1.
Estonia
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Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 of land and water, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 6500 BC, in 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian Supreme Soviet issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in defiance of Soviet rule, and independence was restored on 20 August 1991. Estonia is a parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn, with a population of 1.3 million, it is one of the least-populous member states of the European Union, Eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, OECD and Schengen Area. Estonia is a country with an advanced, high-income economy that is among the fastest growing in the EU. Its Human Development Index ranks very highly, and it performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, the 2015 PISA test places Estonian high school students 3rd in the world, behind Singapore and Japan. Citizens of Estonia are provided with health care, free education. Since independence the country has developed its IT sector, becoming one of the worlds most digitally advanced societies. In 2005 Estonia became the first nation to hold elections over the Internet, in the Estonian language, the oldest known endonym of the Estonians was maarahvas, meaning country people or people of the land. The land inhabited by Estonians was called Maavald meaning Country Parish or Land Parish, one hypothesis regarding the modern name of Estonia is that it originated from the Aesti, a people described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania. The historic Aesti were allegedly Baltic people, whereas the modern Estonians are Finno-Ugric, the geographical areas between Aesti and Estonia do not match, with Aesti being further down south. Ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, as the country is called in Icelandic. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia, esthonia was a common alternative English spelling prior to 1921. Human settlement in Estonia became possible 13,000 to 11,000 years ago, the oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the river Pärnu, near the town of Sindi, in south-western Estonia. According to radiocarbon dating it was settled around 11,000 years ago, the earliest human inhabitation during the Mesolithic period is connected to Kunda culture, which is named after the town of Kunda in northern Estonia. At that time the country was covered with forests, and people lived in communities near bodies of water
2.
Estonian language
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Estonian is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family, Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages, Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German, and Russian, furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language. The basic word order is subject–verb–object, modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia. The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, the oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words, the earliest extant samples of connected Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed, the book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, an Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686, the two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle. Writings in Estonian became more significant in the 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period, the birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. His birthday on March 14 is celebrated in Estonia as the Mother Tongue Day, a fragment from Petersons poem Kuu expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language, Kas siis selle maa keel Laulutuules ei või Taevani tõustes üles Igavikku omale otsida. In English, Can the language of this land In the wind of incantation Rising up to the heavens Not seek for eternity. Kristjan Jaak Peterson From 1525 to 191714,503 titles were published in Estonian, in modern times Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski remain as two of Estonias best known and most translated writers. Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, after the Estonian War of Independence in 1919, the Estonian language became the state language of the newly independent country. In 1945,97. 3% of Estonia considered itself ethnic Estonian, when Estonia was invaded and occupied by the Soviet Union in World War II, the status of the Estonian language changed to the first of two official languages. As with Latvia many immigrants entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement, in the second half of the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism intensified, resulting in widespread knowledge of Russian throughout the country. The Russian language was termed as ‘the language of friendship of nations’ and was taught to Estonian children, although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in schools was compulsory, in practice learning the language was often considered unnecessary
3.
Est, Netherlands
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Est is a town in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Neerijnen, and lies about 8 km west of Tiel, in 2001, the town of Est had 600+ inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.065 km², the statistical area Est, which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 610
4.
Est Region (Burkina Faso)
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Est is one of Burkina Fasos 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001, the regions capital is Fada Ngourma. Five provinces make up the region - Gnagna, Gourma, Komondjari, Kompienga, as of 2010, the population of the region was 1,369,233 with 50.97 per cent females. The population in the region was 8.70 per cent of the population of the country. The child mortality rate was 98, infant mortality rate was 98, as of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 28.5 per cent, compared with a national average of 28.3 per cent. The coverage of cereal need compared with the production of the region was 108.00 per cent. Most of Burkino Faso is a plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common, the dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor, the average elevation is around 200 m to 300 m above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population, the southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region, the areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsete and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around 100 cm compared with northern regions that receive only 25 cm rainfall, as of 2010, the population of the region was 1,369,233 with 50.97 per cent females. The population in the region was 8.70 per cent of the population of the country. The child mortality rate was 98, infant mortality rate was 98, as of 2007, there were 960.2 km of highways,369.8 km of regional roads and 514 km of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 29, first set of traffic was 2,610. The coverage of cereal need compared with the production of the region was 108.00 per cent
5.
Est Region (Cameroon)
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The East Region occupies the southeastern portion of the Republic of Cameroon. It is bordered to the east by the Central African Republic, to the south by Congo, to the north by the Adamawa Region, with 109,011 km² of territory, it is the largest region in the nation as well as the most sparsely populated. Historically, the peoples of the East have been settled in Cameroonian territory for longer than any other of the many ethnic groups. The East Region has very little industry, its main commerce consisting of logging, timber, instead, the bulk of its inhabitants are subsistence farmers. The region is thus of little political import and is ignored by Cameroonian politicians. This coupled with the low level of development in the province have led to its being dubbed the forgotten province, in 2008, the President of the Republic of Cameroon, President Paul Biya signed decrees abolishing Provinces and replacing them with Regions. Hence, all of the ten provinces are now known as Regions. The soil of the East is predominantly ferrallitic, rich with iron, the southern three quarters of the region consists of metamorphic rock such as gneiss, schist, mica, and migmatite. Starting at about the level of Bertoua and going north, however, while the region supports an abundance of plant life, it is not particularly fertile due to leaching caused by the humid environment. Eastern dirt hardens quickly in the sun, and it is used as a building material by poorer inhabitants. Many of these rivers have carved out valleys that surround them, the rivers of the territory have only slight gradients, and floods can occur along them during the rainy season. The Lom and Nyong rivers eventually empty into the Atlantic Ocean, all other rivers in the East form part of the Congo River basin. Almost the entire territory of the East Province lies on the South Cameroon Plateau that forms the southeastern half of the country, the land consists largely of monotonous, gently undulating hills known as half-oranges due to their resemblance to that fruit. The East has a Type A wet equatorial climate, meaning that it experiences high temperatures and a lack of traditional seasons. Instead, there is a dry season from December to May, a light wet season from May to June, a short dry season from July to October. Humidity and cloud cover are high, and precipitation averages 1500–2000 mm per year except in the extreme eastern and northern portions. Approximately the lower two thirds of the province is covered in rain forest, which grows progressively thicker as one travels south. The forests are composed of hardwood evergreens of species such as dibetu, ebony, iroko, mahogany, obeche, there are also numerous ferns and orchids
6.
Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone
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Est. di Montefiascone is an Italian wine region centered on the commune of Montefiascone in province of Viterbo in Latium. The unusual name of the region dates back to a 12th-century tale of a German Bishop traveling to the Vatican for a meeting with the Pope. The Bishop sent a prelate ahead of him to survey the villages along the route for the best wines, at a Montefiascone inn, the prelate was reportedly so overwhelmed with the local wine that he wrote Est. While this tale has been repeated, with some variations. Today, the region is known primarily for wine tourism, catering to the visitors of Lake Bolsena north of Rome. Among wine critics, the wine often receives mixed opinions with wine experts such as Hugh Johnson, Est. di Montefiascone as usually the dullest white wine with the strangest name in the world. Wine writers Joe Bastianich and David Lynch compares Est, Est. di Montefiascone to the Tuscan wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano saying that the regions. history is more compelling than whats currently in the glass. The story behind the name of Est, Est. di Montefiascone has been widely repeated for centuries and, though likely apocryphal, has served as a tourism draw for the region and gives some notoriety to the wine. While variations of the tale exist, the legend involves a traveling Catholic bishop on his way to Rome who sends a servant ahead to find places with the best wine for the bishop to enjoy. Visiting villages throughout Italy, the servant would scrawl Est on the door of the places he found to have good wine for the party to later visit. The legend has it that the servant was so impressed with the wine being served at a Montefiascone inn that he enthusiastically scrawled Est, while that is the basic outline of the story, over the centuries several variations have popped up that slightly change some details. On his travels, Fugger sent his majordomo ahead of him to taste the local wines, but Stevenson also reports that the bishop, himself, was also so impressed with the wines that he canceled the rest of his journey and stayed in Montefiascone until his death. The white blended wines of Est, Est. di Montefiascone received DOC status in 1966 and includes the volcanic soils encircling Lake Bolsena in the northern Latium region. Wine writer Joe Bastianich describes the wines of Est, Est. di Montefiascone as mildly aromatic with apple notes and high acidity. The wines can be produced in dry and sweeter abboccato styles, locally, the wines are often paired with Roman cuisine such as fritto misto and deep-fried artichokes. Their version has been called a generic Umbrian cheap white known around the world
7.
Ensemble Studio Theatre
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The Ensemble Studio Theatre is a non-profit membership-based developmental theatre located in New York City. It has a mission of nurturing individual theatre artists and developing new American plays. The Ensemble Studio Theatre — commonly known as “EST”— was founded in 1968 by Curt Dempster on the belief that extraordinary support yields extraordinary work. EST are an expanding group of artists committed to the discovery and nurturing of new voices. The ensemble works together repeatedly over time to develop and produce new plays, with 589 ensemble artists concentrated mainly in New York City, EST has been under the artistic direction of William Carden since 2007. The Marathon has been credited for reviving the play form. Past playwrights include Horton Foote, Tina Howe, David Mamet, Shirley Lauro, Jaquelyn Reingold, since 1968, EST has produced over 6,000 new works and has helped launch the careers of many recognized playwrights, actors and directors. It produces approximately 150 projects each year, ranging from fully produced mainstage productions to a variety of in-progress workshops, EST has a membership of over 500 theatre artists, including playwrights, directors, actors, designers and managers. Youngblood is Ensemble Studio Theatre’s OBIE-winning collective of emerging professional playwrights under the age of 30, founded in 1993, Youngblood serves as a creative home for the next generation of theater artists. Youngblood provides artistic guidance, peer support, regular feedback and a production environment which allows EST member playwrights to hone their skills. The group also provides exposure to the public and the press, professional outreach to the industry, Youngblood is currently run by Co-Artistic Directors Graeme Gillis and RJ Tolan. Robert Askins Annie Baker Amy Herzog Mike Lew Qui Nguyen Lucy Thurber The Ensemble Studio Theatre/The Alfred P, beyond New York, the program now has a nationwide reach. It supports development and production of new plays in over 60 theatres across the country through a combination of seed grants, official website Ensemble Studio Theatre at NYC-Arts. org Ensemble Studio Theatre at NYTheatre. com
8.
European Society for Translation Studies
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The European Society for Translation Studies is an international non-profit organization that promotes research on translation, interpreting, and localization. The Society was registered on May 28,1993 with the Bundespolizeidirektion in Vienna as the Europäische Gesellschaft für Translationswissenschaft, as an association under Austrian law, its constitution is in German but the Society’s official language is English, so the English name prevails. The abbreviation EST should be pronounced as separate letters, the Society has held congresses every three years, in Prague, Granada, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Ljubljana, Leuven, Germersheim and Aarhus. The ninth congress is scheduled to take place in Stellenbosch, South Africa, every three years it also gives a prize to the best young scholar in Translation Studies. The site also has Research issues in Translation Studies, a collection of tips. The Society has edited books based on the proceedings of its conferences, Snell-Hornby, Mary, Franz Pöchhacker. Snell-Hornby, Mary, Zuzana Jettmarová and Klaus Kaindl, chesterman, Andrew, Natividad Gallardo San Salvador and Yves Gambier. Hansen, Gyde, Kirsten Malmkjær and Daniel Gile, claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies. Gambier, Yves, Miriam Shlesinger and Radegundis Stolze,2007, Doubts and Directions in Translation Studies. Gile, Daniel, Gyde Hansen & Nike Pokorn, way, Catherine, Sonia Vandepitte, Reine Meylaerts and Magdalena Bartłomiejczyk. Tracks and Trecks in Translation Studies, Translation studies Intercultural communication Bilingualism Language localisation European Society for Translation Studies
9.
Ecological systems theory
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Ecological systems theory, also called development in context or human ecology theory, identifies five environmental systems with which an individual interacts. This theory provides the framework from which community psychologists study the relationships with individuals contexts within communities, Ecological systems theory was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. Microsystem, Refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the development including, family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood. For example, a parents or childs experience at home may be influenced by the other parents experiences at work, the parent might receive a promotion that requires more travel, which might increase conflict with the other parent and change patterns of interaction with the child. Macrosystem, Describes the culture in which individuals live, cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. A child, his or her parent, his or her school, members of a cultural group share a common identity, heritage, and values. The macrosystem evolves over time, because each generation may change the macrosystem. Chronosystem, The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, for example, divorces are one transition. Researchers have found that the effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year after the divorce. By two years after the divorce, family interaction is less chaotic and more stable, an example of sociohistorical circumstances is the increase in opportunities for women to pursue a career during the last thirty years. The persons own biology may be considered part of the microsystem, per this theoretical construction, each system contains roles, norms and rules which may shape psychological development. For example, an inner-city family faces many challenges which an affluent family in a gated community does not, the inner-city family is more likely to experience environmental hardships, like crime and squalor. On the other hand, the family is more likely to lack the nurturing support of extended family. Bronfenbrenner has identified Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky and German-born psychologist Kurt Lewin as important influences on his theory, there are many different theories related to human development. The ecological theory emphasizes environmental factors as playing the role to development. Bioecological model Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Systems ecology Systems psychology Theoretical ecology Urie Bronfenbrenner, the Ecology of Human Development, Experiments by Nature and Design. ISBN 0-674-22457-4 Dede Paquette & John Ryan, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Woodside, Arch G. Caldwell, Marylouise, Spurr, Ray. Advancing Ecological Systems Theory in Lifestyle, Leisure, and Travel Research, marlowe E. Trance, Kerstin O. Flores
10.
Edinburgh Science Triangle
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The three points of the triangle are Livingston in West Lothian, Musselburgh in East Lothian, and the Easter Bush campus in Midlothian. The collaborative project aims to attract new indigenous and inward investment, the target sectors for the project are the life sciences, informatics, micro- and optoelectronics and energy. The Edinburgh Science Triangle was launched by Jim Wallace, the Deputy First Minister, in September 2004 and it is a member of Edinburghs Local Investment Partnership, which includes the City of Edinburgh Council, Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce, Scottish Development International and Scottish Enterprise. Scottish Development International promotes the Edinburgh Science Triangle abroad and it is a subsidiary of Lanarkshire Enterprise Services
11.
European Solar Telescope
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The European Solar Telescope is a pan-European project to build a next-generation 4-metre class solar telescope, to be located in the Canary Islands, Spain. This will require diagnostics of the thermal, dynamic and magnetic properties of the plasma over many scale heights, by using multiple wavelength imaging, spectroscopy, in May 2011 EST was at the end of its conceptual design study. The EST is being developed by the European Association for Solar Telescopes and its main goal is to develop, construct and operate the EST. The European Solar Telescope is often regarded as the counterpart of the American Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope which is currently being constructed, the conceptual design study conducted by research institutions and industrial companies was finalized in May 2011. The study took 3 years, cost €7 million and was co-financed by the European Commission under the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research, the study estimates a €150 million to design and construct the EST and projects about €6.5 million annually for its operation. As well as EAST intends to develop, construct and operate a large aperture European Solar Telescope in the Canaries. List of solar telescopes Official EST homepage European Association for Solar Telescopes website European Solar Telescope in the Canary Island
12.
Canary Islands
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The Canary Islands, also known as the Canaries, are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located on the Atlantic Ocean,100 kilometres west of Morocco. The Canaries are among the outermost regions of the European Union proper and it is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government. The main islands are Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, the archipelago also includes a number of islands and islets, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles. The Canary Islands is the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region, the islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot summers and moderately warm winters. The precipitation levels and the level of maritime moderation varies depending on location and elevation, green areas as well as desert exist on the archipelago. Due to their location above the inversion layer, the high mountains of these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have built on the islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927 a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared, the third largest city of the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna on Tenerife. This city is home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias. During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, who came south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning Islands of the Dogs, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained vast multitudes of dogs of very large size. Another speculation is that the dogs were actually a species of monk seal, critically endangered. The dense population of seals may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with these islands by sea. Alternatively, it is said that the inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them. The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the dog-headed ones, who worshipped dogs on an island. Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the god, Anubis are closely connected
13.
Tunisia
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Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, covering 165,000 square kilometres. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent and it is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisias population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014, Tunisias name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisias northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the end of the Atlas Mountains. Much of the rest of the land is fertile soil. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic and it is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a human development index. In addition, Tunisia is also a state of the United Nations. Close relations with Europe – in particular with France and with Italy – have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation, in ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC, these immigrants founded Carthage, a major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the eight hundred years, introduced Christianity. After several attempts starting in 647, the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, the Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881, Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014. The word Tunisia is derived from Tunis, an urban hub. The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, the French derivative Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian Туни́с and Spanish Túnez, in this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic تونس, and only by context can one tell the difference. The name Tunis can be attributed to different origins and it is generally associated with the Berber root ⵜⵏⵙ, transcribed tns, which means to lay down or encampment
14.
Sports club
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A sports club or sport club, sometimes athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. A club is solely created by its members, players and supporters, clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several. The term athletics club is used for a general sports club. Many professional sports clubs have a system where the affiliated supporters pay an annuity fee. Registered associate member fees, attendance receipts, sponsoring contracts, team merchandising, TV rights, some sports teams are owned and financed by a single non-sports company, for example the several sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH and collectively known as Red Bulls. They may compete in different sports and leagues, being headquartered in some cases across several countries. In general, student sports can be described as composed by multisports clubs, each one representing its educational institution, in the United States major institutions like The New York Athletic Club and Los Angeles Athletic Club serve as athletic clubs that participate in multiple sports. Examples also abound of sports clubs that are in one sports team. Each team from the NFL, CFL, NBA, MLB, NHL or MLS North American sports leagues, can be called sports clubs, but in practice, they focus solely on a single sport. In the United Kingdom, almost all sports organizations are dedicated to a single sport. In addition, like in other countries, many universities and colleges develop a wide range of student sport activities including at a professional or semi-professional level. Fulham F. C. once ran a professional league team and rowing club. Many football clubs originate from cricket teams, today, most major cities have separate clubs for each sport. Many clubs internationally describe themselves as football clubs, generally, British football clubs field only football teams. Their counterparts in other countries tend to be full multi-sport clubs. Community organizations Health club Leisure centre North American Association of Sports Economists Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR
15.
Time in Australia
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Australia uses three main time zones, Australian Western Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time, and Australian Eastern Standard Time. Time is regulated by the state governments, some of which observe daylight saving time. Australias external territories observe different time zones, Standard time was introduced in the 1890s when all of the Dominions adopted it. Before the switch to standard time zones, each city or town was free to determine its local time. Daylight saving time is used in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and it is not currently used in Western Australia, Queensland or the Northern Territory. The standardization of time in Australia began in 1892, when surveyors from the six Dominions in Australia met in Melbourne for the Intercolonial Conference of Surveyors, the delegates accepted the recommendation of the 1884 International Meridian Conference to adopt Greenwich Mean Time as the basis for standard time. The Dominions enacted time zone legislation, which took effect in February 1895. The clocks were set ahead of GMT by eight hours in Western Australia, by nine hours in South Australia, and by 10 hours in Queensland, New South Wales, the three time zones became known as Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, and Western Standard Time. Broken Hill in the far west of New South Wales also adopted Central Standard Time due to it being connected by rail to Adelaide but not Sydney at the time. In May 1899, South Australia advanced Central Standard Time by thirty minutes, in doing so, South Australia also adopted a time meridian located outside its boundaries – another departure from international convention. Attempts to correct these oddities in 1986 and 1994 were rejected, when the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia and placed under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, that Territory kept Central Standard Time. Likewise, when the ACT was broken off from New South Wales, Australia has kept a version of the UTC atomic time scale since the 1990s, but Greenwich Mean Time remained the formal basis for the standard times of all of the states through 2005. All states have adopted the UTC standard, starting on 1 September 2005, such instruments may be valid for only the current year, and so this section generally only refers to the legislation. In New South Wales and Western Australia, the starting and ending dates, however, during World War I and World War II all states and territories used daylight saving time. In 1968 Tasmania became the first state in peacetime to use DST, followed in 1971 by New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not adopt it. Queensland and Western Australia have occasionally used DST during the past 40 years during trial periods. The main DST zones are the following, Central Daylight Saving Time – UTC+10,30, in South Australia Eastern Daylight Saving Time – UTC+11, in New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, and Tasmania. During the usual periods of DST, the three time zones in Australia become five zones
16.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
17.
Summer Time in Europe
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It corresponds to the notion and practice of daylight saving time to be found in many other parts of the world. European Summer Time is observed across three zones, beginning at 01,00 UTC/WET on the last Sunday in March. This means that Summer Time lasts, depending upon the calendar year, Summer Time was first introduced during the First World War. However, most countries discontinued the practice after the war and it was then restarted in various countries during the Second World War and its immediate aftermath. It has remained in place in most European countries since that time, historically the countries of Europe had different practices for observing Summer Time, but this hindered coordination of transport, communications and movements. Starting in 1981 the European Community began issuing directives requiring member states to legislate particular start, since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01,00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March, but the end dates have differed. In 1996 the end date was changed to the fourth Sunday in October for all countries, in 1998 the end date was adjusted to be the last Sunday in October, this happened to be the same as the previous rule for 1996 and 1997. The ninth directive, currently in force, has made this permanent, the above formula is valid until 2099. See, British Double Summer Time Central European Midsummer Time Moscow Midsummer Time There are three countries that do not use summer time, and keep the time all year. Some may be thought of as using permanent summer time since they are using time zones allocated to regions further east than themselves, Belarus explicitly decided to stay permanently on summer time after 2011. Belarus switched to summer time in Spring 2011 and did not switch back, the midpoint of Belarus has longitude 28°E. Iceland observes UTC all year round despite being at longitudes which would indicate UTC−1, icelands high latitude means that sunset and sunrise times change by many hours over the year, and the effect of changing the clock by one hour would, in comparison, be small. Russia used permanent summer time from 2011 to 2014, in October 2014 Russia changed permanently back to standard time, setting the clocks back one hour at the same time as other European countries did. Turkey decided not to observe daylight saving time anymore in September 2016, and decided to stay in UTC+3 throughout the year rather than switching back to its original time UTC+2. In most of Europe, the word Summer is added to the name of each European time zone during this period, thus, in the UTC+01,00 time zone, Central European Time becomes Central European Summer Time. Austria-Hungary used summer time during World War I in 1916,1917 and 1918, Summer time was introduced in Bulgaria in 1979 by a regulation of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers. Bulgaria observes the European Union rules for summer time, in the Kingdom of Bohemia, summer time was used for three seasons since 1916 to 1918, while being part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during World War I. During the World War II period, when Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia became a de facto part of Nazi Germany, in 1940/1941 and 1941/1942, the summer time was kept continuously even during the winter
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Western European Summer Time
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Western European Summer Time is a summer daylight saving time scheme,1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Also sometimes erroneously referred to as Irish Summer Time, the scheme runs from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October each year. At both the start and end of the schemes, clock changes take place at 01,00 UTC, during the winter, Greenwich Mean Time is used. The asymmetry reflects temperature more than the length of daylight, Ireland observes Standard Time during the summer months and changes to UTC+0 in winter. As Irelands winter time period begins on the last Sunday in October and finishes on the last Sunday in March, the result is the same as if it observed summer time. The following countries and territories use Western European Summer Time during the summer, starting in 1916, the dates for the beginning and end of BST each year were mandated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In February 2002, the Summer Time Order 2002 changed the dates and times to match European rules for moving to, note, Until 1 October 1916 time in all of Ireland was based on Dublin Mean Time, GMT −25 minutes. BBC News report, Tundra time call in clocks debate, UK Government Report, Overview of the pros and cons of British Summer Time
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Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
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Eastern European Summer Time
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Eastern European Summer Time is one of the names of UTC+3 time zone,3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is used as a daylight saving time in some European and Middle Eastern countries. During the winter periods, Eastern European Time is used, since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October, previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Syria, since 1983 Ukraine, Moscow Summer Time in years 1981–89, regular EEST from 1992 In one year 1991 EEST was used also in Moscow, egypt has previously used EEST from 1957–2010 and 2014–2015. Turkey, has previously used EEST from 1970-1978 EEST, Moscow Summer Time from 1979–1983, and EEST from 1985-2016
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Ed Sullivan Theater
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The Ed Sullivan Theater, located at 1697–1699 Broadway between West 53rd and West 54th, in the Theater District in Manhattan, is a venerable radio and television studio in New York City. The theater has been used as a venue for live and taped CBS broadcasts since 1936 and it is historically known as the home of The Ed Sullivan Show and the site of The Beatles US debut performance. It has also housed David Lettermans tenure of CBS Late Show from 1993 to 2015, the theatre currently houses The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the second incarnation of the Late Show franchise. It is on the National Register of Historic Places, and the interior has been designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the 13-story, brown brick and terra cotta office building with a ground-floor theater was designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp. It was built by Arthur Hammerstein between 1925 and 1927, and was named Hammersteins Theatre after his father, Oscar Hammerstein I, the original neo-Gothic interior contained pointed-arch stained-glass windows with scenes from the elder Hammersteins operas. Its first production was the three-hour musical Golden Dawn, the male lead of which was Cary Grant, then still using his birth name. Arthur Hammerstein went bankrupt in 1931, and lost ownership of the building and it later went by the name Manhattan Theatre, Billy Roses Music Hall, and the Manhattan once again. In the 1930s, it became a nightclub, after CBS obtained a long-term lease on the property, the radio network began broadcasting from there in 1936, moving in broadcast facilities it had leased at NBC Studios in Radio City. The debut broadcast was the Major Bowes Amateur Hour, the theater had various names during the networks tenancy, including Radio Theater #3 and the CBS Radio Playhouse. It was converted for television in 1950, when it became CBS-TV Studio 50, in the early and mid-Fifties, the theater played host to many of the live telecasts of The Jackie Gleason Show. The theater was renamed for Sullivan at the end of his 20th Anniversary Celebration telecast on December 10,1967. In the 1960s, Studio 50 was one of CBS busiest stages, not only for Sullivans program but also for The Merv Griffin Show, as well as several game shows. In 1965, Studio 50 was converted to color, and the first color episode of The Ed Sullivan Show originated from the theater on October 31,1965, the first episode of regular color telecasts of Whats My Line. was broadcast live on September 11,1966. Line and Truth remained at Studio 50 even after they moved from CBS to first-run syndication in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Ed Sullivan Theater was also the first home for The $10,000 Pyramid, with its huge end-game board set at the rear of the stage, in 1973. Other short-lived game shows produced at the Ed included Musical Chairs with singer Adam Wade, Shoot For The Stars with Geoff Edwards, the CBS lease on the building expired in 1981 and it became a Reeves Entertainment teletape facility. As such it hosted the sitcom Kate & Allie, which ran from 1984 to 1989, in 1990, David Niles/1125 Productions signed onto the lease, with the theater to house his HDTV studio and new Broadway show Dreamtime. On October 17,1992, an NBC special celebrating Phil Donahues 25 years on television taped in the theater, the following month, NBC News used the theater for its November 1992 election night coverage
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Generative grammar
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Generative grammar is a linguistic theory that regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language. Noam Chomsky first used the term in relation to the linguistics of grammar that he developed in the late 1950s. Linguists who follow the approach have been called generativists. The generative school has focused on the study of syntax, but has also addressed other aspects of a languages structure, early versions of Chomskys theory were called transformational grammar, which is still used as a general term that includes his subsequent theories. There are a number of versions of generative grammar currently practiced within linguistics, a contrasting approach is that of constraint-based grammars. Where a generative grammar attempts to list all the rules that result in all well-formed sentences, in stochastic grammar, grammatical correctness is taken as a probabilistic variable, rather than a discrete property. There are a number of different approaches to generative grammar, common to all is the effort to come up with a set of rules or principles that formally defines each and every one of the members of the set of well-formed expressions of a natural language. Chomsky, in an acceptance speech delivered in India in 2001. Generative grammar has been under development since the late 1950s, and has many changes in the types of rules. In tracing the development of ideas within generative grammar, it is useful to refer to various stages in the development of the theory. The so-called standard theory corresponds to the model of generative grammar laid out by Chomsky in 1965. A core aspect of standard theory is the distinction between two different representations of a sentence, called deep structure and surface structure, the two representations are linked to each other by transformational grammar. The so-called extended standard theory was formulated in the late 1960s, features are, syntactic constraints generalized phrase structures The so-called revised extended standard theory was formulated between 1973 and 1976. It contains restrictions upon X-bar theory, move α An alternative model of syntax based on the idea that notions like subject, direct object, and indirect object play a primary role in grammar. Chomskys Lectures on Government and Binding and Barriers, generative grammars can be described and compared, with the aid of the Chomsky hierarchy in the 1950s. This sets out a series of types of formal grammars with increasing expressive power, at a higher level of complexity are the context-free grammars. The derivation of a sentence by such a grammar can be depicted as a derivation tree, linguists working within generative grammar often view such trees as a primary object of study. According to this view, a sentence is not merely a string of words, such a tree diagram is also called a phrase marker
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The Americans (2013 TV series)
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The Americans is an American television period drama series created and produced by former CIA officer Joe Weisberg. On May 25,2016, FX set an end-date for the series by renewing it for a fifth and sixth season, the 13-episode fifth season premiered on March 7,2017. It will be followed by a 10-episode sixth and final season in 2018, the Americans, a fictional period piece set during the Reagan administration, was created by Joe Weisberg, a former CIA officer. The story picks up shortly after the two parents are activated in the early 1980s, the shows creator has described the series as being ultimately about a marriage, The Americans is at its core a marriage story. International relations is just an allegory for the human relations, sometimes, when youre struggling in your marriage or with your kid, it feels like life or death. For Philip and Elizabeth, it often is, Weisberg was fascinated by stories he had heard from agents who served abroad as spies, while raising their families. He was interested in bringing that concept to television, with the idea of a family of spies, I was totally joining the CIA because I wanted to be a spy. But the second they asked that question, then I thought, Now Im going to fail the test. Weisberg was partially influenced by the events of the Illegals Program to write a script for the series. His research material included notes on the KGBs Cold War left by Vasili Mitrokhin, an obvious way to remedy that for television was to stick it back in the Cold War. At first, the 70s appealed to me just because I loved the hair, but can you think of a better time than the 80s with Ronald Reagan yelling about the evil empire. After reading Weisbergs novel, An Ordinary Spy, executive producer Graham Yost discovered that Weisberg had also written a pilot for a spy series. Yost read the pilot and discovered that it was annoyingly good, Weisberg stated that he had no idea about who would star in the series before casting began. FX president John Landgraf had the idea to cast Keri Russell in the series, leslie Feldman, the head of casting at DreamWorks, saw Matthew Rhys in a play and suggested him to Weisberg. Russell and Rhys had met briefly at a party years before and they both were attracted to the series because of its focus on the relationship between their characters. Russell described the script as interesting, continuing, It was so far from a procedural. And I didnt know that I wanted to do it, I always say no to everything. I never want to do anything, but I just couldnt stop thinking about it
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Estimation
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Estimation is the process of finding an estimate, or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable. The value is nonetheless usable because it is derived from the best information available, typically, estimation involves using the value of a statistic derived from a sample to estimate the value of a corresponding population parameter. The sample provides information that can be projected, through formal or informal processes. An estimate that out to be incorrect will be an overestimate if the estimate exceeded the actual result. Estimation is often done by sampling, which is counting a number of examples something. An example of estimation would be determining how many candies of a given size are in a glass jar, estimates can similarly be generated by projecting results from polls or surveys onto the entire population. In making an estimate, the goal is often most useful to generate a range of outcomes that is precise enough to be useful. Such a projection, intended to pick the single value that is believed to be closest to the value, is called a point estimate. A corresponding concept is an estimate, which captures a much larger range of possibilities. For example, if one were asked to estimate the percentage of people who like candy, such an estimate would provide no guidance, however, to somebody who is trying to determine how many candies to buy for a party to be attended by a hundred people. In statistics, an estimator is the name for the rule by which an estimate is calculated from data. This process is used in processing, for approximating an unobserved signal on the basis of an observed signal containing noise. For estimation of yet-to-be observed quantities, forecasting and prediction are applied, estimation is important in business and economics, because too many variables exist to figure out how large-scale activities will develop. An informal estimate when little information is available is called a guesstimate, the estimated sign, ℮, is used to designate that package contents are close to the nominal contents
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To Lose My Life...
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To Lose My Life. is the debut album by the British Indie rock band White Lies. It was released on 19 January 2009, through Fiction Records, the album was produced by Ed Buller and Max Dingel, between ICP Studios in Belgium and Kore Studios in London. The album produced four singles, Unfinished Business, Death and To Lose My Life, prior to its release, Death was re-issued in June 2009, with From the Stars appearing as iTuness Single of the Week during December 2008. The album was released in the United States on 17 March 2009, the album was recorded at ICP Studios in Brussels, Belgium, and Kore Studios, Acton, west London. It was produced by Ed Buller and Max Dingel, who have worked with Suede, The Killers. Further mixing was completed by Alan Moulder, the album includes a 20-piece orchestra, later stated as a 25-piece, composed by Buller. Upon entering the studio, the band only had five early demo versions of tracks Death, Farewell to the Fairground, From the Stars and Unfinished Business, the rest were written and recorded during studio time. On 22 September 2008, the band played nine of the ten released tracks at Manchesters Night, reviewing the gig, NME described the album by its provisional title of To Lose My Life Or Lose My Love. The album was released on 19 January 2009 in the United Kingdom on CD and 12-inch vinyl, White Lies official website packaged the first 500 purchases with a green companion booklet, containing studio pictures and individual essays written by members of the band and production team. The site also published the album in a boxset, which contained the album on six 7-inch vinyls, along with an extra 7 containing demo versions of The Price of Love. On 13 February 2009, the announced the release of an instrumental version of the album, free with iTunes. The albums artwork was nominated alongside 49 others for Best Art Vinyl 2009 by website artvinyl. com, finishing seventh in the overall poll, the artwork was displayed in multiple exhibitions in Birmingham and London during November 2009. On 17 April 2010, the band released The Remixes, an EP containing remixes of songs from To Lose My Life, the five track EP was limited to 500 copies and released as part of Record Store Day 2009. Initial critical response for To Lose My Life. was mixed, at Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 58, based on 17 reviews. Debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, became the first British act in 2009 to achieve a number one album, worldwide, the album charted in eleven countries, including six top-40 positions in Europe. All music composed by White Lies
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Est Cola
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Est Cola is a cola soft drink from Thailand, manufactured by Sermsuk Public Company Limited. It was launched on 2 November 2012 and it was created in response to the termination of its contract with PepsiCo, for whom it had bottled and distributed Pepsi in Thailand since 1952. Est Cola est Sugar Free Cola est Play, Fruit-flavored soft drink, available in orange, cream soda, strawberry, grape berry, lychee, and lemon-lime varieties
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English grammar
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English grammar is the way in which meanings are encoded into wordings in the English language. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences, There are historical, social, cultural and regional variations of English. Divergences from the described here occur in some dialects of English. There are differences in grammar between the forms of British, American, and Australian English, although these are minor compared with the differences in vocabulary. Eight word classes or parts of speech are commonly distinguished in English, nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Interjections are another class, but these are not described here as they do not form part of the clause. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs form open classes – word classes that readily accept new members, such as the noun celebutante, the others are considered to be closed classes. For example, it is rare for a new pronoun to enter the language, English words are not generally marked for word class. It is not usually possible to tell from the form of a word which class it belongs to except, to some extent, on the other hand, some words belong to more than one word class. For example, run can serve as either a verb or a noun, lexemes may be inflected to express different grammatical categories. The lexeme run has the forms runs, ran, runny, runner, words in one class can sometimes be derived from those in another. This has the potential to rise to new words. The noun aerobics has recently given rise to the adjective aerobicized, a phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. For example, my good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun. Similarly, adjective phrases and adverb phrases function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, Nouns form the largest English word class. There are many common suffixes used to form nouns from other nouns or from other types of words, such as -age, -hood, Nouns are also often created by conversion of verbs or adjectives, as with the words talk and reading. Unlike in many related languages, English nouns do not have grammatical gender, Nouns are sometimes classified semantically as proper nouns and common nouns or as concrete nouns and abstract nouns. A grammatical distinction is made between count nouns such as clock and city, and non-count nouns such as milk and decor
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Thou
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The word thou is a second person singular pronoun in English. It is now archaic, having been replaced in almost all contexts by you. It is used in parts of Northern England and by Scots, Thou is the nominative form, the oblique/objective form is thee, and the possessive is thy or thine. In Middle English, thou was sometimes abbreviated by putting a small u over the letter thorn, originally, thou was simply the singular counterpart to the plural pronoun ye, derived from an ancient Indo-European root. The use of the pronoun is also present in poetry. Early English translations of the Bible used the singular form of the second person. The familiar and singular form is used when speaking to God, in French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Yiddish, Turkish, Lithuanian, and Scottish Gaelic. In addition, the translators of the King James Version of the Bible attempted to maintain the distinction found in Hebrew between singular and plural second person pronouns, as such, they used thou for singular, and you for plural. In standard modern English, thou continues to be used only in religious contexts, in literature that seeks to reproduce archaic language. For this reason, many associate the pronoun with solemnity or formality, ye remains common in some parts of Ireland but these examples just given vary regionally and are usually restricted to colloquial speech. Because thou has passed out of use, its traditional forms are often confused by those imitating old speech. These forms are used for strong and weak verbs. Typical examples of the present and past tense forms follow. The e in the ending is optional, early English spelling had not yet been standardized, in verse, the choice about whether to use the e often depended upon considerations of meter. This came down unchanged from Indo-European and can be seen in quite distantly related Indo-European languages, Russian знаешь, znayesh, thou knowest, Latin amas and this is most readily observed in German, liebes du → liebstu → liebst du. The three languages belong to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages, of which Frisian is the closest to English, in the subjunctive and imperative moods, the ending in -st is dropped. The subjunctive forms are used when a statement is doubtful or contrary to fact, as such, they occur after if. If thou be Johan, I tell it thee, right with a good advice, be Thou my vision, O Lord of my heart
