Devon, there is also the Black Devon river that flows past the town of Clackmannan to join the Forth near Alloa. Clackmannanshires coat of arms is blazoned, Or, a saltire gules, upon a chief vert, the red saltire on gold is taken from the arms of the Clan Bruce. According to legend, Robert Bruce mislaid his gauntlets while visiting the county, the green chief represents the countys agriculture, while the black and white pale is taken from the arms of the Clan Erskine whose chief the Earl of Mar lives at Alloa Tower. The main industries are agriculture, brewing, and formerly coal mining, in 2006, permission was given for a waterfront development of the Docks area of Alloa, which has been in decline since the 1960s
Clackmannanshire
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Clackmannanshire Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn
Heraldry portal
Media related to Heraldic divisions at Wikimedia Commons
