1.
Gunwharf Quays
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Gunwharf Quays is an outlet retail destination with 90 outlet stores and 30 restaurants, pubs and cafés located in Portsmouth, UK. It was constructed in the early 21st century on the site of what had once been HM Gunwharf, later known as HMS Vernon, the military site closed in 1995, and opened to the public as Gunwharf Quays after six years of reconstruction. The landmark Spinnaker Tower, which stands on the site, was opened a few years later. Before the Gun Wharf was built the area was nothing more than marshy ground lying below the waterline, the main feature on this particular stretch of shoreline was the sizeable Mill Pond, which served to power a pair of tide mills on the waterfront. An Ordnance Yard began to be established on the present site in the late 17th century, in the 1770s a decision was taken to extend the Yard to the south, so further land was reclaimed, extending the Yard and doubling its size. The original Yard and its extension functioned as two halves of a single operation. Prior to 1855, a ships guns belonged not to the Admiralty or the Navy Board, but to the Board of Ordnance, whose Ordnance Yards were constructed alongside, but independent from, the Royal Dockyards. These Yards were repositories providing armament and ammunition not only for ships but also for land defences, furthermore, in the days of sail warships required periodic checking and maintenance. The ship would therefore offload all of its guns at one of the Gunwharf Quays before being dry docked, most of the area of the 19th-century Gun Wharf, and the majority of its buildings, was given over to storage. On the New Gun Wharf, the prominent Grand Storehouse was designated as a Land Service Store, in addition to these two, a plan dated 1859 indicates more than a dozen other large storehouses all around the site. Alongside the storehouses were a range of workshops, for blacksmiths, carpenters, coopers, a wide range of ordnance-related equipment had to be accommodated within the Yard. Gun carriages in particular took up a lot of space, and were prone to decay if left outside. The balls are formed in pyramids from 42 pounders to the lowest bores, every size in a pyramid by themselves, one item that was not stored at the Gun Wharf was gunpowder, which was kept in the Square Tower and then in magazines at Priddys Hard from 1777. In 1824 a set of storehouses along the edge of the site were converted to form barracks for the Royal Marine Artillery. A wall was built, within the perimeter, which separated the barracks from the rest of the Gunwharf, in 1858 the RMA moved out, the Gunwharf Barracks then began to be occupied by Artillery and other troops until 1888 when they reverted to use as storehouses. After the demise of the Ordnance Board in 1855 the War Office took over responsibility for the Gun Wharves, during the First World War, however, the entire site was taken over by the Navy, and it remained in Navy hands thereafter until its closure in 1995. As ships and armaments developed, the requirement to offload the armament diminished, the site was re-established as the Royal Navy shore establishment HMS Vernon in 1923. Following several naval restructures and mergers, HMS Vernon ceased to be an independent command and was renamed HMS Nelson on 31 March 1986, in 1987 it was renamed again to HMS Nelson although locally it continued to be known as HMS Vernon
2.
Portsmouth
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Portsmouth is a port city in Hampshire, England, mainly on Portsea Island,70 miles south-west of London and 19 miles south-east of Southampton. It is the United Kingdoms only island city and has a population of 205,400, the city forms part of the South Hampshire built-up area, which also covers Southampton and the towns of Havant, Waterlooville, Eastleigh, Fareham, and Gosport. The citys history can be traced to Roman times, a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth has the worlds oldest dry dock and was Englands first line of defence during the French invasion in 1545. Special Palmerston Forts were built in 1859 in anticipation of invasion from continental Europe. The worlds first mass production line was set up in the city, during the Second World War, the city was a pivotal embarkation point for the D-Day landings and was bombed extensively in the Portsmouth Blitz, which resulted in the deaths of 930 people. In 1982, the city housed the entirety of the forces in the Falklands War. Her Majestys Yacht Britannia left the city to oversee the transfer of Hong Kong in 1997, Portsmouth is one of the worlds best known ports. HMNB Portsmouth is the largest dockyard for the Royal Navy and is home to two-thirds of the UKs surface fleet, the city is home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Horatio Nelsons flagship, HMS Victory. The former HMS Vernon naval shore establishment has been redeveloped as a park known as Gunwharf Quays. Portsmouth is among the few British cities with two cathedrals, the Anglican Cathedral of St Thomas and the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St John the Evangelist, the waterfront and Portsmouth Harbour are dominated by the Spinnaker Tower, one of the United Kingdoms tallest structures at 560 feet. Nearby Southsea is a resort with a pier amusement park. Portsmouth F. C. the citys football club, play their home games at Fratton Park. The city has several railway stations that connect to London Waterloo amongst other lines in southern England. Portsmouth International Port is a cruise ship and ferry port for international destinations. The port is the second busiest in the United Kingdom after Dover, the city formerly had its own airport, Portsmouth Airport, until its closure in 1973. The University of Portsmouth enrols 23,000 students and is ranked among the worlds best modern universities, Portsmouth is also the birthplace of author Charles Dickens and engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel. The Romans built Portus Adurni, a fort, at nearby Portchester in the third century. The citys Old English name Portesmuða is derived from port, meaning a haven, and muða and it was mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for the year 501, Her cwom Port on Bretene 7 his. ii
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Observation tower
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An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres tall and made stone, iron. Many modern towers are used as TV towers, restaurants. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century, Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead. Observation towers are an easily visible sight on the countryside, as they must rise over trees, older control rooms have often been likened to medieval chambers. The heavy use of stone, iron, and wood in their construction helps to create this illusion, modern towers frequently have observation decks or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway. Frequently observation towers are used also as location of services within the UHF/VHF range. In some cases this usage of the tower is at least as important as its use as an observation tower, such towers are usually called TV towers or telecommunication towers. Many towers are equipped with a tower restaurant and allow visitors access via elevators. Also common is the usage of water towers as observation towers, finally, some church towers may have observation decks, albeit often without an elevator. Many other buildings may have towers which allow for observation, in particular prior to World War I rambler associations, and some municipalities, built observation towers on numerous summits. Usually these towers were built of stone, however sometimes wood or iron was also used, at nearly all these towers access to the observation deck, usually at a height of between 5 and 40 metres, is only possible by way of stairs. Further uses were not intended at most of buildings, although some of these towers today now carry antennas for police/fire engine radios, portable radio or low power FM-. Older observation towers frequently have a pole at its top. Some of these towers are accessible, either free or with the payment of an admission fee. Others are accessible only at times, in most cases only with the payment of an admission fee. At these towers the platform is open, with some having a restaurant in the basement. There are also towers with a more extensive use, for example
5.
Portsmouth Harbour
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Portsmouth Harbour is a large natural harbour in Hampshire, England. Geographically it is a ria, formerly it was the valley of a stream flowing from Portsdown into the Solent, the city of Portsmouth lies to the east on Portsea Island, and Gosport to the west on the mainland. At its north end is Portchester Castle, of Roman origin, the mouth of the harbour provides access to the Solent. It is best known as the home of the Royal Navy, because of its strategic location on the south coast of England, protected by the natural defence of the Isle of Wight, it has since the Middle Ages been the home to Englands navy. The narrow entrance, and the forts surrounding it gave it an advantage of being virtually impregnable to attack from the sea. Before the fortifications were built the French burned Portsmouth in 1338, during the civil war parliamentary forces were able to carry out a successful cutting-out expedition within the harbour and capture the six-gunned Henrietta Marie. In modern times, the harbour has become a commercial ferry port, with regular services to Le Havre, France, Cherbourg, France, St Malo, France, The Channel Islands. There is a ferry to Gosport. It is also an area for leisure sailing. In 2006 the Gunwharf Quays development, including the Spinnaker Tower, was opened on the site of HMS Vernon, Portsmouth Harbour contains a number of islands. Whale Island is the home of the HMS Excellent training establishment, horsea Island is now connected to the mainland due to land reclamation. It is also part of the HMS Excellent establishment, pewit Island is a small island located in the north western section of Portsmouth Harbour. Closer to the entrance on the Gosport side is Burrow Island. 50. 791645°N1. 106565°W /50.791645, -1.106565 Camber Dock is the oldest developed part of the Portsmouth Harbour complex, lying within the historic area of Old Portsmouth, it is part of Portsmouth Point that lies outside the original fortified boundaries of Portsmouth. After improvements in the King Jamess and Landport Gates and the military defences, civilian building of dockside storage. With major ships anchored at Spithead, from the 18th century the area became noted as a popular. With advent of steam powered ships, the physical restrictions of Camber Dock meant that it was bypassed for the larger capacity of the newer developed Portsmouth Harbour. Resultantly, Camber Quay became the home of the fishing fleet
6.
National Lottery (United Kingdom)
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The National Lottery is the state-franchised national lottery in the United Kingdom. It is operated by Camelot Group, to whom the licence was granted in 1994,2001, the lottery is regulated by the National Lottery Commission, and was established by the government of John Major in 1994. All prizes are paid as a sum and are tax-free. 5% to cover operating costs and 0. 5% as profit. Lottery tickets and scratch cards may be only by people of at least 16 years of age. A statute of 1698 provided that in England lotteries were by default illegal unless specifically authorised by statute, early English state lotteries included the Million Lottery and the Malt Lottery. These Lotteries were part of a series of experiments by the English government including recoinage. A1934 Act, further liberalised in 1956 and 1976, legalised small lotteries, the UKs state-franchised lottery was set up under government licence by the government of John Major in 1993. The National Lottery is franchised to an operator, the Camelot Group was awarded the franchise on 25 May 1994. The first draw took place on 19 November 1994 with a programme presented by Noel Edmonds. The first numbers drawn were 30,3,5,44,14 and 22, the bonus was 10, tickets became available on the Isle of Man on 2 December 1999 at the request of Tynwald. The National Lottery undertook a rebranding programme in late 2002 designed to combat falling sales. The main game was renamed Lotto, and the National Lottery Extra became Lotto Extra, the stylized crossed-fingers logo was modified. However, the games as a collective are still known as the National Lottery and it is one of the most popular forms of gambling in the United Kingdom. In November 2009 Camelot replaced its older Lotto draw machines, the new machines are named Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot and Merlin, reusing the names of older machines. At the same time, new machines for the Thunderball game were introduced, the new Lotto machines are the Magnum II model, manufactured by Smartplay International Inc. and the new Thunderball machines are the Smartplay Halogen II model. The ticket purchaser for a syndicate, typically its manager, must meet the eligibility criteria for ticket purchase, in the draw, six numbered balls are drawn without replacement from a set of 59 balls numbered from 1 to 59. A further Bonus Ball is also drawn, which only players who match five numbers. Prizes are awarded to players who match at least three of the six numbers, with prizes increasing for matching more of the drawn numbers
7.
Scott Wilson Group
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Scott Wilson Group plc was a global integrated design and engineering consultancy with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. Founded as an engineering firm in 1951, the company broadened its range of services through acquisitions. Scott Wilson became a limited company in 2006, and in 2010 was purchased by the American firm URS Corporation. In 2014, yet another American firm AECOM purchased URS corporation, therefore, Scottwilson is now part of AECOM. Sir Cyril Kirkpatrick was Chief Engineer to the Port of London Authority from 1913 to 1924, during the Second World War Kirkpatrick advised on the construction of the concrete caissons which formed the Mulberry Harbour that facilitated the D-Day landings. In 1945 engineers William Scott and Dr Guthlac Wilson founded a partnership, between them they were responsible for the design of the Chiswick and Twickenham Bridges over the Thames in 1933, and the Royal Festival Hall in London. The two firms merged in 1951, forming Scott & Wilson, Kirkpatrick & Partners, in the late 1960s Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners was responsible for engineering works on the M6 Motorway through the Lune Gorge in north-west England. The firm grew through acquisitions over the following decades, in 1995, on the privatisation of British Rail, the company purchased two of the former engineering design offices in Swindon and Glasgow. Other acquisitions were in the fields of environmental consultancy, health and education property, power and mining, landscape design, in 1997 the firm adopted the name Scott Wilson, and it floated on the London Stock Exchange on 15 March 2006. The company acquired the civil engineering specialist Benaim Enterprise in 2008 for £5.5 million, on 10 September 2010, American engineering design firm URS Corporation completed its acquisition of Scott Wilson Group plc. Scott Wilson Group plc is no longer listed in the London Stock Exchange, Scott Wilson rebranded initially as URS-Scott Wilson, though the Scott Wilson name was dropped in the UK, Ireland, Europe and the Middle East in 2012, and in India in 2013. At the time of the acquisition, Scott Wilson Group had 5,500 employees in 80 offices, mainly located in the UK, Europe, India, the Asia-Pacific region, and the Middle East. The Groups regional main offices were in London, Hong Kong, Warsaw, New Delhi, Bahrain, Scott Wilson Group was involved in a large number of high-profile engineering projects worldwide. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010
8.
Mowlem
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Mowlem was one of the largest construction and civil engineering companies in the United Kingdom. Carillion bought the firm in 2006, the firm was founded by John Mowlem in 1822, and was continued as a partnership by successive generations of the Mowlem and Burt families, including George Burt, and Sir John Mowlem Burt. The company was awarded a Royal Warrant in 1902 and went public on the London Stock Exchange in 1924, during the Second World War the company was one of the contractors engaged in building the Mulberry harbour units. Mowlem acquired SGB Group, a supplier of scaffolding, in 1986, Mowlem also bought Unit Construction in 1986, giving the firm a substantial presence in private housebuilding - within two years, sales were up to an annual rate of 1,200. The ensuing recession led to losses of over £180m between 1991 and 1993 and banking covenants came under pressure, the housing division was sold to Beazer in 1994. Mowlem was bought by Carillion in February 2006, Mowlem was also the owner and developer of London City Airport completed in 1986. Code Name Mulberry, The Planning Building and Operation of the Normandy Harbours, Mowlem 1822 -1972 - company brochure
9.
Maritime history
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Maritime history is the study of human activity at sea. It covers a broad thematic element of history that often uses a global approach, as an academic subject, it often crosses the boundaries of standard disciplines, focusing on understanding humankinds various relationships to the oceans, seas, and major waterways of the globe. Nautical history records and interprets past events involving ships, shipping, navigation, historians from many lands have published monographs, popular and scholarly articles, and collections of archival resources. A leading journal is International Journal of Maritime History, a refereed scholarly journal published twice a year by the International Maritime Economic History Association. Based in Canada with an editorial board, it explores the maritime dimensions of economic, social, cultural. For a broad overview, see the four-volume encyclopedia edited by John B, hattendorf, Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. It contains over 900 articles by 400 scholars and runs 2900 pages, other major reference resources are Spencer Tucker, ed. Naval Warfare, An International Encyclopedia with 1500 articles in 1231, pages, and I. C. B. Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea with 2600 articles in 688 pages, typically, studies of merchant shipping and of defensive navies are seen as separate fields. Inland waterways are included within maritime history, especially inland seas such as the Great Lakes of North America, one approach to maritime history writing has been nicknamed rivet counting because of a focus on the minutiae of the vessel. But revisionist scholars are creating new turns in the study of maritime history and this includes a post-1980s turn towards the study of human users of ships, and post-2000 turn towards seeing sea travel as part of the wider history of transport and mobilities. The earliest representation of a ship under sail appears on a painted disc found in Kuwait dating to the late 5th millennium BC, the Indigenous of the Pacific Northwest are very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet tall, they also construct dugout canoes over 60 feet long for everyday use, the earliest seaworthy boats may have been developed as early as 45,000 years ago, according to one hypothesis explaining the habitation of Australia. The Ancient Egyptians had knowledge of sail construction and this is governed by the science of aerodynamics. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Necho II sent out an expedition of Phoenicians, some current historians believe Herodotus on this point, even though Herodotus himself was in disbelief that the Phoenicians had accomplished the act. In early modern India and Arabia the lateen-sail ship known as the dhow was used on the waters of the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, the astrolabe was the chief tool of Celestial navigation in early maritime history. It was invented in ancient Greece and developed by Islamic astronomers, by at least 1117 AD, the Chinese used a magnetic needle that was submersed in a bowl of water, and would point in the southern cardinal direction. The first use of a needle for seafaring navigation in Europe was written of by Alexander Neckham. Around 1300 AD, the pivot-needle dry-box compass was invented in Europe, its cardinal direction pointed north, there was also the addition of the compass-card in Europe, which was later adopted by the Chinese through contact with Japanese pirates in the 16th century
10.
Emirates (airline)
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Emirates is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The airline is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, which is owned by the government of Dubais Investment Corporation of Dubai. It is the largest airline in the Middle East, operating over 3,600 flights per week from its hub at Dubai International Airport, Cargo activities are undertaken by Emirates SkyCargo. Emirates had the longest non-stop commercial flight from Dubai to Auckland until it was surpassed by Qatar Airways, during the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, with $10 million in start-up capital it was required to operate independently of government subsidy. Pakistan International Airlines provided training facilities to Emirates cabin crew in its academy, the airline was headed by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the airlines present chairman. In the years following its founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations, in October 2008, Emirates moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3. Emirates operates a fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and is one of the few airlines to operate an all-wide-body aircraft fleet. As of September 2016, Emirates is the largest Airbus A380 operator with 83 planes in service, since their induction, Airbus A380 planes have become an integral part of Emirates fleet, especially on long-haul heavily trafficked routes. As a result, Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, the Royal Familys Dubai Royal Air Wing also provided the airline with two used Boeing 727–200 Adv. The airlines first flight, flight EK600, was Dubai–Karachi on 25 October 1985, maurice Flanagan, who previously worked at British Airways, Gulf Air, and BOAC and at the time was overseeing Dnata, was appointed chief executive officer of the new airline. To acknowledge his services for aviation, in 2000, Flanagan was made CBE in the Queens Birthday Honour List and he would be joined at the airline by Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum and now-Emirates president Tim Clark. Current chairman Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum has since inherited the role of CEO, during its first year, it carried about 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight. To highlight the early success, Gulf Air, during Emirates first year of operations, suffered a 56% drop in profits. By 1986, the airline had added such as Colombo, Dhaka, Amman. In 1987, a second Boeing 727 was purchased from the Dubai Government, on 3 July, Emirates received its first bought aircraft, an Airbus A310, and with two examples, launched daily non-stop services to London Gatwick on 6 July 1987. The airline in 1987 added Frankfurt via Istanbul, and Malé, by the end of 1987, Emirates was serving 11 destinations. This was followed by an expansion into the Far East market in 1989, with flights to Bangkok, Manila and Singapore, during the first decade of operations, Emirates recorded strong growth averaging 30%
11.
Nelson's Column
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Nelsons Column is a monument in Trafalgar Square in central London built to commemorate Admiral Horatio Nelson, who died at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The monument was constructed between 1840 and 1843 to a design by William Railton at a cost of £47,000 and it is a column of the Corinthian order built from Dartmoor granite. The Craigleith sandstone statue of Nelson is by E. H, Baily, and the four bronze lions on the base, added in 1867, were designed by Sir Edwin Landseer. The pedestal is decorated with four relief panels, each 18 feet square. They depict the Battle of Cape St Vincent, the Battle of the Nile, the Battle of Copenhagen, the sculptors were Musgrave Watson, William F. Woodington, John Ternouth, and John Edward Carew, respectively. It was refurbished in 2006 at a cost of £420,000, at time it was surveyed. The whole monument is 169 ft 3 in tall from the bottom of the pedestal to the top of Nelsons hat, a competition was held for designs with an estimated budget of between £20,000 and £30,000. The deadline for submissions was 31 January 1839, flights of steps would lead up between the lions to the pedestal of the column. Several other entrants also submitted schemes for columns, the second prize was won by Edward Hodges Baily who suggested an obelisk surrounded by sculptures. Criticism of the organisation of the competition caused it to be re-run, Railton submitted a slightly revised design, and was once again declared the winner, with the stipulation that the statue of Nelson should be made by EH Baily. The original plan was for a column 203 feet high, including the base and statue, the base was to have been of granite and the shaft of Craigleith sandstone, but before construction began it was decided that the shaft should also be of granite. Excavations for the foundations had begun by July 1840. Construction of the monument, by the contractors Grissell and Peto, progressed slowly, and the stonework, ready for the installation of the statue, was not completed until November 1843. In 1844 the Nelson Memorial Committee ran out of money, having only raised £20,485 in public subscriptions, and the Government, in the form of the Office of Woods and Forests took over the project. Installation of the reliefs on the pedestal did not begin until late 1849. This was followed early the year by William F. Woodingtons relief of the Battle of the Nile on the opposite side. Carews relief was cast by Adams, Christie and Co. of Rotherhithe, the other three were cast by Moore, Fressange and Moore. The last to be made, The Battle of Cape St Vincent became the subject of legal action, the partners in the company were jailed for fraud and the relief was completed by Robinson and Cottam
12.
Isle of Wight
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The Isle of Wight /ˈaɪl əv ˈwaɪt/ is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles off the coast of Hampshire, the island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines. The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria and it has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat building, sail making, the manufacture of flying boats, the hovercraft, and Britains space rockets. The island hosts annual festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival. It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe, the Isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right. Rural for most of its history, its Victorian fashionability and the affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th. The island was part of Hampshire until 1890 when it became its own administrative county, apart from a shared police force, there is now no administrative link with Hampshire, although a combined local authority with Portsmouth and Southampton is being considered. Until 1995 the island had a governor, the quickest public transport link to the mainland is the hovercraft from Ryde to Southsea, while three ferry and two catamaran services cross the Solent to Southampton, Lymington and Portsmouth. During the Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the valley became flooded. The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age period, as the ice age began to recede. From the Neolithic era onwards, there are indications that the island had wide trading links, with a port at Bouldnor, evidence of Bronze Age tin trading, caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC and gave its name as Vectis. The Roman historian Suetonius mentions that the island was captured by the commander Vespasian, the Romans built no towns or roads on the island, but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found, indicating the prosperity of local agriculture. During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers and it suffered especially from Viking raids, and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy. Later, both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson held manors on the island, the Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight, the island being given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded, allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king, the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in 1100. For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, the final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who, on her deathbed in 1293, was persuaded to sell it to Edward I
13.
Manhood Peninsula
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The Manhood Peninsula is the southernmost part of Sussex in England. It has the English Channel to its south and Chichester to the north, the peninsula is bordered to its west by Chichester Harbour and to its east by Pagham Harbour, its southern headland being Selsey Bill. Historically the Manhood Peninsula was known as the Hundred of Manhood and it was founded during the Anglo-Saxon period and had its own courts and local government until the system of hundreds was abolished by act of Parliament in the 19th century. The name Manhood has had various spellings over the years including Manwed on the Armada map of 1587, Manhode on a map of 1663, the name is probably derived from the Old English maene-wudu meaning mens wood or common wood, in other words common land. This woodland remained in common until 1793 when 693 acres were enclosed by Acts of Parliament, the Manhood Peninsula was formerly known as the Hundred of Manhood, in the Rape of Chichester. The Rape was a county sub-division peculiar to Sussex, in AD681 St Wilfrid arrived in the land of the South Saxons and spent five years there evangelising them. The South Saxons had been conquered by Wessex and it was their king, Cædwalla and this land was to become the Hundred of Manhood. After the Norman Conquest the area became a barony, by which tenure the Bishop of Chichester sat as a peer in parliament, the Hundred was an ancient unit of local administration. At the time of the Domesday Survey, Sussex contained fifty nine hundreds, the area of each hundred in Sussex would have been approximately 25 square miles, quite small in comparison to other counties where the hundred could be as much as 200 square miles in area. During Norman times the hundred would pay geld based on the number of hides. To assess how much everyone had to pay, a clerk and a knight were sent by the king to each county, they sat with the sheriff of the county, there would be two knights from each hundred. From the 10th century on the Manhood had its own court of justice and it dealt with matters that a local authority of today would deal with, such as policing. Roger Montgomery was one of the kingdoms most powerful lords, at the time, the Bishop of Chichester held the Hundred of Somerley with 10 hides in Selsey,12 in Sidlesham, and 14 in West Wittering. By the 12th century the two Hundreds became united in the one Hundred of Manhood and was a liberty of the Bishop of Chichester, the manor house for the Hundred of Manhood was situated just north of Sidlesham church. In the year 1525, a claim was made for part of the Manhood by William, Earl of Arundel, to settle the dispute a meeting was held at the Hundred court-house between Robert Sherborne, Bishop of Chichester and John Stilman, the Earls counsel. The court found in the Bishops favour and Henry VIIIs charter confirmed the boundary of the land, as lord of the hundred the Bishop of Chichester was expected to hold a court-leet annually, that all residents were bound to attend. This continued till about 1835, and would have held at the hundred-moot which is believed to have been at Hundredsteddle Farm. In 1561 Elizabeth I passed an act that some of the Manhood parishes from the See of Chichester
14.
Highdown Gardens
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Highdown Gardens is a garden on the western edge of the town of Worthing, close to the village of Ferring and the National Trust archaeological site Highdown Hill in West Sussex, England. Overlooking the sea from the South Downs the gardens contain a collection of plants and trees. The garden is owned and maintained by Worthing Borough Council with admission being free.52 acres in 1909, the garden was created during a period when many expeditions were going out to China and the Himalayas collecting rare and beautiful plants. Many of the plants from the early collections can still be seen in the garden today, particularly plants collected by Reginald Farrer. On the death of Sir Frederick in 1967, aged 83, Lady Stern carried out his wishes and left the garden to Worthing Borough Council. The garden is at its best in spring and early summer there is a colourful succession of spring bulbs, Snowdrops, Crocus, Anemones and Daffodils, followed by Paeonies
15.
Spinnaker
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A spinnaker is a sail designed specifically for sailing off the wind from a reaching course to a downwind, i. e. with the wind 90°–180° off bow. The spinnaker fills with wind and balloons out in front of the boat when it is deployed, called flying and it is constructed of lightweight fabric, usually nylon, and is often brightly coloured. It may be optimised for a range of wind angles, as either a reaching or a running spinnaker, by the shaping of the panels. Some types of spinnaker can be carried by the side of the boat and this is called flying a shy spinnaker, and is used for reaching. The spinnaker is often called a kite, or a chute because it resembles a parachute in both construction and appearance. This should not be confused with the spinnaker chute which is a hull fitting sometimes used for launching and recovering the spinnaker, a purported etymology has the first boat to carry this sail being a Cowes yacht named Sphinx, from which Sphinxs Acre and eventually Spinnaker. A spinnaker is used for sailing with the direction of the wind, symmetrical spinnakers have large amounts of camber, making them nearly hemispherical. Both lift and drag propel the boat forward when moving with the wind, reaching spinnakers have less camber as they operate within an airflow that generates lift. A well designed spinnaker will have leading edges when filled. A well designed spinnaker will also have a curve when filled. Any deviations from a curve will cause the airflow over the leeward side of the sail to separate causing a reduction in lift. When running downwind in heavy weather or when hit by a gust, with or without a spinnaker, there may be a tendency for a roll of increasing amplitude to build up, known as the death roll. Excessive heel leads to loss of rudder effectiveness resulting in the boat slewing round uncontrollably in the direction opposite to the direction of heel, luffing carefully onto a broad reach may help to retain control, as can moving everyones weight as far aft as possible. There are two categories of spinnakers, symmetric and asymmetric depending on whether a plane of symmetry exists for that particular sail. Asymmetric spinnakers operate more like a jib, generating lift from the side and this makes asymmetrics a better choice on reaching courses than symmetric spinnakers, which excel when running. The symmetric one is the most classic type, running alongside the boat controlled by lines known as a sheet. The windward line, or guy, is attached to the called the tack of the sail. The leeward line is called the sheet and it attaches to the clew of the spinnaker and is used to control the shape of the sail
16.
Butterley Company
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The Butterley Company was an English manufacturing firm founded as Benjamin Outram and Company in 1790. Portions of it existed until 2009 and this area of Derbyshire had been known for its outcrops of iron ore which had been exploited at least since the Middle Ages. After the Norman Conquest, nearby Duffield Frith was the property of the de Ferrers family who were masters in Normandy. In 1793, William Jessop, with the assistance of Benjamin Outram, constructed the Cromford Canal to connect Pinxton, in digging Butterley Tunnel for the Cromford Canal, coal and iron were discovered. Fortuitously, Butterley Hall fell vacant and in 1790 Outram, with the assistance of Francis Beresford, bought it. The following year they were joined by Jessop and John, the grandson of Ichabod Wright, a wealthy Nottingham banker who was betrothed to Beresfords daughter and who owned the Butterley Park estate. In 1793 the French Revolutionary Wars broke out and by 1796 the blast furnace was producing nearly a thousand tons of pig iron a year, Outram died in 1805 and the name changed to the Butterley Company, with one of Jessops sons, also William, taking over. In 1814 the company produced the work for Vauxhall Bridge over the River Thames. The steep wagonway to the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge was called the Butterley Gangroad and incorporated the worlds oldest surviving railway tunnel, the intention of the rebels was to kill the three senior managers and ransack the works for weapons. When they arrived they were confronted by George Goodwin the factory agent, there is little to be seen of the event, but the hexagonal office where Goodwin stood his ground is a listed building in the yard of the works. Following this the country entered a period of prosperity, the company with it. In 1830 it was considered to be the largest coal owner, by this time the company owned a considerable number of quarries for limestone and mines for coal and iron, and installed a third blast furnace at Codnor Park. One of the two engines at Pode Hole and the engine in the Pinchbeck Engine land drainage museum were built by Butterley. They produced a vast array of goods, from rails for wagonways to heaters for tea urns, thomas Telfords Caledonian Canal used lock gates and machinery with castings produced at Butterley, and two steam dredgers designed by Jessop. The company also produced locomotives, mostly for its own use. It produced all the necessary castings for the new railways and two lines, the Croydon, Merstham and Godstone Iron Railway and the Cromford and High Peak Railway. A winding engine for the latter exists in working order at Middleton Top near Wirksworth, the licences were spread around the country in order to protect the trading interests of the licensees. Notable patents were taken out by the manager, Sir John Alleyne
17.
Langstone Harbour
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Langstone Harbour is an inlet of the English Channel in Hampshire, sandwiched between Portsea Island to the south and west, Hayling Island to the south and east, and Langstone to the north. Together with Chichester Harbour, which is at the side of Hayling Island it is designated as a Special Protection Area for wildlife. West of Portsmouth is Portsmouth Harbour and the three linked harbours are important recreational and conservation areas as well as supporting commercial fishing and shipping and it is administered by the Langstone Harbour Board. The eastern boundary with Chichester Harbour is defined by a causeway known as the wade way. It is now impassable, having been cut in two by a channel for the Portsmouth and Arundel Canal in the 1820s. Langstone Harbour contains a number of islands, Bakers Island, North Binness Island, South Binness Island and these are subject to erosion and during the 1990s a seven-year archaeology project took place before their history was lost to the seas. There are also two smaller islands, round nap island which is connected to South Binness Island by a tidal causeway and Oyster Island. Langstone Harbour was originally a valley of one of the tributaries flowing into the then River Solent. With the end of the last ice age sea levels rose until sometime between 4000 and 3500BC the harbour took on the form it would have until the 18th century, for much of its history the harbour has been an area of salt production. The Domesday Book records three salterns around the harbour and by the early 17th century a saltern at Copnor was well established, here a large shallow area of the harbour meant that even without further improvement salt could be extracted from the area after each tide. The Copnor saltern ceased production in 1800 but salt production continued elsewhere in the harbour until 1933, in 1771 Farlington Marshes were reclaimed from the north of the harbour. Oyster farming began in the harbour around 1820 with winkle and clam cultivation probably starting around much the same time, an attempt at oyster farming in the 1980s soon failed. In 1997 work began to turn the remains into an artificial lagoon, the lagoon which has a small island at the centre has, as planned, become a breeding ground for birds, particularly little terns. During the Second World War the harbour was used as Starfish decoy site to misdirect German bombers, the harbour is home to an extensive range of marine and bird life. Fifty species of fish have found in the harbour. The harbours bird life is richer, the harbour hosting a wide range of species some of which are represented by over 10,000 individuals. This is in a large part due to the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds acquiring harbours islands, as a result of the number of birds the harbour as become a popular spot for bird watchers. Seals occasionally appear in the harbour in winter. American hard-shelled clams have been found in the harbor spreading from a release site on the lower River Test
18.
Burj Al Arab
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The Burj al-Arab is a luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the third tallest hotel in the world, however, Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m from Jumeirah beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to mimic the sail of a ship and it has a helipad near the roof at a height of 210 m above ground. The beachfront area where Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Chicago Beach, the hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land 280 meters offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel. The locales name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks, the old name persisted after the old Hotel was demolished in 1997. Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel remained as the Public Project Name for the phase of Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name. Burj Al Arab was designed by multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins, led by architect Tom Wright, the design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins. Construction of the Island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction and it was built to resemble the billowing spinnaker sail of a J-class yacht. Two wings spread in a V to form a vast mast and it needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country. Fletcher Construction from New Zealand was the joint venture partner in the initial stages of pre-construction and construction. The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts, the building opened in December 1999. Several features of the required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m offshore, to secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 forty-meter-long concrete piles into the sand. Engineers created a layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself, the building contains over 70,000 m3 of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel. Inside the building, the atrium is 180 m tall, Burj Al Arab is the worlds third tallest hotel. The structure of the Rose Rayhaan, also in Dubai, is 11 m taller than Burj Al Arab, the hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. Despite its size, Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites, the smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2, the largest covers 780 m2
19.
Dubai
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Dubai is the largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the countrys legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the northern coastline. Dubai will host World Expo 2020, Dubai has emerged as a global city and business hub of the Middle East. It is also a transport hub for passengers and cargo. By the 1960s, Dubais economy was based on revenues from trade and, to an extent, oil exploration concessions. Oil revenue first started to flow in 1969, Dubais oil revenue helped accelerate the early development of the city, but its reserves are limited and production levels are low, today, less than 5% of the emirates revenue comes from oil. The emirates Western-style model of business drives its economy with the main revenues now coming from tourism, aviation, real estate, Dubai was recently named the best destination for Muslim travellers by Salam Standard. Dubai has recently attracted attention through many innovative large construction projects and sports events. The city has become iconic for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the worlds tallest building, Dubai has been criticised for human rights violations concerning the citys largely South Asian and Filipino workforce. As of 2012, Dubai was the 22nd most expensive city in the world, in 2014, Dubais hotel rooms were rated as the second most expensive in the world, after Geneva. Dubai was rated as one of the best places to live in the Middle East by U. S. global consulting firm Mercer, Many theories have been proposed as to the origin of the word Dubai. One theory suggests the word was used to describe the souq, another theory states that the name came from a word meaning money, as people from Dubai were commonly believed to be rich due to the thriving trading centre of the location. An Arabic proverb says Daba Dubai, meaning They came with a lot of money, according to Fedel Handhal, a scholar on the UAEs history and culture, the word Dubai may have come from the word daba, referring to the slow flow of Dubai Creek inland. The poet and scholar Ahmad Mohammad Obaid traces it to the same word, an inhabitant or native of the city is a Dubaian. Although stone tools have been found at archaeological sites, little is known about the UAEs early inhabitants as only a few settlements have been found. Many ancient towns in the area were trading centres between the Eastern and Western worlds, the remnants of an ancient mangrove swamp, dated at 7000 BC, were discovered during the construction of sewer lines near Dubai Internet City. The area was covered with sand about 5,000 years ago as the coast retreated inland, pre-Islamic ceramics have been found from the 3rd and 4th centuries
20.
Elevator
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An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems like a hoist, in agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes screw, or the chain, languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift. Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a requirement in new multistory buildings. The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals. In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of a lifting device. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the buildings of England. Louis XV of France had a flying chair built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743. Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or winders, the invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793, several years later another of Kulibins elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal, the technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. Starting in the mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. It elevated paying customers to a height in the center of London. Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the decade, – in 1835 an innovative elevator called the Teagle was developed by the company Frost. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power, the hydraulic crane was invented by Sir William Armstrong in 1846, primarily for use at the Tyneside docks for loading cargo. These quickly supplanted the steam driven elevators, exploiting Pascals law. A water pump supplied a variable level of pressure to a plunger encased inside a vertical cylinder. Counterweights and balances were used to increase the lifting power of the apparatus
21.
Fathers 4 Justice
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Fathers 4 Justice is a fathers’ rights organisation in the United Kingdom. Founded in 2001, the aims to gain public and parliamentary support for changes in UK legislation on fathers rights, mainly using stunts and protests. Former F4J members, who do not agree with Matt OConnors leadership, such as Paul Manning, formed the New Fathers 4 Justice group, Fathers 4 Justice was founded in the UK by Matt OConnor, a marketing consultant. Fathers for Justices stated aim is to champion the causes of equal parenting, family law reform and it is best known for its campaigning techniques of protest stunts, with participants often dressed as comic book superheroes, and frequently climbing public buildings, bridges, and monuments. They have also protested by handcuffing two other government ministers, Matt OConnor is from Thanet in Kent, his parents came from Ireland. Prior to launching Fathers4Justice, he was responsible for the marketing of Viennetta ice cream and he is the sole shareholder and a director of Fathers For Justice Ltd. On 17 December 2002, OConnor and a group of supporters staged their first protest by storming the Lord Chancellors Office dressed as Father Christmas. In January 2003, OConnor officially founded Fathers 4 Justice, the group targeted the homes of family court judges, and family lawyers homes and offices, with protests. On 21 October 2003, campaigners Eddie Goldtooth Gorecki and Jonathan Jolly Stanesby scaled the Royal Courts of Justice, dressed respectively as Batman, the following day, the groups members protested through London in a military tank in support of Goreckwi and Stanesby. Nine days later, David Chick climbed a 120 feet crane near Tower Bridge, the Metropolitan Police set up a cordon around the area that disrupted traffic through some of East London for several days. Chick was subsequently cleared of charges and published a ghost-written autobiography in February 2006. On the morning of 22 December 2003, four campaigners — Eddie Gorecki, Jolly Stanesby, Michael Sadeh and Steve Battlershill — dressed as Father Christmas and climbed Tower Bridge in London. They hung up a calling for the resignation of the Minister for Children, Margaret Hodge. The four were charged with conspiracy, but the charge was dropped at the start of the trial a year later. In 2004, Stanesby carried out a citizens arrest of Hodge at a conference, handcuffing himself to her and stating, Margaret Hodge, both Stanseby and Jason Hatch were later cleared by a jury of charges of false imprisonment. On 19 May 2004, an alert was caused when two members of the group threw purple flour bombs at Tony Blair during Prime Ministers Questions at the House of Commons. Charged with public order offences, activist Guy Harrison was fined £600, following the House of Commons incident, The Times wrote that the group has succeeded in becoming the most prominent guerrilla pressure group in Britain. Within eighteen months of its founding, in September 2004, member Jason Hatch climbed the walls of Buckingham Palace dressed as Batman
22.
High-visibility clothing
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High-visibility clothing, a type of personal protective equipment, is any clothing worn that has highly reflective properties or a colour that is easily discernible from any background. Yellow waistcoats worn by emergency services are a common example, occupational wearers of clothing with high-visibility features include railway and highway workers, airport workers, or other places where workers are near moving vehicles or in dark areas. Some cyclists wear high-visibility clothing when riding amongst motor vehicles, hunters may be required to wear designated high-visibility clothing to prevent accidental shooting. Experimental use of high-visibility clothing began in 1964 on the Scottish Region of British Railways, train drivers operating in these areas were asked their opinion as to the effectiveness of the jackets. Following trials, high-visibility clothing was issued to engineering and other working on the electrified lines of BRs London Midland Region in 1965. It was thought to be more important due to the speeds of the newly electrified WCML route from Euston to Manchester, Liverpool. The first version was worn as a jerkin and was visible at, half a mile in normal weather conditions. The specifications for high visibility clothing suitable for use on railways in the United Kingdom are published by the Rail Safety and this dominant culpability of the driver of the other vehicle. Emphasizes the special need for high contrast conspicuity for the motorcycle, traffic risks to the cyclist are similar to those faced by motorcyclists, with the main differences being that bicycling speeds are typically lower, and the bicyclist wears less protective gear. In a 2009 study, Most UK cyclists and almost all motorists believed that high-visibility clothing would increase cyclists visibility, a Cochrane Systematic Review of research evidence for the effectiveness of visibility aids was carried out by Kwan and Mapstone in 2006. The authors found 42 studies which suggested that fluorescent clothing could increase the distance at which drivers could detect and then recognise. The same review found evidence that retro-reflective materials worn by cyclists at night had an effect on driver perceptions. A2012 British case-control study showed a non-significant increase in the odds of a crash for users of reflective conspicuity aids whilst cycling, the number of conspicuity aids used was positively associated with an increase in collision crash odds but a non-significant reduction in the likelihood of hospitalisation. These results show a large safety effect in simulated or experimental conditions and this apparent contradiction may arise because of a form of risk compensation. Cyclists using conspicuity aids might be overestimating the level of protection conspicuity aids actually confer when used whilst cycling in traffic, since April 2013, New York City regulations require commercial cyclists, such as restaurant delivery persons or bike messengers, to wear high visibility clothing while riding. Various ISO member bodies have published standards for high-visibility clothing to be worn as personal protective equipment. The American National Standards Institute published standard 107 for high-visibility clothing in 1999, the standard defines three classes of successively more-visible garments, to protect workers exposed to successively higher levels of risk from motor vehicles and heavy equipment. The International Safety Equipment Association developed the standard, with revisions in 2004 and 2010, the standard specifies three classes of activities and the minimum quantity of fluorescent and retroreflective material to be worn in each class
23.
Project manager
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A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers have the responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a project, Project managers are first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within the heads of various departments in an organization before the problem escalates to higher authorities. Project management is the responsibility of a project manager, a project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives. An expertise is required in the domain the Project Managers are working to efficiently handle all the aspects of the project, Project Tools The tools, knowledge and techniques for managing projects are often unique to Project Management. For example, work breakdown structures, critical analysis and earned value management. Understanding and applying the tools and techniques which are recognized as good practices are not sufficient alone for effective project management. Effective project management requires that the project manager understands and uses the knowledge, Project Teams When recruiting and building an effective team, the manager must consider not only the technical skills of each person, but also the critical roles and chemistry between workers. A project team has three separate components, Project Manager, Core Team and Contracted Team. Risk Most of the project management issues that influence a project arise from risk, until recently, the American construction industry lacked any level of standardization, with individual States determining the eligibility requirements within their jurisdiction. However, several Trade associations based in the United States have made strides in creating a commonly accepted set of qualifications, the Construction Management Association of America maintains the Certified Construction Manager designation. The purpose of the CCM is to standardize the education, experience, the Project Management Institute has made some headway into being a standardizing body with its creation of the Project Management Professional designation. The Constructor Certification Commission of the American Institute of Constructors holds semiannual nationwide tests, the Associated Colleges of Construction Education, and the Associated Schools of Construction have made considerable progress in developing national standards for construction education programs. The profession has grown to accommodate several dozen Construction Management Bachelor of Science programs. Many universities have begun offering a masters degree in Project Management. The United States Navy construction battalions, nicknamed the SeaBees, puts their command through strenuous training, to become a Chief Petty Officer in the SeaBees is equivalent to a BS in Construction Management with the added benefit of several years of experience to their credit. Architectural project manager are project managers in the field of architecture and they have many of the same skills as their counterpart in the construction industry. The issues of budget, scheduling, and quality-control are the responsibility of the Project Manager in an architects office, in the insurance industry project managers often oversee and manage the restoration of a clients home/office after a fire, flood. Covering the fields from electronics through to the demolition and constructions contractors, in Engineering project management is the term used to describe the task of seeing a product/device through the stages of R&D/design to manufacturing stages
24.
Abseiling
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An abseil, also called a rappel after its French name, is a controlled descent of a vertical drop, such as a rock face, using a rope. Climbers use this technique when a cliff or slope is too steep and/or dangerous to descend without protection, many climbers use this technique to protect established anchors from damage. Rope access technicians also use this as a method to access difficult-to-reach areas from above for various applications like maintenance, construction, inspection. Rescue teams are known for using this method as a way to access injured or stranded victims. The origin of the abseil is attributed to Jean Charlet-Straton, a Chamonix guide who lived from 1840–1925, Charlet originally devised the technique of the abseil method of roping down during a failed solo attempt of Petit Dru in 1876. After many attempts, some of them solo, he managed to reach the summit of the Petit Dru in 1879 in the company of two other Chamonix guides, Prosper Payot and Frédéric Folliguet, whom he hired, during that ascent, Charlet perfected the abseil. Ropes, Climbers often simply use their climbing ropes for abseiling, for many other applications, low-stretch rope called static rope is used to reduce bouncing and to allow easier ascending of the rope. Anchors for abseiling are sometimes made with trees or boulders, using webbing and cordellete, or also with rock climbing equipment, such as nuts, hexes, some climbing areas have fixed anchors such as bolts or pitons for rappelling off of without having to leave other gear behind. A descender or rappel device is a device or friction hitch that allows rope to be payed out in a controlled fashion, under load. The speed at which the abseiler descends is controlled by applying greater or lesser force on the rope below the device or altering the angle at which the rope exits the device, descenders can be task-designed or improvised from other equipment. Mechanical descenders include braking bars, the eight, the abseil rack, the bobbin, the gold tail. Some improvised descenders include the Munter hitch, a wrap, the basic crossed-carabiner brake. There is an older, more uncomfortable, method of wrapping the rope around ones body for friction instead of using a descender, a climbing harness is often used around the waist to secure the descender. A comfortable climbing harness is important for descents that may take many hours. A prusik, Klemheist knot, or autoblock knot may be used as safety back-up, commonly referred to as an autoblock, and is used as a back-up in the case of the abseiler losing control of the abseil. One of these friction hitches is wrapped around the rope below the device, using a short loop of smaller diameter cord or webbing. The prusik loop is attached to the belay loop or leg loop of the harness. Helmets may be worn to protect the head from bumps and falling rocks, a light source may be mounted on the helmet in order to keep the hands free in unlit areas
25.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
26.
Harbour Centre
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Harbour Centre is a notable skyscraper in the central business district of Downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Lookout tower atop the building makes it one of the tallest structures in Vancouver. With its 360-degree viewing deck, it serves as a tourist attraction with the Top of Vancouver Revolving Restaurant. During the dot-com boom of the 1990s, it served as the headquarters for several up and coming tech firms, including Stormix Technologies, NetNation and others. Designed by WZMH Architects, the building is listed as being 28 stories tall, there is some disagreement as to the buildings height. According to the Vancouver Lookouts website the observation deck is 168 m above the street level, the CTBUH however lists the buildings architectural height as actually being 147 m. Furthermore Skyscraperpage lists the height to the roof as being only 139.6 m. This is stated to be the height from the Hastings Street entrance while the height from the entrance on Cordova Street is 146 m. It also lists the buildings height to the tip of the antenna as being 170.1 m. In any event it remains one of the tallest office buildings in the city, the building was British Columbias tallest measured by pinnacle height until the construction of Living Shangri-La in 2009. Harbour Centre is located at 555 West Hastings Street in Downtown Vancouver, simon Fraser University operates its downtown Harbour Centre campus in the adjoining Spencer building and houses the Center for Dialogue and Canadas World. The downtown Simpsons-Sears department store was located here before it closed in 1987, there is also a red Santa hat on the spire that lights up during the holiday season. Vancouver Coast Guard Radio operates from Harbour Centre, providing distress watch and vessel traffic services to the North Arm Fraser River, Burrard Inlet, Indian Arm, English Bay, glass elevators whisk visitors 168 meters skyward from street level to the Observation Deck in 40 seconds. - A group of teenage girls ride the famous glass elevator to the top to dine at the fictional Above the Clouds restaurant. Harbour Centre can be seen in the Arrow episode Dark Waters List of tallest buildings in Vancouver Lighthouse of Alexandria, Harbour Centre Top of Vancouver Revolving Restaurant
27.
CN Tower
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The CN Tower is a 553.3 m-high concrete communications and observation tower in downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Built on the former Railway Lands, it was completed in 1976, becoming the worlds tallest free-standing structure and it held both records for 34 years until the completion of Burj Khalifa and Canton Tower in 2010. Its name CN originally referred to Canadian National, the company that built the tower. Since the name CN Tower became common in usage, the abbreviation was eventually expanded to Canadian National Tower or Canadas National Tower. However, neither of these names is commonly used, in 1995, the CN Tower was declared one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. It also belongs to the World Federation of Great Towers, where it holds second-place ranking and these plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972. Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer, John Andrews Architects, Webb, Zerafa, Menkes, Housden Architects, Foundation Building Construction, and Canron. As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core, the reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new, higher antennas that were at least 300 m tall. At the time, most data communications took place over point-to-point microwave links, as each new skyscraper was added to the downtown, former line-of-sight links were no longer possible. CN intended to rent hub space for microwave links, visible from almost any building in the Toronto area. S, the original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical pillars linked at various heights by structural bridges. Had it been built, this design would have considerably shorter. The idea for the level in its current form evolved around this time. One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for, Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6,1973, with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation.7 m. This portion of the construction was rapid, with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top. To build the support pillar, a hydraulically raised slipform was built at the base. This was an impressive engineering feat on its own, consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m per day as the concrete below set. In total, the tower contains 40,500 m3 of concrete, through the pour, the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip forms location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it, observed by small telescopes from the ground. Over the height of the tower, it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm, in August 1974, construction of the main level commenced
28.
Blackpool
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Blackpool /ˈblækpuːl/ is a seaside resort and unitary authority area in Lancashire, England, on Englands northwest coast. The town is on the Irish Sea, between the Ribble and Wyre estuaries,15 miles northwest of Preston,27 miles north of Liverpool,28 miles northwest of Bolton and 40 miles northwest of Manchester. It had an population of 142,065 at the 2011 Census. In 1781, visitors attracted to Blackpools 7-mile sandy beach were able to use a new road, built by Thomas Clifton. Stagecoaches began running to Blackpool from Manchester in the same year, in the early 19th century, Henry Banks and his son-in-law John Cocker erected new buildings in Blackpool such that its population grew from less than 500 in 1801 to over 2,500 in 1851. St Johns Church in Blackpool was consecrated in 1821, Blackpool rose to prominence as a major centre of tourism in England when a railway was built in the 1840s connecting it to the industrialised regions of Northern England. In 1881, Blackpool was a resort with a population of 14,000. By 1901 the population of Blackpool was 47,000, by which time its place was cemented as the archetypal British seaside resort, by 1951 it had grown to 147,000. Shifts in tastes, combined with opportunities for Britons to travel overseas, Blackpool gets its name from a historic drainage channel that ran over a peat bog, discharging discoloured water into the Irish Sea, which formed a black pool. Another explanation is that the dialect for stream was pul or poole. People originating from Blackpool are called Blackpudlians although Sandgrownians or Sandgrownuns is sometimes used or Seasiders, a 13, 500-year-old elk skeleton was found with man-made barbed bone points on Blackpool Old Road in Carleton in 1970. Now displayed in the Harris Museum this provided the first evidence of living on the Fylde as far back as the Palaeolithic era. The Fylde was also home to a British tribe, the Setantii a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, during the Roman occupation the area was covered by oak forests and bog land. Some of the earliest villages on the Fylde, which were later to become part of Blackpool town, were named in the Domesday Book in 1086, many of them were Anglo-Saxon settlements. Some though had 9th and 10th century Viking place names, the Vikings and Anglo-Saxons seem to have co-existed peacefully, with some Anglo-Saxon and Viking placenames later being joined together – such as Layton-with-Warbreck and Bispham-with-Norbreck. Layton was controlled by the Butlers, Barons of Warrington from the 12th century, the stream ran through peatlands that discoloured the water, so the name for the area became Black Poole. In the 15th century the area was just called Pul, in 1602, entries in Bispham Parish Church baptismal register include both Poole and for the first time blackpoole. The first house of any substance, Foxhall, was built toward the end of the 17th century by Edward Tyldesley, an Act of Parliament in 1767 enclosed a common, mostly sand hills on the coast, that stretched from Spen Dyke southwards
29.
Blackpool Tower
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Blackpool Tower is a tourist attraction in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, which was opened to the public on 14 May 1894. Inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris, it is 518 feet tall and is the 120th tallest freestanding tower in the world, the tower is a Grade I listed building. John Bickerstaffe, a former Mayor of Blackpool, was asked to become Chairman of the new company and its shares went on sale in July 1891. The Standard Corporation kept 30,000 £1 shares for itself and offered £150,000 worth of shares to the public, bickerstaffe’s remedy for the potential collapse of the venture was to buy any shares available, until his original holding of £500 amounted to £20,000. He also released the Standard Corporation from their share commitments, when the Tower opened in 1894 its success justified the overall investment of nearly £300,000, and the Company made a £30,000 profit in 1896. Two Lancashire architects, James Maxwell and Charles Tuke, designed the Tower, by the time the Tower finally opened on 14 May 1894, both men had died. Heenan & Froude of Worcester were appointed structural engineers, supplying and constructing both the tower, the electric lighting and the steel front pieces for the aquariums. A new system of hydraulic riveting was used, based on the technology of Fielding & Platt of Gloucester, the total cost for the design and construction of the tower and buildings was about £290,000. Five million Accrington bricks,2,500 tonnes of iron and 93 tonnes of cast steel were used to construct the tower, unlike the Eiffel Tower, Blackpool Tower is not free-standing. Its base is hidden by the building which houses Blackpool Tower Circus, the building occupies a total of 5,050 square metres. At the summit of the tower there is a flagpole, A time capsule is buried beneath the foundation, the design of the tower was ahead of its time. As a writer for the BBC noted, In heavy winds the building will gently sway, when the tower opened,3,000 customers took the first rides to the top. Tourists paid sixpence for admission, sixpence more for a ride in the lifts to the top, the first members of the public to ascend the tower had been local journalists in September 1893 using constructors ladders. In 1897 the top of the tower caught fire, and the platform was seen on fire from up to fifty miles away, the tower was not painted properly during the first thirty years and became corroded, leading to discussions about demolishing it. However, it was decided to rebuild it instead, and between 1921 and 1924 all the steelwork in the structure was replaced and renewed. On 22 December 1894 Norwegian ship Abana was sailing from Liverpool to Savannah, Georgia but was caught up in a storm, Abana was first seen off North Pier, and later drifted to Little Bispham where she was wrecked, and can still be seen at low tide. The ships bell hangs in St Andrews Church in Cleveleys. In 1940, during the Second World War, the crows-nest was removed to allow the structure to be used as a Royal Air Force radar station known as RAF Tower, in 1949 a post box was opened at the top of the tower
30.
One World Trade Center
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One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest in the world, the supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was completely destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, the building is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east. The buildings architect was David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill also designed the Burj Khalifa, the construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27,2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30,2012, the towers steel structure was topped out on August 30,2012. On May 10,2013, the component of the skyscrapers spire was installed, making the building, including its spire. Its height in feet is a reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3,2014, the One World Observatory opened on May 29,2015, the building is 104 standard floors high, but the tower has only 94 actual stories. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize, the construction of the World Trade Center, of which the Twin Towers were the centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan, the project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. Yamasaki came up with the idea of building twin towers, to satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, which transported commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan. The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans and this design was accomplished by using many closely spaced perimeter columns, providing much of the structures strength, with the gravity load shared with the core columns. The elevator system, which use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators. The design and construction of the towers involved many other techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments. Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966, extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process, the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970. In the 1970s, four other buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex. A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s, each tower was over 1,350 feet high, and occupied about 1 acre of the total 16 acres of the sites land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, Why two 110-story buildings and his response was, I didnt want to lose the human scale
31.
Oriental Pearl Tower
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The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower is a TV tower in Shanghai. Its location at the tip of Lujiazui in the Pudong district by the side of Huangpu River, opposite The Bund and its principal designers were Jiang Huan Chen, Lin Benlin, and Zhang Xiulin. Construction began in 1991, and the tower was completed in 1994, at 468 m high, it was the tallest structure in China from 1994–2007, when it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center. It is classified as an AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration, the tower is brightly lit in different LED sequences at night. On 7 July 2007, Oriental Pearl Tower was host to the Chinese Live Earth concert, the tower features 11 spheres, big and small. The two largest spheres, along the length of the tower, have diameters of 50 m for the lower and 45 m for the upper and they are linked by three columns, each 9 m in diameter. The highest sphere is 14 m in diameter, the entire tower is supported by three enormous columns that start underground. The tower has fifteen observatory levels, the lower levels are at 263 m and at 90 m. There is a restaurant at the 267 m level. The project also contains facilities and a small shopping center. There is also a 20-room hotel called the Space Hotel between the two large spheres, the upper observation platform has an outside area with a 1.5 inch glass floor. An antenna, broadcasting TV and radio programs, extends the construction by another 118 m to a height of 468 meters. It is said to be based on a verse of the Tang Dynasty poem Pipa Song by Bai Juyi about the wonderful sprinkling sound of an instrument, like pearls, big. However, the designer Jiang Huancheng says that he did not have the poem in mind when designing the tower and it was the chief of the jury board who said it reminded him of that poem. On April 13,2010 the antenna at the top of the 468m tower caught fire at around 2,00 a. m, the fire was then put out by firefighters. Prior to the fire there was a series of thunderstorms
32.
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
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Formerly, it made it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport. The DDA is a civil rights law, other countries use constitutional, social rights or criminal law to make similar provisions. The Equality and Human Rights Commission combats discrimination, equivalent legislation exists in Northern Ireland, which is enforced by the Northern Ireland Equality Commission. It is still permissible for employers to have reasonable medical criteria for employment, the Act was the culmination of a public campaign, and at least 100,000 people in demonstrations, to force the government to end state and business discrimination against disabled people. While the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 guaranteed minimum standards for equality on grounds of race and gender, there had been very little concerning disabled people. Since 1 October 2004 – Service providers may have to make reasonable adjustments in relation to the physical features of their premises to overcome physical barriers to access. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Regulations 2003, and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Regulations 2003 which amended the DDA in line with the EU employment directive, the Equality Act 2006 which transferred the role of the Disability Rights Commission to the Equality and Human Rights Commission. The EHRC took on this role from 1 October 2007, and has powers to issue guidance on, the DDA1995 departed from the fundamental principles of older UK discrimination law. These Acts, also repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010, made direct discrimination, however, these concepts are insufficient to deal with the issues of disability discrimination. The core concepts in the DDA1995 are, instead, less favourable treatment for a related to a disabled persons disability. Reasonable adjustment or, as it is known in other jurisdictions. The Disability Rights Commissions Codes of Practice give more information to bodies with duties on assessing whether a particular adjustment is reasonable, sometimes there may be no reasonable adjustment, and the outcome is that a disabled person is treated less favourably. The Act therefore permits employers and service providers to justify less favourable treatment in certain circumstances, an example would be a medieval castle open for public tours that didnt have modifications made for wheelchairs. To do so would destroy the historical aspects such as the restrictive nature of the original circular staircases. In practice the only relevant justification is that the landlord believes, where the cause of the taking of proceedings is e. g. rent arrears which was caused by the disability e. g. This applies whether or not the landlord knew of the disability and this applies even if the landlord has a mandatory ground for possession, e. g. g. The judges were very worried about the extent of the law, however, there has since been a new act of Parliament and there was no weakening of this protection
33.
America's Cup World Series
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The Americas Cup World Series are match races and fleet regattas used as heats for the 2013 Americas Cup and the 2017 Americas Cup. The World Series uses AC45 catamarans, a one-design wingsail catamaran designed specifically for the event by Oracle Racing, the AC45 was conceived as a smaller version of the larger AC72 class rule which was used for the 2013 Americas Cup. In 2015, the class was modified to AC45F which incorporated hydrofoiling capability for improved performance, the authorization does not permit to lengthen the hulls. All other teams carried out experiments with the platform. Nine events were held between 2011 and 2012 in the lead up to the 2013 Americas Cup, in August 2013, the competition jury received a report from Oracle Team USA that their boat and others they had loaned had unauthorized modifications. Since they were using one of these boats, the BAR team withdrew from the competition on 7 August 2013. Oracle Team USA withdrew the day after, penalties imposed included expelling three team members, a $250,000 fine, and a one-point penalty for each of the first two races of the Match in which they would otherwise score a point. The series was revived as heats of nine events in eight venues in the run up to the 2017 Americas Cup. The races used a boat design, known as AC45f. The overall winner of the competition was Land Rover BAR, with Oracle Team USA being the runner up, the winner of the series earned two points and the runner-up received a single point in the new Americas Cup Qualifiers. The boats are similar to the Americas Cup Class that will be used in the 2017 Americas Cup
34.
Southampton F.C.
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Their home ground since 2001 has been St Marys Stadium, before which they were based at The Dell. Southampton has a rivalry with Portsmouth due to its close proximity. Matches between the two sides are known as the South Coast derby, the club has won the FA Cup once, in 1976, and their highest-ever league finish was second in the First Division in 1983–84. Southampton were relegated from the Premier League on 15 May 2005 and they returned after a seven-year absence, and have played there ever since. Southampton were founded at St. Marys Church, on 21 November 1885 by members of the St. Marys Church of England Young Mens Association. More important matches, such as cup games, were played either at the County Cricket Ground in Northlands Road or the Antelope Cricket Ground in St Marys Road. During this time, they moved to a newly built £10,000 stadium called The Dell, the club reached the first of their four FA Cup Finals in 1900. On that day, they went down 4–0 to Bury and two later they would suffer a similar fate at the hands of Sheffield United as they were beaten 2–1 in a replay of the 1902 final. After World War I, Saints joined the newly formed Football League Third Division in 1920 which split into South and North sections a year later, the 1921–22 season ended in triumph with promotion and marked the beginning of a 31-year stay in the Second Division. The 1922–23 season was a unique Even Season –14 wins,14 draws and 14 defeats for a total of 42 points, goals for and against statistics were also equal and the team finished in mid-table. In 1925 and 1927, they reached the semi-finals of the FA Cup, losing 2–0 and 2–1 to Sheffield United, in the 1948–49 and 1949–50 seasons, Charlie Wayman rattled in a total of 56 goals. Then relegation in 1953 sent Saints sliding back into Division 3 and it took until 1960 for Saints to regain Second Division status with Derek Reeves plundering 39 of the champions’106 league goals. On 27 April 1963 a crowd of 68,000 at Villa Park saw them lose 1–0 to Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-final. In 1966, when Ted Bates’ team were promoted to the First Division as runners-up, for the following campaign Ron Davies arrived to score 43 goals in his first season. Saints stayed among the elite for eight years, with the highest finishing position being seventh place in 1968–69 and again in 1970–71. These finishes were high enough for them to qualify for the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969–70 and its successor, the UEFA Cup in 1971–72, in December 1973, Bates stood down to be replaced by his assistant Lawrie McMenemy. The Saints were one of the first victims of the new three-down relegation system in 1974, the following season, they played in Europe again in the Cup Winners Cup, reaching Round 3 where they lost 2–3 on aggregate to Anderlecht. In 1977–78, captained by Alan Ball, Saints finished runners-up in the Second Division and they finished comfortably in 14th place in their first season back in the top flight
35.
Tim Clark (airline executive)
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Sir Timothy Charles Clark KBE FRaeS is the current President of Emirates. He was also the Managing Director of SriLankan Airlines until 2008, tim Clark is an economics graduate from the University of London. He attended Kent College Canterbury and is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Clark has been in the civil aviation business since 1972 when he joined British Caledonian. In 1975, he moved to Gulf Air in Bahrain and subsequently to Dubai in 1985 where he became a member of the team of Emirates as Head of Airline Planning. He is currently the President of Emirates and he was also Managing Director of Sri Lankan Airlines until 2008. The latter post resulted from the acquisition of a 40% stake in SriLankan Airlines by Emirates in April 1998, however, that post was lost when the Sri Lankan government took control of the airline and Emirates never renewed their contract for management of the airline. Clark was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to British prosperity, aviation Week & Space Technology magazine named Clark its 2013 Person of the Year
36.
The Magic Numbers
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The Magic Numbers are an English pop rock band comprising two pairs of brothers and sisters from Hanwell. The group was formed in 2002, releasing their album titled The Magic Numbers on 13 June 2005. Their follow-up album, Those the Brokes was released on 6 November 2006, The Runaway was released on 6 June 2010, the Magic Numbers consists of Romeo Stodart, his sister Michele, Angela Gannon and her brother Sean Gannon. The band are managed by Stephen Budd and Al Lavelle, the Stodarts are the children of a Scottish father and a Portuguese mother and were born in Trinidad in the Caribbean, where their mother was an opera singer and had her own TV show. When the family fled an Islamic coup attempt there in 1990, in the mid-1990s, when Romeo was 16 and Michele was 10, they moved to London. The Gannons are of Irish descent but lived in Hanwell, London where they became friends with their neighbours the Stodarts, prior to forming The Magic Numbers, Romeo and Sean spent time trying to form a band together under various guises, and previously performed under the name Guess. In November 2004, they released a limited edition 7 vinyl single, Hymn for Her and they played their first live session on UK radio on the Dermot OLeary Show for BBC Radio 2. Their eponymous debut album was recorded in late 2004 and early 2005 at Metropolis Studios in London, the album was produced and recorded by American producer Craig Silvey. Prior to release, only Forever Lost was promoted as a commercial single and this was followed up by later single releases Love Me Like You, Loves a Game and I See You, You See Me. Their Japanese tour was featured as a documentary on Jonathan Rosss Japanorama. The album was shortlisted in 2005 for the coveted Mercury Music Prize, after their heavy touring and promotion of their self-titled debut, The Magic Numbers would return in autumn of 2006 with their follow-up album, Those the Brokes. The band did another run of shows to promote and tour for the album, including supporting The Who in Southampton. A live album entitled Live at the Kentish Town Forum was released in February 2007, the band took some time off during 2008, before reconvening in late 2009 to begin work on their third studio album. The bands website was updated to inform fans that the new album would be entitled The Runaway, the album was produced by Romeo Stodart with Valgeir Sigurðsson, who has previously worked with artists such as Björk, Bonnie Prince Billy and Múm. The album was mixed by Ben Hillier, and features string arrangements by the late Robert Kirby, the album was released on 26 July 2010. The Magic Numbers played at the 2010 Splendour in the Grass festival, during their time in Australia, they did shows in Melbourne and Sydney with Blue Mountains band Cloud Control. They also played at the annual Glastonbury Festival, in 2012, Michele Stodart released a solo album with a strong country music influence, Wide-Eyed Crossing, accompanying herself on the guitar. It contains a duet with Conor OBrien from the Villagers and was promoted on a tour by Stodart
37.
BBC Radio 1
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Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
38.
BT Tower
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The BT Tower is a communications tower located in Fitzrovia, London, owned by BT Group. It has been known as the GPO Tower, the Post Office Tower. The main structure is 177 metres high, with a section of aerial rigging bringing the total height to 191 metres. It should not be confused with the BT Centre and its Post Office code was YTOW. Upon completion it overtook the Millbank Tower to become the tallest building in both London and the United Kingdom, titles it held until 1980, when it in turn was overtaken by the NatWest Tower, the tower was commissioned by the General Post Office. Its primary purpose was to support the microwave aerials then used to carry traffic from London to the rest of the country. The taller structure was required to protect the radio links line of sight against some of the buildings in London then in the planning stage. These links were routed via other GPO microwave stations at Harrow Weald, Bagshot, Kelvedon Hatch and Fairseat, the tower was designed by the architects of the Ministry of Public Building and Works, the chief architects were Eric Bedford and G. R. Yeats. Typical for its time, the building is clad in glass. The narrow cylindrical shape was chosen because of the requirements of the communications aerials, initially the first 16 floors were for technical equipment and power. Above that was a 35-metre section for the aerials, and above that were six floors of suites, kitchens, technical equipment. To prevent heat build-up the glass cladding was of a special tint, the construction cost was £2.5 million. In August 1963 there was even a question raised in parliament about the crane, Doctor Reginald Bennett MP asked the Minister of Public Building and Works how, when the crane on the top of the new Post Office tower had fulfilled its purpose, he proposed to remove it. Mr Geoffrey Rippon replied, This is a matter for the contractors, the problem does not have to be solved for about a year but there appears to be no danger of the crane having to be left in situ. The tower was topped out on 15 July 1964 and officially opened by the then Prime Minister Harold Wilson on 8 October 1965, the main contractor was Peter Lind & Co Ltd. The tower was opened to the public on 16 May 1966 by Tony Benn. It made one revolution every 22 minutes, an annual race up the stairs of the tower was established and the first race was won by UCL student Alan Green. Tony Benn also designated the tower a mascot of UCL after lobbying by students, comedian Pat Condell washed dishes in the kitchen for his first job
39.
Fernsehturm Berlin
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The Fernsehturm is a television tower in central Berlin, Germany. Close to Alexanderplatz in Berlin-Mitte, the tower was constructed between 1965 and 1969 by the government of the German Democratic Republic and it was intended as both a symbol of communist power and of Berlin. It remains the latter today, as it is visible throughout the central. With its height of 368 metres it is the tallest structure in Germany, of three tallest structures in Europe, it is 0. 5m shorter than the Riga Radio and TV Tower, and 8m taller than the Trbovlje Power Station in 2017. The tower has one of the most prominent symbols of the country and is often in the establishing shot of films set in Berlin. Due to its location near Alexanderplatz, it is occasionally called Alex Tower, the original total height of the tower was 365 metres, but it rose to 368 metres after the installation of a new antenna in 1997. The Fernsehturm is the fourth tallest freestanding structure in Europe, after Moscows Ostankino Tower, the Kiev TV Tower, the sphere is a visitor platform and a revolving restaurant in the middle of the sphere. The visitor platform, also called panoramic floor, is at a height of about 203 metres above the ground, the restaurant Telecafé, which rotates once every 30 minutes, is a few metres above the visitors platform at 207 metres. When first constructed, it turned once per hour, the speed was doubled following the towers 1997 renovation. Inside the shaft, two lifts shuttle visitors to the sphere of the tower within 40 seconds, a Stairway with 986 steps also provides access, however it is not accessible by wheelchair. The TV tower had several architects and its former design was done by Hermann Henselmann, and Jörg Streitparth. It was built by the East German architects Fritz Dieter, Günter Franke, Walter Herzog, Gerhard Kosel and Herbert Aust later also took part in the planning. The Tower was deliberately constructed in the center of the medieval center of Berlin. A medieval church stands next to the tower as a testament to the destruction of the old city, construction began on 4 August 1965. After four years of construction, the Fernsehturm began test broadcasts on 3 October 1969, regardless of its dark origins, it is among the best known sights in Berlin, and hosts around a million visitors a year. When the sun shines on the Fernsehturms tiled stainless steel dome, berliners nicknamed the luminous cross Rache des Papstes, or the Popes Revenge. For the same reasons, the structure was also called St. Walter, U. S. President Ronald Reagan mentioned this in his Tear down this wall speech on 12 June 1987. It is also known as the Toothpick and Telespargel due to its shape
40.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
41.
Children in Need
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BBC Children in Need is the BBCs UK charity. Since 1980 it has raised over £600 million for disabled children, One of the highlights is an annual telethon, held in November and televised on BBC One, BBC One HD, BBC Two, and BBC Two HD from 7,30 pm until 2 am. Pudsey Bear is BBC Children in Needs mascot, whilst Terry Wogan was a long-standing host, following the temporary closure of Television Centre, the telethon broadcasts now take place at the BBC Elstree Centre. BBC Children in Need will move back to its home of BBC Television Centre in 2017. The BBCs first broadcast charity appeal took place in 1927, in the form of a radio broadcast on Christmas Day. It raised about £1,143, which equates to about £27,150 by todays standards, the first televised appeal took place in 1955 and was called the Childrens Hour Christmas Appeal, with the yellow glove puppet Sooty Bear and Harry Corbett fronting it. The Christmas Day Appeals continued on TV and radio until 1979, during that time a total of £625,836 was raised. Terry Wogan first appeared during this five-minute appeal in 1978, sometimes cartoon characters such as Peter Pan and Tom and Jerry were used. In 1980, the first Children in Need telethon was broadcast and it was devoted to raising money exclusively destined for charities working with children in the United Kingdom. The new format, presented by Terry Wogan, Sue Lawley and Esther Rantzen, saw an increase in public donations. This format has grown in scope to incorporate further events broadcast on radio, as a regular presenter, Wogan has become firmly associated with the annual event, continuing to front the event until 2014 stepping down due to ill health. In 1988, BBC Children in Need became a charity in England and Wales. An award called the Sir Terry Wogan Fundraiser of the Year has been presented since 2016 to someone who has gone above and beyond to help raise money for Children in Need. The award was set up by Terrys family and was presented by Terrys son, Mark, featured celebrities often include those from programmes on rival network ITV, including some appearing in-character, and/or from the sets of their own programmes. A performance by BBC newsreaders became an annual fixture, stars of newly opened West End musicals regularly perform a number from their show later in the evening after curtain call in their respective theatres. Unlike the other BBC charity telethon Comic Relief, Children in Need relies a lot on the BBC regions for input into the telethon night, the BBC English regions all have around 5–8-minute round-ups every hour during the telethon. This does not interrupt the schedule of items shown from BBC Television Centre as presenter Terry Wogan usually hands over to the regions, giving those in the main network studio a short break. However BBC Scotland, BBC Wales and BBC Northern Ireland opted out of the schedule with a lot of local fundraising news
42.
Coach Trip
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Coach Trip is a British reality game show originally broadcast on Channel 4 from 7 March 2005 to 30 June 2006. The programme returned after a break, from 25 May 2009 to 9 March 2012. In early 2013, the show went into hiatus again and was replaced by 2 new shows, Brendans Magical Mystery Tour, however, in September 2013, Channel 4 announced that they had renewed Coach Trip for another series in 2014 which has now aired. On 9 April 2014, a further four series were announced following the success of the series in early 2014. The first series of the relaunched Coach Trip, Road to. Aired on E4 from 25 July 2016 to 2 September 2016 entitled Coach Trip, Road to Ibiza, a third series has also been commissioned to air on E4 later in 2017. The shows format consists of four to seven teams of two undertaking a coach tour principally of continental Europe and has sold to other countries. The tours have usually lasted 20,30 or 50 days, with remaining on the tour only until they are ejected by their companions on one day. The travellers are accompanied by tour guide Brendan Sheerin, who appears in every episode, Coach Trip originally aired weekdays at 4, 30pm before Deal or No Deal debuted on Channel 4, with the second series aired at 2, 55pm instead. Since the revived series, Coach Trip has moved to the 5, 00pm slot and later to the 5, the 14th series, Coach Trip, Road to Ibiza, aired weekdays at 7. 30pm on E4. In series 3, an edition was also shown on weekends but was cancelled part of the way through the series. It returned for series 9 on More4, Andy Love was the narrator in the first two series, with David Quantick taking the role in both series 3 and 4. From series 5 to 8, Dave Vitty was the narrator, he was also the narrator for all the Celebrity. Jackie Clune was the narrator from series 9 to 13, with Clara Amfo taking over for the 14th series, Celebrity Coach Trip began showing repeats on Travel Channel in May 2014. A Channel 4 spokesperson said the broadcaster previously had no plans to commission another series, on 4 September 2013, Channel 4 announced there would be another series of Coach Trip consisting of 30 episodes, each 30 minutes long. Sheerin and Donald both returned to the show, applications for the new series opened on the same day. On 9 April 2014, it was confirmed by Digital Spy that the show would return for a further four series, on 6 April 2016, it was announced that Coach Trip will return for a fourteenth series in 2016 on E4. This series is called Coach Trip, Road to Ibiza and it began airing on 25 July 2016, on 23 August 2016, Channel 4 confirmed that Coach Trip would return for series 15 &16 in 2017
43.
Blue Peter
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Blue Peter is a British childrens television programme, shown currently live on the CBBC television channel. A significant part of British culture, it first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running childrens TV show in the world. Although the show has a title and theme, it is a magazine/entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges. During its history there have been many presenters, often consisting of two women and two men at a time, the current presenters are Barney Harwood, Lindsey Russell and Radzi Chinyanganya. The show is produced mainly in a studio, but there is also a garden, often referred to as the Blue Peter Garden. The programme has featured a number of pets, currently a tortoise called Shelly makes appearances from time to time. Most programmes are broadcast live, but usually include at least one filmed report, There will also often be a demonstration of an activity in the studio, or a music or dance performance. Between the 1960s and 2011 the programme was made at BBC Television Centre, and often came from Studio 1 and this enabled Blue Peter to include large-scale demonstrations and performances within the live programme. From the September 2007 series, the programme was broadcast from a fixed set in Studio 2. However, from 2009 the series began to use the studios once more. The show is famous for its makes, which are demonstrations of how to construct a useful object or prepare food. Trace also used the line And now for something completely different, time is also often given over to reading letters and showing pictures sent in by viewers. Over 4,000 editions have been produced since 1958, Blue Peter was first aired on 16 October 1958. The Blue Peter is used as a signal, indicating that the vessel flying it is about to leave. Hunter Blair also pointed out that blue was a favourite colour. The first two presenters were Christopher Trace, an actor, and Leila Williams, winner of Miss Great Britain in 1957, the two presenters were responsible for activities which matched the traditional gender roles. As broadcasting historian Asa Briggs expressed it in 1995, Leila played with dolls and they were supported on occasion by Tony Hart, an artist who later designed the ship logo, who told stories about an elephant called Packi. It was broadcast every Friday for fifteen minutes on BBC TV, over the first few months more features were added, including competitions, documentaries, cartoons, and stories
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