1.
PostScript
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PostScript is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. It is a typed, concatenative programming language and was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Brotz, Ed Taft. The concepts of the PostScript language were seeded in 1976 when John Warnock was working at Evans & Sutherland, at that time John Warnock was developing an interpreter for a large three-dimensional graphics database of New York harbor. Warnock conceived the Design System language to process the graphics, concurrently, researchers at Xerox PARC had developed the first laser printer and had recognized the need for a standard means of defining page images. In 1975-76 Bob Sproull and William Newman developed the Press format, but Press, a data format rather than a language, lacked flexibility, and PARC mounted the Interpress effort to create a successor. In 1978 Evans & Sutherland asked Warnock to move from the San Francisco Bay Area to their headquarters in Utah. He then joined Xerox PARC to work with Martin Newell and they rewrote Design System to create J & M which was used for VLSI design and the investigation of type and graphics printing. This work later evolved and expanded into the Interpress language, Warnock left with Chuck Geschke and founded Adobe Systems in December 1982. They, together with Doug Brotz, Ed Taft and Bill Paxton created a language, similar to Interpress, called PostScript. At about this time they were visited by Steve Jobs, who urged them to adapt PostScript to be used as the language for driving laser printers. In March 1985, the Apple LaserWriter was the first printer to ship with PostScript, the combination of technical merits and widespread availability made PostScript a language of choice for graphical output for printing applications. For a time an interpreter for the PostScript language was a component of laser printers. However, the cost of implementation was high, computers output raw PS code that would be interpreted by the printer into an image at the printers natural resolution. This required high performance microprocessors and ample memory, the LaserWriter used a 12 MHz Motorola 68000, making it faster than any of the Macintosh computers to which it attached. When the laser printer engines themselves cost over a thousand dollars the added cost of PS was marginal, the first version of the PostScript language was released to the market in 1984. The term Level 1 was added when Level 2 was introduced, PostScript 3 came at the end of 1997, and along with many new dictionary-based versions of older operators, introduced better color handling, and new filters. Prior to the introduction of PostScript, printers were designed to print character output given the text—typically in ASCII—as input and this changed to some degree with the increasing popularity of dot matrix printers. The characters on these systems were drawn as a series of dots, dot matrix printers also introduced the ability to print raster graphics
2.
Minimum bounding box
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In geometry, the minimum or smallest bounding or enclosing box for a point set in N dimensions is the box with the smallest measure within which all the points lie. When other kinds of measure are used, the box is usually called accordingly. The minimum bounding box of a point set is the same as the bounding box of its convex hull. The term box/hyperrectangle comes from its usage in the Cartesian coordinate system, in the two-dimensional case it is called the minimum bounding rectangle. The axis-aligned minimum bounding box for a point set is its minimum bounding box subject to the constraint that the edges of the box are parallel to the coordinate axes. For example, in geometry and its applications when it is required to find intersections in the set of objects. Since it is usually a less expensive operation than the check of the actual intersection. The arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box is the minimum bounding box, a three-dimensional rotating calipers algorithm can find the minimum-volume arbitrarily-oriented bounding box of a three-dimensional point set in cubic time. Bounding sphere Bounding volume Minimum bounding rectangle
3.
Adobe Acrobat
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Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format. The family comprises Acrobat Reader, Acrobat and Acrobat. com, the basic Acrobat Reader, available for several desktop and mobile platforms, is freeware, it supports viewing, printing and annotating of PDF files. Additional, Premium, services are available for reader on paid subscription, the commercial proprietary Acrobat, available for Microsoft Windows and macOS only, can also create, edit, convert, digitally sign, encrypt, export and publish PDF files. Acrobat. com complements the family with a variety of content management. Adobe has changed the names of the products of the Acrobat set several times, also dividing, merging, initially, the name Acrobat was used as the parent name of a set of products which included Acrobat Reader, Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Distiller. Over time, Acrobat Reader became Reader, and the name Acrobat Exchange was simplified to Acrobat, between versions 3 and 5, Standard and Professional versions were one product known simply as Acrobat. In April 2015, Adobe introduced the Adobe Document Cloud, along with the first of several applications with DC at the end of the name. One of the goals was to have all of a users PDFs available on any of the users devices, such as editing a PDF on an iPad. As of October,2015, the Document Cloud also includes integration with Dropbox and includes electronic signature improvements, as of April 2015, the main members of the Acrobat family include, Desktop applications, Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. Adobe Acrobat Standard DC Adobe Acrobat Pro DC Mobile applications with the Document Cloud launch, from DC2015 the Acrobat family is available in two tracks, the original track, now named Classic, and the Continuous track. Updates for the Classic track are released quarterly, and do not include new features, whereas updates for the Continuous track are issued more frequently, the last pre-DC version, Acrobat XI, was last updated on October 11,2016, and will remain supported until October 2017. Arabic and Hebrew versions are available from WinSoft International, Adobe Systems internationalization and localization partner, the Arabic and Hebrew versions are developed specifically for these languages, which are normally written right-to-left. The Web Capture feature can convert single web pages or entire web sites into PDF files, a comprehensive list of security bulletins for most Adobe products and related versions is published on their Security bulletins and advisories page and in other related venues. In particular, the history of security updates for all versions of Adobe Acrobat has been made public. From Version 3.02 onwards, Acrobat Reader has included support for JavaScript and this functionality allows a PDF document creator to include code which executes when the document is read. Malicious PDF files that attempt to attack security vulnerabilities can be attached to links on web pages or distributed as email attachments. While JavaScript is designed without direct access to the system to make it safe. Adobe applications had become the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009
4.
Adobe Flash
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Adobe Flash is a multimedia software platform used for production of animations, rich Internet applications, desktop applications, mobile applications and mobile games. Flash displays text, vector graphics and raster graphics to provide animations, video games and it allows streaming of audio and video, and can capture mouse, keyboard, microphone and camera input. Artists may produce Flash graphics and animations using Adobe Animate, Software developers may produce applications and video games using Adobe Flash Builder, FlashDevelop, Flash Catalyst, or any text editor when used with the Apache Flex SDK. End-users can view Flash content via Flash Player, AIR or third-party players such as Scaleform, Adobe Flash Player enables end-users to view Flash content using web browsers. Adobe Flash Lite enabled viewing Flash content on older smartphones, but has discontinued and superseded by Adobe AIR. The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations, video games, web applications, desktop applications, programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Director, FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT. Adobe AIR enables full-featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash, and published for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Wii U. Content-providers frequently used to use Flash to display streaming video, advertising and interactive content on web pages. However, after the 2000s, the usage of Flash on Web sites declined, in the early 2000s, Flash was widely installed on desktop computers, and was commonly used to display interactive web pages, online games, and to playback video and audio content. In 2005, YouTube was founded by former PayPal employees, between 2000 and 2010, numerous businesses used Flash-based websites to launch new products, or to create interactive company portals. Notable users include Nike, Hewlett-Packard, Nokia, General Electric, World Wildlife Fund, HBO, Cartoon Network, after Adobe introduced hardware-accelerated 3D for Flash, Flash websites saw a growth of 3D content for product demonstrations and virtual tours. In 2007, YouTube offered videos in HTML5 format to support the iPhone and iPad, after a controversy with Apple, Adobe stopped developing Flash Player for Mobile, focussing its efforts on Adobe AIR applications and HTML5 animation. In 2015, Google introduced Google Swiffy to convert Flash animation to HTML5, in 2015, YouTube switched to HTML5 technology on all devices, however it will preserve the Flash-based video player for older web browsers. After Flash 5 introduced ActionScript in 2000, developers combined the visual and programming capabilities of Flash to produce interactive experiences, such Web-based applications eventually came to be known as Rich Internet Applications. In 2004, Macromedia Flex was released, and specifically targeted the application development market, Flex introduced new user interface components, advanced data visualization components, data remoting, and a modern IDE. Flex competed with Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and Microsoft Silverlight during its tenure, Flex was upgraded to support integration with remote data sources, using AMF, BlazeDS, Adobe LiveCycle, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, and others. As of 2015, Flex applications can be published for desktop platforms using Adobe AIR, between 2006 and 2016, the Speedtest. net web service conducted over 9.0 billion speed tests using an RIA built with Adobe Flash. In 2016, the service shifted to HTML5 due to the availability of Adobe Flash Player on PCs
5.
Adobe Illustrator
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Adobe Illustrator is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Adobe Systems. The latest version, Illustrator CC2017, is the twenty-first generation in the product line, Adobe Illustrator was first developed for the Apple Macintosh in December 1986 as a commercialization of Adobes in-house font development software and PostScript file format. Adobe Illustrator is the product of Adobe Photoshop. Early magazine advertisements referred to the product as the Adobe Illustrator, Illustrator 88, the product name for version 1.7, was released in 1988 and introduced many new tools and features. BYTE in 1989 listed Illustrator 88 as among the Distinction winners of the BYTE Awards, although during its first decade Adobe developed Illustrator primarily for Macintosh, it sporadically supported other platforms. In the early 1990s, Adobe released versions of Illustrator for NeXT, Silicon Graphics, and Sun Solaris platforms, the first version of Illustrator for Windows, version 2.0, was released in early 1989 and flopped. Version 4 was, however, the first version of Illustrator to support editing in preview mode, version 6 was the last truly Macintosh version of Illustrator. The interface changed radically with the version to make it more Windows-friendly. The changes remained until CS6 when some small steps were taken to restore the app to a slightly more Mac-like interface. With the introduction of Illustrator 7 in 1997, Adobe made critical changes in the interface with regard to path editing. Illustrator also began to support TrueType, effectively ending the font wars between PostScript Type 1 and TrueType, like Photoshop, Illustrator also began supporting plug-ins, greatly and quickly extending its abilities. With true user interface parity between Macintosh and Windows versions starting with 7.0, designers could finally standardize on Illustrator, corel did port CorelDRAW6.0 to the Macintosh in late 1996, but it was received as too little, too late. Designers tended to prefer Illustrator, Drawcord, or Free Hand based on which software they learned first, as an example, there are capabilities in Freehand still not available in Illustrator. Famously, Aldus did a comparison matrix between its own Freehand, Illustrator and Draw, and Draws one win was that it came with three different clip art views of the human pancreas, Adobe bought Aldus in 1994 for PageMaker. As a result, Macromedia acquired FreeHand in 1995 from its developer, Altsys. Using the Adobe SVG Viewer, introduced in 2000, allowed users to view SVG images in most major browsers until it was discontinued in 2009, native support for SVG was not complete in all major browsers until Internet Explorer 9 in 2011. Version 9 included a feature, similar to that within Adobes discontinued product Streamline. Illustrator CS was the first version to include 3-dimensional capabilities allowing users to extrude or revolve shapes to create simple 3D objects, Illustrator CS2 was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems
6.
Adobe InDesign
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Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing software application produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers. InDesign can also publish content suitable for devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are the users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters. It also supports export to EPUB and SWF formats to create e-books and digital publications, including digital magazines, in addition, InDesign supports XML, style sheets, and other coding markup, making it suitable for exporting tagged text content for use in other digital and online formats. The Adobe InCopy word processor uses the same formatting engine as InDesign, InDesign is the successor to Adobe PageMaker, which was acquired with the purchase of Aldus in late 1994. By 1998 PageMaker had lost almost the entire professional market to the comparatively feature-rich QuarkXPress 3.3, released in 1992, quark stated its intention to buy out Adobe and to divest the combined company of PageMaker to avoid anti-trust issues. Adobe rebuffed the offer and instead continued to work on a new page layout application, the project had been started by Aldus and was code-named Shuksan. It was later code-named K2 and was released as InDesign 1.0 in 2000, in 2002, InDesign was the first Mac OS X-native desktop publishing software. In version 3 it received a boost in distribution by being bundled with Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign exports documents in Adobes Portable Document Format and has multilingual support. Later versions of the software introduced new file formats, to support the new features, especially typographic, introduced with InDesign CS, both the program and its document format are not backward-compatible. Instead, InDesign CS2 has the backward-compatible INX format, an XML-based document representation, InDesign CS versions updated with the 3.1 April 2005 update can read InDesign CS2-saved files exported to the. inx format. The InDesign Interchange format does not support versions earlier than InDesign CS, with InDesign CS5, Adobe replaced INX with InDesign Markup Language, another XML-based document representation. Adobe CEO Bruce Chizen had announced that Adobe will be first with a line of universal applications. Adobe developed the CS3 application integrating Macromedia products, rather than recompiling CS2, unfortunately, there are no workarounds for these known issues. Apple fixed this with their OS X10.5.4 update, in October 2005, Adobe released InDesign Server CS2, a modified version of InDesign for Windows and Macintosh server platforms. It does not provide any editing client, rather it is for use by developers in creating client-server solutions with the InDesign plug-in technology, in March 2007 Adobe officially announced Adobe InDesign CS3 Server as part of the Adobe InDesign family. The mime type is not official, newer versions can as a rule open files created by older versions, but the reverse is not true
7.
Adobe Photoshop
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Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Systems for macOS and Windows. Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll and it can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing and several color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, spot color and duotone. Photoshop has vast support for file formats but also uses its own PSD. In addition to graphics, it has limited abilities to edit or render text, vector graphics, 3D graphics. Photoshops featureset can be expanded by Photoshop plug-ins, programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that can run inside it, Photoshops naming scheme was initially based on version numbers. Photoshop CS3 through CS6 were also distributed in two different editions, Standard and Extended, in June 2013, with the introduction of Creative Cloud branding, Photoshops licensing scheme was changed to that of software as a service rental model and the CS suffixes were replaced with CC. Historically, Photoshop was bundled with software such as Adobe ImageReady, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Device Central. Alongside Photoshop, Adobe also develops and publishes Photoshop Elements, Photoshop Lightroom, Photoshop Express, collectively, they are branded as The Adobe Photoshop Family. It is currently a licensed software, Photoshop was developed in 1987 by the American brothers Thomas and John Knoll, who sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988. Thomas Knoll, a PhD student at the University of Michigan, began writing a program on his Macintosh Plus to display images on a monochrome display. This program, called Display, caught the attention of his brother John Knoll, an Industrial Light & Magic employee, Thomas took a six-month break from his studies in 1988 to collaborate with his brother on the program. Thomas renamed the program ImagePro, but the name was already taken, during this time, John traveled to Silicon Valley and gave a demonstration of the program to engineers at Apple and Russell Brown, art director at Adobe. Both showings were successful, and Adobe decided to purchase the license to distribute in September 1988, while John worked on plug-ins in California, Thomas remained in Ann Arbor writing code. Photoshop 1.0 was released on 19 February 1990 for Macintosh exclusively, the Barneyscan version included advanced color editing features that were stripped from the first Adobe shipped version. The handling of color slowly improved with each release from Adobe, at the time Photoshop 1.0 was released, digital retouching on dedicated high end systems, such as the Scitex, cost around $300 an hour for basic photo retouching. Photoshop files have default file extension as. PSD, which stands for Photoshop Document, a PSD file stores an image with support for most imaging options available in Photoshop. These include layers with masks, transparency, text, alpha channels and spot colors, clipping paths and this is in contrast to many other file formats that restrict content to provide streamlined, predictable functionality. A PSD file has a height and width of 30,000 pixels
8.
CorelDRAW
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CorelDraw is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corels Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs, the latest version is designated X8, and was released in March 2016. CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters, in 1987, Corel hired software engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne to develop a vector-based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems. That program, CorelDraw, was released in 1989. CorelDraw 1. x and 2. x ran under Windows 2. x and 3.0, CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsofts release of Windows 3.1. The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3, CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs on Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The latest version, X8, was released on 15 March 2016, versions for Mac OS and Mac OS X were at one time available, but due to poor sales these were discontinued. The last port for Linux was version 9 and the last version for OS X was version 11, also, up until version 5, CorelDraw was developed for Windows 3. 1x, CTOS and OS/2. With version 6, CorelDraw introduced the automation of tasks using a Corel proprietary scripting language, with version 10, support for VBA was introduced for scripting by what Corel calls now macros. Corel recommends to no longer use the COREL Script language but only VBA, in its first versions, the CDR file format was a completely proprietary file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings, recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being WL. The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format, F was the last valid hex digit, and the fver now indicates that the letter before does no longer stand for a hex digit. There is no publicly available CDR file format specification, other CorelDraw file formats include CorelDraw Compressed, CorelDraw Template and Corel Presentation Exchange. In December 2006 the sK1 open source project started to reverse-engineer the CDR format. The results and the first working snapshot of the CDR importer were presented at the Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 conference taking place in May 2007 in Montreal, later on the team parsed the structure of other Corel formats with the help of the open source CDR Explorer. As of 2008, the sK1 project claims to have the best import support for CorelDraw file formats among open source software programs, the sK1 project developed also the UniConvertor, a command line open source tool which supports conversion from CorelDraw ver. 7-X4 formats to other formats. UniConvertor is also used in Inkscape and Scribus open source projects as an tool for CorelDraw files importing. In 2007, Microsoft blocked CDR file format in Microsoft Office 2003 with the release of Service Pack 3 for Office 2003, Microsoft later apologized for inaccurately blaming the CDR file format and other formats for security problems in Microsoft Office and released some tools for solving this problem. In 2012 the joint LibreOffice/re-lab team implemented libcdr, a library for reading CDR files from v1 to the currently latest X7 version, the library has extensive support for shapes and their properties, including support for color management and spot colors, and has a basic support for text
9.
Cytoscape
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Cytoscape is an open source bioinformatics software platform for visualizing molecular interaction networks and integrating with gene expression profiles and other state data. Additional features are available as plugins, Plugins are available for network and molecular profiling analyses, new layouts, additional file format support and connection with databases and searching in large networks. Plugins may be developed using the Cytoscape open Java software architecture by anyone, Cytoscape also has a JavaScript-centric sister project named Cytoscape. js that can be used to analyse and visualise graphs in JavaScript environments, like a browser. Cytoscape was originally created at the Institute of Systems Biology in Seattle in 2002, now, it is developed by an international consortium of open source developers. Cytoscape was initially made public in July,2002, the release was in November,2002. Version 1.1.1 is the last stable release for the 1.0 series, version 2.0 was initially released in 2004, Cytoscape 2.83, the final 2. xx version, was released in May 2012. Version 3.0 was released Feb 1,2013, the Cytoscape core developer team continues to work on this project and released Cytoscape 3.0 in 2013. This represented a change in the Cytoscape architecture, it is a more modularized. As of February 2015, work is beginning on version 3.3, while Cytoscape is most commonly used for biological research applications, it is agnostic in terms of usage. Cytoscape can be used to visualize and analyze network graphs of any kind involving nodes and edges, a key aspect of the software architecture of Cytoscape is the use of plugins for specialized features. Plugins are developed by developers and the greater user community. Input Input and construct molecular interaction networks from raw interaction files containing lists of protein–protein and/or protein–DNA interaction pairs, for yeast and other model organisms, large sources of pairwise interactions are available through the BIND and TRANSFAC databases. User-defined interaction types are also supported, load and save previously-constructed interaction networks in GML format. Load and save networks and node/edge attributes in an XML document format called XGMML, Input mRNA expression profiles from tab- or space-delimited text files. Load and save arbitrary attributes on nodes and edges, for example, input a set of custom annotation terms for your proteins, create a set of confidence values for your protein–protein interactions. Import gene functional annotations from the Gene Ontology and KEGG databases, directly import GO terms and annotations from OBO and Gene Association files. Load and save state of the session in a cytoscape session file. Cytoscape session file includes networks, attributes, desktop states, properties, visualization Customize network data display using powerful visual styles
10.
Ghostscript
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Ghostscript is a suite of software based on an interpreter for Adobe Systems PostScript and Portable Document Format page description languages. Its main purposes are the rasterization or rendering of such page description language files, for the display or printing of document pages, and the conversion between PostScript and PDF files. Ghostscript can be used as an image processor for raster computer printers—for instance, as an input filter of line printer daemon—or as the RIP engine behind PostScript. Ghostscript can also be used as a file format converter, such as PostScript to PDF converter, the ps2pdf conversion program, which comes with the ghostscript distribution, is described by its documentation as a work-alike for nearly all the functionality of Adobes Acrobat Distiller product. This converter is basically a thin wrapper around ghostscripts pdfwrite output device, Ghostscript can also serve as the back-end for PDF to raster image converter, this is often combined with a PostScript printer driver in virtual printer PDF creators. As it takes the form of an interpreter, Ghostscript can also be used as a general purpose programming environment. Ghostscript has been ported to many operating systems, including Unix-like systems, classic Mac OS, OpenVMS, Microsoft Windows, Plan 9, MS-DOS, FreeDOS, OS/2, Atari TOS and AmigaOS. Ghostscript was originally written by L. Peter Deutsch for the GNU Project, with version 8.54 in 2006, both development branches were merged again, and dual-licensed releases were still provided. Ghostscript is currently owned by Artifex Software and maintained by Artifex Software employees, according to Artifex, as of version 9. Artifex point of view on aggregated software was challenged in court for MuPDF, in February 2013, Ghostscript changed its license from GPLv3 to GNU AGPL, which raised license compatibility questions for example by Debian. AGPL Ghostscript is the variant available, since February 2013. GNU Ghostscript is part of the GNU project and is now derived from GPL Ghostscript, ESP Ghostscript was distributed by Easy Software Products under the GPL. It was based on GPL Ghostscript and contains several modifications to improve compatibility with ESPs Common Unix Printing System and this version is no longer developed, since it was merged with GPL Ghostscript. Ghostscript is the current commercial proprietary version licensed by Artifex Software for inclusion in closed-source products, ghost Trap is a variant of GPL Ghostscript secured and sandboxed using Google Chromes sandbox technology. Aladdin Ghostscript was before June 2006 the leading edge of Ghostscript development, the GPL version is also used as the basis for a Display Ghostscript, which adds the functionality needed to fully support Display PostScript. Uses the libspectre library to render postscript, which in turn needs libgs from ghostscript, the current Windows package of Evince comes with libgs version 8. GSview runs under Microsoft Windows, OS/2, and Unix-like operating systems and it is best known in its Windows and OS/2 versions. On UNIX it uses the GTK+ toolkit, although released under Aladdin Free Public Licence, it also employs a nag screen to urge users to register so as to support the development of GSview
11.
GIMP
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GIMP /ɡɪmp/ is a free and open-source raster graphics editor used for image retouching and editing, free-form drawing, converting between different image formats, and more specialized tasks. GIMP is released under GPLv3+ licenses and is available for Linux, macOS, GIMP was originally released as the General Image Manipulation Program. In 1995 Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis began developing GIMP as a project at the University of California. In 1996 GIMP was released as the first publicly available release, in the following year Richard Stallman visited UC Berkeley where Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis asked if they could change General to GNU. Richard Stallman approved and the definition of the acronym GIMP was changed to be the GNU Image Manipulation Program and this reflected its new existence as being developed as Free Software as a part of the GNU Project. The number of architectures and operating systems supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first release supported UNIX systems, such as Linux, SGI IRIX, lillqvist in 1997 and was supported in the GIMP1.1 release. Following the first release GIMP was quickly adopted and a community of contributors formed, the community began developing tutorials, artwork and shared better work-flows and techniques. A GUI toolkit called GTK was developed to facilitate the development of GIMP, GTK was replaced by its successor GTK+ after being redesigned using object-oriented programming techniques. The development of GTK+ has been attributed to Peter Mattis becoming disenchanted with the Motif toolkit GIMP originally used, GIMP is primarily developed by volunteers as a free software project associated to both the GNU and GNOME Projects. Development takes place in a public git source code repository, on mailing lists. New features are held in public separate source code branches and merged into the branch when the GIMP team is sure they wont damage existing functions. Sometimes this means that features that appear complete do not get merged or take months or years before they become available in GIMP, GIMP itself is released as source code. After a source code release installers and packages are made for different operating systems by parties who might not be in contact with the maintainers of GIMP. The version number used in GIMP is expressed in a format, with each number carrying a specific meaning. Each year GIMP applies for several positions in the Google Summer of Code, from 2006 to 2009 there have been nine GSoC projects that have been listed as successful, although not all successful projects have been merged into GIMP yet. Several of the GSoC projects were completed in 2008, but have not been merged into a stable GIMP release, actual Development Version is 2.9.4 with many deep improvements. Next stable Version in Roadmap is 2.10, the user interface of GIMP is designed by a dedicated design and usability team
12.
GNU Octave
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GNU Octave is software featuring a high-level programming language, primarily intended for numerical computations. Octave helps in solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is compatible with Matlab. It may also be used as a batch-oriented language, since it is part of the GNU Project, it is free software under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Octave is one of the free alternatives to Matlab, others being FreeMat. Scilab, however, puts emphasis on syntactic compatibility with Matlab than Octave does. The project was conceived around 1988, at first it was intended to be a companion to a chemical reactor design course. Real development was started by John W. Eaton in 1992, the first alpha release dates back to January 4,1993 and on February 17,1994 version 1.0 was released. Version 4.0.0 was released on May 29,2015, the program is named after Octave Levenspiel, a former professor of the principal author. Levenspiel is known for his ability to perform quick back-of-the-envelope calculations, in addition to use on desktops for personal scientific computing, Octave is used in academia and industry. For example, Octave was used on a parallel computer at Pittsburgh supercomputing center to find vulnerabilities related to guessing social security numbers. Octave is written in C++ using the C++ standard library, Octave uses an interpreter to execute the Octave scripting language. Octave is extensible using dynamically loadable modules, Octave interpreter has an OpenGL-based graphics engine to create plots, graphs and charts and to save or print them. Alternatively, gnuplot can be used for the same purpose, Octave includes a Graphical User Interface in addition to the traditional Command Line Interface, see #User interfaces for details. The Octave language is a programming language. It is a programming language and supports many common C standard library functions. However, it does not support passing arguments by reference, Octave programs consist of a list of function calls or a script. The syntax is matrix-based and provides functions for matrix operations. It supports various data structures and allows object-oriented programming and its syntax is very similar to Matlab, and careful programming of a script will allow it to run on both Octave and Matlab
13.
ImageMagick
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ImageMagick is a free and open-source software suite for displaying, converting, and editing raster image and vector image files. It can read and write over 200 image file formats, ImageMagick was created in 1987 by John Cristy when working at DuPont, to convert 24-bit images to 8-bit images, so they could be displayed on most screens. It was freely released in 1990 when DuPont agreed to copyright to ImageMagick Studio LLC. In May 2016, it was reported that ImageMagick had a vulnerability through which an attacker can execute code on servers that use the application to edit user-uploaded images. Security experts including CloudFlare researchers observed actual use of the vulnerability in active hacking attempts, the software mainly consists of a number of command-line interface utilities for manipulating images. Execute the following on Linux or UNIX to launch the GUI, $ display Otherwise, the program uses magic numbers to identify image file formats. ImageMagick is also used by programs, such as LyX. One of the basic and thoroughly-implemented features of ImageMagick is its ability to efficiently and accurately convert images between different file formats. The number of colors in an image can be reduced to an arbitrary number, note that many other image handling applications do not support a color palette of an arbitrary number of colors. If, for example, one reduces an image to 13 colors via ImageMagick, some applications will open it, a related capability is the posterization artistic effect, which also reduces the number of colors represented in an image. A fine control is provided for the dithering that occurs during color and shading alterations, in 2008, support for liquid rescaling was added. This feature allows, for example, rescaling 4,3 images into 16,9 images without distorting the image, the Q8 version supports up-to 8 bits-per-pixel component. The Q16 version supports up-to 16 bits-per-pixel component, below are some other features of ImageMagick, Format conversion, convert an image from one format to another. Transform, resize, rotate, crop, flip or trim an image, transparency, render portions of an image invisible. Draw, add shapes or text to an image, decorate, add a border or frame to an image. Special effects, blur, sharpen, threshold, or tint an image, animation, assemble a GIF animation file from a sequence of images. Text & comments, insert descriptive or artistic text in an image, Image identification, describe the format and attributes of an image. Composite, overlap one image over another, montage, juxtapose image thumbnails on an image canvas
14.
Inkscape
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Inkscape is a free and open-source vector graphics editor, it can be used to create or edit vector graphics such as illustrations, diagrams, line arts, charts, logos and complex paintings. Inkscapes primary vector graphics format is Scalable Vector Graphics, however many other formats can be imported and exported, Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes and text. These objects may be filled with colors, patterns, radial or linear color gradients and their borders may be stroked. Embedding and optional tracing of raster graphics is supported, enabling the editor to create vector graphics from photos. Created shapes can be manipulated with transformations, such as moving, rotating, scaling and skewing. Inkscape began in 2003 as a fork of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was based on Raph Leviens Gill. The Inkscape FAQ interprets the word Inkscape as a compound of ink, four former Sodipodi developers led the fork, they identified differences over project objectives, openness to third-party contributions, and technical disagreements as their reasons for forking. Notably, Inkscapes implementation of the SVG standard, although incomplete, has shown gradual improvement, since 2005 Inkscape has participated in the Google Summer of Code program. Up until the end of November 2007, Inkscapes bug tracking system was hosted on SourceForge, the basic objects in Inkscape are, Rectangles & Squares tool, creates rectangles and squares, corners of squares and rectangles can be rounded. 3D Boxes tool, creates 3D boxes that have adjustable XYZ perspectives, 3D boxes are in fact groups of paths and after ungrouping can be further modified. Circles/Ellipses/Arcs tool, circles and ellipses can be transformed into arcs, stars & Polygons tool, Multi-pointed stars with two radius control handles can be used to emulate spirographs. Polygons with one control handle can be used to create items based on the number of hexagons, pentagons. Spirals tool, creates spirals that have a number of turns, divergence, inner radius Pencil tool. Pen tool, creates a Bézier node-by-node curve and or line segments in the same path, calligraphy tool, creates freehand calligraphic or brush-like strokes, optionally the tool can use pressure and tilt readings from a graphics tablet. Text tool, creates texts that can use any of the Operating Systems outline, Text conversion to paths, Normal, Bold, Italic, Condensed and Heavy, Alignments, Superscript, Subscript, Vertical and Horizontal text are implemented. All text objects can be transformed via Line Spacing, Letter Spacing, Word Spacing, Horizontal Kerning, Vertical Shift, Text can be put along a path, flowed into a shape or spell checked. Bullet lists, numbered lists, indentations, and underlined text are not available as of version 0.91
15.
InPage
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The Noori Nastaliq typeface was licensed for InPage from Monotype & augmented for use as the main Urdu font in this software, along with 40 other non-Nastaliq fonts. InPage is reported to be in use on millions of PCs in Pakistan & India and it has also been widely marketed & sold legally in the UK and India since 1994. InPage launched its Version 3 at ITCN exhibition Asia in Karachi, Pakistan and this version is Unicode based, supports more Languages, and other Nastaliq fonts with Kasheeda have been added to it along with compatibility with OpenType Unicode fonts. In addition to Arabic, Saraiki, Urdu, Persian & Pashto, other languages of the region, such as Sindhi and Hazaragi can be handled in InPage
16.
Ipe (software)
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Ipe extensible drawing editor is a free vector graphics editor for creating figures in PDF or EPS format. It can be used for making figures for inclusion into LaTeX documents as well as making multi-page PDF presentations. It is developed by Otfried Cheong since 1993 and initially worked on SGI workstations only, Ipe 6 was released in 2003 which changed the file format into XML code embedded into PDF and EPS files. Ipe 7 was released in 2009, Ipe 7 can be compiled under Windows, macOS and Unix but binaries are available for many distributions. Ipe graphics can be stored using either the. ipe or. xml extension, but they can also be stored under the. pdf extension which is the most convenient way to be integrated into LaTeX documents. Most PDF graphics can be converted to. ipe using the tool in order to be enriched with legends using the mathematical LaTeX language. Ipe lets users draw geometric objects such as polylines, arcs and spline curves, Ipe supports use of layers and multiple pages. It can paste bitmap images from clipboard or import from JPEG or BMP and it differentiates itself from similar programs by including advanced snapping tools and the ability to directly include LaTeX text and equations. Ipe is extensible by use of ipelets, which are written in C++ or Lua. Several advanced snapping modes can be turned on in order to facilitate producing accurate figures, the current snap location is indicated by a small red cross near the mouse cursor. The following features can be snapped to, a grid Angles IPE allows the user to insert text objects containing LaTeX code. This is converted to vector graphics by parsing the output of pdfTeX and this is useful for creating figures to be included in scientific documents which often contain equations. It also results in the font being used for both the text and figures of the document. This is often not the case if other drawing programs are used, IPE7 is the current version of IPE. The core graphics functionality has been separated into a library libipe, the frontend is now written in Lua and includes powerful and well-documented plugin system. Plugins can be written in Lua or C++, new features include support for clipping paths, gradients, transparency and tiling patterns. Binaries are available for Windows 7 and 8 as well as for some Linux distributions, the OS/X Ipe. app bundle can be built and shared but is not officially maintained by Otfried Cheong. Official website Ipe at Github Ipe7 Wiki Article on Ipe published in PracTeX Journal The OS/X Fink distributions contain Ipe 6, ) Ipe can be installed on Macintosh OS X from, Macports
17.
LaTeX
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LaTeX is a document preparation system. When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to the text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Microsoft Word or LibreOffice Writer. The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the structure of a document, to stylise text throughout a document. A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MikTeX is used to produce a file suitable for printing or digital distribution. Within the typesetting system, its name is stylised as LaTeX and it also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials, such as Tamil, Sanskrit and Greek. LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook. LaTeX is intended to provide a language that accesses the power of TeX in an easier way for writers. In short, TeX handles the layout side, while LaTeX handles the content side for document processing, LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License. It therefore encourages the separation of layout from content while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments where needed and this concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document or the use of Cascading Style Sheets to style HTML. The LaTeX system is a language that also handles typesetting and rendering. LaTeX can be extended by using the underlying macro language to develop custom formats. Such macros are often collected into packages, which are available to address special formatting such as complicated mathematical content or graphics. Indeed, in the example below, the environment is provided by the amsmath package. In order to create a document in LaTeX, you first write a file, say document. tex, then you give your document. tex file as input to the TeX program, and TeX writes out a file suitable for viewing onscreen or printing. This write-format-preview cycle is one of the ways in which working with LaTeX differs from what-you-see-is-what-you-get word-processing. It is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle familiar to computer programmers, today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter of pressing a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window
18.
LibreOffice
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LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. It was forked from OpenOffice. org in 2010, which was a version of the earlier StarOffice. The LibreOffice suite comprises programs for processing, the creation and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases. It is available in 110 languages, LibreOffice uses the international ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument file format as its native format to save documents for all of its applications. LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most other major office suites, including Microsoft Office, LibreOffice is available for a variety of computing platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, as well as in the form of an online office suite. It is the office suite of most popular Linux distributions. It is the most actively developed free and open-source office suite, with approximately 50 times the development activity of Apache OpenOffice, between January 2011 and October 2011, LibreOffice was downloaded approximately 7.5 million times. The project claims 120 million unique downloading addresses from May 2011 to May 2015, excluding Linux distributions, the Document Foundation developers target LibreOffice for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Community ports for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X10.5 PowerPC receive support from contributors to those projects, Libreoffice is also installable on OpenIndiana via SFE. LibreOffice Online will allow for the use of LibreOffice through a web browser by using the element of HTML5. Development was announced at the first LibreOffice Conference in October 2011, LibreOffice announced a collaboration with Icewarp and Collabora to work on the cross-platform interface. A version of the software was shown in a September 2015 conference, on 15 December 2015, Collabora, in partnership with ownCloud, released a technical preview of Libreoffice Online branded as Collabora Online Development Edition. By October 2016, Collabora had released nine updates to CODE, in 2011, developers announced plans to port LibreOffice both to Android and to iOS. A beta version of a document viewer for Android 4.0 or newer was released in January 2015, In May 2015, in January 2015, a LibreOffice Impress remote app was unveiled for the Pebble smartwatch. A detailed 60-page report in June 2015 compared the progress of the LibreOffice project with its cousin project Apache OpenOffice and it showed that OpenOffice received about 10% of the improvements LibreOffice did in the period of time studied. LibreOffice can use the GStreamer multimedia framework in Linux to render multimedia content such as videos in Impress and they are also used on the toolbars and menus by default. LibreOffice also ships with a theme which looks native on GTK-based Linux distributions. It also renders fonts via Cairo on Linux distributions, this means that text in LibreOffice is rendered the same as the rest of the Linux desktop, LibreOffice has a feature similar to WordArt called Fontwork
19.
Adobe FreeHand
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Adobe FreeHand is a computer application for creating two-dimensional vector graphics that are oriented primarily to professional illustration, desktop publishing and content creation for the Web. FreeHand is similar in scope, intended market, and functionality to Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, because of FreeHand’s dedicated page layout and text control features, it also compares to Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress. Professions using FreeHand include Graphic Design, Illustration, Cartography, Fashion and Textile Design, Product Design, Architects, Science Research, FreeHand was created by Altsys Corporation in 1988 and licensed to Aldus Corporation which released versions 1 through 4. In 1994, Aldus merged with Adobe Systems and because of the market with Adobe Illustrator. Altsys was later bought by Macromedia, which released FreeHand versions 5 through 11, in 2005, Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia and its product line which included FreeHand MX, under whose ownership it presently resides. FreeHand MX continues to run under Windows 7 using compatibility mode and under Mac OS X10.6 within Rosetta, a PowerPC code emulator, Freehand 10 runs without problems on Mac OS X10.6 with Rosetta enabled, and does not require a registration patch. Someone using a version of Mac OS X than 10.6 can use VMware Fusion, VirtualBox or Parallels to virtualize Mac OS X Snow Leopard Server. In 1984, James R. Von Ehr founded the Altsys Corporation to develop applications for personal computers. Based in Plano, Texas, the company initially produced font editing and conversion software, Fontastic Plus, Metamorphosis, and their premier PostScript font-design package, Fontographer, was released in 1986 and was the first such program on the market. Seattle’s Aldus Corporation acquired a licensing agreement with Altsys to release FreeHand along with their product, Pagemaker. FreeHand’s product name used intercaps, the F and H were capitalized, the partnership between the two companies continued with Altsys developing FreeHand and with Aldus controlling marketing and sales. Windows PC development also allowed Illustrator 2 and FreeHand 3 to release Windows versions to the graphics market, FreeHand 1.0 sold for $495 in 1988. It included the drawing tools and features as other draw programs including special effects in fills and screens, text manipulation tools. It was also possible to create and insert PostScript routines anywhere within the program, FreeHand performed in preview mode instead of keyline mode but performance was slower. FreeHand 2.0 sold for $495 in 1989, besides improving on the features of FreeHand 1.0, FreeHand 2 added faster operation, Pantone colors, stroked text, flexible fill patterns and automatically import graphic assets from other programs. It added accurate control over a monitor screen display, limited only by its resolution. FreeHand 3.0 sold for $595 in 1991, new features included resizable color, style, and layer panels including an Attributes menu. Also tighter precision of both the tools and aligning of objects
20.
Maple (software)
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Maple is a symbolic and numeric computing environment, and is also a multi-paradigm programming language. Developed by Maplesoft, Maple also covers aspects of technical computing, including visualization, data analysis, matrix computation. A toolbox, MapleSim, adds functionality for physical modeling. Users can enter mathematics in traditional mathematical notation, custom user interfaces can also be created. There is support for numeric computations, to arbitrary precision, as well as symbolic computation and visualization, examples of symbolic computations are given below. Maple incorporates a dynamically typed programming language which resembles Pascal. The language permits variables of lexical scope, there are also interfaces to other languages. There is also an interface to Excel, Maple supports MathML2.0, a W3C format for representing and interpreting mathematical expressions, including their display in Web pages. Maple is based on a kernel, written in C. Most functionality is provided by libraries, which come from a variety of sources, most of the libraries are written in the Maple language, these have viewable source code. Many numerical computations are performed by the NAG Numerical Libraries, ATLAS libraries, different functionality in Maple requires numerical data in different formats. Symbolic expressions are stored in memory as directed acyclic graphs, the standard interface and calculator interface are written in Java. The first concept of Maple arose from a meeting in November 1980 at the University of Waterloo, researchers at the university wished to purchase a computer powerful enough to run Macsyma. Instead, it was decided that they would develop their own computer system that would be able to run on lower cost computers. The first limited version appearing in December 1980 with Maple demonstrated first at conferences beginning in 1982, the name is a reference to Maples Canadian heritage. By the end of 1983, over 50 universities had copies of Maple installed on their machines, in 1984, the research group arranged with Watcom Products Inc to license and distribute the first commercially available version, Maple 3.3. In 1988 Waterloo Maple Inc. was founded, the company’s original goal was to manage the distribution of the software. In 1989, the first graphical user interface for Maple was developed and included with version 4.3 for the Macintosh, x11 and Windows versions of the new interface followed in 1990 with Maple V
21.
Wolfram Mathematica
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Wolfram Mathematica is a mathematical symbolic computation program, sometimes termed a computer algebra system or program, used in many scientific, engineering, mathematical, and computing fields. It was conceived by Stephen Wolfram and is developed by Wolfram Research of Champaign, the Wolfram Language is the programming language used in Mathematica. The kernel interprets expressions and returns result expressions, all content and formatting can be generated algorithmically or edited interactively. Standard word processing capabilities are supported, including real-time multi-lingual spell-checking, documents can be structured using a hierarchy of cells, which allow for outlining and sectioning of a document and support automatic numbering index creation. Documents can be presented in an environment for presentations. Notebooks and their contents are represented as Mathematica expressions that can be created, modified or analyzed by Mathematica programs or converted to other formats, the front end includes development tools such as a debugger, input completion, and automatic syntax highlighting. Among the alternative front ends is the Wolfram Workbench, an Eclipse based integrated development environment and it provides project-based code development tools for Mathematica, including revision management, debugging, profiling, and testing. There is a plugin for IntelliJ IDEA based IDEs to work with Wolfram Language code which in addition to syntax highlighting can analyse and auto-complete local variables, the Mathematica Kernel also includes a command line front end. Other interfaces include JMath, based on GNU readline and MASH which runs self-contained Mathematica programs from the UNIX command line, version 5.2 added automatic multi-threading when computations are performed on multi-core computers. This release included CPU specific optimized libraries, in addition Mathematica is supported by third party specialist acceleration hardware such as ClearSpeed. Support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU hardware was added in 2010, also, since version 8 it can generate C code, which is automatically compiled by a system C compiler, such as GCC or Microsoft Visual Studio. A free-of-charge version, Wolfram CDF Player, is provided for running Mathematica programs that have saved in the Computable Document Format. It can also view standard Mathematica files, but not run them and it includes plugins for common web browsers on Windows and Macintosh. WebMathematica allows a web browser to act as a front end to a remote Mathematica server and it is designed to allow a user written application to be remotely accessed via a browser on any platform. It may not be used to full access to Mathematica. Due to bandwidth limitations interactive 3D graphics is not fully supported within a web browser, Wolfram Language code can be converted to C code or to an automatically generated DLL. Wolfram Language code can be run on a Wolfram cloud service as a web-app or as an API either on Wolfram-hosted servers or in an installation of the Wolfram Enterprise Private Cloud. Communication with other applications occurs through a protocol called Wolfram Symbolic Transfer Protocol and it allows communication between the Wolfram Mathematica kernel and front-end, and also provides a general interface between the kernel and other applications
22.
MathType
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MathType is a software application created by Design Science that allows the creation of mathematical notation for inclusion in desktop and web applications. MathType is an editor for mathematical equations, allowing entry with the mouse or keyboard in a full graphical WYSIWYG environment. This contrasts to document markup languages such as LaTeX where equations are entered as markup in a text editor, MathType also supports the math markup languages TeX, LaTeX and MathML. LaTeX can be entered directly into MathType, and MathType equations in Microsoft Word can be converted to, MathType supports copying to and pasting from any of these markup languages. Additionally, on Windows 7 and later, equations may be using a touch screen or pen via the math input panel. By default, MathType equations are typeset in Times New Roman, with Symbol used for symbols, equations may also be typeset in Euclid, a modern font like Computer Modern used in TeX, and this is included with the software. Roman characters may be typeset in any font that contains those characters, on Windows, MathType supports object linking and embedding, which is the standard Windows mechanism for including information from one application in another. In particular office suites such as Microsoft Office and OpenOffice. org for Windows allow MathType equations to be embedded in this way. Equations embedded using OLE are displayed and printed as graphics in the host application, on Macs, there is no analogous standard to OLE so support is not universal. Microsoft Office for Mac supports OLE, so MathType equations may be used there as usual, MathType has support for Apple iWork 09, so equations may be embedded and updated seamlessly in that product too. In applications where no other possibility is available, such as OpenOffice. org for Mac, Design Science recommends exporting equations as images and embedding those images into documents. As on Windows there is a plugin for Microsoft Word for Mac, which adds equation formatting features such as equation numbering, appleWorks included a special version of MathType for built-in equation editing. For Web applications such as Gmail and Google Docs, MathType supports copying to HTML <img> tags, Design Science also markets the related MathDaisy application, which allows export of MathType to the DAISY digital talking book system, targeted at people with print disabilities. It includes support for the Save As DAISY add-in for Microsoft Word, Microsoft Equation Editor is a cut-down version of MathType included in Microsoft Office products. Although fully functional, it lacks some features of MathType, in previous versions of Office it was the default method of inserting and editing equations, but as of more recent versions it has been supplanted by a new, built-in equation-editing system. This latter first found in the Fluent User Interface in some applications in Office 2007, Design Science has released the following versions of MathType MathJax Foster, K. R. Mathtype 5 with mathML for the WWW
23.
MATLAB
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MATLAB is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, an additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry, MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. Cleve Moler, the chairman of the science department at the University of New Mexico. He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn Fortran and it soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983, recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development and these rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a set of libraries for matrix manipulation. MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Littles specialty and it is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra, numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing. The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB scripting language, common usage of the MATLAB application involves using the Command Window as an interactive mathematical shell or executing text files containing MATLAB code. Variables are defined using the assignment operator, =, MATLAB is a weakly typed programming language because types are implicitly converted. It is a typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values of other variables, for example, A simple array is defined using the colon syntax, init, increment, terminator. For instance, defines a variable named array which is an array consisting of the values 1,3,5,7 and that is, the array starts at 1, increments with each step from the previous value by 2, and stops once it reaches 9. The increment value can actually be left out of this syntax, assigns to the variable named ari an array with the values 1,2,3,4, and 5, since the default value of 1 is used as the incrementer. Indexing is one-based, which is the convention for matrices in mathematics, although not for some programming languages such as C, C++. Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma, the list of elements should be surrounded by square brackets. Parentheses, are used to access elements and subarrays, sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as 2,4, which evaluates to
24.
OmniGraffle
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OmniGraffle is a diagramming and digital illustration application for macOS and iOS created by The Omni Group. OmniGraffle is used to create graphics and visuals, the application features several design tools, along with a drag-and-drop WYSIWYG interface and a notes function that to annotate and create specification documentation for prototypes and mockups. While OmniGraffle can produce graphics and visuals, its used as a tool to create content maps, screen flows. Visuals are often referred to as “graffles, although OmniGraffle is an industry tool, it lacks interactivity capabilities and is not easily used for team collaboration due to its limitations as a desktop and tablet application. Pro export options include SVG, Photoshop, object-geometry controls, AppleScript automation, features such as shared layers, Visio support, tables, non-destructive shape combinations, notes, and custom data are available to iOS users as an in-app purchase. OmniGraffle design tools include canvases, templates, stencils, vector drawing, other features include auto layout and document management. Canvases are spaces where users can create shapes, attributes to creating a canvas include canvas name, sizing options, grid and dimension selections, and diagram layout. Users may create and also share canvases and layers, with automatic updates available and this gives users the option to create layers once, toggle layers to appear on desired canvases, and update automatically if changes occur. Template documents can be manipulated by users for their purposes, a wide variety of sample templates are preloaded and available for users. Users may also create, edit, and save templates for creating consistent graffles, stencils are clip art files that serve as elements, such as icons or buttons, for OmniGraffle documents. A wide variety of sample stencils are pre-loaded and available for immediate use, users can also create, share, download, and preview stencils online as well through OmniGraffles Stenciltown or other stencil libraries, such as Graffletopia. Because OmniGraffle visuals are vector-based, visuals are composed of mathematical representations of pixels, rather than creating free-hand drawn work, users utilize vectors to create these visuals. To minimize user-end visual creation, vector drawing also allows for all images to be recreated. Smart Guides is a tool that can be turned on or off, while moving objects around the canvas, Smart Guides provides users with highlighted grid lines to easily align objects on the canvas. It also provides additional ease for users with a dynamic snap-to-grid functionality for accurately snapping objects into alignment around the canvas, OmniGraffle supports filesharing and Visio support in its Pro distribution. All users can export their graffles to JPEG, BMP, EPS, GIF, HTML Images, Template, Stencil, PNG, OO3, TIFF, additionally, OmniGraffle Pro users can import Visio, Photoshop with layers, and XCode. In many respects, OmniGraffle is similar to Microsoft Visio, the Pro version of OmniGraffle can both import and export Visio files created using Visios XML export function. However, Omnigraffle doesnt provide CAD integration like Visio, since it lacks features such as DWG or DXF, import/export functions
25.
OpenOffice.org
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OpenOffice. org, commonly known as OpenOffice, is a discontinued open-source office suite. It was a version of the earlier StarOffice, which Sun Microsystems acquired in 1999. OpenOffice included a word processor, a spreadsheet, an application, a drawing application, a formula editor. Its default file format was the OpenDocument Format, an ISO/IEC standard and it could also read a wide variety of other file formats, with particular attention to those from Microsoft Office. Sun open-sourced the OpenOffice in July 2000 as a competitor to Microsoft Office, in 2011 Oracle Corporation, the then-owner of Sun, announced that it would no longer offer a commercial version of the suite and soon after donated the project to the Apache Foundation. Apache renamed the software Apache OpenOffice, other active successor projects include LibreOffice and NeoOffice. OpenOffice. org was primarily developed for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Solaris and it was distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3, early versions were also available under the Sun Industry Standards Source License. OpenOffice. org originated as StarOffice, an office suite developed by German company StarDivision from 1985 on. In August 1999, StarDivision was acquired by Sun Microsystems for US$59.5 million, the new project was known as OpenOffice. org, and the code was released as open source on 13 October 2000. The first public release was Milestone Build 638c, released in October 2001. OpenOffice. org became the office suite on Linux and spawned many derivative versions. It quickly became noteworthy competition to Microsoft Office, achieving 14% penetration in the enterprise market by 2004. It was made OpenOffice. orgs native format from version 2 on, many governments and other organisations adopted OpenDocument, particularly given there was a free implementation of it readily available. Development of OpenOffice. org was sponsored primarily by Sun Microsystems, developers who wished to contribute code were required to sign a Contributor Agreement granting joint ownership of any contributions to Sun, in support of the StarOffice business model. This was controversial for many years, an alternative Public Documentation Licence was also offered for documentation not intended for inclusion or integration into the project code base. After acquiring Sun in January 2010, Oracle Corporation continued developing OpenOffice. org and StarOffice, oracles lack of activity on or visible commitment to OpenOffice. org had also been noted by industry observers. TDF released the fork LibreOffice in January 2011, which most Linux distributions soon moved to, in April 2011, Oracle stopped development of OpenOffice. org and fired the remaining StarDivision development team. In June 2011, Oracle contributed the trademarks to the Apache Software Foundation and it also contributed Oracle-owned code to Apache for relicensing under the Apache License, at the suggestion of IBM, as IBM did not want the code put under a copyleft license
26.
PhotoImpact X3
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Ulead PhotoImpact is a raster and vector graphics editing program published by Ulead Systems. Alongside its image editing capabilities, the program also features HTML tools, such as an assistant, an imagemap assistant, an HTML assistant, a background designer. PhotoImpact can also use photoshop filters in. 8bf format, PhotoImpact has vast support for graphic file formats but also uses its own UFO and UFP file format which support all the aforementioned features. The last version of PhotoImpact was X3/13, in December 2006 Corel acquired Ulead Systems. Corel continued to market PhotoImpact until September 2009 when they discontinued the product, though development has been halted, the product is still being sold by Corel. A version of PhotoImpact licensed as PhotoImpact Pro is sold by Nova Development and it is a rebranded version of PhotoImpact with no program differences. However, while the Ulead and Corel specs omit Windows 7, for users, there are various help forums and tutorial banks available, both factory and non-factory. Corel PhotoImpact page, X3 Nova Development PhotoImpact pages, Pro 13 Ulead PhotoImpact page, Archived April 25,2008, at the Wayback Machine
27.
Python (programming language)
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Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991. The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale and it has a large and comprehensive standard library. Python interpreters are available for operating systems, allowing Python code to run on a wide variety of systems. CPython, the implementation of Python, is open source software and has a community-based development model. CPython is managed by the non-profit Python Software Foundation, about the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996, Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a hobby programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. Would be closed, but I had a computer. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately, I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood. Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000 and had major new features, including a cycle-detecting garbage collector. With this release the development process was changed and became more transparent, Python 3.0, a major, backwards-incompatible release, was released on 3 December 2008 after a long period of testing. Many of its features have been backported to the backwards-compatible Python 2.6. x and 2.7. x version series. The End Of Life date for Python 2.7 was initially set at 2015, many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including design by contract and logic programming. Python uses dynamic typing and a mix of reference counting and a garbage collector for memory management. An important feature of Python is dynamic name resolution, which binds method, the design of Python offers some support for functional programming in the Lisp tradition. The language has map, reduce and filter functions, list comprehensions, dictionaries, and sets, the standard library has two modules that implement functional tools borrowed from Haskell and Standard ML. Python can also be embedded in existing applications that need a programmable interface, while offering choice in coding methodology, the Python philosophy rejects exuberant syntax, such as in Perl, in favor of a sparser, less-cluttered grammar. As Alex Martelli put it, To describe something as clever is not considered a compliment in the Python culture. Pythons philosophy rejects the Perl there is more one way to do it approach to language design in favor of there should be one—and preferably only one—obvious way to do it. Pythons developers strive to avoid premature optimization, and moreover, reject patches to non-critical parts of CPython that would offer an increase in speed at the cost of clarity
28.
QuarkXPress
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QuarkXPress is a computer application for creating and editing complex page layouts in a WYSIWYG environment. It runs on macOS and Windows and it was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them. The most recent version, QuarkXPress 2016, allows publishing in English and 36 other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, German, Korean, Russian, French, and Spanish. QuarkXPress once dominated the market for page layout software, with over 95% market share among professional users, as of 2010, one publisher estimated that US market share has fallen to below 25% and Adobe InDesign has become the market leader, although QuarkXPress still had significant market share. The first version of QuarkXPress was released in 1987 for the Macintosh, Five years passed before a Microsoft Windows version followed in 1992. In the 1990s, QuarkXPress became widely used by professional designers, the typesetting industry. In particular, the Mac version of 3.3 was seen as stable and trouble-free, in 1989, QuarkXPress incorporated an application programming interface called XTensions which allows third-party developers to create custom add-on features to the desktop application. Xtensions, along with Apple Computers HyperCard, was one of the first examples of a developer allowing others to create software add-ons for their application, after QuarkXPress 3.3, QuarkXPress was seen as needing significant improvements and users criticized it for its overly long innovation cycles. The release of QuarkXPress version 5 in 2002 led to disappointment from Apples user base, as QuarkXPress did not support Mac OS X, while InDesign 2.0 did, launched in the same week. At the same time, Quark CEO Fred Ebrahimi exclaimed that the Macintosh platform is shrinking, only with Version 6 did QuarkXPress support Mac OS X, however, the first really adopted version was QuarkXPress 7. Quark started to lower its pricing levels in 2004, a QuarkXPress document contains text and graphics boxes. The boxes can be reshaped, layered, and given varying levels of transparency, both box positioning and graphic or text positioning is allowed within a box with an accuracy of one-thousandth of an inch. Color control allows the full-use of printing-press standard Pantone or Hexachrome inks, draft output can be printed on conventional desktop printers. Process color separation films can be produced for printing-presses, QuarkXPress also offers the ability for composite work-flows, both with PostScript and PDF output. QuarkXPress offers layout synchronization, multiple undo/redo functionality, XML and web page features, documents can be verified before printing. This high-level print preview automatically identifies conflicts and other printing problems, Adobe has a similar feature in InDesign. Composition zones feature makes it the only desktop application with multi-user capabilities by allowing users to edit different zones on the same page. Composition Zones pushes collaboration a step further than just simultaneous text/picture, as it allows layout, user-defined rules, output specs, and layout specs can be used for intelligent templates and enable resource sharing
29.
R (programming language)
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R is an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software. Polls, surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that Rs popularity has increased substantially in recent years, while R has a command line interface, there are several graphical front-ends available. R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics inspired by Scheme, S was created by John Chambers while at Bell Labs. There are some important differences, but much of the code written for S runs unaltered. R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, R is named partly after the first names of the first two R authors and partly as a play on the name of S. The project was conceived in 1992, with a version released in 1995. R is easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its contributions in terms of packages. Many of Rs standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made, for computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C, C++, Java. NET or Python code to manipulate R objects directly, R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing languages, extending R is also eased by its lexical scoping rules. Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages. R has Rd, its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, R is an interpreted language, users typically access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, Rs data structures include vectors, matrices, arrays, data frames and lists. Rs extensible object system includes objects for, regression models, time-series, the scalar data type was never a data structure of R. Instead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one. R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions, a generic function acts differently depending on the classes of arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function dispatches the function specific to that class of object, for example, R has a generic print function that can print almost every class of object in R with a simple print syntax. Arrays are stored in column-major order, the capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools, etc
30.
Scribus
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Scribus is a desktop publishing application, released under the GNU General Public License as free software. It is based on the free Qt toolkit, with versions available for Unix, Linux, BSD, macOS, Haiku, Microsoft Windows, OS/2. Scribus is designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files for professional-quality image-setting equipment and it can also create animated and interactive PDF presentations and forms. Example uses include writing newspapers, brochures, newsletters, posters, Books about Scribus are available in several languages, including an official manual for v1.3, published through FLES Books in 2009. Scribus supports most major formats, including TIFF, JPEG. Vector drawings can be imported or directly opened for editing, the long list of supported formats includes Encapsulated PostScript, SVG, Adobe Illustrator, and Xfig. Professional type/image-setting features include CMYK colors and ICC color management and it has a built-in scripting engine using Python. It is available in more than 24 languages, high-level printing is achieved using its own internal level 3 PostScript driver, including support for font embedding and sub-setting with TrueType, Type 1, and OpenType fonts. The internal driver supports full Level 2 PostScript constructs and a subset of Level 3 constructs. PDF support includes transparency, encryption, and a set of the PDF1.5 specification, as well as PDF/X-3, including interactive PDFs form fields, annotations. The file format, called SLA, is based on XML, text can be imported from OpenDocument text documents, OpenOffice. org Writer, Microsoft Word, PDB, and HTML formats. ODT files can typically be imported along with their paragraph styles, HTML tags which modify text, such as bold and italic, are supported. Word and PDB documents are only imported as plain text, in August 2012, it was announced that a third party had developed a system to support complex Indic scripts. In May 2015 it was announced that the ScribusCTL project had started to improve complex layout by integrating the OpenType text-shaping engine HarfBuzz into the official Scribus 1.5. 1svn branch. As of June 2016 Scribus stable release did not have OpenType alternative glyph support, so ligatures, for example, the 1.6 version is expected to provide a better table implementation and support for PDF/X-1a, PDF/X-4, and PDF/E. Footnotes, marginal notes, and ePub exporting are under development, support for importing Microsoft Publisher is incorporated into version 1.5, and QuarkXPress Tag files, InDesigns IDML, as well as InCopys ICML formats were added to the development branch. Due to licensing issues, the package does not include support for the Pantone color matching system. Pantone colors can be obtained and incorporated within Scribus without licensing issues, Scribus is shipped with more than 100 color palettes, most donated by various commercial color vendors, but also including scientific, national, and government color standards
31.
Stata
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Stata is a general-purpose statistical software package created in 1985 by StataCorp. Most of its users work in research, especially in the fields of economics, sociology, political science, biomedicine, Statas capabilities include data management, statistical analysis, graphics, simulations, regression, and custom programming. The name Stata is an abbreviation of the words statistics. The FAQ for the forum of Stata insists that the correct English pronunciation of Stata must remain a mystery. Starting with version 8.0, however, Stata has included a user interface which uses menus. This generates code which is displayed, easing the transition to the command line interface. The dataset can be viewed or edited in spreadsheet format, from version 11 on, other commands can be executed while the data browser or editor is opened. Stata can only open a single dataset at any one time, Stata holds the entire dataset in memory, which limits its use with extremely large datasets. The dataset is always rectangular in format, that is, all hold the same number of observations. Stata can import data in a variety of formats and this includes ASCII data formats and spreadsheet formats. Statas proprietary file formats are platform independent, so users of different operating systems can easily exchange datasets, Statas data format has changed over time, although not every Stata release includes a new dataset format. Every version of Stata can read all older dataset formats, thus, the current Stata release can always open datasets that were created with older versions, but older versions cannot read newer format datasets. Stata can read and write SAS XPORT format datasets natively, using the fdause, some other econometric applications, including gretl, can directly import Stata file formats. Stata allows user-written commands, distributed as so-called ado-files, to be downloaded from the internet which are then indistinguishable to the user from the built-in commands. Some user-written commands have later adopted by StataCorp to become part of a subsequent official release after appropriate checking, certification. Stata had an email list from August 1994 which was turned into a web forum in March 2014 and is still called Statalist. StataCorp employees regularly contribute to Statalist and it is maintained by Marcello Pagano of the Harvard School of Public Health, and not by StataCorp itself. Articles about the use of Stata and new commands are published in the quarterly peer-reviewed Stata Journal
32.
Xara
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Xara is a UK-based software company founded in 1981. It has developed software for a variety of platforms, in chronological order. It was originally called Computer Concepts, Ltd. the company name was changed in 1995 to Xara, Ltd. and later to The Xara Group, on 30 January 2007, Xara was acquired by German company MAGIX AG, and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary. The company was founded in 1981 by Charles Moir and it started by developing for various 8-bit systems, such as the Acorn Atom and BBC Micro. In 1986, it released its first piece of software for the generation of computers. Development was focused on software for the Acorn Archimedes when it was released in 1987, artWorks, the predecessor to Xara Xtreme, was released on the Archimedes. In 1995, a company called Xara Networks, Ltd. was formed, specializing in the provision of high-bandwidth Internet connectivity to companies. Xara Networks was subsequently sold to the ITG group in London, most commonly known for the Global Internet brand, early in the 1990s Xara began developing for Microsoft Windows 95, as Acorn Computers struggled for market share. Artworks was rewritten from the ground up for the platform and in 1994 it was released as Xara Studio and this involved a team of 20+ developers, who worked for more than two years to produce a competitor to then market-leading drawing software CorelDRAW. The Canadian company Corel brought the rights to the software. Corel marketed it as a companion to CorelDRAW, but it was clearly designed as a stand-alone alternative to the older software. The arrangement with Corel ended after five years, in 2000, Xara released the software themselves as Xara X, which was superseded by Xara X¹ in 2004, and then Xara Xtreme in 2005. In 2006, a version was released, named Xara Xtreme Pro. Xara Xtreme Pro was renamed Xara Designer Pro, Xara Designer Pro development continued and Xara 3D was released. These titles were the predecessors to Xara Photo & Graphic Designer, on 30 January 2007, Xara was acquired by German company MAGIX AG, and now operates as a wholly owned subsidiary. The software house continued development of its range of products, releasing Xara Web Designer in 2009, AC Mizal Ultraman Wordwise - a ROM based word processor Disc Doctor - utility software Graphics ROM - graphics utilities SpellMaster - a ROM-based spell checker. Predecessor to Xara Photo & Graphic Designer, the first drawing program to offer real-time vector anti-aliasing. MW Software continued development from 1996 onwards, Xara Studio CorelXARA Xara X Xara X¹ Xara Xtreme Xara Xtreme Pro Xara Designer Pro Xara 3D Xara Web Designer - WYSIWYG web design program
33.
Xfig
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Xfig is a free and open-source vector graphics editor which runs under the X Window System on most UNIX-compatible platforms. In Xfig, figures may be drawn using objects such as circles, boxes, lines, spline curves, text and it is also possible to import images in formats such as GIF, JPEG, EPS, PostScript, etc. Those objects can be created, deleted, moved or modified, attributes such as colors or line styles can be selected in various ways. For text,35 fonts are available, Xfig saves figures in its native text-only Fig format. Xfig has a facility to print figures to a PostScript printer too, a convenient feature is the PSTEX or PDFTEX export format that allows a smooth integration of Xfig-generated images into LaTeX documents. Most operations in Xfig are performed using the mouse, but some operations may also be performed using keyboard accelerators, ken Yap ported xfig to X11. In 1989, Brian V. Smith added many features, in 1991, Paul King added many features including overhauling the GUI for version 2.0. In 1997, Tom Sato added Japanese text support, spell checker, ipe – A modern vector graphics editor in the spirit of Xfig. Comparison of vector graphics editors WinFIG XFig Version 3.2, for additional details, check the xfig documentation or home page at http, //www. xfig. org/
34.
Macintosh
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The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh, is a series of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24,1984 and this was the companys first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was renamed to Macintosh 128k for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apples same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of Mac, Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intels Pentium, even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline. In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops, and three laptops and its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro. Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, currently macOS version 10.12 Sierra, Macs are currently capable of running non-Apple operating systems such as Linux, OpenBSD, and Microsoft Windows with the aid of Boot Camp or third-party software. Apple does not license macOS for use on computers, though it did license previous versions of the classic Mac OS through their Macintosh clone program from 1995 to 1997. The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, in 1978 Apple began to organize the Apple Lisa project, aiming to build a next-generation machine similar to an advanced Apple III or the yet-to-be-introduced IBM PC. In 1979, Steve Jobs learned of the work on graphical user interfaces taking place at Xerox PARC. He arranged a deal in which Xerox received Apple stock options in return for which Apple would license their designs, the basic layout of the Lisa was largely complete by 1982, at which point Jobs continual suggestions for improvements led to him being kicked off the project. At the same time that the Lisa was becoming a GUI machine in 1979, the design at that time was for a low-cost, easy-to-use machine for the average consumer. Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979 and his initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. Smiths design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final products screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, burrels innovative design, combining the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisas Motorola 68000 CPU, began to receive Jobs attentions
35.
Adobe Systems
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Adobe Systems Incorporated /əˈdoʊbiː/ is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States, Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet application software development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, Adobe was founded in February 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, as of 2015, Adobe Systems has about 13,500 employees, about 40% of whom work in San Jose. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, Adobes corporate logo features a stylized A and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer. Adobes first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the fonts outlines. In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the software market with Illustrator. Illustrator, which grew from the firms in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers, Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1999 to roughly $4 billion in 2012, Adobes fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2007 fiscal year ended on November 30,2007, in 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe, in 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard, ISO 32000-1,2008, in December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc, in 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added PageMaker and After Effects to its product line later in the year, it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, in 1996, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp. In 2002, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, on December 12,2005, Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008, on April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials, on June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work
36.
Bitmap
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In computing, a bitmap is a mapping from some domain to bits, that is, values which are zero or one. It is also called a bit array or bitmap index, in computer graphics, when the domain is a rectangle a bitmap gives a way to store a binary image, that is, an image in which each pixel is either black or white. The more general term refers to a map of pixels. Often bitmap is used for this as well, in some contexts, the term bitmap implies one bit per pixel, while pixmap is used for images with multiple bits per pixel. A bitmap is a type of organization or image file format used to store digital images. The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map of bits, now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, besides BMP, other file formats that store literal bitmaps include InterLeaved Bitmap, Portable Bitmap, X Bitmap, and Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap. Similarly, most other file formats, such as JPEG, TIFF, PNG, and GIF, also store bitmap images. In typical uncompressed bitmaps, image pixels are stored with a color depth of 1,4,8,16,24,32,48. Pixels of 8 bits and fewer can represent either grayscale or indexed color. An alpha channel may be stored in a bitmap, where it is similar to a grayscale bitmap, or in a fourth channel that, for example. The bits representing the bitmap pixels may be packed or unpacked, depending on the color depth, a pixel in the picture will occupy at least n/8 bytes, where n is the bit depth. In the formula above, header size and color palette size, due to effects of row padding to align each row start to a storage unit boundary such as a word, additional bytes may be needed. They called these device-independent bitmaps or DIBs, and the format for them is called DIB file format or BMP file format. According to Microsoft support, A device-independent bitmap is a used to define device-independent bitmaps in various color resolutions. The main purpose of DIBs is to allow bitmaps to be moved from one device to another, a DIB is an external format, in contrast to a device-dependent bitmap, which appears in the system as a bitmap object. A DIB is normally transported in metafiles, BMP files, here, device independent refers to the format, or storage arrangement, and should not be confused with device-independent color. The X Window System uses a similar XBM format for black-and-white images, numerous other uncompressed bitmap file formats are in use, though most not widely
