1.
Estonia
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Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 of land and water, and is influenced by a humid continental climate. The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 6500 BC, in 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian Supreme Soviet issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in defiance of Soviet rule, and independence was restored on 20 August 1991. Estonia is a parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties. Its capital and largest city is Tallinn, with a population of 1.3 million, it is one of the least-populous member states of the European Union, Eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, OECD and Schengen Area. Estonia is a country with an advanced, high-income economy that is among the fastest growing in the EU. Its Human Development Index ranks very highly, and it performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, the 2015 PISA test places Estonian high school students 3rd in the world, behind Singapore and Japan. Citizens of Estonia are provided with health care, free education. Since independence the country has developed its IT sector, becoming one of the worlds most digitally advanced societies. In 2005 Estonia became the first nation to hold elections over the Internet, in the Estonian language, the oldest known endonym of the Estonians was maarahvas, meaning country people or people of the land. The land inhabited by Estonians was called Maavald meaning Country Parish or Land Parish, one hypothesis regarding the modern name of Estonia is that it originated from the Aesti, a people described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his Germania. The historic Aesti were allegedly Baltic people, whereas the modern Estonians are Finno-Ugric, the geographical areas between Aesti and Estonia do not match, with Aesti being further down south. Ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, as the country is called in Icelandic. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia, esthonia was a common alternative English spelling prior to 1921. Human settlement in Estonia became possible 13,000 to 11,000 years ago, the oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the river Pärnu, near the town of Sindi, in south-western Estonia. According to radiocarbon dating it was settled around 11,000 years ago, the earliest human inhabitation during the Mesolithic period is connected to Kunda culture, which is named after the town of Kunda in northern Estonia. At that time the country was covered with forests, and people lived in communities near bodies of water
2.
Edinburgh Science Triangle
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The three points of the triangle are Livingston in West Lothian, Musselburgh in East Lothian, and the Easter Bush campus in Midlothian. The collaborative project aims to attract new indigenous and inward investment, the target sectors for the project are the life sciences, informatics, micro- and optoelectronics and energy. The Edinburgh Science Triangle was launched by Jim Wallace, the Deputy First Minister, in September 2004 and it is a member of Edinburghs Local Investment Partnership, which includes the City of Edinburgh Council, Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce, Scottish Development International and Scottish Enterprise. Scottish Development International promotes the Edinburgh Science Triangle abroad and it is a subsidiary of Lanarkshire Enterprise Services
3.
Canary Islands
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The Canary Islands, also known as the Canaries, are an archipelago and autonomous community of Spain located on the Atlantic Ocean,100 kilometres west of Morocco. The Canaries are among the outermost regions of the European Union proper and it is also one of the eight regions with special consideration of historical nationality recognized as such by the Spanish Government. The main islands are Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, the archipelago also includes a number of islands and islets, La Graciosa, Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Montaña Clara, Roque del Oeste and Roque del Este. In ancient times, the chain was often referred to as the Fortunate Isles. The Canary Islands is the most southerly region of Spain and the largest and most populated archipelago of the Macaronesia region, the islands have a subtropical climate, with long hot summers and moderately warm winters. The precipitation levels and the level of maritime moderation varies depending on location and elevation, green areas as well as desert exist on the archipelago. Due to their location above the inversion layer, the high mountains of these islands are ideal for astronomical observation. For this reason, two professional observatories, Teide Observatory on the island of Tenerife and Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, have built on the islands. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria has been the largest city in the Canaries since 1768, between the 1833 territorial division of Spain and 1927 Santa Cruz de Tenerife was the sole capital of the Canary Islands. In 1927 a decree ordered that the capital of the Canary Islands be shared, the third largest city of the Canary Islands is San Cristóbal de La Laguna on Tenerife. This city is home to the Consejo Consultivo de Canarias. During the time of the Spanish Empire, the Canaries were the main stopover for Spanish galleons on their way to the Americas, who came south to catch the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The name Islas Canarias is likely derived from the Latin name Canariae Insulae, meaning Islands of the Dogs, according to the historian Pliny the Elder, the Mauretanian king Juba II named the island Canaria because it contained vast multitudes of dogs of very large size. Another speculation is that the dogs were actually a species of monk seal, critically endangered. The dense population of seals may have been the characteristic that most struck the few ancient Romans who established contact with these islands by sea. Alternatively, it is said that the inhabitants of the island, Guanches, used to worship dogs, mummified them. The ancient Greeks also knew about a people, living far to the west, who are the dog-headed ones, who worshipped dogs on an island. Some hypothesize that the Canary Islands dog-worship and the ancient Egyptian cult of the god, Anubis are closely connected
4.
Tunisia
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Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, covering 165,000 square kilometres. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent and it is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisias population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014, Tunisias name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisias northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the end of the Atlas Mountains. Much of the rest of the land is fertile soil. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic and it is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a human development index. In addition, Tunisia is also a state of the United Nations. Close relations with Europe – in particular with France and with Italy – have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation, in ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC, these immigrants founded Carthage, a major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the eight hundred years, introduced Christianity. After several attempts starting in 647, the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, the Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881, Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014. The word Tunisia is derived from Tunis, an urban hub. The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, the French derivative Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian Туни́с and Spanish Túnez, in this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic تونس, and only by context can one tell the difference. The name Tunis can be attributed to different origins and it is generally associated with the Berber root ⵜⵏⵙ, transcribed tns, which means to lay down or encampment
5.
Ed Sullivan Theater
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The Ed Sullivan Theater, located at 1697–1699 Broadway between West 53rd and West 54th, in the Theater District in Manhattan, is a venerable radio and television studio in New York City. The theater has been used as a venue for live and taped CBS broadcasts since 1936 and it is historically known as the home of The Ed Sullivan Show and the site of The Beatles US debut performance. It has also housed David Lettermans tenure of CBS Late Show from 1993 to 2015, the theatre currently houses The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, the second incarnation of the Late Show franchise. It is on the National Register of Historic Places, and the interior has been designated a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the 13-story, brown brick and terra cotta office building with a ground-floor theater was designed by architect Herbert J. Krapp. It was built by Arthur Hammerstein between 1925 and 1927, and was named Hammersteins Theatre after his father, Oscar Hammerstein I, the original neo-Gothic interior contained pointed-arch stained-glass windows with scenes from the elder Hammersteins operas. Its first production was the three-hour musical Golden Dawn, the male lead of which was Cary Grant, then still using his birth name. Arthur Hammerstein went bankrupt in 1931, and lost ownership of the building and it later went by the name Manhattan Theatre, Billy Roses Music Hall, and the Manhattan once again. In the 1930s, it became a nightclub, after CBS obtained a long-term lease on the property, the radio network began broadcasting from there in 1936, moving in broadcast facilities it had leased at NBC Studios in Radio City. The debut broadcast was the Major Bowes Amateur Hour, the theater had various names during the networks tenancy, including Radio Theater #3 and the CBS Radio Playhouse. It was converted for television in 1950, when it became CBS-TV Studio 50, in the early and mid-Fifties, the theater played host to many of the live telecasts of The Jackie Gleason Show. The theater was renamed for Sullivan at the end of his 20th Anniversary Celebration telecast on December 10,1967. In the 1960s, Studio 50 was one of CBS busiest stages, not only for Sullivans program but also for The Merv Griffin Show, as well as several game shows. In 1965, Studio 50 was converted to color, and the first color episode of The Ed Sullivan Show originated from the theater on October 31,1965, the first episode of regular color telecasts of Whats My Line. was broadcast live on September 11,1966. Line and Truth remained at Studio 50 even after they moved from CBS to first-run syndication in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Ed Sullivan Theater was also the first home for The $10,000 Pyramid, with its huge end-game board set at the rear of the stage, in 1973. Other short-lived game shows produced at the Ed included Musical Chairs with singer Adam Wade, Shoot For The Stars with Geoff Edwards, the CBS lease on the building expired in 1981 and it became a Reeves Entertainment teletape facility. As such it hosted the sitcom Kate & Allie, which ran from 1984 to 1989, in 1990, David Niles/1125 Productions signed onto the lease, with the theater to house his HDTV studio and new Broadway show Dreamtime. On October 17,1992, an NBC special celebrating Phil Donahues 25 years on television taped in the theater, the following month, NBC News used the theater for its November 1992 election night coverage
6.
Est Region (Burkina Faso)
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Est is one of Burkina Fasos 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001, the regions capital is Fada Ngourma. Five provinces make up the region - Gnagna, Gourma, Komondjari, Kompienga, as of 2010, the population of the region was 1,369,233 with 50.97 per cent females. The population in the region was 8.70 per cent of the population of the country. The child mortality rate was 98, infant mortality rate was 98, as of 2007, the literacy rate in the region was 28.5 per cent, compared with a national average of 28.3 per cent. The coverage of cereal need compared with the production of the region was 108.00 per cent. Most of Burkino Faso is a plateau formed by riverine systems and is called falaise de Banfora. There are three rivers, the Red Volta, Black Volta and White Volta, which cuts through different valleys. The climate is hot, with unreliable rains across different seasons. Gold and quartz are common minerals found across the country, while manganese deposits are also common, the dry season is usually from October to May and rains are common during the wet season from June to September. The soil texture is porous and hence the yield is also poor, the average elevation is around 200 m to 300 m above mean sea level. Among West African countries, Burkino Faso has the largest elephant population, the southern regions are more tropical in nature and have Savannah and forests. The principal river is the Black Volta, that originates in the southern region, the areas near the rivers usually have flies like tsete and similium, which are carriers of sleep sickness and river blindness. The average rainfall in the region is around 100 cm compared with northern regions that receive only 25 cm rainfall, as of 2010, the population of the region was 1,369,233 with 50.97 per cent females. The population in the region was 8.70 per cent of the population of the country. The child mortality rate was 98, infant mortality rate was 98, as of 2007, there were 960.2 km of highways,369.8 km of regional roads and 514 km of county roads. The first set of car traffic was 29, first set of traffic was 2,610. The coverage of cereal need compared with the production of the region was 108.00 per cent
7.
Thou
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The word thou is a second person singular pronoun in English. It is now archaic, having been replaced in almost all contexts by you. It is used in parts of Northern England and by Scots, Thou is the nominative form, the oblique/objective form is thee, and the possessive is thy or thine. In Middle English, thou was sometimes abbreviated by putting a small u over the letter thorn, originally, thou was simply the singular counterpart to the plural pronoun ye, derived from an ancient Indo-European root. The use of the pronoun is also present in poetry. Early English translations of the Bible used the singular form of the second person. The familiar and singular form is used when speaking to God, in French, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Yiddish, Turkish, Lithuanian, and Scottish Gaelic. In addition, the translators of the King James Version of the Bible attempted to maintain the distinction found in Hebrew between singular and plural second person pronouns, as such, they used thou for singular, and you for plural. In standard modern English, thou continues to be used only in religious contexts, in literature that seeks to reproduce archaic language. For this reason, many associate the pronoun with solemnity or formality, ye remains common in some parts of Ireland but these examples just given vary regionally and are usually restricted to colloquial speech. Because thou has passed out of use, its traditional forms are often confused by those imitating old speech. These forms are used for strong and weak verbs. Typical examples of the present and past tense forms follow. The e in the ending is optional, early English spelling had not yet been standardized, in verse, the choice about whether to use the e often depended upon considerations of meter. This came down unchanged from Indo-European and can be seen in quite distantly related Indo-European languages, Russian знаешь, znayesh, thou knowest, Latin amas and this is most readily observed in German, liebes du → liebstu → liebst du. The three languages belong to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages, of which Frisian is the closest to English, in the subjunctive and imperative moods, the ending in -st is dropped. The subjunctive forms are used when a statement is doubtful or contrary to fact, as such, they occur after if. If thou be Johan, I tell it thee, right with a good advice, be Thou my vision, O Lord of my heart
8.
Time in Australia
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Australia uses three main time zones, Australian Western Standard Time, Australian Central Standard Time, and Australian Eastern Standard Time. Time is regulated by the state governments, some of which observe daylight saving time. Australias external territories observe different time zones, Standard time was introduced in the 1890s when all of the Dominions adopted it. Before the switch to standard time zones, each city or town was free to determine its local time. Daylight saving time is used in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and it is not currently used in Western Australia, Queensland or the Northern Territory. The standardization of time in Australia began in 1892, when surveyors from the six Dominions in Australia met in Melbourne for the Intercolonial Conference of Surveyors, the delegates accepted the recommendation of the 1884 International Meridian Conference to adopt Greenwich Mean Time as the basis for standard time. The Dominions enacted time zone legislation, which took effect in February 1895. The clocks were set ahead of GMT by eight hours in Western Australia, by nine hours in South Australia, and by 10 hours in Queensland, New South Wales, the three time zones became known as Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, and Western Standard Time. Broken Hill in the far west of New South Wales also adopted Central Standard Time due to it being connected by rail to Adelaide but not Sydney at the time. In May 1899, South Australia advanced Central Standard Time by thirty minutes, in doing so, South Australia also adopted a time meridian located outside its boundaries – another departure from international convention. Attempts to correct these oddities in 1986 and 1994 were rejected, when the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia and placed under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, that Territory kept Central Standard Time. Likewise, when the ACT was broken off from New South Wales, Australia has kept a version of the UTC atomic time scale since the 1990s, but Greenwich Mean Time remained the formal basis for the standard times of all of the states through 2005. All states have adopted the UTC standard, starting on 1 September 2005, such instruments may be valid for only the current year, and so this section generally only refers to the legislation. In New South Wales and Western Australia, the starting and ending dates, however, during World War I and World War II all states and territories used daylight saving time. In 1968 Tasmania became the first state in peacetime to use DST, followed in 1971 by New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not adopt it. Queensland and Western Australia have occasionally used DST during the past 40 years during trial periods. The main DST zones are the following, Central Daylight Saving Time – UTC+10,30, in South Australia Eastern Daylight Saving Time – UTC+11, in New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, and Tasmania. During the usual periods of DST, the three time zones in Australia become five zones
9.
The Americans (2013 TV series)
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The Americans is an American television period drama series created and produced by former CIA officer Joe Weisberg. On May 25,2016, FX set an end-date for the series by renewing it for a fifth and sixth season, the 13-episode fifth season premiered on March 7,2017. It will be followed by a 10-episode sixth and final season in 2018, the Americans, a fictional period piece set during the Reagan administration, was created by Joe Weisberg, a former CIA officer. The story picks up shortly after the two parents are activated in the early 1980s, the shows creator has described the series as being ultimately about a marriage, The Americans is at its core a marriage story. International relations is just an allegory for the human relations, sometimes, when youre struggling in your marriage or with your kid, it feels like life or death. For Philip and Elizabeth, it often is, Weisberg was fascinated by stories he had heard from agents who served abroad as spies, while raising their families. He was interested in bringing that concept to television, with the idea of a family of spies, I was totally joining the CIA because I wanted to be a spy. But the second they asked that question, then I thought, Now Im going to fail the test. Weisberg was partially influenced by the events of the Illegals Program to write a script for the series. His research material included notes on the KGBs Cold War left by Vasili Mitrokhin, an obvious way to remedy that for television was to stick it back in the Cold War. At first, the 70s appealed to me just because I loved the hair, but can you think of a better time than the 80s with Ronald Reagan yelling about the evil empire. After reading Weisbergs novel, An Ordinary Spy, executive producer Graham Yost discovered that Weisberg had also written a pilot for a spy series. Yost read the pilot and discovered that it was annoyingly good, Weisberg stated that he had no idea about who would star in the series before casting began. FX president John Landgraf had the idea to cast Keri Russell in the series, leslie Feldman, the head of casting at DreamWorks, saw Matthew Rhys in a play and suggested him to Weisberg. Russell and Rhys had met briefly at a party years before and they both were attracted to the series because of its focus on the relationship between their characters. Russell described the script as interesting, continuing, It was so far from a procedural. And I didnt know that I wanted to do it, I always say no to everything. I never want to do anything, but I just couldnt stop thinking about it
10.
Est! Est!! Est!!! di Montefiascone
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Est. di Montefiascone is an Italian wine region centered on the commune of Montefiascone in province of Viterbo in Latium. The unusual name of the region dates back to a 12th-century tale of a German Bishop traveling to the Vatican for a meeting with the Pope. The Bishop sent a prelate ahead of him to survey the villages along the route for the best wines, at a Montefiascone inn, the prelate was reportedly so overwhelmed with the local wine that he wrote Est. While this tale has been repeated, with some variations. Today, the region is known primarily for wine tourism, catering to the visitors of Lake Bolsena north of Rome. Among wine critics, the wine often receives mixed opinions with wine experts such as Hugh Johnson, Est. di Montefiascone as usually the dullest white wine with the strangest name in the world. Wine writers Joe Bastianich and David Lynch compares Est, Est. di Montefiascone to the Tuscan wines from Vernaccia di San Gimignano saying that the regions. history is more compelling than whats currently in the glass. The story behind the name of Est, Est. di Montefiascone has been widely repeated for centuries and, though likely apocryphal, has served as a tourism draw for the region and gives some notoriety to the wine. While variations of the tale exist, the legend involves a traveling Catholic bishop on his way to Rome who sends a servant ahead to find places with the best wine for the bishop to enjoy. Visiting villages throughout Italy, the servant would scrawl Est on the door of the places he found to have good wine for the party to later visit. The legend has it that the servant was so impressed with the wine being served at a Montefiascone inn that he enthusiastically scrawled Est, while that is the basic outline of the story, over the centuries several variations have popped up that slightly change some details. On his travels, Fugger sent his majordomo ahead of him to taste the local wines, but Stevenson also reports that the bishop, himself, was also so impressed with the wines that he canceled the rest of his journey and stayed in Montefiascone until his death. The white blended wines of Est, Est. di Montefiascone received DOC status in 1966 and includes the volcanic soils encircling Lake Bolsena in the northern Latium region. Wine writer Joe Bastianich describes the wines of Est, Est. di Montefiascone as mildly aromatic with apple notes and high acidity. The wines can be produced in dry and sweeter abboccato styles, locally, the wines are often paired with Roman cuisine such as fritto misto and deep-fried artichokes. Their version has been called a generic Umbrian cheap white known around the world
11.
Ecological systems theory
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Ecological systems theory, also called development in context or human ecology theory, identifies five environmental systems with which an individual interacts. This theory provides the framework from which community psychologists study the relationships with individuals contexts within communities, Ecological systems theory was developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. Microsystem, Refers to the institutions and groups that most immediately and directly impact the development including, family, school, religious institutions, neighborhood. For example, a parents or childs experience at home may be influenced by the other parents experiences at work, the parent might receive a promotion that requires more travel, which might increase conflict with the other parent and change patterns of interaction with the child. Macrosystem, Describes the culture in which individuals live, cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. A child, his or her parent, his or her school, members of a cultural group share a common identity, heritage, and values. The macrosystem evolves over time, because each generation may change the macrosystem. Chronosystem, The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, for example, divorces are one transition. Researchers have found that the effects of divorce on children often peak in the first year after the divorce. By two years after the divorce, family interaction is less chaotic and more stable, an example of sociohistorical circumstances is the increase in opportunities for women to pursue a career during the last thirty years. The persons own biology may be considered part of the microsystem, per this theoretical construction, each system contains roles, norms and rules which may shape psychological development. For example, an inner-city family faces many challenges which an affluent family in a gated community does not, the inner-city family is more likely to experience environmental hardships, like crime and squalor. On the other hand, the family is more likely to lack the nurturing support of extended family. Bronfenbrenner has identified Soviet developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky and German-born psychologist Kurt Lewin as important influences on his theory, there are many different theories related to human development. The ecological theory emphasizes environmental factors as playing the role to development. Bioecological model Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Systems ecology Systems psychology Theoretical ecology Urie Bronfenbrenner, the Ecology of Human Development, Experiments by Nature and Design. ISBN 0-674-22457-4 Dede Paquette & John Ryan, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory Woodside, Arch G. Caldwell, Marylouise, Spurr, Ray. Advancing Ecological Systems Theory in Lifestyle, Leisure, and Travel Research, marlowe E. Trance, Kerstin O. Flores
12.
Sports club
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A sports club or sport club, sometimes athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. A club is solely created by its members, players and supporters, clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several. The term athletics club is used for a general sports club. Many professional sports clubs have a system where the affiliated supporters pay an annuity fee. Registered associate member fees, attendance receipts, sponsoring contracts, team merchandising, TV rights, some sports teams are owned and financed by a single non-sports company, for example the several sports teams owned by Red Bull GmbH and collectively known as Red Bulls. They may compete in different sports and leagues, being headquartered in some cases across several countries. In general, student sports can be described as composed by multisports clubs, each one representing its educational institution, in the United States major institutions like The New York Athletic Club and Los Angeles Athletic Club serve as athletic clubs that participate in multiple sports. Examples also abound of sports clubs that are in one sports team. Each team from the NFL, CFL, NBA, MLB, NHL or MLS North American sports leagues, can be called sports clubs, but in practice, they focus solely on a single sport. In the United Kingdom, almost all sports organizations are dedicated to a single sport. In addition, like in other countries, many universities and colleges develop a wide range of student sport activities including at a professional or semi-professional level. Fulham F. C. once ran a professional league team and rowing club. Many football clubs originate from cricket teams, today, most major cities have separate clubs for each sport. Many clubs internationally describe themselves as football clubs, generally, British football clubs field only football teams. Their counterparts in other countries tend to be full multi-sport clubs. Community organizations Health club Leisure centre North American Association of Sports Economists Sociedad Anónima Deportiva Voluntary Sports Societies of the USSR
