1.
Winnie-the-Pooh
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Winnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne. The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne also included a poem about the bear in the childrens verse book When We Were Very Young and many more in Now We Are Six. All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard, hyphens in the characters name were dropped by Disney when the company adapted the Pooh stories into a series of features that became one of its most successful franchises. In popular film adaptations, Pooh Bear has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, a. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh for a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, who was the basis for the character Christopher Robin. The rest of Christopher Robin Milnes toys, Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milnes imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robins toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City. Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and Pooh, a swan they had met while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for $20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, Canada and he named the bear Winnie after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Winnie was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France, after the war she was donated to the zoo. Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young, in the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply Pooh, But his arms were so stiff. They stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and I think – but I am not sure – that that is why he is always called Pooh. The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, the forest is a large area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles south of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring, in the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines. Most of his fathers visits to the forest at this time were, he noted, Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival. Many locations in the stories can be linked to places in. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography, Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical, the landscapes depicted in E. H
2.
Winnie-the-Pooh (book)
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Winnie-the-Pooh is the first volume of stories about Winnie-the-Pooh, by A. A. Milne. It is followed by The House at Pooh Corner, the book focuses on the adventures of a teddy bear called Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends Piglet, a small toy pig, Eeyore, a toy donkey, Owl, a live owl, and Rabbit, a live rabbit. The characters of Kanga, a toy kangaroo, and her son Roo are introduced later in the book, in the chapter entitled In Which Kanga and Baby Roo Come to the Forest and Piglet has a Bath. The bouncy toy-tiger character of Tigger is not introduced until the sequel, portions of the book were adapted from previously published stories. The first chapter, for instance, was adapted from The Wrong Sort of Bees, the chapters in the book can be read independently of each other, as they are episodic in nature and plots do not carry over from one chapter to the next. In 2003, Winnie the Pooh was listed at number 7 on the BBCs survey The Big Read and it was also translated into Esperanto in 1972, by Ivy Kellerman Reed and Ralph A. Lewin, Winnie-La-Pu. The work was featured in the app for Apples iOS as the starter book for the app. The book Winnie-the-Pooh is the second in a series of published in the 1920s about Winnie the Pooh. These books were adapted from a collection of stories penned by Milne and originally published in Punch, St. Nicholas Magazine, Vanity Fair and others. A variety of famous illustrators were hired by the magazines to decorate Milnes text including J. H. Dowd, Reginald Birch, E. H. Shepard, A. H. Watson and others. Following Disneys licensing of rights to Pooh from Stephen Slesinger. Milne Estate in the 1960s, the Milne story lines were used by Disney in its cartoon featurette Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. The look of Pooh was adapted by Disney from Stephen Slesingers distinctive American Pooh with his famous red shirt that had created and used in commerce by Slesinger since the 1930s. Winnie-the-Pooh was shortly followed by The House at Pooh Corner, also by Milne. Return to the Hundred Acre Wood, by David Benedictus was the first official post-Milne Pooh book written with the backing of A. A. Milnes estate. Pooh returned with his friends Tigger, Piglet and Eeyore as well as a new companion Lottie the Otter, the illustrations are by Mark Burgess, who had also worked on reviving the Paddington Bear stories. The Best Bear in All The World, by Paul Bright, Jeanne Willis, Kate Saunders and Brian Sibley is the second official post-Milne Pooh book, published by Egmont on 6 October 2016. The four different authors have written four short stories around the four seasons of Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall, woozle effect Winnie-the-Pooh at Faded Page
3.
A. A. Milne
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Alan Alexander Milne was an English author, best known for his books about the teddy bear Winnie-the-Pooh and for various poems. Milne was a writer, primarily as a playwright, before the huge success of Pooh overshadowed all his previous work. Milne served in both World Wars, joining the British Army in World War I, and was a captain of the British Home Guard in World War II, one of his teachers was H. G. Wells, who taught there in 1889–90. Milne attended Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge where he studied on a mathematics scholarship and he edited and wrote for Granta, a student magazine. He collaborated with his brother Kenneth and their articles appeared over the initials AKM, Milnes work came to the attention of the leading British humour magazine Punch, where Milne was to become a contributor and later an assistant editor. Milne played for the amateur English cricket team the Allahakbarries alongside authors J. M. Barrie, Milne joined the British Army in World War I and served as an officer in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment and later, after a debilitating illness, the Royal Corps of Signals. He was commissioned into the 4th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment on 17 February 1915 as a second lieutenant and his commission was confirmed on 20 December 1915. On 7 July 1916, he was injured while serving in the Battle of the Somme, having recuperated, he was recruited into Military Intelligence to write propaganda articles for MI 7b between 1916 and 1918. He was discharged on 14 February 1919, and settled in Mallord Street and he relinquished his commission on 19 February 1920, retaining the rank of lieutenant. After the war, he wrote a denunciation of war titled Peace with Honour, which he retracted somewhat with 1940s War with Honour. During World War II, Milne was one of the most prominent critics of fellow English writer P. G. Wodehouse, Wodehouse made radio broadcasts about his internment, which were broadcast from Berlin. Although the light-hearted broadcasts made fun of the Germans, Milne accused Wodehouse of committing an act of treason by cooperating with his countrys enemy. Milne married Dorothy Daphne de Sélincourt in 1913 and their son Christopher Robin Milne was born in 1920, in 1925, Milne bought a country home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex. During World War II, Milne was Captain of the British Home Guard in Hartfield & Forest Row and he retired to the farm after a stroke and brain surgery in 1952 left him an invalid, and by August 1953 he seemed very old and disenchanted. Milne died in January 1956, aged 74, after graduating from Cambridge in 1903, A. A. Milne contributed humorous verse and whimsical essays to Punch, joining the staff in 1906 and becoming an assistant editor. During this period he published 18 plays and 3 novels, including the murder mystery The Red House Mystery. His son was born in August 1920 and in 1924 Milne produced a collection of childrens poems When We Were Very Young, a collection of short stories for children Gallery of Children, and other stories that became part of the Winnie-the-Pooh books, were first published in 1925. Milne was a screenwriter for the nascent British film industry
4.
Donkey
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The donkey or ass is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the African wild ass, the donkey has been used as a working animal for at least 5000 years. There are more than 40 million donkeys in the world, mostly in underdeveloped countries, working donkeys are often associated with those living at or below subsistence levels. Small numbers of donkeys are kept for breeding or as pets in developed countries, a male donkey or ass is called a jack, a female a jenny or jennet, a young donkey is a foal. Jack donkeys are used to mate with female horses to produce mules. Asses were first domesticated around 3000 BC, probably in Egypt or Mesopotamia and they continue to fill important roles in many places today. While domesticated species are increasing in numbers, the African wild ass is an endangered species, as beasts of burden and companions, asses and donkeys have worked together with humans for millennia. Traditionally, the name for the donkey is Equus asinus asinus based on the principle of priority used for scientific names of animals. This means that the scientific name for the donkey is Equus africanus asinus when it is considered a subspecies. At one time, the ass was the more common term for the donkey. The first recorded use of donkey was in either 1784 or 1785, while the word ass has cognates in most other Indo-European languages, donkey is an etymologically obscure word for which no credible cognate has been identified. From the 18th century, donkey gradually replaced ass, and jenny replaced she-ass, by the end of the 17th century, changes in pronunciation of both ass and arse had caused them to become homophones. Donkeys vary considerably in size, depending on breed and management, the height at the withers ranges from 7.3 to 15.3 hands, and the weight from 80 to 480 kg. Working donkeys in the poorest countries have an expectancy of 12 to 15 years, in more prosperous countries. Donkeys are adapted to desert lands. Unlike wild and feral horses, wild donkeys in dry areas are solitary, each adult donkey establishes a home range, breeding over a large area may be dominated by one jack. Donkeys have large ears, which may pick up more distant sounds, donkeys can defend themselves by biting, striking with the front hooves or kicking with the hind legs. A jenny is normally pregnant for about 12 months, though the period varies from 11 to 14 months
5.
Male
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A male organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a female gamete, or ovum. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs. Not all species share a common sex-determination system, in most animals, including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to social, environmental, or other factors. For example, Cymothoa exigua changes sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity, the existence of two sexes seems to have been selected independently across different evolutionary lineages. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced, male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals, male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures, as of the year 2012, the United Arab Emirates has the highest ratio of human males in the world, followed by Qatar. A common symbol used to represent the male sex is the Mars symbol, the symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars. It was first used to sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is called a stylized representation of the Roman god Mars shield. According to Stearn, however, all the historical evidence favours that it is derived from θρ, the sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may change during the course of an organisms life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are male or female, hermaphroditic animals. Most mammals, including humans, are determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY sex chromosome. During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, a Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the region of the Y-chromosome. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects and other organisms
6.
Pessimism
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Pessimists also tend to focus on the negatives of life in general or a given situation. The most common example of this phenomenon is the Is the glass half empty or half full, in this situation a pessimist is said to see the glass as half empty while an optimist is said to see the glass as half full. Throughout history, the pessimistic disposition has had effects on all areas of thinking. Philosophical pessimism is the idea that views the world in a strictly anti-optimistic fashion. This form of pessimism is not a disposition as the term commonly connotes. Instead, it is a philosophy or worldview that directly challenges the notion of progress, philosophical pessimists are often existential nihilists believing that life has no intrinsic meaning or value. Their responses to this condition, however, are widely varied, the term pessimism derives from the Latin word pessimus meaning the worst. It was first used by Jesuit critics of Voltaires 1759 novel Candide, Voltaire was satirizing the philosophy of Leibniz who maintained that this was the best of all possible worlds. In their attacks on Voltaire, the Jesuits of the Revue de Trévoux accused him of pessimisme, philosophical pessimists see the self-consciousness of man as bound up with his consciousness of time and that this leads to greater suffering than mere physical pain. While many organisms live in the present, humans and certain species of animals can contemplate the past and future, the philosophical pessimistic view of the effect of historical progress tends to be more negative than positive. The philosophical pessimist does not deny that certain areas like science can progress, in this sense it could be said that the pessimist views history as ironic, while seemingly getting better, it is mostly in fact not improving at all, or getting worse. This is most clearly seen in Rousseaus critique of enlightenment civil society and his preference for man in the primitive, for Rousseau, our souls have become corrupted to the extent that our sciences and our arts have advanced towards perfection. The pessimistic view of the condition is that it is in a sense absurd. The idea that thought would lead to human flourishing can be traced to Socrates and is at the root of most forms of western optimistic philosophies. Pessimism turns the idea on its head, it faults the human freedom to reason as the feature that misaligned humanity from our world, the responses to this predicament of the human condition by pessimists are varied. Some philosophers, mainly Schopenhauer, recommend a form of resignation, some followers tend to believe that expecting the worst leads to the best. Rene Descartes even believed that life was better if emotional reactions to negative events were removed, Albert Camus indicated that the common responses to the absurdity of life are often, Suicide, a leap of faith, or recognition/rebellion. Camus rejected all but the last option as unacceptable and inauthentic responses, philosophical pessimism has often been tied to the arts and literature
7.
Melancholia
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Melancholy was one of the four temperaments matching the four humours. In the 19th century, melancholia could be physical as well as mental, the name melancholia comes from the old medical belief of the four humours, disease or ailment being caused by an imbalance in one or other of the four basic bodily liquids, or humours. Personality types were similarly determined by the dominant humor in a particular person, in astrology it showed the influence of Saturn, hence the related adjective saturnine. Melancholia was described as a disease with particular mental and physical symptoms in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Hippocrates, in his Aphorisms, characterized all fears and despondencies, when a patient could not be cured of the disease it was thought that the melancholia was a result of demonic possession. In his study of French and Burgundian courtly culture, Johan Huizinga noted that at the close of the Middle Ages, a sombre melancholy weighs on peoples souls. Among those of his contemporaries so characterised by Vasari were Pontormo and Parmigianino, but he not use the term of Michelangelo. A famous allegorical engraving by Albrecht Dürer is entitled Melencolia I and this engraving has been interpreted as portraying melancholia as the state of waiting for inspiration to strike, and not necessarily as a depressive affliction. Amongst other allegorical symbols, the picture includes a magic square, the image in turn inspired a passage in The City of Dreadful Night by James Thomson, and, a few years later, a sonnet by Edward Dowden. The most extended treatment of melancholia comes from Robert Burton, whose The Anatomy of Melancholy treats the subject from both a literary and a medical perspective, Burton wrote in the 17th century that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia. Ismenias the Theban, Chiron the centaur, is said to have cured this and many other diseases by music alone, as now they do those, saith Bodine, during the later 16th and early 17th centuries, a curious cultural and literary cult of melancholia arose in England. Another major English author who made extensive expression upon being of a disposition is Sir Thomas Browne in his Religio Medici. Night-Thoughts, a poem in blank verse by Edward Young was published in nine parts between 1742 and 1745, and hugely popular in several languages. It had a influence on early Romantics in England, France. William Blake was commissioned to illustrate a later edition and these portraits were often set out of doors where Nature provides the most suitable background for spiritual contemplation or in a gloomy interior. In music, the cult of melancholia is associated with John Dowland, whose motto was Semper Dowland. The melancholy man, known to contemporaries as a malcontent, is epitomized by Shakespeares Prince Hamlet, the medieval condition of acedia and the Romantic Weltschmerz were similar concepts, most likely to affect the intellectual. It has been identified in medical writings from antiquity and was best characterized in the 19th Century, in the 20th Century, with the interest in psychoanalytic writing, major depression became the principal class in psychiatric classifications
8.
Stuffed toy
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A stuffed toy is a toy sewn from a textile, and stuffed with a soft material. In North American English they are referred to as plush toys, plushies, snuggies, stuffies. Textiles commonly used include plain cloth and pile textiles like plush or terrycloth, common stuffing materials are synthetic fiber batting, cotton, straw, wood wool, plastic pellets or beans. Stuffed toys are made in different forms, often resembling animals, legendary creatures. They are often used as objects, for display or collecting and given as gifts, such as for graduation. The first commercial concern to create stuffed toys was the German Steiff company in 1880, Steiff used new technology developed for upholstery to make their stuffed toys. In 1892, the Ithaca Kitty became one of the first mass-produced stuffed animal toys in the United States, in 1903 Richard Steiff designed a soft bear that differed from earlier traditional rag dolls, because it was made of plush furlike fabric. At the same time in the USA, Morris Michtom created the first teddy bear, the character Peter Rabbit from English author Beatrix Potter was the first stuffed toy to be patented, in 1903. Sock monkeys are a type of handmade stuffed monkey made out of socks that first appeared in the US during the Great Depression, amigurumi is a Japanese type of handcrafted knitted or crocheted stuffed toys. Amigurumi are typically made to look cute with oversized heads and undersized extremities, simple stuffed toys can be sewn using a cloth such as felt and stuffing such as cotton. Pillow Pets are a brand of stuffed toys that can be folded from a pillow into a stuffed animal, several brands of electronic and robotic plush toys were fads when they were first released. Some brands of stuffed toys use marketing strategies to encourage the collection of a series of stuffed toys, Webkinz stuffed animals were created by Ganz in 2005. Each Webkinz toy comes with a unique Secret Code that gives access to the Webkinz World website, disneys Club Penguin and Build-A-Bearville from Build-A-Bear Workshop are other online worlds with content that can be unlocked from codes found on associated stuffed toys. In 2013, Disney launched its first collection of Disney Tsum Tsum stuffed toys based on characters from different Disney properties, list of stuffed toy manufacturers Teddy bear
9.
Onomatopoeia
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An onomatopoeia is a word that phonetically imitates, resembles or suggests the sound that it describes. As an uncountable noun, onomatopoeia refers to the property of such words, common occurrences of onomatopoeias include animal noises such as oink, miaow, roar or chirp. Although in the English language, the term means the imitation of a sound. For words that imitate sounds, the term Ηχομιμητικό is used, Ηχομιμητικό derives from Ηχώ, meaning echo or sound, and μιμητικό, meaning mimetic or imitation. Some other very common English-language examples include hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia, as in honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. When someone speaks of an involving a audible arcing of electricity. Human sounds sometimes provide instances of onomatopoeia, as when mwah is used to represent a kiss, for animal sounds, words like quack, moo, bark or woof, roar, meow/miaow or purr, cluck and baa are typically used in English. Some of these words are used both as nouns and as verbs, some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure. This may evolve into a new word, up to the point that it is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia, verba dicendi are a method of integrating onomatopoeia and ideophones into grammar. Sometimes things are named from the sounds they make, in English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the onomatopoeic of the sound it makes, the zip or zipper. In Tamil and Malayalam, the word for crow is kaakaa and this practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori and, therefore, in names of animals borrowed from these languages. Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures, for example, the snip of a pair of scissors is cri-cri in Italian, riqui-riqui in Spanish, terre-terre or treque-treque in Portuguese, krits-krits in modern Greek and katr-katr in Hindi. Similarly, the honk of a horn is ba-ba in Mandarin, tut-tut in French, pu-pu in Japanese, bbang-bbang in Korean, bært-bært in Norwegian, fom-fom in Portuguese. Onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone, the most famous example is the phrase furrow followed free in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It may be noted that the words followed and free are not onomatopoeic in themselves, similarly, alliteration has been used in the line as the surf surged up the sun swept shore. To recreate the sound of breaking waves, in the poem I, She, comic strips and comic books made extensive use of onomatopoeia. Crane had fun with this, tossing in an occasional ker-splash or lickety-wop along with what would become the standard effects. Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast-paced storylines, in 2002, DC Comics introduced a villain named Onomatopoeia, an athlete, martial artist and weapons expert who often speaks sounds
10.
Rhoticity in English
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The English dialects of Scotland, Ireland, and most of the United States and Canada preserve historical /r/, and are thus termed the rhotic varieties. In non-rhotic varieties, speakers no longer pronounce /r/ in postvocalic environments – that is, a non-rhotic speaker usually still pronounces the /r/ in the continuously spoken phrase butter and jam, since in this case the /r/ is followed by a vowel. Loss of postvocalic /r/ began sporadically in informal speech in the 15th century, in the mid-18th century it was still pronounced in most environments, but may occasionally have been deleted entirely, especially after low vowels. By the 1790s, postvocalic /r/-less pronunciation had become common in London and surrounding areas, by the early 19th century, the southern British standard was fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, though some variation persisted as late as the 1870s. Other terms for rhotic dialects include /r/–pronouncing or r–ful, and for non-rhotic include /r/-deleting, r-dropping, r-vocalized, the earliest traces of a loss of /r/ in English appear in the early 15th century and occur before coronal consonants, especially /s/, giving modern ass, and bass. A second phase of /r/-loss began during the 15th century, and was characterized by sporadic and lexically variable deletion, such as monyng morning and cadenall cardinal. These /r/-less spellings appear throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, but are uncommon and are restricted to private documents, no English authorities describe loss of /r/ in the standard language prior to the mid-18th century, and many do not fully accept it until the 1790s. During the mid-17th century, a number of sources describe /r/ as being weakened, the English playwright Ben Jonsons English Grammar, published posthumously in 1640, records that /r/ was sounded firme in the beginning of words, and more liquid in the middle, and ends. By the 1770s, postvocalic /r/-less pronunciation was becoming common around London even in more formal, the English actor and linguist John Walker uses the spelling ar to indicate the long vowel of aunt in his 1775 rhyming dictionary. Americans returning to England after the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 reported surprise at the significant changes in fashionable pronunciation. By the early 19th century, the southern British standard was fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, like regional dialects in England, the accents of other areas in America remained rhotic in a display of linguistic lag that preserved the original pronunciation of /r/. In most non-rhotic accents, if a word ending in r is followed closely by a word beginning with a vowel. This phenomenon is referred to as linking R, many non-rhotic speakers also insert an epenthetic /r/ between vowels when the first vowel is one that can occur before syllable-final r. The typical alternative used by RP speakers is to insert a glottal stop where an intrusive R would otherwise be placed, for non-rhotic speakers, what was historically a vowel plus /r/ is now usually realized as a long vowel. This is called compensatory lengthening, lengthening that occurs after the elision of a sound, so in RP and many other non-rhotic accents card, fern, born are pronounced, or similar. This length may be retained in phrases, so while car pronounced in isolation is, but a final schwa usually remains short, so water in isolation is. For some speakers, some long vowels alternate with an ending in schwa, so wear may be. Even General American speakers commonly drop the /r/ in non-final unstressed syllables when another syllable in the word also contains /r/
11.
E. H. Shepard
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Ernest Howard Shepard OBE, MC was an English artist and book illustrator. He is known especially for illustrations of the soft toy and animal characters in The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame. Shepard was born in St Johns Wood, London, having shown some promise in drawing at St Pauls School, he enrolled in Heatherleys School of Fine Art in Chelsea. After a productive year there, he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy Schools, in 1899, a Landseer scholarship, where he would meet Florence Eleanor Chaplin who would become his first wife. They bought a house in London after marriage in 1901, but a few years later in 1905 had moved to Sharnley Green, near Guildford. Shepard was a prolific painter showing in a number of major exhibitions, one was at the Royal Society of Artists, Birmingham a traditional venue for generic painters. As well as in England he also exhibited in the more radical atmosphere of Glasgows Institute of Fine Arts, but at heart Shepard was a Londoner showing sixteen times at the Royal Academy on Piccadilly. His wife Eleanor was also a painter, who found a home in Londons West End venue for her own modest output during a 25-year career. Although in his mid-thirties when World War I broke out in 1914, Shepard received a commission as a lieutenant in the Royal Garrison Artillery. By 1916, Shepard started working for the Intelligence Department sketching the combat area within the view of his battery position and he was promoted to lieutenant on 1 July 1917. Whilst acting as Captain, he was awarded the Military Cross for his service at the Battle of Passchendaele and his citation read, For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. As forward Observation Officer he continued to observe and send back information, in spite of heavy shell. His courage and coolness were conspicuous, by wars end, he had achieved the rank of major. Throughout the war he had been contributing to Punch and he was hired as a regular staff cartoonist in 1921 and became lead cartoonist in 1945 but was removed from this post by Malcolm Muggeridge, who became editor in 1953. Shepard was recommended to A. A. Milne in 1923 by another Punch staffer, Milne initially thought Shepards style was not what he wanted, but used him to illustrate the book of poems When We Were Very Young. Happy with the results, Milne then insisted Shepard illustrate Winnie-the-Pooh, realising his illustrators contribution to the books success, the writer arranged for Shepard to receive a share of his royalties. And Peter, thinking that they are my own, Will welcome me to Heaven, eventually Shepard came to resent that silly old bear as he felt that the Pooh illustrations overshadowed his other work. Shepard modelled Pooh not on the toy owned by Milnes son Christopher Robin but on Growler and his Pooh work is so famous that 300 of his preliminary sketches were exhibited at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1969, when he was 90 years old
12.
Christopher Robin
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Christopher Robin is a character created by A. A. Milne. He appears in Milnes popular books of poetry and Winnie-the-Pooh stories and is named after Christopher Robin Milne, the character has subsequently appeared in Disney cartoons. Christopher Robin appears in Milnes poems and in the two books, Winnie-the-Pooh and The House at Pooh Corner, in the books he is a young boy and one of Winnie-the-Poohs best friends. His other friends are Eeyore, Kanga, and Roo, Rabbit, Piglet, Owl, in the second book, there are hints that Christopher Robin is growing up. In the final chapter, the inhabitants of the Hundred Acre Wood throw him a party after learning he must leave them soon. It is implied that he will attend boarding school, Christopher Robin Milne, for whom the stories were originally developed, left home to attend Stowe School at age 9. In addition to the two Pooh books, the character was immortalized in other works by A. A. Milne including two books of poems, When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six. An arrangement of one of the poems, Buckingham Palace, was first recorded by Ann Stephens in July 1941, though slightly older, he is still the same person as before and is happy to share more good times with his friends all summer. At the end of the summer, he has to again for another school year. Christopher Robin is cheerful, compassionate, adventurous, fun-loving, imaginative, despite being a child, he is much wiser and more mature than many of the other characters, and is someone Pooh and the others look up to. In the book illustrations, his appears as a hollow tree with a door at the top of the forest. Christopher Robin was based upon the author A. A. Milnes own son, Christopher Robin Milne, since 1966, Disney has released numerous features starring Winnie-the-Pooh and related characters. Christopher Robin appears in all of the Disney adaptations except for Kingdom Hearts Welcome to Pooh Corner, Winnie the Pooh, Springtime with Roo, and Poohs Heffalump Halloween Movie. But in most of the cartoons, he is only a character, sometimes only appearing in a few scenes or episodes, in Poohs Heffalump Movie. His personality is virtually the same as in the books, Christopher Robins bedroom, but not Christopher Robin himself, appears in live-action opening sequences. In the world within his storybooks, his house appears just as it does in E. H. Shepards illustrations, an English boy living in the Ashdown Forest, Christopher Robin has brown hair. He wears a polo shirt with white collar and trim on his short sleeves, blue shorts, white socks. On several appropriate occasions, he plays a snare drum, the New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh re-imagines him as an American boy living in the suburban house 100 Acre Road whose backyard connects directly to the Hundred Acre Wood
13.
Pin the tail on the donkey
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Pin the tail on the donkey is a game played by groups of children. The earliest version listed in a catalog of American games compiled by the American Game Collectors Association in 1998, is dated 1899 and it is common at birthday parties and other gatherings. A picture of a donkey with a tail is tacked to a wall within easy reach of children. One at a time, each child is blindfolded and handed a paper tail with a pin or thumbtack poked through it. The blindfolded child is then spun around until he or she is disoriented, the child gropes around and tries to pin the tail on the donkey. The player who pins their tail closest to the target, the donkeys rear, the game, a group activity, is generally not competitive, winning is only of marginal importance. It is often seen as more entertaining, seeing the children stumble around, the game is also used in child development research. The game can also be played by teenagers and adults, especially if the donkey is replaced with depictions of something or someone else. As a drinking game, the person with the worst tail pinning is awarded one shot of a selected alcohol, idiomatically, the term can be used derisively for any assigned activity which is pointless or for which a person has been handicapped. Fukuwarai, a similar Japanese game Piñata Printable Pin the Tail on the Donkey Game
14.
Owl (Winnie the Pooh)
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This is a list of characters appearing in the Winnie-the-Pooh books and the Disney adaptations of the series. Winnie-the-Pooh, or Pooh for short, is a toy bear. Despite being naïve and slow-witted, he is a friendly, thoughtful and sometimes insightful character who is willing to help his friends. A prime motivation is his love for honey, which often leads to trouble. In the books, Pooh is a poet, and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and hums. He is humble about his slow-wittedness, but comfortable with his creative gifts, in the Disney adaptations, Poohs catchphrases are Oh, Bother. and Think, think, think. He has been voiced by Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith and by Jim Cummings, the sole human character in the story books, he has a cheerful and compassionate personality and is someone who Pooh and the others look up to. Despite being a child, he is wiser and more mature than many of the other characters. Pooh considers both Christopher Robin and Piglet to be his best friends, Christopher Robin matures considerably over the course of the books. Several chapters in The House at Pooh Corner are concerned with Christopher Robin beginning to go to school, in the final chapter, Christopher Robin leaves his stuffed animals behind and asks Pooh to understand and to always remember him. Poohs best friend besides Christopher Robin, in the books he is a timorous small animal, who often takes his lead from Pooh unless overcome by fear. But increasingly through the stories he shows himself to be brave when faced with a crisis. In the Disney series he is kind, gentle and ordinarily quite shy, Piglet lives in a beech tree that he likes to keep neat and tidy, and can sing very well. He has been voiced by John Fiedler, Phil Baron and by Travis Oates, Poohs ever-glum, sarcastic and pessimistic donkey friend who has trouble keeping his tail attached to his bottom, since the nail keeps falling out. Eeyore has a made of sticks, which falls apart and has to be rebuilt. His catchphrase is Thanks for noticing as indicated to himself and he has been voiced by Ralph Wright, Ron Feinberg, Ron Gans, Peter Cullen and by Bud Luckey. Kanga is a kangaroo and the doting mother of Roo. The two live in a house near the Sandy Pit in the part of the forest
15.
The House at Pooh Corner
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The House at Pooh Corner is the second volume of stories about Winnie-the-Pooh, written by A. A. Milne and illustrated by E. H. Shepard. It is notable for the introduction of the character Tigger, the title comes from a story in which Winnie-the-Pooh and Piglet build a house for Eeyore. In another story the game of Poohsticks is invented, as with the first book, the chapters are mostly in episodic format and can be read independently of each other. It is made obvious, though not stated explicitly, that he is starting school, in the end, they say good-bye to Christopher Robin. Pooh and Christopher Robin say a long, private farewell, in which Pooh promises not to forget him and this was released on a 45rpm EP. In 1971, singer-songwriter Kenny Loggins released a song called House at Pooh Corner as a duet with Jim Messina on their album Sittin In. Although the song was written by Loggins, it had previously released by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their 1970 album Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy. The song is told from the perspective of both Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin, the first verse, told from Poohs point of view, describes how he and Robins days together disappeared all too soon and how he cant seem to find way back to the Wood. The second verse, told from Christopher Robins point of view, tells of how Pooh has a honey jar stuck on his nose and how he came to him asking for help, but from here, no one knows where he goes. The song uses these verses as an allegorical musing on the loss of innocence and childhood, in 1994, Loggins re-released the song as Return to Pooh Corner on the album of the same name. A duet with Amy Grant, this added a third verse, told from the perspective of an adult Christopher Robin who gives Winnie-the-Pooh to his own son and hears Pooh whisper to him. The song ends with Christopher Robin happy that hes come back to the house at Pooh Corner. This third verse was based on Loggins own feelings of happiness after the birth of his third son, the song has since become a staple of Loggins live performances, and it remains one of his most personal, popular and beloved songs. In 1988, a version of the book, published by BBC Enterprises, was narrated by Alan Bennett. The music was composed, directed and played by John Gould, chapters 2,8, and 9 were adapted into animation with the Disney featurette Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day. Similarly, chapters 4 and 7 were adapted into Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too. while chapter 6 was adapted in Winnie the Pooh, chapter 8 was also partially adapted into an episode of The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Also, the chapter was adapted as a closure to The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, as well as in the direct-to-video movie Poohs Grand Adventure. Chapter 2 was also released from Disney as a book, under the title Winnie the Pooh meets Tigger
16.
Thistle
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Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles often occur all over the plant – on surfaces such as those of the stem and these are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a shape of a cup or urn subtends each of a thistles flowerheads. The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean exactly those plants in the tribe Cynareae, especially the genera Carduus, Cirsium, however, plants outside this tribe are sometimes called thistles, and if this is done thistles would form a polyphyletic group. Thistle is the emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, do affect the health of animals that swallow more than small amounts of the material, similarly, some species of Silybum that occur as weeds, also are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as Silibinin. Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury monofloral honey products, Thistle flowers are favourite nectar sources of the pearl-bordered fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary, high brown fritillary, and dark green fritillary butterflies. Some thistles, have been introduced outside their native range. The thistle has been the emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470. It is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle, a chivalric order of Scotland. It is found in many Scottish symbols and as the name of several Scottish football clubs, the thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, was the symbol of seven of the eight former Scottish Police Services, the sole exception being the former Northern Constabulary. The thistle is also the emblem of Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh and it is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. According to a legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish armys encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Other species, including dwarf thistle, musk thistle, and melancholy thistle have also been suggested, the thistle, and more precisely Onopordum acanthium, is one of the symbols of Lorraine, together with its coat of arms which displays three avalerions, and the Cross of Lorraine. Lorraine is a located in northeastern France, along the border with Luxembourg. Before the French Revolution, a part of the region formed the Duchy of Lorraine. In the Middle Ages, the thistle was an emblem of the Virgin Mary and it was later adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou
17.
Poohsticks
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Poohsticks is a sport first mentioned in The House at Pooh Corner, a Winnie-the-Pooh book by A. A. Milne. The annual World Poohsticks Championships have been held at Days Lock on the River Thames in the UK since 1984, Poohsticks was invented by English author A. A. Milne for his son Christopher Robin Milne. The sport first came to prominence when it was described in the authors book The House at Pooh Corner as well as in the Disney animated featurette Winnie the Pooh, Pooh continues to play the sport with the other characters, Christopher Robin, Tigger and Eeyore. The sport was first developed at a bridge located in Ashdown Forest, close to the village of Upper Hartfield, East Sussex, built in 1907 and originally called Posingford Bridge, it is considered to be the bridge on which Milne and his son first played the game. However, it is whether the sport was first played at the bridge then written into the story. The bridge maintained the publics interest and a campaign to rebuild it in the seventies was considered important enough to feature on the BBC Nine OClock News. The bridge was reopened by Christopher Robin Milne and officially renamed as Poohsticks Bridge. The site was so popular that in 1999 the East Sussex county council made an appeal to Disney as the old bridge had been worn down by an overwhelming number of visitors. The company provided a donation towards the estimated £30,000 needed to replace the bridge. Partly rebuilt in 1979, the donations from Disney, building firms, the newly built and modernised bridge retained its precursors original style. A plaque was placed to commemorate the occasion and thank those who financially contributed to the project. The sport can still be played in Ashdown Forest to this day, however, visitors are now advised to bring their own sticks, as previous visitors have caused damage to the trees in the vicinity. A sport for two players or more, in the version of poohsticks the participants must drop a stick simultaneously on the upstream side of a bridge. The winner is the player whose stick first appears on the side of the bridge. Alternatively, players may decide upon a point on a river. The winner is the player whose stick first passes the finishing point and it is generally agreed that the stick must be made of organic materials, preferably willow, and not of any artificial materials. All participants must drop their sticks at the time, usually after a referee shouts drop. Additionally, no advantage may be gained through either dismantling the bridge or the use of any self-propelling stick devices, the stick must be dropped, not thrown, into the water and any player who is deemed to have thrown their stick is disqualified
18.
Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
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Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree is a 1966 animated featurette based on the first two chapters of the book Winnie-the-Pooh by A. A. Milne. The film combines live-action and animation, and was produced by Walt Disney Productions and its songs were written by the Sherman Brothers and the score was composed and conducted by Buddy Baker. This featurette was shown alongside the live-action feature The Ugly Dachshund, the story opens with Winnie the Pooh going through his morning exercises during which he accidentally rips the stitching on his bottom. After repairing his torn rump he goes to his pantry for some breakfast, only to discover he is out of honey. He hears a bee fly by and decides to climb a nearby tree, but as he reaches the beehive. Needing help, Pooh decides to go to Christopher Robins house to get a balloon from him and his plan is to cover himself in mud to disguise himself as a rain cloud and use the balloon to float up to the hive. After Pooh falls to the ground, getting caught by Christopher Robin, with honey still on his mind, Pooh heads to Rabbits house in hopes of getting some. The reluctant Rabbit invites Pooh in, despite realizing the bears vast appetite, Pooh ends up becoming very rotund, and as he tries to exit Rabbits house, he finds himself stuck and unable to fit through his front door. After a worried Rabbit tries to free Pooh by pushing his over-sized bottom, he runs off to get Christoper Robin for help, Owl flies by, the two are met by Gopher, who suggests that he blast Pooh out with dynamite for pay. Rabbit returns with Christopher Robin, and they try to pull Pooh out. With Rabbit refusing to push him back in, Christopher Robin decides that Pooh will just have to wait until he gets thin again, one night, while Pooh is asleep, Gopher appears once again, taking a break from his swing shift to eat lunch. One of the things Gopher is snacking on is a jar of honey, some time later, Rabbit wakes up and discovers that Poohs fat bottom has slightly shrunken, meaning it is now possible to get him out. He gets Christopher Robin, who gathers Kanga, Eeyore, Owl, Roo, and Gopher, finally, Rabbit charges into Pooh, which sends him flying out of the front door, through the sky, and into the honey tree, which scares away the bees inside. The gang arrives at the scene, and Christopher Robin promises Pooh that they help him get out again. However, Pooh tells them to take their time, for now he has a supply of honey to eat. The films plot is based primarily on three A. A, the scene where Rabbit deals with Poohs being part of the decor of his home, was not used in the original book, and was reportedly contemplated by Disney when he first read the book. The film was released on February 4,1966, as a supplement to Disneys live-action feature The Ugly Dachshund. It would later be included as a segment in The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, the film had its television premiere on March 10,1970, as a special on the NBC television network
19.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
20.
Ralph Wright
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Ralph Waldo Wright was a Disney animator and story/storyboard writer who provided the gloomy, sullen voice of Eeyore from the popular Winnie-the-Pooh franchise. Wright came to the studio in the 1940s, and became known throughout the ensuing decades for his endearingly gloomy. He turned out to be a model for Eeyore when the studio began development on Winnie the Pooh. Early on, with Goofys Glider and other How To cartoons and this technique is still in use today in most major animation studios. Warner Brothers later would incorporate this premise into Roadrunner, Sylvester and Tweety and this highly reusable format proved to be wildly successful. He came down, and his pants were twelve inches too short for him, but he had a crazy, crazy mind, almost as wild as Roy Williams, who is the best of all. Ralph did the first story of type for Jack Kinney. The Goof tried to stay on the horse—boom, off, another joke and that was the beginning of what still seems to be going on today. Then he and Kinney made more—a series of jokes, just one problem and its like a symphony, with a theme and then the development of that theme. He spent the last 30 years of his life in San Luis Obispo County in Los Osos and he died at his home in Los Osos from a heart attack. Everything that Ralph Wright worked on are by Walt Disney Productions except as noted, Eeyore Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day. Eeyore The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Eeyore Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore. Eeyore Siam Perri The Art of Self Defense Perri The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Ralph Wright at the Internet Movie Database
21.
Thurl Ravenscroft
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Ravenscroft was also known, albeit uncredited, as the vocalist for the song Youre a Mean One, Mr. Grinch from the classic Christmas television special, Dr. Seuss How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Ravenscroft did some work and singing for Disney in both the films and the attractions at Disneyland. The best known of these attractions are The Haunted Mansion, Country Bear Jamboree, The Mark Twain Riverboat, Pirates of the Caribbean, Disneyland Railroad and his voice acting career began in 1940 and lasted until his death in 2005 at age 91. Ravenscroft left his native Norfolk, Nebraska, in 1933 for California and he achieved early success as part of a singing group called The Mellomen. The Mellomen can be heard on popular recordings of the Big Band Era, including backup for Bing Crosby, Frankie Laine, Spike Jones, Jo Stafford. Their earliest contribution to a Disney film was for Pinocchio, to which contributed the song Honest John. This was deleted from the film but can still be heard in the supplements on the 2009 DVD, despite the song being cut off, Ravenscroft lend his voice to Monstro the whale in the film. They also contributed to other Disney films, such as Alice in Wonderland and Lady and the Tramp. Ravenscroft is also heard with the quartet on some of the Merrie Melodies, during World War II, Ravenscroft served as a civilian navigator contracted to the U. S. Air Transport Command, spending five years flying courier missions across the north and south Atlantic. Among the notables carried on board his flights were Winston Churchill, as he told an interviewer, I flew Winston Churchill to a conference in Algiers and flew Bob Hope to the troops a couple of times. Ravenscroft sang bass on Rosemary Clooneys This Ole House, which went to No.1 in both the United States and Britain in 1954, as well as Stuart Hamblens original version of that same song. He sang on the soundtrack for Ken Clark as Stewpot in South Pacific, singing with the Johnny Mann Singers, his distinctive bass can also be heard as part of the chorus on 28 of their albums that were released during the 1960s and 1970s. He was also the singer on Bobby Vees 1960 Liberty hit record Devil or Angel. Andy Williams recording of The 12 Days of Christmas features him as well, in the 1980s and 1990s, Ravenscroft was narrator for the annual Pageant of the Masters art show at the Laguna Beach, California, Festival of the Arts. He sang the songs for the two Disney serials used on The Mickey Mouse Club, Boys of the Western Sea and The Hardy Boys. He sang the Twitterpatter Song and Thumpers Song on the Disneyland record Peter Cottontail, on the Disneyland record All About Dragons, he both provided the narration and sang the songs The Reluctant Dragon and The Loch Ness Monster. He also played the Narrator in The Story and Song From the Haunted Mansion, Ravenscroft is also heard in the Enchanted Tiki Room as the voice of Fritz the Animatronics parrot. He was also the voice of the Disneyland Railroad in the 1990s, further roles include that of The First Mate on The Mark Twain Riverboat and of the American bison head named Buff at The Country Bear Jamboree
22.
Walt Disney Records
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Walt Disney Records is an American record label of the Disney Music Group. The label was founded in 1956 as Disneyland Records, before that time, Disney recordings were licensed to a variety of other labels such as RCA, Decca, Capitol, ABC-Paramount, and United Artists. It was Walt Disney’s brother Roy O. Disney who suggested that Walt Disney Productions form their own record label, Roy enlisted longtime staffer Jimmy Johnson to head this new division. It adopted its current name in 1989, in 1954, the Disneyland Record label was used for a Columbia Records release of Fess Parkers recording of the Ballad of Davy Crockett. The record was a success causing the formation of the record company, the company was founded as Disneyland Records in 1956, serving as the recorded unit subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions. The Disneyland company issued its first album, A Childs Garden of Verses, also, Disneyland Records issued a Parkers Wringle Wrangle single from the Westward Ho the Wagons. Film with in a year of starting operations, the became a hit. This led the company to start recording music from outside the films, however, what ever was released by the company the industry categorized as children. Pricing was directed towards an audience, which was more than standard children fare. The only outside success was Tuttis Trumpets, thus in 1959, the Disneyland label became the childrens label and Buena Vista label for the occasional pop song record. Jimmy Johnson brought in musician Tutti Camarata, founder of Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood, to head the Artists, Tuttis connections within the music industry also brought to the label the likes of Mary Martin, Louis Armstrong, Louis Prima, Jerry Colonna, and Phil Harris. It was also Tutti’s idea that the popular Mouseketeer, Annette Funicello, in 1959, the Buena Vista Records label was formed for Funicellos select recordings and for the release of soundtrack albums and other contemporary music. While looking for the material for Annette, Tutti and his team discovered the songwriting duo of Richard M. Sherman. The two were brought to the Disney studio in Burbank where they became the first staff songwriters for the company. The dual label company started its series in 1965. By 1971, Disneyland Records was also called Disneyland/Vista Records, in 1989, Disneyland Records was renamed Walt Disney Records. In addition to the Buena Vista label, the Disney Audio Entertainment, Disney Sound, today, Walt Disney Records selection of products ranges from traditional studio albums and original soundtracks to audiobooks and karaoke albums. It releases music from Walt Disney Pictures feature films, Lucasfilms Star Wars franchise, Disney Channel Original Movies, Walt Disney Theatrical productions and other feature-length productions
23.
Peter Cullen
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Peter Claver Cullen is a Canadian voice actor. He also voiced Monterey Jack in Chip n Dale Rescue Rangers from season one through some of season two, starting in 2007, Peter Cullen has reprised his role as Optimus Prime in related Transformers media, starting with the first live-action film. Cullen was born on July 28,1941 in Montreal, Quebec to Henry L. and he has three siblings, Michaela, Sonny, and Larry. Cullen attended Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and he is a member of the first graduating class of the National Theatre School of Canada, which graduated in 1963. His brother, Larry Cullen, was a retired Captain in the United States Marine Corps, Cullen played a French-Canadian astronaut character named Commander Bi Bi Latuque alongside Ted Zeigler for the 1969 childrens show, The Buddies on CFCF-TV in Montreal. He honed his skills by working as a radio announcer, notably in his home town of Montreal on MOR station CKGM doing the overnight. From 1967-69, he was the announcer for Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, from 1971-74, he, Zeigler and Billy Van were series regulars on The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. In 1974, Cullen was the announcer and a regular on The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show. He lent his voice to a character in the album The Story of Halloween Horror in 1977, real heroes dont yell and act tough, they are tough enough to be gentle, so control yourself. Cullen later learned from his agent, Steve Tisherman, that he not only won the part of Prime, but also, to his surprise, the role of Ironhide as well, which he saw as a home run. He has stated that Optimus is his voice role, and that he based the voice of the Autobot leader on his older brother Larry. When he came home, I could see a change and he was quieter and he was a man and a hero to me, says the actor. I watched him and listened to him, id never had an opportunity to do a superhero, and when that came, just came right out of me and I sounded like Optimus. The public backlash over Optimus death surprised producers greatly, children were leaving the theaters because of the characters death. The writers temporarily revived the character for an episode in Season 3 called Dark Awakening. Initially, this was intended to be his final appearance, but after fan requests continued, The Return of Optimus Prime, the original ending of Dark Awakening was altered in reruns to include a teaser about the return of the character. He is contractually obligated to voice Optimus in at least one more sequel and his performance in the premiere season of Transformers, Prime earned him a nomination for a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program category. In the 1980s and the 1990s, Cullen appeared on a number of television shows. I and he also had a voice part in the 1984 motion picture Gremlins, as a gremlin, and the first season of the 2008 Knight Rider series as KARR
24.
Bud Luckey
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William Bud Luckey is an American animator, cartoonist, singer, musician, designer, composer, artist and voice actor. He is best known for his work at Pixar as a designer for Toy Story, Boundin, Toy Story 2, A Bugs Life, Monsters. Finding Nemo, Cars, The Incredibles, Ratatouille and Toy Story 3, as a voice for animated characters Luckey is known as the voice of Rick Dicker in The Incredibles, Chuckles the Clown in Toy Story 3 and as the Winnie the Pooh character Eeyore. Luckey semi-retired from Pixar in 2008 but continues to work with the studio time to time and with the parent Disney organization. Following his retirement from Pixar, Bud Luckey has served as an Advisor to Greater Family, LLC, of which his son Andy is co-founder, Luckey was born and raised in Billings, Montana. He served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War and he later served as an Artist-Illustrator with the NATO Allied Occupation Forces in Europe and North Africa from 1953 to 1954 and, finally, with the Strategic Air Command from 1954–57. Among Luckeys Air Force duty stations was Nouasseur Air Base/a/k/a Nouasseur Air Depot a nuclear bomber base and nuclear weapon storage depot south of Casablanca. There he served with the Third Air Force Air Material Command, additional duty stations were Lackland AFB and Kelly AFB as well as Portland AFB. He remained an Air Force reservist through the mid-1960s, after leaving active Air Force duty and with the benefits of the Korean War G. I. Bill, he attended Chouinard Art Institute (which later merged with the California Academy of Music to form California Institute of the Arts from 1957 to 1960 and he was a Disney scholar, and received professional animation training at the University of Southern California with Disney veteran animator Art Babbitt. After graduation Luckey worked for a time as Babbitts assistant/apprentice at Quartet Films in Los Angeles and he served as an animator for The Alvin Show in 1961. He also worked as an animator and sequence director on a pilot for Mad magazine television special produced by longtime friends Jimmy Murakami and Gordon Bellamy. He would later serve as an animator to the 1977 animated feature, The Mouse and His Child and as an assistant animator to Don Bluths first animated feature. He won a Clio Award in 1966 for the General Mills commercial Betty Crocker – Magic Faucet, Luckey also worked with animator Alex Anderson, who created the characters of Rocky the Flying Squirrel, Bullwinkle, and Dudley Do-Right, as well as the more obscure Crusader Rabbit. Anderson was the Vice President of Television at the Guild-Bascom-Bonfigli Agency at that time, the Guild-Bascom-Bonfigli Agency, despite its San Francisco location, was also well known for its work on political campaigns. In that regard Luckey also did work on the campaigns of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy. Bud Luckey was placed in charge as the Senior Art Director/Producer for all advertising containing Schulz characters, as a result, Luckey often visited Schulz to review material as well as famed animator Bill Melendez, whose studio produced the animation containing the Schultz characters. Whilst working at the Guild Bascom & Bonfigli / Dancer Fitzgerald Sample agency, the two became lifelong friends until Hadleys death in 2007
25.
Winnie the Pooh (2011 film)
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Winnie the Pooh is a 2011 American animated buddy musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 51st Disney animated feature film, in the film, the aforementioned residents of the Hundred Acre Wood embark on a quest to save Christopher Robin from an imaginary culprit while Pooh deals with a hunger for honey. The film was released on April 15,2011 in the United Kingdom, production for the film began in September 2009 with John Lasseter announcing that they wanted to create a film that would transcend generations. The film also features six songs by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez, as well as a rendition of the Sherman Brothers Winnie the Pooh theme song by actress and musician Zooey Deschanel. The film is dedicated to Dan Read, who had worked on Disney films including The Emperors New Groove and Chicken Little and that was also Huell Howsers first and only film role. Winnie-the-Pooh wakes up one day to find that he is out of honey, while out searching for more, Pooh discovers that Eeyore has lost his tail. Pooh, Piglet, Rabbit, Owl, Kanga, and Roo come to the rescue while Tigger has his bouncing fun, the prize for the winner is a fresh pot of honey. After many failed attempts for what would replace Eeyores tail, Kanga suggests that use a scarf. The next day, Pooh goes to visit Christopher Robin and he finds a note that says Gone Out Busy Back Soon, because Pooh is unable to read the note, he asks for Owls help. Rabbit plans to trap the Backson in a pit, which they think he will fall into after following a trail of items leading to it, meanwhile, Tigger, who wants a sidekick to help him defeat the Backson, recruits a reluctant Eeyore to be a second Tigger. He dresses up like the Backson and tries to teach Eeyore how to fight, Eeyore manages to escape from Tigger and hides underwater where he discovers an anchor. Rabbit, Kanga, Roo, Owl, Piglet, and Eeyore try to get him out, but fall in themselves. Piglet, who did not fall in, attempts to get Pooh and friends out of the trap, but he runs into Tigger, still in his Backson outfit, Piglet escapes from Tigger on a red balloon, which knocks some of the storybooks letters into the pit. After the chase, Tigger and Piglet fall into the trap as well, eventually, Pooh figures out to use the fallen letters to form a ladder, and his friends are able to escape the pit. They soon find Christopher Robin, and tell him about the Backson, the hunny pot prize has given to the red balloon from earlier, much to Poohs dismay. Later, Pooh visits Owl only to find that Owl is the one that has taken Eeyores tail, Owl has been using Eeyores tail as a bell-pull for his door. Pooh chooses to leave and return the tail to Eeyore instead of sharing a pot of honey with Owl, Christopher Robin is proud of Poohs selflessness and rewards him with a large pot of honey. In a post-credits scene, it is revealed that the rumored Backson actually exists deep in the woods and he discovers the trail of objects that the animals left, and picks up each one, planning to return them to whoever owns them
26.
Kingdom Hearts II
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Kingdom Hearts II is an action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 video game console. The game is a sequel to Kingdom Hearts, which combined Disney and Square elements into an action role-playing game, the games popularity has resulted in a novel and manga series based upon it and an international version called Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, released in March 2007. Kingdom Hearts II is the game in the Kingdom Hearts series. It picks up one year after the events of Kingdom Hearts, Sora, the protagonist of the first two games, returns to search for his lost friends. Like the previous games, Kingdom Hearts II features a large cast of characters from Disney films, Organization XIII, a group introduced in Chain of Memories, also reappears to impede Soras progress. The game was well-received and earned awards from numerous video gaming websites. In Japan, it shipped more than one million copies within a week of its release, one month after its North American release, it had sold over one million copies and was the second best-selling game of 2006. By April 2007, the game had shipped over four million copies worldwide, the game was actor Pat Moritas final voice role before his death in November 2005. The gameplay of Kingdom Hearts II is similar to that of Kingdom Hearts, the player directly controls Sora from a third-person camera angle, though first-person perspective is available via Select button. Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place, the game is driven by a linear progression from one story event to the next, usually told via cutscenes, though there are numerous side-quests available that provide bonuses to characters. Like many traditional role-playing video games, Kingdom Hearts II features a point system which determines character development. As enemies are defeated, the player and allies culminate experience to level up, in which the characters grow stronger. Combat in Kingdom Hearts II is in real-time and involves button presses which initiate attacks by the on-screen character, a new feature is the Reaction Command, special enemy-specific attacks that are triggered when the player presses the triangle button at the correct time during battle. Reaction Commands can be used to defeat enemies or avoid damage. In addition to the character, two party members are usually present who also participate in combat. Although these characters are computer-controlled, the player is allowed to customize their behavior to an extent through the menu screen. In response to criticism, the Gummi Ship feature of the first game was re-imagined to be more enjoyable, although retaining its basic purpose of travel, the system was completely redone to resemble a combination of rail shooter and Disney theme park ride. In the world map, the player must now control the Gummi Ship from a top-down view and fly to the world the player wishes to enter
27.
Cartoon
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A cartoon is a type of two-dimensional illustration. An artist who creates cartoons is called a cartoonist, the concept originated in the Middle Ages and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, in the 21st century, cartoons could be published on the Internet. A cartoon is a drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days. Such cartoons often have pinpricks along the outlines of the design so that a bag of soot patted or pounced over the cartoon, held against the wall, would leave black dots on the plaster. Cartoons by painters, such as the Raphael Cartoons in London, tapestry cartoons, usually coloured, were followed with the eye by the weavers on the loom. In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations and this usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster, Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Modern single-panel gag cartoons, found in magazines, generally consist of a drawing with a typeset caption positioned beneath. Newspaper syndicates have also distributed single-panel gag cartoons by Mel Calman, Bill Holman, Gary Larson, George Lichty, Fred Neher, many consider New Yorker cartoonist Peter Arno the father of the modern gag cartoon. The roster of magazine gag cartoonists includes names like Charles Addams, Charles Barsotti, Bill Hoest, Jerry Marcus and Virgil Partch began as magazine gag cartoonists and moved to syndicated comic strips. Richard Thompson is noteworthy in the area of newspaper cartoon illustration, the sports section of newspapers usually featured cartoons, sometimes including syndicated features such as Chester Chet Browns All in Sport. Editorial cartoons are found almost exclusively in news publications and news websites, although they also employ humor, they are more serious in tone, commonly using irony or satire. The art usually acts as a metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and/or political topics. Editorial cartoons often include speech balloons and sometimes use multiple panels, editorial cartoonists of note include Herblock, David Low, Jeff MacNelly, Mike Peters and Gerald Scarfe. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are daily in newspapers worldwide. In the United States, they are not commonly called cartoons themselves, nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as cartoonists
28.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
29.
Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
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It is the fourth and final of Disneys original theatrical featurettes adapted from the Pooh books by A. A. Milne. Produced by Rick Reinert Productions, this was the first Disney animated film since the 1938 Silly Symphonies short Merbabies to be produced by an outside studio. The film begins with the invention of a game called Poohsticks in which Pooh takes a walk to a wooden bridge over a river where he likes to do nothing in particular. On this day, though, he finds a fir cone, Pooh thinks up a rhyme to go with the fir cone, but he accidentally trips on a tree root and drops it in the river. Noticing that the flow of the river takes the cone under the bridge, as the game uses sticks instead of cones, he calls it Poosticks. Later that day Pooh, Piglet, Rabbit and Roo are playing Poohsticks, after somehow rescuing him with a rock, he tells them that he fell in due to being bounced from behind. Piglet assumes it was Tigger who bounced Eeyore into the river, Tigger says it was all a joke, but nobody else feels that way. Tigger disgustedly says that they have no sense of humor, but as Eeyore seems particularly depressed this day, Pooh follows him to his Gloomy Spot and asks what the problem is. Eeyore says that it is his birthday, and nobody has taken any notice to celebrate it, Pooh decides to give him a jar of honey, but does not get far before he has a hunger attack and ends up eating the honey. He decides to ask Owl for advice, Owl suggests that he writes to Eeyore on the pot so that Eeyore could use it to put things in. Owl ends up writing a misspelled greeting on the pot and flies off to tell Christopher Robin about the birthday. Piglet is very sad that his gift for Eeyore is spoiled, but he presents it to him anyway, Eeyore is gladdened, as he puts the busted balloon into the pot and removes it again. Pooh and his friends then pitch in and plan a party for their friend. During the party, Tigger arrives and bounces Rabbit out of his chair, Roo welcomes him to the festivities as Rabbit draws himself up from being bounced on by Tigger, incensed. Rabbit opines that Tigger should leave because of the way he treated Eeyore earlier, Roo wants Tigger to stay, and Christopher Robins solution is for everyone to go to the bridge and play Poohsticks. Eeyore, a player, wins the most games, while Tigger does not win at all. Eeyores secret for winning, as he explains to Tigger afterwards, is to let his stick drop in a sort of way. As Tigger bounces Eeyore again, Christopher Robin, Pooh and finally Piglet all decide that Tiggers all right, kim Christianson became the fourth different actor to portray Christopher Robin in as many featurettes, after Bruce Reitherman, Jon Walmsley, and Timothy Turner
30.
Pack animal
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Traditional pack animals are diverse, including camels, goats, yaks, reindeer, water buffalo, and llamas, as well as the more familiar horses, donkeys and mules. The term pack animal is used in contrast to draft animal. For instance, sled dogs pull loads but do not normally carry them, traditional pack animals include ungulates such as camels, the yak, reindeer, goats, water buffalo and llama, and domesticated members of the horse family including horses, donkeys and mules. Occasionally, dogs can be used to carry small loads, hauling of goods in wagons with horses and oxen gradually displaced the use of packhorses, which had been important until the Middle Ages, by the sixteenth century. Pack animals may be fitted with saddles and may also carry saddlebags. The use of animals is considered a valid means of viewing and experiencing some National Parks in America, subject to guidelines. In the 21st century, special forces have received guidance on the use of horses, mules, llamas, camels, dogs, the maximum load for a camel is roughly 300 kg. Yaks are loaded differently according to region, in Sichuan,75 kg is carried for 30 km in 6 hours. In Qinghai, at 4100 m altitude, packs of up to 300 kg are routinely carried, llamas can carry roughly 1/4 of their body weight, so an adult male of 200 kg can carry some 50 kg. The US Army specifies a maximum of 20 percent of weight for mules walking up to 20 miles a day in mountains. However an 1867 text mentioned a load of up to 800 pounds, in India, the prevention of cruelty rules limit mules to 200 kg and ponies to 70 kg. Reindeer can carry up to 40 kg for a period in mountains
31.
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
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It has been released on VHS and DVD. The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh first aired in January 1988 on The Disney Channel, the show moved to ABC in September of that same year. For the 1989-90 season, it was paired with Disneys Adventures of the Gummi Bears as the Gummi Bears-Winnie the Pooh Hour, after the final regular episode was shown in October 1991, reruns continued to air on ABC until September 4,1993. On December 9,1995, before Disney took over ABCs Saturday Morning programming, The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh was brought back in reruns, the Disney Channel began reruns of the series on October 3,1994, which continued to air until September 1,2006. The show also aired on Playhouse Disney from 1999 to 2006, in the UK, the program aired from 2000 to 2011 on Playhouse Disney. Although the series is set in Ashdown Forest/Hartfield in East Sussex, in some countries, this show had been a part of The Disney Afternoon lineup. The show featured a number of songs, including Here We Go Floating from the episode Balloonatics. From 1989 into the 1990s, various VHS tapes were released in the United States each containing 2 to 4 episodes, several more were later released in the 2000s. Other countries had their own exclusive VHS releases, there were 10 volumes under the title The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, released in the United States between 1989 and 1991 through Walt Disney Home Video. This list is for VHS releases in the UK, Australia, the following were released under the title Winnie the Pooh, Learning. The following were released under the title Winnie the Pooh, Playtime, the following were released under the title Winnie the Pooh, Friendship. Region 1, Between 2002 and 2010, several episodes of the series were released on DVD, between 2005 and 2006, four DVDs were released as part of the Growing Up with Winnie the Pooh series. Each DVD would feature 4 episodes, and sometimes it would include a double-length episode and these DVDs were targeted for preschoolers. The episodes Magic Earmuffs and The Wishing Bear were made available as Bonus Shorts on the 10th Anniversary DVD release of Winnie the Pooh, Seasons of Giving. Region 2, In addition to, Winnie the Pooh, A Very Merry Pooh Year, Winnie the Pooh, Spookable Fun and Boo to You, Too. Winnie the Pooh, Seasons of Giving, and Winnie the Pooh, Un-Valentines Day and A Valentine for You eight DVDs were released as part of the The Magical World of Winnie the Pooh series
32.
Piglet (Winnie-the-Pooh)
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Piglet is a fictional character from A. A. Milnes Winnie‑the‑Pooh books. Piglet is Winnie‑the‑Poohs closest friend amongst all the featured in the stories. Despite the fact that he is a Very Small Animal of a timid disposition, he tries to be brave. Piglet is introduced in the text from Chapter III of Winnie‑the‑Pooh and he also appears in Chapters V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X, as well as every chapter of The House at Pooh Corner. Piglet is best friends with Pooh and is especially close to Christopher Robin. Like most of the characters, Piglet was based on one of Christopher Robin Milnes stuffed animals, in the original color versions of Ernest H. Shepards illustrations in the Winnie‑the‑Pooh books, Piglet has pale pink skin and a green jumper. He is smaller than most animals, being slightly taller than Roo. His voice is described as squeaky, for that last feat, Piglet is the subject of a seven-verse Respectful Pooh Song that Pooh composes for him. Piglet himself can read and write, at least well enough for short notes, in the illustrations for The House at Pooh Corner, it appears that Piglet spells his own name Piglit, although it is rendered as Piglet in the actual text even when describing his signature. In one chapter, Piglet is referred to as Henry Pootel by Christopher Robin, Eeyore likes to refer to him as Little Piglet. At one point he plants one just outside his house, in hopes of someday having a handy supply and he lives in a house in a beech tree in the Hundred Acre Wood, next to a sign which says TRESPASSERS W. An illustration shows that the sign is broken off after the W, according to Piglet, that is short for Trespassers Will, which is short for Trespassers William, which was the name of his grandfather. Later in The House at Pooh Corner, Eeyore mistakenly offers Piglets house as a new home for Owl, Piglet nobly agrees to let Owl have the house, at which point Pooh asks Piglet to live with him and Piglet accepts. In 1960 HMV recorded a version with songs of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner, with Penny Morrell as Piglet, which was released on a 45rpm EP. Piglet was originally omitted by Disney in the first Pooh film, Winnie the Pooh, according to the films director, Wolfgang Reitherman, Piglet was replaced by Gopher, which was thought to have a more folksy, all-American, grass-roots image. Many familiar with the classic Milne books protested Disneys decision to exclude Piglet, Piglet appeared in the next Pooh film, Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day. Disneys interpretation of Piglet has pink skin and a magenta jumper and his fears and nervousness are played up more, as he runs and hides when unnecessary and often stutters when nervous. He has a lot of courage and often faces danger to help others
33.
Rabbit (Winnie-the-Pooh)
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Rabbit is a character in the fictional world of the book series and cartoons Winnie-the-Pooh. He is a friend of Winnie-the-Pooh, regards himself as practical and tends to take the lead, the first appearance of Rabbit is in chapter II in the Winnie-the-Pooh book by A. A. Milne. He also appears in chapters VII, VIII, IX and X of that book, as well as in chapters III, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X in The House at Pooh Corner. While most of the cast in the books are based on stuffed animals owned by Christopher Robin Milne, Rabbit resembles a typical rabbit, except that he walks on two legs and uses his front paws as hands. The top of his head reaches about to Poohs nose, Rabbit lives in a house in the north-central part of the Hundred Acre Wood, between the sandy pit where Roo plays and the area where the animals he calls his Friends-and-Relations live. Rabbit likes to take charge and come up with plans, such as the one to scare Kanga by hiding Roo. He is also an organizer, as in the case of the Search for Small, as detailed as his plans are, they often miss certain key points and go wrong. Rabbit tends to include Pooh and Piglet in his plans, and he likes to be put in charge of things and is sometimes bossy, and he sees his relationship to Christopher Robin as being the one that Christopher depends on. Nonetheless, he warms up to all of them in time, while the literacy of Pooh, Owl, and Eeyore becomes a plot point in The House at Pooh Corner, Rabbits ease with reading and writing is taken for granted. Rabbit also has relationships with the minor animals in the forest. Several are mentioned by name, including beetles called Small, Alexander Beetle and Henry Rush, according to the illustrations of the book, his Friends-and-Relations include other rabbits, a squirrel, a hedgehog, mice, and insects. At one point, Rabbit estimates that he would need seventeen pockets if he were going to all his family about with him. Whether that number refers just to his relatives or to the friends-and-relations as a group is unknown, in Return to the Hundred Acre Wood, a sequel not written by A. A. Milne but by David Benedictus, Rabbit tries to organize things further. He tries to have a census in the forest, but it not work out very well. Rabbit also attempts to teach a Household Management class and is the one who discovers Lottie the otter and his grandfather, Grandad Buck, appears in the book. Rabbit appears in most Disney Winnie the Pooh cartoons, but he is instead of brown. An added element is his keeping of a garden, of which he is strongly protective, although he is not described as having a garden in either of the A. A. Milne books, he has one in David Benedictuss Return to the Hundred Acre Wood. The Disney adaptations also develop his personality further, expanding the original organized character into a freak with a short temper
34.
Tigger
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Tigger is a fictional tiger character originally introduced in A. A. Milnes book The House at Pooh Corner. Like other Pooh characters, Tigger is based on one of Christopher Robin Milnes stuffed toy animals. Nowadays he is widely recognized as reinterpreted by the Disney studios, with distinctive orange and black stripes, large eyes, a long chin, a springy tail. As he says himself, Bouncing is what Tiggers do best, Tigger is introduced in Chapter II of House at Pooh Corner, when he arrives at Winnie-the-Poohs doorstep in the middle of the night, announcing himself with a stylised roar. In a happy coincidence, however, he discovers what Tiggers really like best is extract of malt, subsequently, Tigger resides with Kanga and Roo in their house in the part of the Hundred Acre Wood near the Sandy Pit. He becomes great friends with Roo, and Kanga treats him in much the way she does her own son. Nonetheless, the animals are all shown to be friends, in addition to chapter II, Tigger also appears in Chapters IV, VI, VII, IX, and X of The House at Pooh Corner, and is mentioned and seen in Chapter V. He is the new major character to be introduced in The House at Pooh Corner, all of the others had been established in the earlier book. In Ernest H. Shepards illustrations, Tigger appears to walk on four feet as opposed to two and he is, however, capable of holding a pen with one of his front paws. Though Tigger is described by Rabbit and Piglet as large, he does not seem particularly big in the illustrations, Pooh states once He always seems bigger because of his bounces, implying that the other animals think of Tigger as being larger than he truly is. That assessment fits very well with Tiggers personality and his assessment of his own abilities and he is cheerful, outgoing, competitive in a friendly way, and has complete confidence in himself. Some of the things which he claims Tiggers can do in the chapter In which it is shown That Tiggers dont climb trees include flying, jumping farther than a kangaroo, swimming, and climbing trees. He never actually attempts any of the first three things in the course of the story, but he does try to climb a tree and he only succeeds half-way, being able to climb up but not to climb down again. Like most of the characters in Winnie-the-Pooh, Tigger was based on one of Christopher Robin Milnes stuffed animals, however, the word tiger is never actually used in the book. The term Tigger is used instead, both as the name and as a description of his type of animal. No other Tiggers appear in the story, and at one point Tigger comments he thought he was the only one, despite that belief, he constantly uses the term in the plural, as in Tiggers dont like honey. and So thats what Tiggers like. In 1960 HMV recorded a version with songs of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner, with Hugh Lloyd as Tigger, which was released on a 45 rpm EP. Tigger appears in the Disney cartoon versions of the Winnie the Pooh stories, beginning with Winnie the Pooh and he has even starred in his own film, The Tigger Movie, along with his friends from the Hundred Acre Wood
35.
A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving
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A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving is a 1998 made-for-TV special featuring the voice talents of Jim Cummings, Paul Winchell, and John Fiedler. The special shows Pooh and his friends learning the meaning of Thanksgiving. It was nominated for Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Childrens Program and its Thanksgiving time in the Hundred Acre Wood and Winnie the Pooh and his friends bring food for the big dinner. Piglet brings haycorns, Pooh brings honey, Owl brings biscuits, Tigger brings ice cream, Gopher brings lemonade, and Eeyore brings thistles. But things change when Rabbit informs them that Thanksgiving is a time of year that should include things special items, so Pooh. It reaired every year on Thanksgiving until 2003, according to TVTango. coms ratings database, the first airing brought in a 3.8 household Nielsen rating. The video has released by itself in the United States. It was released as part of the VHS cassette Winnie the Pooh, a Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving at the Internet Movie Database
36.
Nail (fastener)
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In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped object of metal which is used as a fastener, as a peg to hang something, or sometimes as a decoration. Generally nails have a point on one end and a flattened head on the other. Nails are made in a variety of forms for specialized purposes. The most common is a wire nail, other types of nails include pins, tacks, brads, and cleats. Nails are typically driven into the workpiece by a hammer, a nail gun. A nail holds materials together by friction in the axial direction, the point of the nail is also sometimes bent over or clinched after driving to prevent pulling out. The history of the nail is divided roughly into three periods, Hand-wrought nail Cut nail Wire nail To make a wrought-iron nail, iron ore is heated with carbon. To make a nail, a blacksmith heats the rod in a forge, next, the smith cuts off the taper, and inserts it into a nail heading tool with a square hole. The top of the taper is hammered downward to form a head, Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt — bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The Romans made extensive use of nails, the Roman army, for example, left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire in the United Kingdom in 86 or 87 CE. The term penny, as it refers to nails, probably originated in medieval England to describe the price of a hundred nails, Nails themselves were sufficiently valuable and standardized to be used as an informal medium of exchange. Until around 1800 artisans known as nailers or nailors made nails by hand – note the surname Naylor, at the time of the American Revolution, England was the largest manufacturer of nails in the world. Nails were expensive and difficult to obtain in the American colonies, families often had small nail-manufacturing setups in their homes, during bad weather and at night, the entire family might work at making nails for their own use and for barter. Thomas Jefferson wrote in a letter, In our private pursuits it is an advantage that every honest employment is deemed honorable. I am myself a nail maker, the production of wrought-iron nails continued well into the 19th century, but ultimately was reduced to nails for purposes for which the softer cut nails were unsuitable, including horseshoe nails. Originally, nails were handmade, and the process was slow, nails were relatively few. This naturally produced a desire to create machines to speed up and these nails were known as cut nails or square nails because of their roughly rectangular cross section. Cut nails were one of the important factors in the increase in balloon framing beginning in the 1830s, though still used for historical renovations, and for heavy-duty applications, such as attaching boards to masonry walls, cut nails are much less common today than wire nails
37.
Sawdust
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Sawdust or wood dust is a by-product of cutting, grinding, drilling, sanding, or otherwise pulverizing wood or any other material with a saw or other tool, it is composed of fine particles of wood. It is also the byproduct of certain animals, birds and insects live in wood. It can present a hazard in manufacturing industries, especially in terms of its flammability, sawdust is the main component of particleboard. A major use of sawdust is for particleboard, coarse sawdust may be used for wood pulp, sawdust has a variety of other practical uses, including serving as a mulch, as an alternative to clay cat litter, or as a fuel. Until the advent of refrigeration, it was used in icehouses to keep ice frozen during the summer. It has been used in displays, and as scatter in miniature railroad. It is also used to soak up liquid spills, allowing the spill to be easily collected or swept aside. As such, it was common on barroom floors. It is used to make Cutlers resin, mixed with water and frozen, it forms pykrete, a slow-melting, much stronger form of ice. Sawdust is used in the manufacture of charcoal briquettes, the claim for invention of the first commercial charcoal briquettes goes to Henry Ford who created them from the wood scraps and sawdust produced by his automobile factory. Cellulose, fibre starch that is indigestible to humans, and a filler in some low calorie foods, can be and is made from sawdust, sawdust-derived cellulose has also been used as a filler in bread. Airborne sawdust and sawdust accumulations present a number of health and safety hazards, wood dust becomes a potential health problem when, for example, the wood particles, from processes such as sanding, become airborne and are inhaled. Wood dust is a human carcinogen. Certain woods and their dust contain toxins that can produce allergic reactions. Water-borne bacteria digest organic material in leachate, but use up much of the available oxygen and this high biological oxygen demand can suffocate fish and other organisms. People can be exposed to wood dust in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set the legal limit for wood dust exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3 respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended limit of 1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. Sawdust is flammable and accumulations provide a source of fuel
38.
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
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Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. also known informally as Walt Disney Parks and Resorts or Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Companys four major business segments and a subsidiary. It was founded in 1971, after the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida, joining the original Disneyland in California, which opened in 1955. It is by far the largest Disney business segment by employee headcount, the chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is Bob Chapek, formerly president of Disney Consumer Products. Chapek reports to Disney CEO Bob Iger, in 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney, originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show, American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment. Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions, Western Publishing, Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares by May 1,1959 for $562,500. With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in April 1954 by Walt to be opened in July 1955. On July 17,1955, the Disneyland park with five themed lands containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests, WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too. On June 29,1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all and this allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits, $511K. The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disneys Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963, beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida, another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations, in 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres, which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres by October 1965. Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965. Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12,1967, ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30. In Roy O. Disneys last act as CEO in 1968, the next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park. In 1959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland, disneylands first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 1966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions, the design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walts corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise. Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York Worlds Fair with Its a Small World and costumed character appearances
39.
Greeting
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Greetings sometimes are used just prior to a conversation or to greet in passing, such as on a sidewalk or trail. While greeting customs are highly culture and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on status and relationship. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two and this topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures. A greeting, or salutation, can also be expressed in written communications, such as letters, some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, for example, greeting of a sovereign. Conversely, secret societies have often furtive or arcane greeting gestures and rituals, such as a secret handshake, in some languages and cultures, the same word or gesture is used as both greeting and farewell. Examples are Good day in English, As-Salamualaikum in Arabic, Aloha in Hawaiian, Shalom in Hebrew, Namaste in Hindi, the bow and handshake are also used for both greeting and leave taking. A greeting can consist of an exchange of formal expression, kisses, handshakes, hugs, the form of greeting is determined by social etiquette, as well as by the relationship of the people. Gestures are the most obvious signal, for instance greeting someone with open arms is generally a sign that a hug is expected, however, crossing arms can be interpreted as a sign of hostility. Facial expression, body language and eye contact reflect emotions and interest level, a frown, slouching and lowered eye contact suggests disinterest, while smiling and an exuberant attitude is a sign of welcome. Many different gestures are used throughout the world as simple greetings and this basic gesture remained normal in very many situations from the Middle Ages until men typically ceased wearing hats in the mid-20th century. However the gesture was never used by women, for whom their head-covering included considerations of modesty, when a man was not wearing a hat he might touch his hair to the side of the front of his head to replicate a hat tipping gesture. The Arabic term salaam, refers to the practice of placing the palm on the heart, before. A Chinese greeting features the right fist placed in the palm of the left hand, the gesture may be used on meeting and parting, and when offering thanks or apologies. In India, it is common to see the Namaste greeting where the palms of the hands are pressed together and it is typical for the person to say adab arz hai, or just adab. It is often answered with the same or the word Tasleem is said as an answer or sometimes it is answered with a gesture of acceptance. Hand position is important, the superiors hand must be higher than the inferiors. Muslim men will clasp both hands, palms together at the chest and utter the correct Islamic slametan phrase, which may be followed by cheek-to-cheek contact, a quick hug or loose handshake. Pious Muslim women rotate their hands from a vertical to perpendicular prayer-like position in order to touch the finger tips of the male greeter
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Welcome to Pooh Corner
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The animatronic costumes used for the characters were created by Alchemy II, Inc. headed by Ken Forsse who later created the toy sensation Teddy Ruxpin. The show was first aired on April 18,1983, the day The Disney Channel was launched and its timeslot for its early run was at 8,30 a. m. Eastern/Pacific Time, making it the program of The Disney Channels 16 hour programming day. Reruns of the show aired on The Disney Channel until at least January 1997, Hal Smith, Will Ryan, and Laurie Main were the only three actors from the original four Pooh shorts to reprise their roles here. The shows title derives from the second Winnie the Pooh storybook and this series was the only incarnation in the history of Disneys incarnations of Winnie the Pooh in which we could actually see the narrator aside from only hearing his voice. He would then narrate the episode acted out by the characters, the action was filmed before a blue screen, rather than using traditional sets. Since the show was designed for The Disney Channel before it began airing commercials, as a result, the show lasted a full thirty minutes. The main story ran about twenty minutes followed by two shorter segments, the first segment was a sing-along music video featuring one of nine songs, used over and over throughout the shows run. These songs were written by the Academy Award winning Sherman Brothers who had provided the majority of the Winnie the Pooh music over the years. The Sherman Brothers also wrote the theme song, using the music from the original Winnie-the-Pooh theme song from The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. The last segment of the show was an arts and crafts demonstration that took place at the Thoughtful Spot. One of the cast members would speak to the narrator, looking directly into the camera, when the series first started out, the narrator was seen sitting in a small library. As the series progressed, he is moved into a playroom which eventually is seen having plush versions of Pooh. Poohs Great School Bus Adventure - a fifteen-minute 16mm educational film produced in 1986, One and Only You - a ten-minute 16mm educational film produced in 1989, where the characters explain about positive self-image and getting along with others. Responsible Persons - a ten-minute 16mm educational film produced in 1989, Pooh and friends demonstrate responsibility, mark Sawyer Frank Groby Sharon Baird Clancy Gorewit Will Ryan Phil Baron The songs used in this series were written by Robert B. and Richard M. Piglet always wears a scarf. He also has a talent for music, Tigger has a black nose, and has a talent for art. He also lives with Kanga and Roo, rather than have a house of his own, Rabbit is a talented magician, aside from being a gardener Eeyore has a talent for dancing. His house is made of planks, complete with a door and weather vane
listen) EE-or) is a character in the Winnie-the-Pooh books by A. A. Milne. He is generally characterized as a pessimistic, gloomy, depressed, anhedonic, old grey stuffed donkey who is a friend of the title character, Winnie-the-Pooh.