1.
St. Louis
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St. Louis is an independent city and major U. S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. Prior to European settlement, the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, in 1764, following Frances defeat in the Seven Years War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase, during the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States and it separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics, the economy of metro St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. This city has become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams, the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the city is commonly identified with the 630-foot tall Gateway Arch in Downtown St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture and their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the Mound City and these mounds were mostly demolished during the citys development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, European exploration of the area was first recorded in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of La Louisiane. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country on the east side of the Mississippi River during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, migrants from the French villages on the opposite side of the Mississippi River founded Ste. In early 1764, after France lost the 7 Years War, Pierre Laclède, the early French families built the citys economy on the fur trade with the Osage, as well as with more distant tribes along the Missouri River. The Chouteau brothers gained a monopoly from Spain on the fur trade with Santa Fe, French colonists used African slaves as domestic servants and workers in the city. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, the founding of St. Louis began in 1763. Pierre Laclede led an expedition to set up a fur-trading post farther up the Mississippi River, before then, Laclede had been a very successful merchant. For this reason, he and his trading partner Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent were offered monopolies for six years of the fur trading in that area
2.
Ten-pin bowling
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Ten-pin bowling is a game in which a player rolls a bowling ball down a wood-structure or synthetic lane and towards ten pins positioned at the end of the lane. The objective is to score points by knocking down as many pins as possible, three finger holes are drilled into a traditional bowling ball, and weights vary considerably to make the sport playable for all ages. The pins are arranged in a position by an automated machine. While professional ten-pin bowling tournaments are held in countries, the sport is commonly played as a hobby by millions of people around the world. In Canada, the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the 41. 5-inch-wide, 60-foot-long lane is bordered along its length by semicylindrical channels called gutters, which are designed to collect errant balls. The overall width of the lane including the channels is 60 1⁄8 inches, the narrow lane prevents bowling a straight line at the angle required to consistently carry all ten pins for a strike. Most skillful bowlers will roll a side spinning ball to overcome this, a foul line is marked at the seam of the start of the lane and end of the approach. If any part of a bowlers body touches the line itself or beyond after the ball is delivered, the bowl is a foul and any pins knocked over by that delivery are scored as zero. The bowler is allowed one shot at a new rack of ten pins if s/he fouled on the first roll of a frame, behind the foul line is an approach approximately 15 feet long used to gain speed and leverage on the ball before delivering it. The bowler is allowed 10 frames in which to knock down pins, the tenth frame is composed of up to three rolls, the bonus roll following a strike or spare in the tenth are fill ball used only to calculate the score of the mark rolled in the tenth. If neither a strike nor a spare is achieved in the tenth frame, Bowling has a unique scoring system which keeps track not only of the current pinfall in a frame, but also strikes and spares which allow for the value of subsequent pinfall. Effectively, there are three kinds of marks given in a score, a strike, a spare, and an open, a strike earns ten points plus the points for the next two balls thrown. A spare earns ten points plus the points for the ball thrown. Open frames count the value of the pinfall in that frame only, the maximum score in ten-pin bowling is 300. This consists of getting 12 strikes in a row in one game, very shortly before the reign of Narmer, one of the very first Egyptian pharaohs. Their discovery represents the earliest known trace of bowling. Others claim that originated in Germany around 300 A. D. as part of a religious ritual in which people would roll stones at clubs to absolve themselves of sins. A site in Southampton, England claims to be the oldest lawn bowling site still in operation, the first written reference to bowling dates to 1366, when King Edward III of England banned his troops from playing it so that they could focus more on their archery practice
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Pinsetter
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In bowling, a pinsetter, or pinspotter, was originally a person who manually reset bowling pins to their correct position, cleared fallen pins, and returned bowling balls to players. Probably due to the nature of the work, many pinsetters were teenage boys, and thus pinboy is another name used to describe the job. While humans usually no set the pins, a pinchaser, or in slang pin monkey, often is stationed near the equipment to ensure that it is clean and working properly. Many pinsetters are integrated with electronic scoring systems of varying sophistication, the design of the machines varies. Several types of bowling make use of different designs for machines due to the different size and shape of the pins, common part descriptions for just about all pinspotting units consist of, Rake/Sweep Bar – removes fallen and leftover pins from the pin deck area of the lane. Pit – a collection area behind the lane where balls and struck pins collect for sorting, the ball lifts components are designed to physically separate the ball from the fallen pins in the pit, and will not send pins into the ball return track. The AMF family of pinspotters, first marketed in 1952 are the very first ones used in quantity in the industry. They have changed little since the mass-produced 82-30 version, there are three main pinspotter models, the aforementioned 82-30, the 82-70 and the newest versions, the 82-90 and the 82-90XLI, both of which use the 82-70s general mechanical design. AMF pinspotters were originated by American Machine and Foundry and are now manufactured by QubicaAMF Worldwide, all operate generally the same way with small improvements. After the bowler rolls their ball, and knocking down the pins and this activates the machine, which lowers the sweep to the guard position. Then the table descends and the cells close around the heads of the standing pins. After the table lifts the remaining pins, the runs the sweep, clearing dead pins from the pin deck. Ball and pins travel on a continuously running carpet belt at the bottom of the pit, the ball, being heavier, travels to one of the side kick-backs where it enters the ball return, shared by adjacent lanes. After the table returns to its position, the sweep also lifts. The 82-70 is the standard in most AMF-equipped modern bowling centers today. It features a chassis that is upgraded to short cycle the machine for strikes, gutter balls. The 82-90 models feature a deck that is thinner than the 82-70, QubicaAMF Worldwide has also introduced many different scoring systems that are compatible with all pinsetters and pinspotters. The Brunswick Model A, dating from 1956, as well as the developed A2, first, the balls and pins are pushed off the end of the lane by the rake onto a shaking board the width of the lane, in place of the AMF-variety carpet belt
5.
Professional Bowlers Association
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The Professional Bowlers Association is the major sanctioning body for the sport of professional ten-pin bowling in the United States. Headquartered in Seattle, Washington, the PBA membership consists of almost 4,300 members worldwide, Members include pro shop owners and workers, teaching professionals and bowlers who compete in the various events put on by the Association. The PBA also oversees competition between professional bowlers via the tours, PBA Tour – An annual calendar of events. PBA50 Tour – Formerly PBA Senior Tour, set up like the PBA Tour, but allowing PBA members 50 years and older to compete in their own events. PBA Regional Tour – Allowing exempt and non-exempt members, and amateurs to compete in weekend events, the Tour consists of seven regions, Central, East, Midwest, Northwest, South, Southwest, and West. PBA Womens Series – Selected PBA Tour events from 2007 to 2010 included an event for female professionals. The PBA Hall of Fame was founded in 1975 with eight initial inductees, six for Performance, since its inception, it was located at the International Bowling Museum and Hall of Fame in St. Louis, Missouri. It is now part of the new USBC headquarters in Arlington, through 2012, there are 89 PBA Hall of Fame Members in three categories, Performance Meritorious Service Veterans/Senior Membership in the Hall of Fame was originally determined by annual elections. From 2000-2008, those in the Performance category had to have ten PBA titles on their resume, another revision took effect in 2008. Bowlers can now qualify for the Hall of Fame based on five PBA titles on their resume, other active bowlers can now qualify for the Hall as well if they have 20 years of membership and are elected. Late in 2008, The PBA announced the launch of a new PBA Seniors Hall of Fame, john Handegard, the all-time leader in PBA Senior titles became the first inductee on January 24,2009. In January 2016 Ryan Gasparovich was nominated in the PBA Hall of fame and his notable act of scoring a perfect series 2 times in a year during Michigans Regional Competition held at Skore Lanes in Taylor, Michigan
6.
Testimonial
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In promotion and of advertising, a testimonial or show consists of a persons written or spoken statement extolling the virtue of a product. The term testimonial most commonly applies to the attributed to ordinary citizens. Testimonials can be part of communal marketing, social media such as Twitter have become increasingly popular mediums for celebrities to endorse brands and to attempt to influence purchasing behavior. According to Bloomberg News, social-media-ad spending was expected to reach a total of $4.8 billion at the end of 2012, advertising and marketing companies sponsor celebrities to tweet and influence thousands of their followers to buy brand products. For example, Ryan Seacrest gets paid to promote Ford products, companies that pay celebs to tweet for them subscribe to the Malcolm Gladwell theory of influence. Celebrity endorsements have proven successful in China, where increasing consumerism makes the purchase of an endorsed product into a status symbol. On August 1,2007, laws were passed banning healthcare professionals, testimonials from customers who are not famous have been effectively used in marketing for as long as marketing has existed. A past or current customer will present a word of mouth testimonial that a business can use in marketing. Testimonials have reached a high in importance as the internet is now a plethora of reviews. Google+, TripAdvisor, and many more have become go to places for individuals who are seeking other customers reviews/testimonials about a particular business. To put the growth of industry into perspective, for example, Yelp. coms growth alone can be noted. Instagram especially has increasingly been useful in distributing testimonials on products and it is done by making use of the tagging feature that directly links to the original brand or the particular location that the picture was taken. Moreover, the description of the pictures are used to write either the review or sentences that compliments the product or place. However, it can only be called an endorsement deal when the company or label contacts the user directly to create such testimonial post, and the user receives commission. This is becoming a trend in Indonesia, especially amongst users with at least one thousand followers, the downside to such explosive importance in this arena is the massive amount of fraud in the form of fake reviews or opinion spam, testimonials that are not authentic. Often, an owner will open multiple email addresses and then corresponding Yelp. Accounts and write a multitude of testimonials seemingly by many customers of said business, similarly, the same owner may also write negative reviews of competitors. From a NY Times article about the topic, On another forum, Digital Point
