1.
Wikipedia
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Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia that aims to allow anyone to edit articles. Wikipedia is the largest and most popular reference work on the Internet and is ranked among the ten most popular websites. Wikipedia is owned by the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia was launched on January 15,2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Sanger coined its name, a portmanteau of wiki and encyclopedia, There was only the English language version initially, but it quickly developed similar versions in other languages, which differ in content and in editing practices. With 5,377,348 articles, the English Wikipedia is the largest of the more than 290 Wikipedia encyclopedias, in 2005, Nature published a peer review comparing 42 science articles from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia, and found that Wikipedias level of accuracy approached Encyclopædia Britannicas. Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia, but none were so successful, Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9,2000, under the ownership of Bomis and its main figures were Jimmy Wales, the CEO of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License, while Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. On January 10,2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a project for Nupedia. Wikipedia was launched on January 15,2001, as a single English-language edition at www. wikipedia. com, Wikipedias policy of neutral point-of-view was codified in its first months. Otherwise, there were few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia. Originally, Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit, Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. By August 8,2001, Wikipedia had over 8,000 articles, on September 25,2001, Wikipedia had over 13,000 articles. By the end of 2001, it had grown to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions and it had reached 26 language editions by late 2002,46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004. Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the servers were taken down permanently in 2003. Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia and these moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and to change Wikipedias domain from wikipedia. com to wikipedia. org. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006, a team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the projects increasing exclusivity and resistance to change. Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called low-hanging fruit—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created, the Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend
2.
Brochure
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A brochure is an informative paper document, that can be folded into a template, pamphlet or leaflet. Brochures are promotional documents, primarily used to introduce a company, organization, products or services, brochures are distributed inside newspapers, handed out personally or placed in brochure racks in high traffic locations. They may be considered as grey literature and they are usually present near tourist attractions. Brochures are now available in electronic format and are called e-brochures and they have the added benefit of having unlimited distribution and cost savings when compared to traditional paper brochures. The most common types of single-sheet brochures are the bi-fold and the tri-fold, a bi-fold brochure results in four panels, while a tri-fold results in six panels. Other brochure fold arrangements are possible, the accordion or z-fold method, larger sheets, such as those with detailed maps or expansive photo spreads, are folded into four, five, or six panels. When two card fascia are affixed to the panels of the z-folded brochure. Booklet brochures are made of multiple sheets most often saddle-stitched, stapled on the edge, or perfect bound like a paperback book. Brochures are often printed using four-color process on thick, glossy paper to give an impression of quality. Businesses may print small quantities of brochures on a printer or on a digital printer. Compared with a flyer, a brochure usually uses higher-quality paper, more color, and is folded
3.
The Seattle Times
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The Seattle Times is a newspaper serving Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the daily newspaper in the state of Washington and has the largest Sunday circulation in the Pacific Northwest. It has been Seattles only major daily print newspaper since the demise of the version of the rival Seattle Post-Intelligencer in 2009. The Seattle Times originated as the Seattle Press-Times, a newspaper founded in 1891 with a daily circulation of 3,500. Renamed the Seattle Daily Times, it doubled its circulation within half a year, by 1915, circulation stood at 70,000. The newspaper moved to the Times Square Building at 5th Avenue and it built a new headquarters, the Seattle Times Building, north of Denny Way in 1930. The paper moved to its current headquarters at 1000 Denny Way in 2011, the Seattle Times switched from afternoon delivery to mornings on March 6,2000, citing that the move would help them avoid the fate of other defunct afternoon newspapers. This placed the Times in direct competition with its JOA partner, nine years later, the P-I became an online-only publication. The Times is one of the few remaining major city dailies in the United States independently operated and owned by a local family. The Seattle Times Company, while owning and operating the Times, the McClatchy Company owns 49.5 percent of voting common stock in the Seattle Times Company, formerly held by Knight Ridder until 2006. The Times reporting has received 10 Pulitzer Prizes, most recently for its news coverage of the 2014 landslide that killed 43 people in Oso. It has a reputation for its investigative journalism, in particular. In February 2002, The Seattle Times ran a subheadline American outshines Kwan, many Asian Americans felt insulted by the Times actions even after the newspaper apologized, because Michelle Kwan is also American. The newspapers management said the ads were aimed at demonstrating how effective advertising with The Times can be, the advertisements in favor of McKenna represent an $80,000 independent expenditure, making the newspaper the third largest contributor to his campaign. More than 100 staffers signed a letter of protest sent to Seattle Times Publisher Frank Blethen, the two papers maintained their own identities with separate news and editorial departments. The Times announced its intention to cancel the Joint Operating Agreement in 2003, hearst sued, arguing that a force majeure clause prevented the Times from claiming losses as reason to end the JOA when they result from extraordinary events. While a district judge ruled in Hearsts favor, the Times won on appeal, hearst continued to argue that the Times fabricated its loss in 2002. The two papers announced an end to their dispute on April 16,2007 and this arrangement JOA was terminated when the Post-Intelligencer ceased publication, its final printed edition was March 17,2009
4.
Written language
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A written language is the representation of a spoken or gestural language by means of a writing system. Written language is an invention in that it must be taught to children, a written language exists only as a complement to a specific spoken language, and no natural language is purely written. However, extinct languages may be, in effect, purely written if only their writings survive, written languages change more slowly than corresponding spoken languages. When at least one register of a language is strongly divergent from spoken language, however, that is still often considered as one language, between literary language and other registers, especially if the writing system reflects its pronunciation. Native readers and writers of English are often unaware that the complexities of English spelling make written English a somewhat artificial construct, the traditional spelling of English, at least for inherited words, preserves a late Middle English phonology that is no ones speech dialect. Vol.1, Coexisting contemporary civilizations, Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, signs - Books - Networks virtual exhibition of the German Museum of Books and Writing, i. a. with a thematic module on written language
5.
Image editing
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Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images, whether they are digital photographes, traditional photochemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using such as an airbrush to modify photographs. Many image editing programs are used to render or create computer art from scratch. Raster images are stored in a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements and these pixels contain the images color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways, the pixels can be changed as a group, or individually, by the sophisticated algorithms within the image editors. This article mostly refers to bitmap graphics editors, which are used to alter photographs. It is easier to rasterize a vector image than to vectorize a raster image, vector images can be modified more easily, because they contain descriptions of the shapes for easy rearrangement. They are also scalable, being rasterizable at any resolution and these are called automatic because generally they happen without user interaction or are offered with one click of a button or mouse button or by selecting an option from a menu. Additionally, some automatic editing features offer a combination of editing actions with little or no user interaction, many image file formats use data compression to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done in the computer with the image editor, when images are stored in JPEG format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and computer programs allow the user to set the level of compression, some compression algorithms, such as those used in PNG file format, are lossless, which means no information is lost when the file is saved. JPEG uses knowledge of the way the brain and eyes perceive color to make this loss of detail less noticeable. Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphic manipulation programs, the list is by no means all inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features, one of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of selecting part of an image, thus applying a change selectively without affecting the entire picture. The border of an area in an image is often animated with the marching ants effect to help the user to distinguish the selection border from the image background. Image editors can resize images in a process often called image scaling, making them larger, High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use a process called resampling to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels which would equal 0.3 megapixels, digital editors are used to crop images
6.
Audio engineer
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An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
7.
Film editing
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Film editing is a creative and technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the process of working with film. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots, Film editing is often referred to as the invisible art because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not aware of the editors work. On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, the job of an editor is not simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. Editors usually play a role in the making of a film. Sometimes, auteurist film directors edit their own films, for example, Akira Kurosawa, Bahram Beyzai, with the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture, sound, music, and visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor and it is common, especially on lower budget films, for the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music. Early films were films that were one long, static. Motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse an audience, there was no story and no editing. Each film ran as long as there was film in the camera, in the first shot, an elderly couple is outside an art exhibition having lunch and then follow other people inside through the door. The second shot shows what they do inside, one of the first films to use this technique, Georges Mélièss The Four Troublesome Heads from 1898, was produced with Pauls camera. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girls foot shown inside a circular mask. Even more remarkable was James Williamsons Attack on a China Mission Station, an armed party of British sailors arrived and defeat the Boxers and rescue the missionarys family. The film used the first reverse angle cut in film history, James Williamson concentrated on making films taking action from one place shown in one shot to the next shown in another shot in films like Stop Thief. and Fire. Made in 1901, and many others and he also experimented with the close-up, and made perhaps the most extreme one of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. These two filmmakers of the Brighton School also pioneered the editing of the film, they tinted their work with color, by 1900, their films were extended scenes of up to 5 minutes long
8.
Bild
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The Bild newspaper is a German tabloid published by Axel Springer AG. The paper is published from Monday to Saturday, on Sundays, its sister paper Bild am Sonntag is published instead, Bild is tabloid in style but broadsheet in size. It is the best-selling non-Asian newspaper and has the eight-largest circulation worldwide, Bild has been described as notorious for its mix of gossip, inflammatory language, and sensationalism and as having a huge influence on German politicians. Der Spiegel wrote in 2006 that Bild flies just under the threshold of American. For the German desperate, it is a dose of high-resolution soft porn. According to The Guardian, for 28 years from 1984 to 2012, Bild had topless girls featuring on its first page, Bild was founded by Axel Springer in 1952. Bild soon became the best-selling tabloid, by a margin, not only in Germany. Through most of its history, Bild was based in Hamburg, the paper moved its headquarters to Berlin in March 2008, stating that it was an essential base of operations for a national newspaper. It is printed nationwide with 32 localized editions, special editions are printed in some favoured German holiday destinations abroad such as Spain, Italy, Turkey and Greece. Bild sold more than five million every day in the 1980s. In 1993 the paper had a circulation of more than four million copies. In the period of 1995-96 its circulation was 4,300,000 copies, in 2001 Bild was the most read newspaper in Europe and also, in Germany with a circulation of 4,396,000 copies. Although it is still Germanys biggest paper, the circulation of Bild, by the end of 2005, the figure dropped to 3.8 million copies. Its 2010 circulation was 3,548,000, making the paper the fifth in the list of the worlds biggest selling newspapers, Bild is published in tabloid format. However, its articles are considerably shorter compared to those in British tabloids. Bild has been known to use devices such as the sensational headlines. In June 2012, Bild celebrated its 60th anniversary by giving away free newspapers to almost all of Germanys 41 million households, Bild said Guinness World Records in Germany has certified the print run as the largest circulation for the free special edition of a newspaper. From the outset, the drift was conservative and nationalist
9.
West Berlin
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West Berlin was an enclave which comprised the western part of the city of Berlin during the Cold War. It was formally controlled by the Western Allies and formed a de facto part of West Germany, and was entirely surrounded by the Soviet-controlled East Berlin and East Germany. West Berlin had great significance during the Cold War, as it was widely considered by westerners as an island of freedom. A wealthy city, West Berlin was noted for its liberal and cosmopolitan character. With about two million inhabitants, West Berlin had the biggest population of any city in Cold War Germany and it was 100 miles east of the Inner German border and only accessible by land from West Germany by narrow rail and highway corridors. It consisted of the American, British, and French occupation sectors established in 1945 and was de facto part of West Germany and it had a special and unique legal status because its administration was formally conducted by the Western Allies. East Berlin, de jure occupied and administered by the Soviet Union, was the de facto capital of East Germany, the Berlin Wall, built in 1961, physically divided West Berlin from its East German surroundings until it fell in 1989. The Potsdam Agreement established the framework for the occupation of Germany in the wake of World War II. The territory of Germany, as it existed in 1937, would be reduced by most of Eastern Germany thus creating the former territories of Germany. The remaining territory would be divided into four zones, each administered by one of the allied countries, according to the agreement, the occupation of Berlin would end only as a result of a quadripartite agreement. The Western Allies were guaranteed three air corridors to their sectors of Berlin, and the Soviets also informally allowed road, at first, this arrangement was intended to be only a temporary administrative structure, with all parties declaring that Germany and Berlin would soon be reunited. However, as the relations between the allies and the Soviet Union soured and the Cold War began, the joint administration of Germany. Soon, Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin had separate city administrations, in 1948, the Soviets tried to force the Western Allies out of Berlin by imposing a land blockade on the western sectors—the Berlin Blockade. The West responded by using its air corridors for supplying their part of the city with food, in May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade, and West Berlin as a separate city with its own jurisdiction was maintained. Following the Berlin Blockade, normal contacts between East and West Berlin resumed, however, in cases this proved only temporary. In 1952, the East German government began sealing its borders, as a direct result the electrical grids were separated and phone lines were cut. However, the culmination of the schism did not occur until 1961 with the construction of the Berlin Wall. From the legal theory followed by the Western Allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 with the declaration of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic
10.
Magazine
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A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are also peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines. That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience. This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
11.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
12.
Copy editing
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In the context of publication in print, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading, the final step in the editorial cycle. In the United States and Canada, an editor who does this work is called a copy editor, an organisations highest-ranking copy editor, or the supervising editor of a group of copy editors, may be known as the copy chief, copy desk chief, or news editor. The senior subeditor of a publication is called the chief subeditor. As the prefix sub suggests, copy editors typically have less authority than regular editors, in the context of the internet, online copy refers to the text content of web pages. Similar to print, online copy editing is the process of revising the raw or draft text of web pages, copy editing has three levels, light, medium, and heavy. Depending on the budget and scheduling of the publication, the publisher will let the copy editor know what level of editing to employ, the type of editing one chooses, will help the copy editor prioritize their efforts. Within copy editing, there is mechanical editing and substantive editing and it refers to editing in terms of spelling, punctuation, correct usage of grammatical symbols, along with reviewing special elements like tables, charts, formatting footnotes, and endnotes. Substantive editing, also known as content editing, is the editing of material, including its structure, in this type of editing, internal inconsistencies and discrepancies can be dealt with. Substantive editing oftentimes can require heavy editing or rewriting as compared to mechanical editing, Mechanical editing is the process of proofreading a piece of writing for consistency, either internally or in accordance with the publishers house style. Most publishing firms use a widely recognized style manual such as The Chicago Manual of Style or The Associated Press Stylebook. Companies that produce documents and reports but do not consider themselves publishers in the usual sense, the goal of the copyeditor is to enforce inviolable rules while respecting personal stylistic preferences. This can be difficult, as some writers view grammatical revisions of the manuscript as a challenge to their intellectual ability or professional identity. For this reason, copy editors are encouraged to side with the author, if the authors preference is acceptable, it should be respected. This practice is complicated further by constantly evolving language conventions as recorded by books on grammar, additionally, the authors of such books often disagree. Content editing consists of reorganizing or restructuring the content of a document and this involves any inconsistent parts of the content as well as any variances. Copyeditors can either fix the content by rewriting it or heavily editing it, however, the copyeditor will often point out any difficult passages for the author to resolve on his or her own time. This type of fact checking is acceptable for copyeditors that know the subject matter. The copyeditor must also point out any biased language without infringing on the authors meaning and this includes material that might form the basis for a lawsuit alleging libel, invasion of privacy, or obscenity
13.
Spelling
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In another words it is interpretation of speech sound into writing. Spelling is one of the elements of orthography, and highly standardized spelling is a prescriptive element, spellings originated as transcriptions of the sounds of spoken language according to the alphabetic principle. They remain largely reflective of the sounds, although fully phonemic spelling is an ideal that most languages orthographies only approximate and this is true for various reasons, including that pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spellings as visual norms may resist change. Uniformity in the spelling of words is one of the features of a language in modern times. In countries where there is a language academy, such as France, the Netherlands. Examples include, German orthography reform of 1996 Portuguese spelling reform French rectifications orthographiques of 1990, Spelling tests are commonly used to assess a students mastery over the words in the spelling lessons the student has received so far. They can also be a practice method. Spelling bees are competitions to determine the best speller of a group, prominent spelling bees are even televised, such as the National Spelling Bee in the United States. Divergent spelling is an advertising technique, used to attract attention or to render a trademark suggestive rather than merely descriptive. The pastry chains Dunkin Donuts and Krispy Kreme, for example, while some words admit multiple spellings, some spellings are not considered standard, and thus labeled as misspellings. A misspelled word can be a series of letters that represents no correctly spelled word of the language at all or a correct spelling of another word. Misspellings of the type can easily make their way into printed material because they are not caught by simple computerized spell checkers. Misspellings may be due to either typing errors, or lack of knowledge of the correct spelling, whether or not a word is misspelled may depend on context, as is the case with American / British English distinctions. Misspelling can also be a matter of opinion when variant spellings are accepted by some, for example, miniscule is a misspelling to many, and yet it is listed as an acceptable variant in some dictionaries. A well-known Internet scam involves the registration of names that are deliberate misspellings of well-known corporate names in order to mislead or defraud. The practice is known as typosquatting. Google – accidental misspelling of googol and its possible Google took this spelling from Steve Martins Googlephonics track from his 1979 album Comedy Is Not Pretty. In it, he described Googlephonic as being. the highest number of speakers before infinity, ovaltine, a popular bedtime drink in the UK and Australia, came about because someone misspelled the original name Ovomaltine on the trademark documentation
14.
Style guide
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A style guide is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents, either for general use or for a specific publication, organization, or field. A style guide establishes and enforces style to improve communication, to do that, it ensures consistency within a document and across multiple documents and enforces best practice in usage and in language composition, visual composition, orthography and typography. For academic and technical documents, a guide may also enforce the best practice in ethics, pedagogy, Style guides vary widely in scope and size. This variety in scope and length is enabled by the cascading of one style over another, in a way analogous to how styles cascade in web development, a short style guide is often called a style sheet. A comprehensive guide tends to be long and is called a style manual or manual of style. Most house styles, in turn, cascade over an industry-wide or profession-wide style manual that is more comprehensive. This, of course, may be subject to national variety such as the different varieties of American English and British English, some style guides focus on specific topic areas such as graphic design, including typography. Website style guides cover a publications visual and technical aspects along with text, Style guides that cover usage may suggest ways of describing people that avoid racism, sexism, and homophobia. Guides in specific scientific and technical fields cover nomenclature, which specifies names or classifying labels that are preferred because they are clear, standardized, most style guides are revised periodically to accommodate changes in conventions and usage. The frequency of updating and the control are determined by the subject matter. For style manuals in reference work format, new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years, for example, the AP Stylebook is revised annually, and the Chicago, APA, and ASA manuals are in their 16th, 6th, and 4th editions, respectively. Many house styles and individual project styles change more frequently, especially for new projects, several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations. One example is ISO215 Documentation — Presentation of contributions to periodicals, the European Union publishes an Interinstitutional style guide—encompassing 24 languages across the European Union. This manual is obligatory for all those employed by the institutions of the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents, Style Manual, For Authors, Editors and Printers by Snooks & Co for the Department of Finance and Administration. CP Stylebook, Guide to newspaper style in Canada maintained by the Canadian Press, 4th ed. Oxford University Press,2015. Based on Fowlers Modern English Usage, by Henry Watson Fowler, the Kings English, by Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler. The Complete Plain Words, by Sir Ernest Gowers, Usage and Abusage, by Eric Partridge. The BBC News Style Guide, by the British Broadcasting Corporation, the Economist Style Guide, by The Economist
15.
Freelance
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A freelancer or freelance worker is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design, next on the list was translating, web development, and marketing. Elance, a web platform that connects freelancers with contractors, surveyed its members, depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts, while in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work on spec to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients, payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, and experience. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, for more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, in writing and other artistic fields, freelance and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative and then seek a publisher. They typically retain the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts, traditionally, works would be submitted to publishers, where they would become part of the slushpile, and would either elicit an offer to buy or a rejection slip. People who create intellectual property under a work for hire situation are sometimes referred to as independent contractors or other similar terms. Creators give up their rights to their works in a made for hire situation. The protection of the property rights that give the creator of the work are considered to have been sold into a work for hire agreement. Of employees, however in a rather than employment relationship. The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers employed as independent contractors of all sorts, in 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist at George Mason University, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact, however and it has been estimated that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK, however. Freelancing is a form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimates that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50, surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends
16.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
17.
News agency
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A news agency is an organization that gathers news reports and sells them to subscribing news organizations, such as newspapers, magazines and radio and television broadcasters. A news agency may also be referred to as a service, newswire. Jonathan Fenby explains the philosophy, o achieve such wide acceptability, demonstrably correct information is their stock in trade. Traditionally, they report at a level of responsibility, attributing their information to a spokesman. They avoid making judgments and steer clear of doubt and ambiguity, though their founders did not use the word, objectivity is the philosophical basis for their enterprises – or failing that, widely acceptable neutrality. Only a few large newspapers could afford bureaus outside their home city and they relied instead on news agencies, especially Havas in France and the Associated Press in the United States. Former Havas employees founded Reuters in Britain and Wolff in Germany, for international news, the agencies pooled their resources, so that Havas, for example, covered the French Empire, South America and the Balkans and shared the news with the other national agencies. In France the typical contract with Havas provided a provincial newspaper with 1800 lines of telegraphed text daily, other agencies provided features and fiction for their subscribers. In the 1830s, France had several specialized agencies, Agence Havas was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and advertising agent, Charles-Louis Havas, to supply news about France to foreign customers. In the 1840s, Havas gradually incorporated other French agencies into his agency, Agence Havas evolved into Agence France-Presse. Two of his employees, Bernhard Wolff and Paul Julius Reuter, later set up rival news agencies, Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau in 1849 in Berlin and Reuters in 1851 in London. Guglielmo Stefani founded the Agenzia Stefani, which became the most important press agency in Italy from the century to World War II. The development of the telegraph in the 1850s led to the creation of national agencies in England, Germany, Austria. In the United States, the judgment in Inter Ocean Publishing v. Associated Press facilitated competition by requiring agencies to accept all newspapers wishing to join. Driven by the huge U. S. domestic market, boosted by the success of radio. They were concerned about the success of U. S. agencies from other European countries which sought to create national agencies after the First World War. Reuters had been weakened by war censorship, which promoted the creation of newspapers in the Commonwealth and national agencies in Asia. After the Second World War, the movement for the creation of national agencies accelerated, when accessing the independence of former colonies, in 1924, Benito Mussolini placed Agenzia Stefani under the direction of Manlio Morgagni, who expanded the agencys reach significantly both within Italy and abroad
18.
News design
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News design is the process of arranging material on a newspaper page, according to editorial and graphical guidelines and goals. Main editorial goals include the ordering of news stories by order of importance, while graphical considerations include readability and balanced, News design incorporates principles of graphic design and is taught as part of journalism training in schools and colleges. Overlapping and related terms include layout, makeup and pagination, the era of modern newspapers begins in the mid-nineteenth century, with the Industrial Revolution, and increased capacities for printing and distribution. Over time, improvements in printing technology, graphical design, and editorial standards have led to changes and improvements in the look, nineteenth-century newspapers were often densely packed with type, often arranged vertically, with multiple headlines for each article. A number of the technological limitations persisted until the advent of digital typesetting. Designers typically use desktop publishing software to arrange the elements on the pages directly, in the past, before digital pre-press pagination, designers used precise lay out dummies to direct the exact layout of elements for each page. A complete layout dummy was required for designating proper column widths by which a typesetter would set type, layout also required the calculation of lengths of copy, for any chosen width. Much of the variance and incoherence of early newspapers was because last minute corrections were exclusively handled by typesetters, with photographic printing process, typesetting gave way to paste-up, whereby columns of type were printed by machines on high-resolution film for paste-up on photographed final prints. These prints in turn were shot to negative with a large format production camera —directly to steel-emulsion photographic plates, though paste-up put an end to cumbersome typesetting, this still required planned layouts and set column widths. Photographic plates are wrapped on printing drums to directly apply ink to newsprint, in the mid-1990s, the paste-up process gave way to the direct to plate process, where computer-paginated files were optically transmitted directly to the photographic plate. Replacing several in-between steps in production, direct to plate pagination allowed for much more flexibility. Designers today still used column grid layouts only with layout software, Designers choose photo sizes and headline sizes. They may decide what articles will go on which pages, and they may choose typefaces for special pages, but newspapers usually have a design style that determines most routine uses. John E. Allen in Linotype News of the 1930s was the first to write extensively about the design of the U. S, society for News Design Photo caption Page layout Barnhurst, Kevin G. Seeing the Newspaper Harrower, Tim The Newspaper Designers Handbook Media related to News design at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Scholarly journal
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An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality
20.
The Chicago Manual of Style
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The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its sixteen editions have prescribed writing and citation styles used in publishing. It is one of the most widely used and respected style guides in the United States, CMOS deals with aspects of editorial practice, from American English grammar and use for document preparation. The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online, the Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the content of the Manual. The Chicago Manual of Style is used in social science publications. It remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association, many small publishers throughout the world adopt it as their style. The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and it is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabians A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear, two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed, first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source, and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location. Using author-date style, the text is indicated parenthetically with the last name of the author. Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly, when page numbers are used, they are placed along with the authors last name and date of publication after an interposed comma. Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly, if the authors name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically. Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly, in-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to rule is for block quotations, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation. The full citation for the source is included in a references section at the end of the material. As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication following the author name
21.
MLA Style Manual
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The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing the third edition of The MLA Style Manual, was first published by the Modern Language Association of America in 1985. According to the MLA book catalog description, since first being published in 1985, the MLA Style Manual has been the guide for graduate students, scholars. Following the advent of the 8th edition of the MLA Handbook in spring 2016, the audience was primarily graduate students, academic scholars, professors, professional writers, and editors. The other publication is the MLA Handbook, whose audience is secondary-school and undergraduate students. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd ed, many journals and presses in these disciplines require that manuscripts be submitted following MLA style. Comparison of reference management software Achtert, Walter S. and Joseph Gibaldi, new York, Modern Language Association,1985. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
22.
APA style
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APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is described in the guide of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia. Along with AMA Style and CSE Style, it is one of the styles for such work. APA Style was first developed in 1929, in response to the growing complexities of scientific reporting, subsequent editions were released in 1974,1983,1994,2001, and 2009. Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style, the Publication Manual also established standards for use that had far-reaching effects. The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the most current and it was released in July 2009 after four years of development. The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals. The sixth edition is accompanied by a website, apastyle. org as well as the APA Style Blog. Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors, APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1,2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry. All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009, APA Style uses an author-date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. Example narrative citation, Schmidt and Oh described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real, example parenthetical citation, In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real. In the reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, if a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies slightly depending on the document type, but broadly speaking always follows the pattern of author, date, title. Note that the title of a reference may be italic or not italic. If the work alone, italicize the title, if it is part of a greater whole. Citation Comparison of reference management software The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. APA Formatted Paper Template at Indian River State Colleges Library site, generate APA citations based on DOI, ISBN and URL
23.
New Hart's Rules
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Harts Rules has been revised and republished under different titles, including The Oxford Guide to Style, The Oxford Style Manual, New Harts Rules, and New Oxford Style Manual. A revised second edition of New Harts Rules was released in 2014, after their first appearance, Harts rules were reissued in a second edition in 1894, and two further editions in 1895. They were continually revised, enlarged and reissued, and had reached their 15th edition by the time they were published as a book in March 1904. New editions and reprints continued to appear over almost eight decades, three of these reprints included corrections,1986,1987, and 1989. In February 2002, Oxford University Press published a new and much longer version under the title The Oxford Guide to Style and it departed from earlier editions by providing considerably more information about editing style than Harts Rules did, but also less about typography. The Oxford Style Manual combined in a volume, of 1033 pages, The Oxford Guide to Style. From this version was adapted New Harts Rules, The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors, while New Harts Rules rewrites some material from the 2002/2003 version, it also abridged some, to fit into its small format. The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors, compiled by Robert M, a freshly compiled successor, published in 2005, returned to the traditional small handbook form, matching New Harts Rules, and is titled The New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors. This edition was reprinted with a new cover in 2014, to match a make-over of various Oxford reference publications and it is distinct from the similarly titled Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors, a companion volume of technical terminology not including in any of the compilation editions. In 2012, Oxford University Press published a new combined edition and it includes New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors and New Harts Rules, The Handbook of Style for Writers and Editors, both from 2005. A second edition of New Harts Rules was published in October 2014, adding over 40 pages of material, Style guides The Kings English Fowlers Modern English Usage The Oxford Manual of Style Introduction The Meaning of Everything Hart, Horace. Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford, New Harts Rules sales specification at OUP New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors sales specification at OUP
24.
Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia
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Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia occurs when editors use Wikipedia to advance the interests of their external roles or relationships. The type of COI editing of most concern on Wikipedia is paid editing for public relations purposes, several Wikipedia policies and guidelines exist to combat conflict of interest editing, including Wikipedia, Conflict of interest and Wikipedia, Paid-contribution disclosure. The media has also written about COI editing by BP, the Central Intelligence Agency, Diebold, Portland Communications, Sony, the Vatican, and several others. In 2012 Wikipedia launched one of its largest sockpuppet investigations, when editors reported suspicious activity suggesting 250 accounts had been used to engage in paid editing, Wikipedia traced the edits to a firm known as Wiki-PR, and the accounts were banned. Wikipedia, Conflict of interest, a guideline, strongly discourages COI editing, in May 2012 the Munich Oberlandesgericht court confirmed a ruling against a company which edited Wikipedia articles with the aim of influencing customers. The ruling stated that readers cannot be expected to seek out user, the case arose out of a claim against a company by a competitor over edits made to the article Weihrauchpräparat on the German Wikipedia. The Advertising Standards Authority in the UK reached a decision in June 2012 in relation to material about Nike on Twitter. The ASA found that the content of certain tweets from two footballers had been agreed with the help of a member of the Nike marketing team, the tweets were not clearly identified as Nike marketing communications, and were therefore in breach of the ASAs code. In December 2005, it was noticed that Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales had edited his own Wikipedia entry, according to public logs, he has edited his biography 19 times, as of 9 September 2013, seven times altering information about whether Larry Sanger was a co-founder of Wikipedia. It was also revealed that Wales had edited the Wikipedia article of his former company, Bomis Babes, a section of the Bomis website, had been characterized in the article as soft-core pornography, but Wales revised this to adult content section and deleted mentions of pornography. He said he was fixing an error, and did not agree with calling Bomis Babes soft porn, Wales conceded that he had made the changes, but maintained that they were technical corrections. In 2006, it was discovered more than 1,000 changes had been made to Wikipedia articles originating from United States government IP addresses. The edits removed accurate but critical information and embellished positive descriptions, in response to the controversy, certain affected IP addresses were temporarily blocked. Later, in 2011, conflicted edits were made to US Congressional representative David Riveras article. In August 2006 Gregory Kohs, a researcher from Pennsylvania, founded MyWikiBiz. A few days after issuing a press release about his business, Kohs later recalled a phone call with Jimmy Wales who told him MyWikiBiz was antithetical to the mission of the encyclopedia. Kohs said it surprised him that PR agencies were discouraged from editing articles, how could they not benefit from a little PR help. Jelliffe, who described himself as an expert and not an advocate for Microsoft
25.
Tertiary sector of the economy
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The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory. The others are the secondary sector, and the primary sector, the basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services include attention, advice, access, experience, and discussion, the production of information has long been regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, the quaternary sector. The tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, however, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods. It is sometimes hard to define whether a company is part of the secondary or tertiary sector. These governmental classification systems have a hierarchy that reflects whether the economic goods are tangible or intangible. Unlike governmental classification systems, the first level of market-based classification systems divides the economy into functionally related markets or industries, the second or third level of these hierarchies then reflects whether goods or services are produced. For the last 100 years, there has been a shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector in industrialised countries. The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the Western world and these are not necessarily busboys and live-in maids. Many of them are in the professional category and they are earning as much as manufacturing workers, and often more. The first economy to follow path in the modern world was the United Kingdom. The speed at which other economies have made the transition to service-based economies has increased over time, historically, manufacturing tended to be more open to international trade and competition than services. Service providers face obstacles selling services that goods-sellers rarely face, services are intangible, making it difficult for potential customers to understand what they will receive and what value it will hold for them. Indeed, some, such as consultants and providers of investment services, since the quality of most services depends largely on the quality of the individuals providing the services, people costs are usually a high fraction of service costs. Whereas a manufacturer may use technology, simplification, and other techniques to lower the cost of goods sold, for example, how does one choose one investment adviser over another, since they are often seen to provide identical services. Charging a premium for services is usually an option only for the most established firms, who charge extra based upon brand recognition
26.
Freelancer
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A freelancer or freelance worker is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design, next on the list was translating, web development, and marketing. Elance, a web platform that connects freelancers with contractors, surveyed its members, depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts, while in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work on spec to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients, payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, and experience. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, for more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, in writing and other artistic fields, freelance and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative and then seek a publisher. They typically retain the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts, traditionally, works would be submitted to publishers, where they would become part of the slushpile, and would either elicit an offer to buy or a rejection slip. People who create intellectual property under a work for hire situation are sometimes referred to as independent contractors or other similar terms. Creators give up their rights to their works in a made for hire situation. The protection of the property rights that give the creator of the work are considered to have been sold into a work for hire agreement. Of employees, however in a rather than employment relationship. The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers employed as independent contractors of all sorts, in 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist at George Mason University, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact, however and it has been estimated that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK, however. Freelancing is a form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimates that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50, surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends
27.
Search engine optimization
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Search engine optimization is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a web search engines unpaid results—often referred to as natural, organic, or earned results. SEO may target different kinds of search, including search, local search, video search, academic search, news search. Promoting a site to increase the number of backlinks, or inbound links, is another SEO tactic, by May 2015, mobile search had surpassed desktop search. Google is developing and pushing mobile search as the future in all of its products, in response, many brands are beginning to take a different approach to their internet strategies. Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, the process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engines own server. All of this information is placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date. Site owners recognized the value of a ranking and visibility in search engine results. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the search engine optimization probably came into use in 1997. Sullivan credits Bruce Clay as one of the first people to popularize the term, on May 2,2007, Jason Gambert attempted to trademark the term SEO by convincing the Trademark Office in Arizona that SEO is a process involving manipulation of keywords and not a marketing service. Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag or index files in engines like ALIWEB, meta tags provide a guide to each pages content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could, Web content providers also manipulated some attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines. Early search engines, such as Altavista and Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings, by relying so much on factors such as keyword density which were exclusively within a webmasters control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. This meant moving away from reliance on term density to a more holistic process for scoring semantic signals. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were difficult for webmasters to manipulate. Companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results, in 2005, the Wall Street Journal reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients. Wired magazine reported that the company sued blogger and SEO Aaron Wall for writing about the ban. Googles Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power, some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization, Google has a Sitemaps program to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website
28.
Audio editing software
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Audio editing software is software which allows editing and generating of audio data. Audio editing software can be implemented completely or partly as library, as computer application, wave Editors are digital audio editors and there are many sources of software available to perform this function. Most can edit music, apply effects and filters, adjust stereo channels etc, Editors designed for use with music typically allow the user to do the following, The ability to import and export various audio file formats for editing. Audio editors may process the audio data non-destructively in real-time, or destructively as a process, or a hybrid with some real-time effects. Destructive editing modifies the data of the audio file, as opposed to just editing its playback parameters. Destructive editors are also known as sample editors, destructive editing applies edits and processing directly to the audio data, changing the data immediately. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, real-time editing does not apply changes immediately, but applies edits and processing on the fly during playback. If, for example, part of a track is deleted, the audio data is not actually removed from the track. In graphical editors, all changes to the audio is usually visible immediately as the waveform is updated to match the audio data. The number of effects that may be applied is virtually unlimited, editing is usually precise down to exact sample intervals. Effects may be applied to a precisely specified selected region, mixing down or exporting the edited audio is usually relatively quick as little additional processing is required. Once an effect has been applied, it cannot usually be changed and this is usually mitigated by the ability to undo the last performed action. Typically a destructive audio editor will maintain many levels of history so that multiple actions may be undone in the reverse order that they were applied. Edits can only be undone in the order that they were applied. Effects can usually be adjusted during playback, or at any other time, edits may be undone or adjusted at any time in any order. Multiple effects and edits may be stacked so that they are applied to the audio as an effect chain, a stack of effects may be changed so that effects are applied in a different order, or effects inserted or removed from the chain. Some real-time editors support effect automation so that changes to effect parameters may be programmed to occur at specified times during audio playback, the waveform does not usually show the effect of processing until the audio has been mixed-down or bounced to another track. The number of effects that may be applied is limited by the processing power of the computer or editing hardware
29.
Stealth edit
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A stealth edit occurs when an online resource is changed without any record of the change being preserved. The term has a negative connotation since it is a technique allows an author to attempt to retroactively change what he or she said. The result is that the blogger looks like the one who is too extreme since the public cant tell that the original post has been changed. The existence of stealth edits may often be detected by comparing the current contents of a web page against Googles cache of the same page, in some cases, stealth editing of online content can be manually identified by making use of a web archiving service. Deletions may remain but be crossed out, while additions are made in a different colour, publicly accessible change logs may be kept for every edit. The common feature is all these methods explicitly let the reader know that an edit has been made. A grey area exists when the edit is trivial, some organizations flag all updates, others make a judgment call about what is considered a substantive update
30.
Video editing
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The term video editing can refer to, The process of manipulating video images. Once the province of expensive machines called video editors, video editing software is now available for personal computers, video editing includes cutting segments, re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other Special Effects. Linear video editing, using tape and is edited in a very linear way. Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order that they will appear, non-linear editing system, This is edited on computers with specialised software. These are non destructive to the video being edited and use such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro. Offline editing is the process in which raw footage is copied from an original source, once the editing has been completely edited, the original media is then re-assembled in the online editing stage. Online editing is the process of reassembling the edit to full resolution video after an offline edit has been performed and is done in the stage of a video production. Vision mixing, when working within live television and video production environments, a vision mixer is used to cut live feed coming from several cameras in real time. Video editing is the process of editing segments of video production footage, special effects. Using video, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events, the goals of editing is to manipulate these events to bring the communication closer to the original goal or target. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of fine iron filings suspended in carbon tetrachloride. This developed the magnetic tracks, making them visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a designed for this task. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, in addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a vision mixer to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for doing that was the U-matic equipment and that system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together in synchrony, so the edit didnt roll or glitch. Later, 1980-90s came the smaller beta equipment, and more complex controllers, content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate codec which will be used by video editing software to manipulate the captured footage. High-definition video is becoming popular and can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with related motion graphics programs. Video clips are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles, digital on-screen graphics are added, special effects can be created, and the finished program is rendered into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways including DVD, web streaming, QuickTime Movies, iPod, CD-ROM, like many other technologies, the cost of video editing has declined by an order of magnitude or more
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Writer
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A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. Writers texts are published across a range of media, skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society. The word is used elsewhere in the arts – such as songwriter – but as a standalone term. Some writers work from an oral tradition, Writers can produce material across a number of genres, fictional or non-fictional. Other writers use multiple media – for example, graphics or illustration – to enhance the communication of their ideas, some writers may use images or multimedia to augment their writing. In rare instances, creative writers are able to communicate their ideas via music as well as words, as well as producing their own written works, writers often write on how they write, why they write, and also comment on the work of other writers. Writers work professionally or non-professionally, that is, for payment or without payment and may be either in advance. Payment is only one of the motivations of writers and many are never paid for their work, Writers choose from a range of literary genres to express their ideas. Most writing can be adapted for use in another medium, for example, a writers work may be read privately or recited or performed in a play or film. Satire for example, may be written as a poem, an essay, a film, the writer of a letter may include elements of criticism, biography, or journalism. The genre sets the parameters but all kinds of creative adaptation have been attempted, novel to film, poem to play, Writers may begin their career in one genre and change to another. For example, historian William Dalrymple began in the genre of travel literature, many writers have produced both fiction and non-fiction works and others write in a genre that crosses the two. For example, writers of romances, such as Georgette Heyer, invent characters. In this genre, the accuracy of the history and the level of detail in the work both tend to be debated. Some writers write both fiction and serious analysis, sometimes using different names to separate their work. Dorothy Sayers, for example, wrote crime fiction but was also a playwright, essayist, translator, poets make maximum use of the language to achieve an emotional and sensory effect as well as a cognitive one. To create these effects, they use rhyme and rhythm and they also exploit the properties of words with a range of techniques such as alliteration. A common theme is love and its vicissitudes, Shakespeares famous love story Romeo and Juliet, for example, written in a variety of poetic forms, has been performed in innumerable theatres and made into at least eight cinematic versions
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Blake Morrison
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Philip Blake Morrison is a British poet and author who has published in a wide range of fiction and non-fiction genres. His greatest success came with the publication of his memoirs And When Did You Last See Your Father, which won the J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography. He has also written a study of the murder of James Bulger, since 2003, Morrison has been Professor of Creative and Life Writing at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, Morrison was born in Skipton, North Yorkshire, to an English father and an Irish mother. His parents were physicians, his mothers maiden name was Agnes OShea, but her husband persuaded her to change Agnes to Kim. The details of his mothers life in Ireland, to which he had not been privy, formed the basis for his autobiographical novel, Morrison lived in Thornton-in-Craven and attended Ermysteds Grammar School. He later studied English Literature at the University of Nottingham and UCL and he worked for the Times Literary Supplement and was literary editor of both The Observer and the Independent on Sunday. Morrisons early writing career outside of journalism was as a poet and he became a full-time writer in 1995 and has since produced novels and volumes of autobiography as well as plays, libretti, and writing for television. He has contributed articles to The New Yorker, the London Review of Books, the New Statesman, in 2006 he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Arts from Plymouth University. His first book was The Movement, English Poetry and Fiction of the 1950s and this was followed in 1982 by a critical guide to Seamus Heaneys poetry. Also in 1982 he co-edited The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry with Andrew Motion, Morrisons first book of poetry, Dark Glasses, was published by Chatto and Windus in 1984. Other published works include Ballad of the Yorkshire Ripper, written in Yorkshire dialect and his poems have also appeared in several anthologies, including Penguin Modern Poets 1. His first novel was The Justification of Johann Gutenberg, South of the River was published in April 2007, and When Did You Last See Your Father. It was directed by Anand Tucker, produced by Elizabeth Karlsson, filming took place in Cromford, Derbyshire, and the surrounding area. The film was released in 2007, a three-part television adaptation of Morrisons 2010 novel The Last Weekend was shown on ITV1 in August–September 2012. The TV series of Morrisons novel South of the River is being made by World Productions, M. Forster Award 1993 Esquire/Volvo/Waterstones Non-Fiction Book Award for And When Did You Last See Your Father. 1994 J. R. Ackerley Prize for Autobiography for And When Did You Last See Your Father
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The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
